Galaxies Galore with Neil deGrasse Tyson

What does JWST tell us about galaxy formation? Neil deGrasse Tyson and Chuck Nice answer questions about galaxies, measuring the distance of far away objects, dark matter, primordial galaxies, and more!
Thanks to our partners at Ford for sponsoring today's video. To learn more about the all-electric Mustang Mach-E, visit www.ford.com/suvs/mach-e/
How do we determine how far things are from Earth? Learn how stereoscopic vision inspired astrophysicists to discover the distances of far away stars. Learn about Henrietta Leavitt, variable stars, and Hubble’s discovery of the andromeda galaxy. What is parallax? Find out about arcseconds and how Star Wars uses parsec wrong.
Why can we see massive galaxies just after the big bang? We discuss JWST’s primordial galaxies and the definition of dark matter versus dark energy. Why doesn’t dark matter fall into the center of galaxies? How do supermassive black holes get so big? What does this mean for the age of the universe?
We explore redshifting and the nature of the universe’s expansion. What would be necessary technology for aliens to have in order to visit us? Why would aliens be interested in Earth? How has the JWST forever changed our understanding of the universe?
Thanks to our Patrons Will Bailey, Joanie Nelson, Holly Harlin, Terry Eby, Brian Pennington, Dan Dymek, and Alex Florescu for supporting us this week.
NOTE: StarTalk+ Patrons can listen to this entire episode commercial-free.
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About StarTalk:
Science meets pop culture on StarTalk! Astrophysicist & Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson, his comic co-hosts, guest celebrities & scientists discuss astronomy, physics, and everything else about life in the universe. Keep Looking Up!
#StarTalk #neildegrassetyson
00:00 - Introduction: Galaxies
1:15 - The Distance Ladder: How Far Are Galaxies From Earth?
4:02 - Stereoscopic Vision & Nearby Stars
9:06 - Finding Stars Off of Luminosity
14:10 - Discovering the Andromeda Galaxy
16:29 - Arcseconds, Parallax, & Parsecs
20:54 - Massive Galaxies After the Big Bang
24:41 - The Behavior of Dark Matter
28:43 - Cosmic Dark Ages
30:05 - The Nature of Expansion
32:03 - What Technology Would Aliens Need to Visit?
36:24 - Dark Matter v. Dark Energy
38:30 - JWST & Our Understanding of the Universe

[@StarTalk]

What question would you ask Neil and Chuck about galaxies? 🌌

[@the1stkujo]

When we're using the triangulation method with Earth's orbit in June and December to get the two points of reference, how do we account for the orbit of the distant object?

[@terrycook2733]

so if i take my arc second and do all the math and get a end result to get a shift differnce then should i just half my result to get the correct answer instead of doing it all without the half.

[@joekenorer]

Why do my sink sponges smell weird? What do I do to stop that?

[@ziyu6138]

Hi Dr. Tyson, I appreciate you for giving knowledge to humanity. I have a question, please tell us more information about boots void. It would be great, the universe is full of wonders, thanks in advance for your answer. God bless you. Greetings from Uzbekistan

[@Max_Jacoby]

Could it be that what we percieve as an accelerated expansion of the Universe is actually something else like slowing down speed of light? What if speed of light is "constant" only because we can measure it on a relatively small distances but in scales of the Universe it is not constant. It's like Newtonian physics is ok on a small scales but on a bigger scale we must consider Einsteins's relativity.

[@randomkindness1470]

one day i hope to meet chuck and thank him in person for the humour that today lifted me up and out from my stress

[@gdr1174]

Young students are so lucky to live in the age of youtube opening their minds with these conversations

[@trent797]

I am absolutely fascinated by the Andromeda galaxy and what could be in it. Looking forward to this episode!

[@Wis_Dom]

Rocks

[@TheRealSkeletor]

Stars

[@AsobiMedio]

Gas

[@bored312]

Space

[@Lyrical.ly7]

@@bored312Multiverse

[@paulhadden]

There’s so much comfort in the truth spoken, like a soothing balm to exhausted ears

[@MatthewLinton-jd9ls]

I like the way Neil goes in how he does this and to make it simplify to people that are excited about science, but we don’t know all the terminology, but he makes us excited to know more. I appreciate the show and I would hope him and everyone else would be positive and give honest answers, and Help the common people understand how science work through space and technology

[@pauldhoff]

Chuck Nice is a great cohost.

