South Asia is in Crisis Mode: That Matters

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Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh; it seems like South Asia is becoming a very troubled region. That really matters to, because crises like these can start a domino effect, which is worrying for a region the world is really relying on right now...
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1 - www.reuters.com/world/america...
2 - www.reuters.com/world/america...
3 - www.theguardian.com/world/202...
4 - www.reuters.com/world/america...
5 - www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3...
6 - FiscaliaPeru/stat...
7 - www.gob.pe/institucion/mpfn/n...
8 - www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/Rel...
9 - www.ft.com/content/11851cab-8...
10 - www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-lati...
11 - www.reuters.com/world/america...
12 - www.reuters.com/world/america...

[@TheWild_]

It's quite sad especially when you consider that Bangladesh has had one of the fastest growing economies in the past decade and last year when Sri Lanka was doing bad Bangladesh was giving loans to Sri Lanka.

[@Nastiazik]

Hi, I'm from Russia, Moscow 🇷🇺 and I also run a KZbin channel where I shoot about politics and history. I would be interested to hear your opinion about my activities

[@leanderbarreto6523]

Bangladesh is prempting a crisis

[@Nasir3623]

That teaches us that long term stability of a nation isn’t just dependent on a high GDP

[@bhaskarmukherjee8170]

Unaccountable and unsustainable Chinese investment under nontranparent lending terms by corrupt leaders will do that for you. Don't blame IMF for the country's stupidiry.

[@Defaultrafale12]

India is slow but steady. Pakistan is unstable and a complete failure. Bangladesh fast and a little dangerous on their road to growth depending only on one industry. Sri Lanka is the one who lives a better life on a credit card which has defaulted and now is bankrupt. Only China is the one who was both fast but steady in it's growth story.

[@prakyathkumar8618]

@7:12 Does not apply in case of India because we do most of our trade with the Middle east, Europe and North America, the exception being China, who is our largest Import partner but china is not in south Asia. If China collapses, then yeah we will have hyper inflation, but if Bangladesh goes sri lanka way, it's of inconsequence because they brought cotton from us and pretty much nothing else, this year we had to import cotton because of poor cotton harvest and it was this that sent the Bangladeshi economy on a tail spin as they depend on making ready made garments . If we are to take into account only south asia , then 95 percent of our trade is done with countries outside south Asia. I don't know the foreign trade of our neighbors but we here have the habit of keeping our neighbors at a social distance for obvious reasons. All in all a very poorly researched video, he did not even bother to analyze the trade volumes between the south Asian countries (Even our neighbors don't trade with one another for strange reasons) , the underlying reasons and the extent of integration of south Asian economies. The comparison to south American crises shows the lack of research on the matter. None of the south Asian countries are our top 20 trading partners and we have zero financial linkages with them.

[@reddragon100]

US is India largest trading partner not china

[@prakyathkumar8618]

@@reddragon100 yes gross of import export, we import from China the most, 20 percent of our imports

[@stunstar4553]

@@reddragon100 You are wrong. China is India's largest trading country. You need to consider the trade with HK. Those imports and exports still come from China

[@AshishKumar-ul5ki]

I think a crisis in bangladesh or nepal will hurt india the most due to more migramts coming to india nepal already has open borders with us we already have many migrants from bangladesh. Growth of bangladesh is always a great news for india because we atleast have one country in our neighborhood which is stable and improving.

[@yogesh.r]

@@AshishKumar-ul5ki build the wall

[@davisjalappat1425]

For a geopolitics channel to mess up the India - Pakistan map is sad

[@dekumutant]

Yeah geopolitics is known to be quite simple right

[@davisjalappat1425]

@@dekumutant what does that have anything to do with putting up the internationally recognised borders. Would the comment section be the same if they put up a map with Northern Ireland as a part of the republic of Ireland or if they put up a map with Alaska part of Russia and Texas part of Mexico?

[@khan0491]

The map of Pakistan is correct

[@mauryamaurya6376]

lol in ur dreams

[@mauryamaurya6376]

bikari

[@Gilder-von-Schattenkreuz]

I Disagree with the Idea of Reforming the IMF to provide less Restrictive Loans. Dont get this Wrong. Yes the IMF Loans are NOT boosting the Economy. In Fact they Stifle Economic Growth. And this is on Purpose. These Bailouts are only done to Prevent a Global Economic Crisis as well as a Humanitarian Crisis due to the Bankruptcy. These Bailouts are NOT supposed to allow a Country to Raise more Debts Cheaply to then have another Gamble at trying to Outgrow the Debt Payments in the Future. Thats why these Loans are Designed to Force a Country into Austerity. These Bailouts are not an Airtanker that Provides extra Fuel for your Struggling Airplance to Fly even Higher. Its a Parachute so you dont get Killed upon your Fall. They are Intended to keep a Country Afloat without the Population going into Civil War due to a Famine. And allow that Country to Slowly Raise Taxes and Pay off the Debts to then afterwards make a New Start once the Debts are Paid. Basicly Slowing down your Downfall so it doesnt end up a Catastrophe. And thus allowing you to Land Softly enough that once your Feet are on the Ground again you can Start going up again. It is NOT meant to Provide Investment Funds for new Projects and Economic Growth to try and somehow Outgrow Debts or something. This is a common Fallacy. And its frankly a bad one because Spreading this Misbelief also causes People to have Completely Unrealistic Expectations and then be Angry that these Expectations are not Fulfilled.

[@jdjphotographynl]

Exactly this. The IMF basically should be a last resort, not simply a relatively cheap option to borrow money. If you let countries get away with their financial mismanagement, they will never learn and actually sort their sh!t out. They will rather just get even deeper into trouble.

[@andreasbucher7717]

I have not yet seen any place that put the role of the IMF this way. Concerning.

[@falkjanen5050]

Great summary of the IMF's role and people's misconceptions about it. I have nothing to add.

[@absentmindedshirokuma8539]

Thank you for this explanation. People often blame IMF for something they didn't tasked to do to begin with, which just wrong. If your government had to resorts to IMF, bailout, then your country economy already in bad shape to begin with. Not IMF that ruin your country economy.

[@veramile1625]

I totally agree. If you have to borrow from the IMF your economy is usually already a complete mess and no one else is willing to lend to you. The IMF is just forcing you to be more realistic in your spending. Yes it sucks, but it's more like forced spending limits after a personal bankruptcy than a loan to keep life going as usual. Also of course the IMF wants its money back eventually, so it's not like they want you to fail. They want you to adopt policies that, in their opinion, gives you the greatest chance to eventually pay back your loans.

[@Bhaveshk]

Wrong map in thumnail. Kashmir is not pakistan. :)

[@rajx7120]

This rule of economic crisis affecting neighbours, doesn't apply to South Asia !! Because South Asia is one of the least economically integrated regions in the world. There is practically zero trade between India and Pakistan. And India-Lanka trade is much below potential. Also, Lankan economy is too small to make an impact on neighbours. Only Bangladesh has better trade with India. And even Bangladeshi migrants in India would be remitting back. So, this is not a poly-crisis. These are 3 independent crises.

[@akshat.jaiswal]

objectively true, tldr should consider checking this comment

[@HinduPAGANcowpissdrinkerRAKESH]

Lol Bangladeshi migrants? Seriously. All migrants i know live in middleast and Bangladesh currency is same value as indian rupee . Also per capita income is higher than india

[@byron-ih2ge]

@@HinduPAGANcowpissdrinkerRAKESH u seem to be dreaming

[@HinduPAGANcowpissdrinkerRAKESH]

@@byron-ih2ge i aint dreaming boy! Top 13 poorest countries in Asia (World Bank, by 2020 GDP per capita, current US$)* Afghanistan ($508.80) North Korea ($642.00 [estimated]) Yemen ($824.12) Tajikstan ($859.13) Syria ($870.00 [estimated]) Nepal ($1155.14) Kyrgyzstan ($1173.61) Pakistan ($1193.73) Timor-Leste ($1381.17) Myanmar ($1400.21) Cambodia ($1512.72) Uzbekistan ($1685.76) India ($1900.71) *For comparison: United States ($63,543.60)

[@byron-ih2ge]

@@HinduPAGANcowpissdrinkerRAKESH thats not real gdp per capita.. check gdp per capita( ppp) that gives u the real estimate😄.. seriously this is the inherent problem with Bangladeshis it seems .. start jumping whenever ur inching towards victory and end up loosing it all🤣 happens in cricket and in other fields as well it seems..

[@jyotibasu408]

Bangladesh currently is undertaking austerity measures like removing subsidies for fuel and letting the currency devalue to protect the foreign currency reserves (which should last for a while in comparison to Pakistan and Sri Lanka). We stopped buying spot LNG to protect reserves and reduce costs and we have never actually missed a loan payment or anything, we’re actually on good terms with the IMF and other lenders and our debt to GDP ratio is 36.5 %, much lower than most countries. All in all, we’re still pretty safe and stable.

[@jyotibasu408]

And I don’t understand why people are talking like we’re a failed state, We had a 7.25% GDP growth rate in FY 2022 and 7 percent before that (before covid it was reaching 9%), and I’d say in comparison, our government is pretty responsible and free market and not like the Third world socialists in Pakistan or other developing countries

[@reddragon100]

@@jyotibasu408 they always do. People in west, always have the tendency to see subcontinent people as inferior

[@antons5302]

Great to know! It is the responsible thing to do, which proven to have worked in other parts of the world. I hope it's just a minor setback that will prompt Bangladesh to diversify and that the country keeps developing economically as fast as it has been. Hi to y'all Bengalis from Ukraine ❤️🇧🇩

[@connermiller5906]

@@jyotibasu408 Probably because most people only know Bangladesh as being a smaller country by land mass with a massive population experiencing significant levels of poverty. That's the old story of Bangladesh however, as you point out its been seeing massive growth and is now a top 50 economy in the world. Yes there is still work to do to raise the millions out of poverty, but there's no denying Bangladesh has come a long way. Big props to your government having competent economic policy, and hope the supply and fuel crisis does not slow your ascendancy for long

[@orkkojit]

Why would you name your account after a communist murderous dictator who caused the deaths of 8 million people in the Indian state of West Bengal

[@wheneggsdrop1701]

The thumbnail is gonna piss people off. Its just what some graphic arts designer working on multiple videos put quickly off a map of pakistan. Not a political statement against India.

[@guurindersinghsfather1068]

@@IslamicSoulEditz no money to import wheat 🌾 and want Kashmir

[@Lakshya_Plays_Minecraft]

@@IslamicSoulEditz how is it true. Kasmir is a part of India everyone knows that

[@husnainaftab7572]

@@Lakshya_Plays_Minecraft kashmir is pakistan

[@herisuryadi6885]

@@Lakshya_Plays_Minecraft hmm unleas you are the pakistani government

[@bakthihapuarachchi3447]

Kashmir is Luxembourg everyone knows this

[@reddragon100]

Problem in all three- Bangladesh- good growth but is reliant on just textile just like some just reliant on oil, tourism etc. Economic diversification is needed. Sri lanka- tragic tale Pakistan- very less export and currency weakening

[@hilal_younus]

Pretty sure, that currently, every currency is weakening (some faster than others).

[@reddragon100]

@@hilal_younus everyone is also growing some more faster. Of course, growth, depreciation, other problems are common in all country but some are just gaining or losing more which creates problem or advantage PKR has fallen 35-40% this year which is more than other currency

[@hilal_younus]

@@reddragon100 I expected like 10%, but 30%? Wtf!? That’s 1/3rd the value

[@amazingamx1255]

Terrorism for Pakistan aswell

[@_im_stupid_]

Hopefully all three can weather the storm

[@GeliCarlosJ]

Here we have the Brits pissing off both Pakistani's & Indian's with their drawing of a map AGAIN 😂

[@dekumutant]

Just cant win sometimes lmao

[@captainalex157]

then they should finally decide on a border lol

[@rizkyadiyanto7922]

been doing it for more than 5 centuries. cant expect less.

[@patrickriarchy1976]

It’s a British tradition by now 😂

[@reddragon100]

lol. Few days, BBC Hindi post came in my recommendation where they asking survey that whether India should end secularism and become Hindu country. Never seen even an hardcore right wing Indian channel do that

[@shouryasanjeev9284]

9:08 hahhahahaha no. Sri Lanka and Pakistan just don't know how to use the money. Whenever they get a bailout, they think things are getting better and start taking more loans for vanity projects (like ports and airports no one uses) and heavy subsidies(e.g fuel in Pakistan and Sri Lanka was cheaper than in India despite all of them importing from the same source and India actually refining their own fuel). India also had their IMF bailout in 1991 and we didn't even use it all because the economists and a democratic government were in charge, not one political dynasty or the military. Btw, kudos to our Pakistani brothers for following through on that "we'll eat grass but make atom bombs" statement.