[@x_capt_x9584]

Why is chuck on the left???? I don't like change!!!

[@Zbezt]

Hahahahaha XD just flip your screen around in front of a mirror that should fix everything

[@j72ashley]

My whole world has been flipped!!!

[@AG81a]

it was this way since forever. Looks like someone woke up in parallel universe. Well, just to let you know that things are not going well in this timeline.

[@jonkoski2683]

If you don’t like change, how can you possibly enjoy earth?

[@adamflores4206]

😂

[@thatdudeinasuit5422]

I remember Neil being given the Wormhole by a kid at a talk he gave in my hometown of Adelaide South Australia it was awesome seeing how exited the kid was on stage.

[@TravelwithEbby]

I looked up and saw the ISS tonight! So cool!

[@marsrideroneofficial]

there's a tracking app right ?

[@michael-4k4000]

I am in the ISS now. Wave, maybe I can see you...

[@FlirtUniversity]

Neil & Chuck, thank you so much for this informative and entertaining episode. 🚀👨🏼‍🚀 The only thing I found a bit strange was the sudden appearance of the mustang advertisement. I would say "and now thanks to our sponsor" or sth. and label it somehow more clearly as an ad block, which it obviously is. Don't get me wrong, happy you got the sponsoring. You two deserve those extra bugs 😊💰

[@bazzer124]

An understanding of how 3D distances are figured out is pretty cool. Thanks, guys. I remember seeing an illustration of the stars in the Big Dipper if viewed from the side and the stars were very widely scattered, far from the 2D look we see from Earth. Cheers....

[@paulpipitone8357]

Merry Christmas or Happy Holidays to both of my men love you guys my joy is watching you guys

[@_TheDeanMachine]

I love when Neil starts talking about topic he is passionate about, it comes through extremely entertaining

[@diyaasaeed7959]

Yeah he must love ford

[@BariumCobaltNitrog3n]

@@diyaasaeed7959 I heard he's more of a Mercedes man

[@KatyDidIt124]

In 1980, I had a Math Professor who smoked a pipe in his office AND during class. The math hallway always smelled funky. He was a fantastic teacher and very well liked.

[@KiLLJOY1056]

Love this podcast

[@mckylecfc]

Great episode, fascinating journey across the earth orbit, the solar system, the stars, the galaxies, how the secrets of the universe are slowly and surely inferred and unfurled! Feels like NDT taking us along on a journey of understanding!

[@daffidavit]

I like Dr. Tyson's gold Omega Speedmaster. The Speedmaster is my favorite wristwatch. I still have mine from 1969 that was given to me as a BD gift ten days after Buzz Aldrin wore his as the first wristwatch on the moon. Mine isn't gold but it was built shortly before Buzz wore his on the moon on July 20, 1969. So, it's a pre-lunar landing Omega. It still works well after all these years and looks almost new after using Polywatch to remove any small scratches. Beautiful watch Neil.

[@sekaramochi]

Please please please never stop ♥️

[@devlimbani]

Love you guys! You all have inspired me a lot. Thank you ✨

[@mickeybrumfield764]

When Hubble looked at the variable star in Andromeda and figured out how far away it was and that existed in a galaxy outside of the Milky Way I wonder if it gave him goose bumps like it does me. A discovery today that might be comparable would be hard evidence of a universe outside of our own, which, of course, there is a lot of speculation about. Back in Hubbles era, I don't know that there was much speculation about our universe being so large to have many galaxies well outside our own.

[@ErikBongers]

I wish I was there when they found out these fluffy things were galaxies of their own containing billions of stars. The shock.

[@Romamb]

I'd like to have seen the shock on the Pope's face 🤭

[@sagnorm1863]

How about the guys that realized stars were suns? Those people were genius.

[@leonmarkrodziewicz279]

In the words of Mr Spock "Fascinating!" You misseed out Stargate for the wormhole travel! Great episode, look forward to the next and the future discoveries to come.

[@michael-4k4000]

That's "Mr." Spock to you BUD

[@katerinmurillo1470]

Thank you for your content ❤

[@michael-4k4000]

Chuck is not Nice

[@leeFbeatz]

❤ caught it on Spotify the first time and realized 15 minutes in…. 🤦‍♂️ I love it and thank you superheroes!!!!