[@surajendran2951]

Buddy.. the map of india you have put it is wrong. change it.

[@huwenkai440]

South Asia is an example, I think, of how familicracy run in these nations. Apart from India recently, all three others (Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka) are run by political families, though some of them have different qualities to one another. The Rajapaksa family of Sri Lanka has played a big role in destroying the island; while the same could also be said toward Pakistan's political families. Bangladesh is heading to the same way.

[@siddhant5123]

Until 2014, political families ran India too

[@reddragon100]

As an Indian, I hope bangladesh will develop constantly

[@Quantum-1157]

Yes this is true, and these families are the most unpatriotic people in their respective countries! End result is utterly poor governance and corruption

[@jovenvalenciaflores6029]

South East Asian here, I agree political dynasties basically pull the strings here, what's worse is that all of these people are idiots.

[@freddiemercury2075]

Hey, don't forget my country Singapore is ran by the Lee family since 1965. We were a fishing village back then, now we are a global financial superhub and by many matrix one of the most amazing success stories in recent history. It is not about who ran the country, but how. Many family-ran countries are massively corrupted. Our late Supreme Leader Mr Lee Kuan Yew did mentioned that whether would Singapore survive in future or not depends on whether our leader is clean or corrupted.

[@kamalsidhu7454]

Including POK and Indian administered Kashmir in pak’s map is understandable but including aksai chin (chinese occupied Kashmir) in pak map on which pak govt. itself doesn't recognise any rights is really insane and full of anti India Agenda

[@evilentity302]

Video is about Pakistan and Bangladesh not India. They are trying not to offend Pakistani viewers

[@roadfry9015]

Showing j&k as part of Pakistan, i am reporting this video as misleading.

[@vikimettur]

I don't thin that's understandable. If a Video about South Asia is made basic studying of its countries borders is required.

[@Ramschat]

Wait, you guys think there exists an 'anti Indian agenda' here? I doubt this channel has any interests in India or its politics whatsoever, it's more likely to be an honest mistake.

[@makuru_dd3662]

@@Ramschat and considering how many "small" mistakes the made, it's probably that

[@bloodfiredrake7259]

The issues of the corrupt governments of South Asia have come to collect our dues. All of this issues have 1 thing in common: corruption.

[@BlackStallion23]

You can blame China for that at least partiallyeach country mentioned is in debt to them for industrial projects that did nothing to help the host countries but, because they can’t pay China back China owned land and a naval or air base in each country for a very long time. It’s a corrupt way to expand forcefully and challenge the US military without actually asking the countries if they want Chinese soilders or warship around and now they don’t have to anymore. Why do you think India is so pissed off about this expansion.

[@vorsichtig1235]

That's basically every developing country. You won't expect any clean government from developing countries.

[@ryanspinoza6586]

Corruption is widespread to all governments…

[@bloodfiredrake7259]

@@vorsichtig1235 Precisely. Though some are more clean than others and have less institutional issues. South Asia is worse than average in this case.

[@BlackStallion23]

@@ryanspinoza6586 Yeah but, specifically, doing something corrupt and lying about is different than being naïve about the corruption itself. China knew and still did and chose to not assist the countries or renegotiate after the IMF and world bank asked them too because they knew the terms were predatory and probably don’t want other countries seeing things clearly less they back out of the deal.

[@DanielM.Nyberg]

I am actually fresh back to Sweden from Bangladesh. Came back yesterday. Seeing this, I am fascinated how you can tell the truth and still mislead the narrative so much. Bangladeshis have in general 0% sense of worry. There were protests in the capital Dhaka. But those were organized by the opposition party. Which is effectively controlled by the reigning party. To put this in context. When the opposition party decided that his party wouldn’t run in elections one term, the reigning party just appointed his wife as the new party leader of their opposition. The Bangladeshi political “opposition” is controlled by the reigning party. Something that is common knowledge in Bangladesh. So, back to TLDR. Here it seems that TLDR is strongly squint the narrative so as to paint a false picture of region wide crisis. Or maybe they aren’t knowledgeable enough to run a news channel with world wide news. A hand full of KZbinrs might not know enough of the world to know what is and is not really happening. Maybe. What the Bangladeshi government has done is to limit big shopping malls by making them close at 6 PM

[@neilknightley4703]

It’s basically a one party system now with sheikh family dynasty ruling for the foreseeable future . Hasina will never step down and even she does her son will be next . Basically no one the party has the balls to challenge the leadership even if they are more competent or experienced . Also similar with opposition with Zia family . The problem with third world countries is that. Their institutions are too weak and gets captured by politicians who favor nepotism. It’s the curse of third world mentality where they just seem to can’t step out of the lime light

[@rominanirai6603]

"his"? Both parties are run by women.

[@XD-cr3du]

The idea behind IMF loans are not just to keep the country afloat, the idea is that they also should restructure their economy in a way that keeps the country from entering the same situation again in the future. Handing someone a bag of money does not solve their problem if they are structurally spending more than they earn, it merely offers a temporary relieve. Ofcourse this is punishing for the people in the country, and then it's easy to say the demands on those loans should be less harsh. But then what will cause the changes in the country so it won't get into the same situation again in the future? Stating the fact that some countries needed multiple consecutive IMF loans is not proof that the system should change significantly. You'd have to take into account what would have happened if the IMF loans were not provided, perhaps then the country would have already defaulted instead of needing a second tranch of IMF loans, which would have been much much worse for the people in the country. I think the problem is oversimplified in this video.

[@rexstout8177]

Lol. The IMF isn't a doctor. It's political as you've unwittingly explained. There's a reason Country's go to other sources.

[@tcmhs]

They just say that being forced to run their economy responsibly is racist imperialism. Those countries leaders will willingly make their country a Chinese colony as long as they can keep enriching themselves and their people seem to be OK with it. I'm getting to the point of going you know what deal with your problems yourself no one is giving you any money.

[@neeneko]

That is the problem though. The IMF loans out money like it is just supposed to keep the country afloat, while having requirements that prevent countries from fixing things

[@jaybee4577]

Stop shilling for the IMF. Probably a CIA 🤖

[@stephenjenkins7971]

@@rexstout8177 Most countries go to the IMF, so idk what you're referring to. IMF's conditions are blunt and there are no secrets when taking a loan. If you're referring to investments, that's a different story.