[@leeFbeatz]

As well, do we account for our whole solar system light pressure manifold blinking of light?(the light kinetic density point of operable fusing interstellar - this is to our observational baseline measurement of light interpretation and interference of the instrument used- and the fusing of this density into the proximal (more intra-stellar in proximity interacting) light environment and the interstellar space (less proximal) light environment, to interpret other blinking light densities ???? ❤

[@Itsallfun3000]

Perfect timing Neil and your Lordship, i was just browsing to listen to something at bedtime 👍

[@michael-4k4000]

Sir Chuck Nice

[@theElrin]

I always love waking my brain up in the morning to these conversations.

[@middleeastobserver6023]

مثل همیشه آموزنده و هیجان انگیز.

[@andypeiffer5]

This is the first time I heard somebody from Iowa ask a question

[@HawthorneHillNaturePreserve]

I really like and respect Neil, but I love Chuck! Chuck brings a certain perspective that makes it easier to learn and digest what’s being discussed. 🙏❤️

[@_JustinCase_]

I look forward to Cosmic Queries. Always good stuff.

[@russellkassel553]

It’s really cool to know, when you look at the Andromeda galaxy, you are seeing the farthest and, I suppose the oldest, object visible to the unaided eye.

[@shaebae5133]

It’s absolutely amazing

[@marksaxton.80.wolfgar]

As always. I love this program!

[@immunitycorrupts3641]

I feel a little smarter every time I watch StarTalk

[@dawnhansen7886]

Educational Entertainment to the MAX ❕️ I love StarTalk ❤

[@PlanetXMysteries-pj9nm]

I'm constantly amazed by your content, sparking my curiosity to dive deeper into the enigmas of the cosmos. Thank you for fostering my sense of wonder.

[@scottwarner3818]

My go-to answer to everything now is "whooo... you don't even want to know."

[@willierevilla4217]

Thank You Dr Tyson and Chuck.

[@sapelesteve]

Yet another terrific episode of Q&A with Neil & Chuck! I am of the opinion that we should call Dark Matter "G Matter" with the G referring to Ghost! 👍👍😉😉

[@PaisleyGodspeed]

I just discovered this podcast a few hours ago. Fan-girling here lol. Would you be willing to elaborate? This is perhaps very close to some of my own ideas, depending on what you mean by ghost. I didn't get very far in high school science and my college science opportunites were limited to one semester each of geology and astronomy (as online student 20 years ago back in the 28k days ), so please forgive if I'm missing an obvious reference; that said, "ghost" could mean all kinds of things and I'm very interestd on what it means to you if you're being serious.😉

[@jerrydeanswanson79]

Hey Neil...thanks for the show! Hello from Wisconsin!

[@brandondoty8211]

Love the content thank you

[@orionverduijn5539]

Love you guys!

[@OMEGA-02]

STARTALK Best podcast on KZbin 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥

[@the1stkujo]

I enjoyed this episode as always. Taking very complex topics and making it quite a bit simpler and easier to understand. I do have one question though. When we're using the triangulation method with Earth's orbit in June and December to get the two points of reference, how do we account for the orbit of the distant object?

[@NFNERF]

Never been this new! Thank you Neil!

[@purelove444]

Grateful for startalk💗

[@asan1050]

Thank you for posting.

[@G-Rated]

I can’t wait to see the types of s and dark things that we couldn’t see before and in high definition!! I’m so excited, thanks guys!

[@ScottyAltizer]

Chuck makes me laugh out loud multiple times every show!! Love him love him love him!!!

[@bettyboadwine4890]

I love the moon parallax reference!!!

[@fakamfishin6780]

I would love to see a creation of how our solar system would look to someone looking at us from a distant galaxy in the same way we look at them.

[@RicardoMarlowFlamenco]

Our bio signature could be detected in the similar manner we are using, by aliens 40 light years out.

[@johnthompsonparker]

Easy for me I only have one good eye.

[@TheRealSkeletor]

From a distant galaxy? We wouldn't even be visible as a speck of light, unless they had telescopes much more powerful than ours. The individual stars we can detect in other, distant galaxies are much larger or more luminous than our own.

[@Mr.RighteousnessBx]

We will never stop asking WHY in science, that's the love I have for this channel ❤️ thanks Neil bronx born

[@JMoroccoMisterBoy]

Neil, Chuck et al. : Tks. much.

[@whiskeywesche5624]

Hellz yea!!! Love you, Neil! Love you, Chuck. You guys are freakin awesome! Bro, I wish you guys would do a podcast where you guys interview different folks from everything from physics to biology to anthropology. Anything and everything science. You guys would be the perfect hosts.