[@autarchprinceps]

Less punishing bailout conditions? Maybe, just maybe, what countries need, are less dictators and vanity projects. There are many countries, including ones that aren’t rich, that don’t constantly require bailout. Quite honestly my reaction to this, is that after 16 bailouts the IMF should maybe stop helping until the country figures out how to run itself. Either that, or they need to act when the problem is being created. Now they are not bailing out Sri Lanka, they are bailing out China, who invested massively in order to keep dictators in power and gain geopolitical influence. Loans like that should be defaulted on, not repaid by the international community.

[@hurhursjarf4527]

Yeah, same view here. It sucks for the people that have to suffer due to a corrupt elite, but at the end of the day, Sri Lanka is a democracy, so who is to blame for electing and re-electing these people? Pakistan on the flip side is a military Autocracy pretending to be Democracy, so it's more difficult. That said, the responsibility is with these countries, let them restructure themselves before giving thek any bailouts or loans instead of giving said bailouts on the condition of restructuring, do it first.

[@ArawnOfAnnwn]

Who's bailing out China lol? Certainly not the IMF. Bangladesh and Sri Lanka aren't autocracies. Only Pakistan is a basket case.

[@ArawnOfAnnwn]

@@hurhursjarf4527 You might want to re-think that stance. The Rajapaksas gained power on the back of being war heroes. You may very well see the same soon in Ukraine, a nation who's leader is right now being praised internationally.

[@stephenjenkins7971]

@crassgop A default would effectively destroy a country for over a generation, dude. Defaults aren't jokes for countries at all.

[@autarchprinceps]

@@ArawnOfAnnwn Right.. Sri Lanka is the model of democratic parlamentarian rule. As for IMF loans. They are used to pay outstanding international loans Sri Lanka can no longer pay themselves. Not a cent of that will reach the people, it is used solely to stave off defaulting on loans. Loans which are to a variety of international banks and other countries, sure, but in Sri Lankas case a majority are to China. If the international community would instead give the necessary means to continue the economy's fundamental operation, and instead default on these loans, than sure some people would loose money, and future loans to Sri Lanka would be more expensive (though that is likely still somewhat true either way), but the ordinary people would be less effected in expense of foreign governments and large banks. A fair trade, I would say.

[@AwaisFarhad]

In case of Pakistan, COVID and slow down did not cause this. During COVID, the fuel prices were low thus having low import bill and Pakistan did not lockdown factories at the time when India and China were in lockdown, that led to Pakistan getting textile export orders and thus exports increased. Pakistan's current account deficit spiralled due to international oil and gas prices rise in the wake of Russia-Ukraine war.

[@kukulkhaan]

You forgot to add loan given by China and Saudi Arabia repaid by taking another loan from China... Chinese loans are worst, they give you loan to hire China(Yeah china as every Chinese company is partially or in some way owned by CCP, and CCP owns china) Chinese companies are required to do the work, they import Chinese labour and even material is imported from China, thus china decides how they spend the loan they give to you, they'll decide the salary of Chinese workers, cost of the sub par material and everything inbetween....

[@proudpakistani4174]

@@kukulkhaan the china part is not true(mostly)

[@proudpakistani4174]

It was going great Exports were rising But the Ukraine war messed things up as oil prices went up CAD swelled and currency weakened To make matters worst there was a regime change which gave birth to political instability and mismanagement which resulted in energy crisis and inflation Many textile industries closed down and exports dropped

[@zaid5106]

Also the flood part played a big role. It cut cotton supplies costing our textile industry,which is a huge asset to Pakistan.

[@messitcool]

In Nepal, all the political parties, bureaucracy and even judiciary are so much into corruption that new political forces cant even commit to make changes. The domestic production is not enough to fulfill deadweight government spending, let alone capital expenditure. People, now, have given in and are already aligned to come into this organised corruption process.

[@gabrielkobler3044]

I am not Nepali, but I am living in Nepal and the general Idea is that nothing can be done against the corruption and there is no hope for a good un-corrupt governement. I feel like this sentiment in the general public is a serious problem that will inevitable lead to a deep crisis when climate change ramps up.

[@niweshlekhak9646]

@@gabrielkobler3044 that was exactly the reason, King tried to change it from constitutional monarchy to monarchy but they kicked him out.

[@harmitdhingra21]

While researching for a topic... least you can do is get the maps of countries correct....this just decrease the credibility of your channel Be careful what maps you show in your videos...this will cost you.

[@nixielee]

LESS punishing bailout practices will obviously lead to even more mismanagement and bailouts. They need the opposite.

[@Dryzark]

Not trying to hate, but segues like “it often seems that decisions made by countries…” feel really well done once, maybe twice. But they age worse than regular transitions, because it feels like the conclusion of videos is shoehorned into that direction so the segue fits, which leads to feelings of trying a bit too hard - and even concerns about how much of the topic selection & script writing processes are influenced by it. It’s never great for channels to have monetisation seemingly affecting their content - particularly if they are ostensibly objective news organisations.

[@bassetts1899]

Personally I don't think the actual video content felt shoehorned at all.

[@GetUpGetUpGetUp]

I feel like they should just say. "This video was sponsored by x" instead of trying to make it flow.

[@jonathanodude6660]

@@GetUpGetUpGetUp they’re obviously on the wave Linus tech tips pioneered. People prefer transitions, but obvious and smooth ones. They don’t like abrupt changes and they don’t like ambiguous transitions.

[@Dryzark]

@@jonathanodude6660 I don’t agree with your blanket statement. LTT prepares a different transition each time, which works. Creating one then trying to milk it for weeks / months before working on the next one, doesn’t. You’re comparing approaches while ignoring the respective executions, which is somewhat pointless.

[@suhasts7484]

The map used by you in the thumbnail is totally false, misleading and raises questions regarding your unbiasedness. I request you to portray the actual map based on the land under control of the same.

[@a-renheit4803]

Being a *geopolitic* channel you show a map (in the thumbnail) so wrong. Nonsense

[@sura899]

we know that a certain nation has helped them VERY GENEROUSLY to cause some "Unfortunate Instability"

[@captainalex157]

Chayna

[@VeeZzz123]

VEEEEEEERY generous, sure they couldnt have foreseen this happening, not at all

[@user-no1nj9ji1d]

Yes, america. That vile, aggressive parasite on the body of our dear planet.

[@matheusd.rodrigues429]

There's a video on this very channel showing that China actually doesn't do any harm to countries it lends, and it usually forgive loans (as opposed to IMF that forces countries to stop investing on themselves with austerity measures)

[@realhumphreyappleby]

@@matheusd.rodrigues429 I don't expect to see such geopolitical naivete from Tldr viewers

[@iaf010]

Mistakes you made: 1. Your Map of Pakistan is incorrect. 2. South asia as a region is one of the LEAST economically integrated regions in the world. There is ZERO chance of any "contagion" spreading from Pakistan or Sri Lanka or Nepal to India. India trades more with the USA than it does with all of South Asia. 3. India is helping not out of self preservation but out of self interest to gain geopolitical advantage. 4. Lenders are run by professional economists - they know that debt crisis in Sri Lanka or Pakistan has no bearing on India or Bangladesh. 5. The IMF is hated because they force common sense economic policies which are politically unpalatable. It is also the last and best hope many nations have to come out of their economic crisis.

[@iaf010]

@Arif It is not. Not a SINGLE nation on Earth recognizes Kashmir as Pakistani. Pakistan has illegally occupied Gilgit and Kashmir. Also, Muslim majority does not decide what is Pakistan territory. Xinjiang is also Muslim majority.

[@jaydev678]

@Arif so muslim fallen from Skyes?.

[@thehunterwr4666]

​@@iaf010not india either

[@faridoonburki278]

Watching for the first time. Contras and comparison analyses make it very easy to understand the crises.

[@rahulpranaya593]

There must be a course on World map on brilliant.you should consider it.

[@nonyabisness6306]

loan conditions are harsh so that people DON'T take loans all the time. the conditions are meant to stabilise the economy long term. the reason they don't like it is because frankly they just want money to keep going as they have. Same thing happened in greece when they crashed. So unless you plan on subsedising them indefninitly you have to force them into austerity measures.

[@nikthechampiongr]

Ok bro let's turn off any kind of government support you may have, along with your family's and your entire country's population including: Healthcare, unemployment, infrastructure, retirement, etc and see how you like it.

[@thornelderfin]

Exactly! If they were frugal with the finances and diversified they wouldn't need the loan in the first place. And as they are obviously mismanaging their economy, who would want to loan to them without some forced austerity so that there is even a small chance they will repay the loan (they will not).

[@ericcloud1023]

Exactly, loans especially emergency bailouts HAVE to be harsh & have unpopular demands on them. Otherwise we'd be bailing out every "developing country" or dictator who runs their economy into the ground. Especially known corrupt Gov't like Sri Lanka, Greece, central American nations & everyone else who saw it as a get rich quick scheme. America is still allowing the Bankers/mortgages to take on ridiculous levels of sub prime garbage. Because we didn't throw any of them in prison or even regulate the piles of cash given out. Regular people (granted most were idiots for buying homes they couldn't afford) lost everything while the banks pocketed tax dollars

[@Shadower115]

@@nikthechampiongr you don't need to turn off all government funding. But there can definitely be some fat trimmed of the social policy budget to go elsewhere. Or just towards repaying loans.

[@nikthechampiongr]

@@Shadower115 The conditions the IMF imposes are often very severe. Sure it won't literally turn off the government but it will certainly cripple many parts of it, in the end it causes a lot of collateral damage to those who are most vulnerable regardless of whatever part they may have had in the economic troubles of the country if they had any at all and most of them dont.

[@EnergyNiki]

I'm not sure that making bailout practices more leniant is a good idea... It'll just incentivize bad economic practices from corrupt seat of powers at best.

[@Nastiazik]

Hi, I'm from Russia, Moscow 🇷🇺 and I also run a KZbin channel where I shoot about politics and history. I would be interested to hear your opinion about my activities

[@patrickriarchy1976]

It’s not about bailouts becoming more lenient, Forcing 3rd world countries to adapt austerity policies in every situation is simply stupid, Because every country faces a unique set of troubles. The IMF can help a lot by financing useful projects instead of giving money to governments infested with corruption. For example a country with electricity shortages and current account deficit can be helped by building wind farm projects. Countries with high unemployment can by helped by major investment in their infrastructure. But the IMF always uses policies that hurt average citizens and causes high price inflation when it forces governments to lift subsidies from gas and food ignoring the fact that the people in 3rd world countries already don’t have enough money to buy most of their necessities if the prices weren’t subsidized.

[@davis3138]

Yeah, when I heard that I was like WTF. It’s not like they need to accept bailouts. These countries are acting like the IMF isn’t doing them a favor - they’re in no condition to dictate the terms.

[@user-cx9nc4pj8w]

@@patrickriarchy1976 Go read some of the other comments, they explain the point of the IMF better than I could. If the IMF wasn't a last resort, intended as a political rather than economic tool, then rich countries simply wouldn't lend to poor countries with bad political, culturual, and economic structures, when they don't have much faith their loans will be repaid. And the other option is trying to solve the 3rd world's problems by throwing money at them, which won't work in almost all cases, or good old fashioned imperialism, which nobody likes.

[@trilight3597]

@@patrickriarchy1976 And as every country has their sovereignty. Bypassing them would be considered rude and a threat to their existence. But if you borrow money, terms come with them. Each country knows their limits and situations and needs to adapt. Problem is that the ones in charge aren't facing consequences and want power.

[@Arikpsingh]

Report this video thumbnail, wrong map.

[@tomduke1297]

sad to see that even in 2022 humankind still has not mastered basic math.

[@ashu_2004]

Your idea that short distance increase trade is particularly not valid in South Asia.

[@mukey]

Kashmier is not a part of Pakistan.

[@hellohello9400]

WTAF is this thumbnail? Showing all of Kashmir as part of Pakistan? Even the parts currently controlled by India and China? What kind of agenda are you British pushing? Unsubscribed.

[@deusexaethera]

It looks to me like the crisis is largely contained to nations that previously decided they didn't want to be part of India anymore.

[@iaf010]

These nations were never part of Modern India.

[@deusexaethera]

@@iaf010 : I never specified _modern_ India.

[@iaf010]

@@deusexaethera Nepal and Sri Lanka were not part of ANY India.