[@furuknap]

You mean... Like StarTalk?

[@Espada_S346]

I like this idea... Definitely would be more immersive and fun

[@Espada_S346]

​@@furuknapI believe rather than doing grab bags and what not, he could do long sessions 2hr or more on a certain topic, like for instance joe Rogan style

[@baileescott401]

@@Espada_S346 There are long form interview videos, but I'm pretty sure Neil just doesn't have the time to do more involved videos. Since 1996, he has been the director of the Hayden Planetarium. I'm not sure what his daily life consists of, but he does occupy positions which require time and thought. I'm sure he puts as much time and effort into the show as he can, but clearly his profession would be the top priority. Joe Rogan's content is one of the lowest effort and unresearched podcasts. The fact checker, Jaime, will be employed forever, because Joe can't stop spreading misinformation. If anyone aims to regularly produce hours long videos, they're not going to do it responsibly, because you can't, there's just not enough time in the day for a professional to produce well researched content in 2hr videos multiple times a week. Be thankful that all the videos posted on this channel are meaningful and teach you something correct about the universe. Even if it doesn't consume every second of your evening entertainment, the videos are actually valuable, because they spend time creating something meaningful.

[@studygodsword5937]

@@furuknap Interesting, Neil deGrasse Tyson agrees with God, but doesn't believe in God ! "Galaxies moving away from each other" "God stretching out the heavens"

[@Reina.Nijinsky]

Happy holidays gentlemen 🎉🎊💃🏻🎂💐❤ Ty for making us smarter w every episode ❤ HugsfromNYC 🍎

[@Mr_Kyle_]

32:00 THAT'S the question I always have, and I've never heard a satisfying answer.

[@daggerstreetwear]

James Webb.. love the wrench in the astronomical works! ..

[@hjaltejensen5796]

Yo two make the galaxy rumble before your feets by the pure entertainment you always deliver

[@SiqueScarface]

I once read Fritz Zwicky's 1936 paper where he develops the idea of Dark Matter. In this paper, it is assumed that the Hubble constant is 500 km/Mpc, not the 70 km/Mpc we use today. (And of couse, Fritz Zwicky was not talking about exotic, non baryonic matter as we do today. He just said that this matter apparently is dark, e.g. not found so far by the astronomers which were looking for light sources.)

[@brinaldi81]

Paradigm Shift.. Chuck on the left

[@ekojar3047]

I finally saw Andromeda witha cheap monocular that also came with a phone attachment. I tried to navigate my nephew with it the same way, you just have to be very steady with your hand, know where to look, and be in in the country like me and let your eyes adjust for like an hour. After I saw it with the little monocular, I could see it without it. It's just an incredible feeling as a human to look out and up, and see an entire different galaxy full of mysteries all the way from here on little earth. I highly recommend trying to see it, and it's a perfect time of year right now too, it was just after dark and it gets dark early.

[@timjackson1957]

Thanks!

[@HaulingBonez]

Always awesome

[@Malavander]

Star Trek DOES have wormholes, but they seem to be rare and unstable. Deep Space Nine was positioned near a wormhole to the Gamma Quadrant (home of The Dominion) that is stabilized by a Bajoran relay station.

[@xucaen]

Ds9 had a wormhole. They used transporters instead of wormholes on the ships. Duh

[@-shadyG]

We used the same techniques to determine location to certain things in the navy.

[@ShawnBowyer-nz4vj]

Thank you

[@ZigZagKid_AZ]

Let's get it!

[@lskanon863]

The perfect duo 😘😘

[@michaelyau4163]

Wow, it is just theorem pythagorus to calculate the distance of stars from the earth. Superb.

[@user-bd7wj3ky4o]

Great lets star talk, regards from The Netherlands ❤

[@-_Nuke_-]

Hey Star Talk, Hey Nei! How are you guys doing? :D I wonder if one day you guys could do a reaction video, on space engine! Its a free software that you can use to go around the Universe and experience things like visiting other galaxies, visit the our solar system, look at black holes and neutron stars, travel around using spaceships with warp drives etc! Its all really intuitive and I think that Niel can give us a good video where is explains a lot of things that we see in there with detail! Just a cool thing that I thought! :)

[@m6h3r]

this was a deep one

[@Quickcat21MK]

Thanks for the show. Later.