[@varunkhatri3199]

@@iaf010 Sri Lanka has always been a part of Tamilangam Federations (Tamil nation states based out of South India). Only for the last 300-400 years it hasn't been a part of India.

[@AntiDegenerate1971]

That's funny but I don't know how it's relevant. All these countries were also part of the British Raj which included India. Also irrelevant.

[@caesar7734]

Why is Kashmir part of Pakistan on the thumbnail map?

[@aiswaryabersan7983]

Why didn't they show Pakistan as part of china surprise me

[@vs864]

🇮🇳:I want to get out of this neighbourhood

[@d16024]

This is sad, peace and love to all of South Asia from india ❤️

[@trolllovindaddy]

The map of Pakistan in the thumbnail is wrong

[@De_Jere]

I'm sure your "love and peace" will solve all these nations' problems.

[@kartik5001]

@@De_Jere what do you expect from us? we are giving sri lanka 0% interest rate loans and now they have allowed a chinese spy ship to "refuel" in it's port. sadly our country has snakes for neighbours.

[@erenyaeger9407]

@@De_Jere should he convey hate

[@jirachi-wishmaker9242]

@@De_Jere why are you here? Go bailout those nation.

[@razal-ghul1105]

Welcome to South Asia, where every politician has been accused of corruption but no one gets arrested AND prosecuted

[@byron-ih2ge]

na not in india.. the very reason why bjp is in power is because its top brass does very little corruption.. in power since 8 yrs but still no major scam or scandal

[@satyakisil9711]

@@byron-ih2ge the only top level politician who speaks against corruption is Nitin Gadkari.

[@humorpalanta]

Yeah, tell me when they get promoted for it. Then you will achieve Hungary level.

[@LeoDas688]

@@byron-ih2ge electrol bond legalised corruption,and adani and ambani has huge influence in indian government

[@byron-ih2ge]

@@LeoDas688 oh lol ofc

[@rahulpal2490]

That map! IT BURNS MY EYES!

[@hammadkhalid8172]

Made me shed a tear from happiness. Love the West when it comes to advocating for Kashmiri sovereignty.

[@rahulpal2490]

@@hammadkhalid8172 lol

[@okman9684]

@@hammadkhalid8172 Pakistan Army Gaddaar Imran khan Zindabaad Pakistani died while fleeing to Greece 🤣

[@nihalpathak3407]

Showing whole of Kashmir in Pakistan is height of idiocy from a channel which makes content on geostrategic issues. The subject is also very poorly researched as they don't know that South Asia is one of the least integrated region economically in the world. India and Pakistan maintain no trade Relations at all. And nations like Sri Lanka and Nepal are too small to make any impact and were actually duped by their ruling families to fall for Chinese debt trap. BTW when you talk about South Asia 1.4 Billion out of its 1.94 Billion population live in India which also has a 3.5 trillion dollar gdp out of the total 4.19 trillion dollar nominal gdp of the region. And India is fastest growing major economy of the world.

[@-AtharvaChavan]

USE CORRECT MAP OF INDIA

[@DilipBanerjee]

Overall an interesting analysis, but sloppy use of maps and info affect its impact. For example, your graphic shows that the credit offered by Pakistan to Sri Lanka was for military equipment (7:47). How would this help a country struggling with economic collapse? If it would not help, either don't mention the credit, or describe it for your viewers. This makes me question what else you glossed over.

[@trolllovindaddy]

The map of Pakistan in the thumbnail is also wrong

[@beaverundercover3479]

Does IMF have a problem with attached lending conditions? I don't think so. Countries should do everything possible to avoid the IMF.

[@BlackStallion23]

But, it’s not the IMF Sri Lanka and Pakistan owe its China and there debt trap diplomacy that partially helped this situation become worse.

[@stephenjenkins7971]

Attached lending conditions are fine insofar that they're reasonable. Taking land, infrastructure, or resources as a collateral is VERY immoral and unreasonable. Forcing a government to cut back if far more reasonable. But yes, the IMF should be avoided since it isn't an investment fund; it's a bailout in the midst of a crisis. In a sense, if you need the IMF, then you're already in a terrible spot to begin with.

[@beaverundercover3479]

@@stephenjenkins7971 Taking land and infrastructure as collaterals sounds like the Chinese way of lending.

[@Republic_Unbowed]

How did you showed entire kashmir in pakistan on your video change it to neutral stance or else will sue you.

[@Abhi-qi6wm]

Please don't club the countries into a group: "South Asia". We don't refer to the us as north america now do we

[@outoffcus3556]

south asia term is a load on India politicaly socialy and historicaly. please mention it as ancient Bharat

[@user2-lx1xl]

Use the correct map of India. Kashmir is part of India.

[@jo-wv4lc]

No part of Pakistan ok #16108

[@vkchaitanya2003]

India’s map is wrong. First correct that

[@RaghunandanReddyC]

Change the map in thumbnail. Follow the territories under administration by each country.

[@arnabbiswasalsodeep]

Some people are going to have issue over the map in thumbnail without watching the video. Edit:- I'd suggest look up UN borders. Even Tldr should follow it. No need to throw insults.

[@AgastyaMacha]

Exactly 😂

[@IslamicSoulEditz]

Exactly, I just wrote that(aka the Indians.)

[@darksector1389]

Like me 😏

[@IslamicSoulEditz]

Kashmir is on Pakistan tho.🤷‍♂️

[@parthlm1073]

@@IslamicSoulEditz first save ur country from an economic collapse then u can talk abt Kashmir....

[@yashparekh]

The map in the thumbnail is so bad, i can't even Even if u had just shown Kashmir as under contention it would have been fine.

[@beeilve]

For the past several videos your playback speed has been set far too slow. I get your audience isn't all native English speakers, but this is to the point of harming the video.

[@arturorubio7114]

Just suscribed. The objectivy is thanked.

[@Tmb1112]

Seeing a lot of Bangladeshis in the comments who think their economy is super strong. I’m willing to believe them. Hope y’all are right about this! I’m hoping US companies leave China right now and move investment to Bangladesh. Would help us both out. 🇧🇩🇺🇸

[@JamilAhmed-md8mf]

As China becomes more prosperous and moves towards a services based economy, manufacturing is going to move to countries like Bangladesh, Vietnam, Cambodia etc. Bangladesh needs FDI to make this a reality. The US buys more Bangladeshi products than any other single nation, we hope you keep buying!

[@wilkinlow]

@@JamilAhmed-md8mf This anti-China narrative is going way too far. China is actually the largest FDI contributor to Bangladesh economy followed by Netherland, UK, Singapore. They should ask China and IMF to delay their payments or at least restructure their debts.

[@HinduPAGANcowpissdrinkerRAKESH]

Japan also moved a lot of factories from burma to Bangladesh

[@gggjjjj3958]

Nah...We dont think our economy is super strong..but its still much better tham Pakistan and sri lanka

[@harukrentz435]

The reason why so many US companies invested their money in China is because China have one of the best domestic market with largest middle class in the world to buy the products.

[@freakyscottdude]

Nepal was required to have an election by November 2022 anyway, so the fact that Deuba called one now is not at all surprising

[@lalitthapa101]

Who do you think will win the elections? Cause I really can't see Deuba winning this one,especially with the astrologer comment😂

[@08amandeepsingh90]

The Map in the thumbnail is wrong, idk if that's supposed to be a clickbait or if its just poor research or maybe some political bias which shouldn't be a case for a news channel.

[@SacredDaturana]

What does "less punishing bailout practices" from the IMF look like in practice? People give the IMF a lot of shit for demanding austerity, but it seems reasonable from a financial point of view to ask countries to scale back unsustainable domestic spending or increase tax revenue, otherwise in a few years they're back in the exact same situation of having to go to the IMF again hat in hand for another loan.

[@DilipBanerjee]

Agreed. Indeed, one could argue that IMF conditions are too lenient in the instances where the same countries apply for a loan with regularity.

[@JamilAhmed-md8mf]

Bangladesh has more than enough forex reserves for over 5mths of imports, it’s good the Bangladeshi govt is being foresighted and taking action now to increase our USD reserves (which is required for most imports) to stop us getting into a perilous economic situation like Pakistan or Sri Lanka. Bangladesh has had sound macroeconomic management for over a decade, our economy is still the Tiger of South Asia with burgeoning RMG exports and is on track, being projected to grow this year by 6.5%, one of the largest growth rates *in the world*. I’ll reiterate, the only reason we’ve gone to the IMF for an extended credit facility is because of the rising cost of imports (esp energy) which is a by-product of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. The ECF programme is an excellent opportunity to implement much needed reforms in the economy such as ending fuel subsidies and better enforcing tax collection.

[@NoName-um5fx]

Tiger of South Asia….. relax with the sensationalism 💀🤣

[@realShikha885]

This is what a hypernationalist pakistanis believes that his country's economy is still strongest in whole regions 😜😂

[@JamilAhmed-md8mf]

@@NoName-um5fx nothing to do with sensationalism, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong and South Korea are the East Asian tigers while Bangladesh is the tiger of South Asia. Maybe if you jingoistic Indians focused on your own economic development instead of patronising us we wouldn’t of outpaced you on every social and economic measure

[@06.vineethdsouza80]

@@JamilAhmed-md8mf "outpaced on economic indicator" Bangladesh GDP per capita:-2326$ India GDP per capita:-2515$ source:-world economic outlook April 2022 by IMF also India will have a higher GDP growth rate than Bangladesh this year, without needing any IMF loan

[@WastedBananas]

@@06.vineethdsouza80 Bangladesh has higher GDP per capita and HDI. India has higher PPP per capita.

[@praveenjain5187]

change the map.. you are showing the wrong one

[@SagarSTPatil]

He should correct the map

[@rishisaxena7863]

Atleast show real borders

[@neilknightley4703]

Bangladesh with it’s one party system now ( basically dynastic system capture with no opposition) is heading towards something similar to srilanka. The country is over exposed to import and dollar rate fluctuations. Also the country is politically destabilizing as Digital security act is being used literally jail anyone who criticize the governing party or its policies . This sets a dangerous precedent for other laws which is aimed solely to maintain power and keep the opposition emancipated. Basically Bangladesh has become a one party state with the sheikh family dynasty ruling the party as their own ( as with any other third world country ) and I wouldn’t be surprised if Bangladesh becomes the dystopian big brother country similar to china

[@himanshugurjar9002]

Its good. The opposing party BNP is basically Islamists. Better have one party than islamists in power.

[@idraote]

What is needed is a radical reform of the financial markets. More often than not a struggling country that could recover with some well thought of measures is crippled and sinked by market hysteria and or speculation.

[@alex29443]

Any actual suggestions on what those reforms would be, I don't see an easy way.

[@randomboi2595]

Stop using the word "South Asia" use the "Indian subcontinent" Because literally the tectonic plates called "indian"

[@thomaskennedy5728]

Yes,but we usually don't use tectonic plate to refer any region.

[@randomboi2595]

@@thomaskennedy5728 hmm why? Is north american plate called north america Zelandia plate called new zealand Ok ok i don't make any sence but still South Asia is literally 80-90 India

[@gs2819]

Just the thumbnail of this video shows the real face of TLDR.

[@UltraSolution]

Bangladesh is also slowly becoming a police state and de-facto one party state.

[@shivanshna7618]

But isn't it party was voted in power ?

[@shivanshna7618]

Or they pull sneaky ?

[@UltraSolution]

@@shivanshna7618 they pull an ole sneaky

[@neilknightley4703]

It is a police state now . Lol did u see they arrested hero almost for just being cringe in his own time ? Lol . It’s turning into communist china

[@bencebozo1740]

Could someone link me the MIT article mentioned in the video?

[@kvt3785]

Can you please correct your map , it is misrepresented . I would be thankful it got corrected

[@narayanjeev]

Fiscal Prudence is a politically risky move in South Asia. It burns a lot of political capital for a ruling party to reduce subsidies on fuel & other essentials and leave them upto market forces. Massive gaps in income levels, make government assistance/welfare programmes a must and taxation becomes necessary which pushes the prices further up. Its now just a game of watching how much the tax payers can cushion the impact so that the people on welfare can be supported.

[@singhisking639]

For those who r saying it's just a mistake, this map used by the editor is not available anywhere in internet. This map is not used by anyone not even Pakistan. Neither by China or united nations. Then question comes how editor got this map. There are two maps used. One by united nations where half of Kashmir is in India and another half is in Pakistan. And the map used by india is where whole of Kashmir is shown as part of India but editor invented a new map altogether

[@adeelpak20]

This map is commonly used in Pakistan.