[@guardiaguardia3017]

How can you not like does video, if they teach you so much and such amountt of time.

[@FUNONE210]

Be someone you'd want around you ♥️

[@andipelamine]

You went a bit technical... and I liked it !!! 🧠

[@_TheDeanMachine]

Engineering explained has a great video about the one foot rollout standard and 0.60 testing and automobile industry

[@Hatvok]

I love that one question took 20 minutes. 😁

[@jeffadventures1]

OMG ive been saying Star Wars is misusing the term parsec wrong for 30 years! thank you for validating me lol

[@calebkepple1964]

I’d love to hear your thoughts on the mass drives From mass effect and the grav drives from starfi

[@denno800]

There are quite a few people who would have liked to call the James Webb Telescope the Henrietta Swan Leavitt Telescope. I think that would also be more appropriate.

[@michaelccopelandsr7120]

Hey Neil, I still need help with changing the stars. My idea for changing the stars includes Orion and Pleiades (Subaru). I figure it's time to put something up there that's relevant to us, don't you think? Take Orion's belt and Betelgeuse becomes the head with a baseball hat. The 3 stars of Orion's belt make up the 3 fat belt loops on a baseball uniform. Below the belt are two legs bending at the knee. Saiph is the back foot and Rigel is the front foot. The feet aligning perfectly under the bent knees. The spear pointing at "Subaru" is the bat being swung and "Pleiades" is the baseball flying away after being hit. Bellatrix is the hand that let go of the bat. Put it all together and you get, "THE ALL-STAR." In my case, I see a left-handed batter and I imagine a "7" on the jersey. Which makes him, "Mickey." (As it should be ;-) But you can put any number you want, making, "THE ALL-STAR," any player you want. It'd be wrong of me to not, at least, try. This is me, trying. Pass it on, please and thank you. Don't worry, where I come from, crazy is a compliment. ;-P

[@josephdonais4778]

Highlights magazine behind DR Tyson, (right shoulder). I used to read those in the early 70s. "Puzzles of the Universe", ☺ fitting.

[@belkyhernandez8281]

Having my own personal astro physicist feels luxurious, like having my own chocolatier.

[@barrytdrake]

Woohoo! Standard candles!

[@Crunch104]

Get my geek on... :) Star Wars corrected (clarified) that Han Solo was referring to distance, and not time when Han said, "made the Kessel Run in less than twelve parsecs." In the movie, Solo: A Star Wars Story, Han took a shortcut in the run and decreases his distance. This was all probably done though to rectify the mistake in the first place. Love the show! Teach science from Kindergarten to Grade 12! Make it mandatory!

[@CherrysJubileeJoyfully]

I LOVE a good port

[@Juliano_DJOL]

Gotta love Shannon and 100% agree w him, fight whoever whenever when it's time or needed but also not trying to fight no one when it's not the right thing!

[@lemongavine]

Mustang Mach-E is badass. Me want!

[@sekaramochi]

Is Chuck simply the Best Or does he asks the rest♥️

[@michaelccopelandsr7120]

Neil and Chuck for 2024

[@The-binge_710]

🤘😁GREAT CONTENT 💚

[@TheBarnz91]

Me and my daughter have both viewed the andromeda galaxy through a set of celestron binoculars! It was only a faint smudge! But incredible nonetheless!! I hope we have more answers one day!!

[@sekaramochi]

Richmondshire England

[@xucaen]

@8:11 -ish what happens if the star moves during the 6-month period you're waiting to measure its distance. How can you get an accurate distance for a star if the star is moving in between snapshots of measurements?

[@monkerud2108]

Stars are far out man. Thats slme stellar parallax

[@Silverorient]

Dear Dr Tyson and Dr Nice! Given that If, events of early universe was what formed the elementary particles/waves that in turn formed us and our local galaxy, then; How is it that the light of early formed galaxies (i.e moments after the big bang) it's light only reaching us now, but it's effects (the elementary particles) have long cooled and formed into our local galaxy? Could it be that the "effects" of those recently observed most distant galaxies/events, will only reach us in the future, rather than in our past?

[@mnichols1979]

5:34 I have a lazy eye, so I'm used to looking at things from one eye. That finger trick was child's play.

[@josephkarimoni]

Btw, Neil & Chuck, on issues 'ALIENS', wasn't the moon visited by aliens in 1969?

[@dillcifer]

Cool outer space hour, fellas