[@singhisking639]

@@adeelpak20 share me one link of any media channel of Pakistan using this map. I dare you

[@adeelpak20]

@@singhisking639 Google commonly shows maps in India as per Indian claim and in Pakistan as per Pakistani claim. You can check official political map of Pakistan even Junagarh in Indian state of Gujrat is part of Pakistan.

[@reddragon100]

@@adeelpak20 It contain chinese area also which pakistan does not control. They made this intentionally to piss people off

[@HinduPAGANcowpissdrinkerRAKESH]

You guys should chill

[@HimanshuKumar-ce8su]

Never knew I would report a video just by looking at the thumbnail.

[@RKV999]

Dear TLDR, if u want to make content regarding geopolitics first try to learn the basics like geographical maps of a country. Your thumbnail clearly misleads the audience about Pakistan & India. It's better if u stop ur crooked maps considering Indian land as part of Pakistan's. Learn these basics first kiddo...

[@prannoysaha6157]

@@stranger6797 They should use the map showing the line of actual control then

[@thomas316]

How could the IMF lend money without countries having a plan to repay it? In my view the IMF lends far too frequently to support failing states, there should be a stand-down period of 20 or 30 years between bailouts to ensure lending is for emergencies only and not because a government has run itself out of runway.

[@ihavenojawandimustscream4681]

Depends on the importance of the failing states. You don't want Pakistan to collapse from bankruptcy because they have nukes,you don't want Somalia to collapse because it will revitalize piracy,etc

[@Quantum-1157]

Pakistan’s problem has been extremely poor governance on account of dynastical rule since the 1960s: generally unpatriotic generals (many not all but many) took over or one of the 2 corrupt elite families (PPP or PML) would rule. Putting band aids on a fracture surprisingly worked for 5 decades apparently and the root causes were never rectified: so it was a matter of time that a crisis like Covid would upend the risky financial and governance game pakistan was playing. Before asking the IMF to change , Pakistan needs to take a look within and clean house. You are also forgetting that an unstable Pakistan will immediately have Knock-on effects on Afghanistan, Iran, and so it’s not just about India’s economic growth being disrupted, there’s a far bigger risk of disruption , financial, and societal spreading towards Central Asia because guaranteed Iran, Tajikistan, Afghanistan will get impacted in different ways.

[@hellohello9400]

It’s a ethnofascist military state. It was never going to work.

[@flextape1859]

what is that map in the thumbnail

[@Oldschool747]

That buzzer sound at 10:08 is pure anxiety fuel, please replace it with a less nightmarish sound

[@lalitthapa101]

Meanwhile Bhutan's just chilling and Nepal's breathing heavily😂

[@HinduPAGANcowpissdrinkerRAKESH]

Bhutan is not dependent on global economy

[@MriChakraborty235]

Bhutan is chilling because of India.

[@brazenshrey]

Why the hell you have shown Jammu and Kashmir as a part of Pakistan! I am reporting this channel for spending wrong maps depiction

[@tonysegadelli9421]

You missed the impact of Chinese lending at high interest rates

[@jormungandrtheworldserpent8382]

in my opinion the problem with imf bailouts is there essentially a band aid on a gaping wound it stopes the bleeding for a wile just long enough for everyone to calm down about the bleeding until the wound opens again and the process repeats now obviously this isent always the case but it certainly is for repeat offenders and that's why the root of the problem is never addressed because the loan tricks the people into thinking thing aren't as bad as they are

[@singularityraptor4022]

Wtf is that map in the thumbnail? Why disputed territories and parts of India are shown as part of Pakistan? The audacity and double standards...it's like showing Ukraine as part of Russian Federation.

[@tehepelo4551]

Consult your map correctly your kashmir map is not ok

[@ar-4323]

I know it's just an advertisement at the end for brilliant but the new beep noise you put raises a alarm in me, when listening and makes me very uncomfortable. Can you please change it to a less threatening/alarming noise?

[@artandmemes9190]

Does anyone else hear that buzzing?

[@saurabhodeyar7747]

how the f*** did u include whole of Jammu and Kashmir in Pakistan

[@husnainaftab7572]

Jammu and Kashmir is Pakistan but aksai cchin is china

[@saurabhodeyar7747]

@@husnainaftab7572 spoken like a true Pakistani economically colonised by Chinese

[@ChadPANDA...]

@@husnainaftab7572 🍇 people are hear .

[@alchemist7412]

@@husnainaftab7572 Your wife also belongs to China because you need Chinese loans to buy wheat.

[@aswinaadhav3204]

I first request tldr to use the correct map 🗺️ or getting reported

[@achintyachaudhary14]

Always loved TLDR's content but holy smokes what the actual hell is that Thumbnail. Y'all should either replace that thumbnail with an actually accurate map of South Asia or stop claiming y'all are neutral. Cheers. Peace out.

[@Indian_Marschall]

The map of Pakistan is wrong Kashmir is part of India

[@arkadeepkundu4729]

Meanwhile India in the middle, chilling out but looking over the shoulder nervously.

[@UniDocs_Mahapushpa_Cyavana]

These crises are good for India because it means its key trading partners are on the right track to stop being dysfunctional messes. India can finally trade with them and get rich, rather than have them be useless and a hindrance.

[@getnohappy]

Wait, geography matters for trade? What anti-Brexit heresy is this! So biased smh (Sarcasm)

[@mix3k818]

It must be total hell for the citizens there

[@alvaromontoya3764]

really hate that red buzz in your ad read at the end

[@uddishbagri9055]

The accceptable map of kashmir is to show the regions actually controlled by each country as a part of their territory not their claims

[@reddragon100]

just show line of control

[@theHollowGabimaru]

JAMMU & KASHMIR is an integral part of India. You have shown the wrong map.

[@ricksahuman]

'my astrologer told me' is the best source after 'that i made it the f* up'

[@lalitthapa101]

Nepali politics in a nutshell😂

[@ytguypro]

Change the map in thumbnail.

[@itiswhatitis235]

if you chose your leader based on astrology, you deserve whatever it is that's coming

[@untitled6391]

Who did that

[@captainalex157]

bruh its like a south park episode.

[@spacenodus7959]

@@untitled6391 have u guys even watched the video lol

[@untitled6391]

@@spacenodus7959 no I'm busy being triggered over the thumbnail. But can you answer the question?

[@rizkyadiyanto7922]

@@untitled6391 nepal president.