Exploring Dark Skies with Neil deGrasse Tyson

[@michaelccopelandsr7120]

As a two time Alaskan fisherman I can attest there is a place you can see the night sky in all its glory. 5 miles off the Aleutian islands, there is NO light pollution. You can't see your hand in front of your face. The nights where the water was calm and reflected the night sky are the nights I will always treasure. Spent some time growing up in Nye County, Nevada, too. Amargosa Valley is a GREAT place to see the Milky Way.

[@gamerdad7320]

My brother-n-law lives in Unalaska and he takes amazing astrophotography shots. I am jealous of a sky without light pollution.

[@michaelccopelandsr7120]

@@gamerdad7320 I was out of Dutch Harbor and Sandpoint. Loved watching the northern lights. You know how you go into a trance when watching a campfire? It's like that only with "colored wind."

[@CharlieHillerman]

The first time I saw Saturn thru a telescope, was back in the zero light pollution days of the mid 1970s(So.Texas)

[@furrybear9416]

No ambient light there, I'm a little jealous but at least I dont live in city haha...I bet you have seen a few great shows of the northern lights to ye❔

[@Kattakam]

My time in Alaska is amazingly spectacular looking up.

[@ChrisBoyle-uy1tu]

Just found Star Talk maybe 2 weeks ago or so. I am now addicted to this. Literally can feel my knowledge base grow by just watching this so entertaining and well produced educational top tier discussions i am privileged enough to witness.

[@pjflynn]

A thousand thanks for this, gentlemen. I am now 75 years old, I grew up in Argentina on farms in distant places. I clearly remember night skies in "El Arenal" 25°55'11.6" S 65°07'15.8"W, in 1953 (only 5, then) and later at my paternal grandfather's farm/ranch, 35°34'12.4"S 61°01'00.9"W through the 50s and 60s and later in Northern Patagonia around 41°06'32.6"S 71°26'14.1"W. Today some of these spots have turned into towns, back then they were far from any and everything and there were few places with public illumination. At my grandfather's we didn't have electricity. Now I live in CO and have been across the deserts and semi-deserts of the SW where many a clear night has delighted my family and me. We have camped on top of mountains in the Rockies to enjoy meteor showers among other celestial joys.

[@ThishVc-yp9xg]

welcomed moster paolonggian

[@erikhendrickson59]

We had a brief power outage here recently, and its was stunning. I went out for a walk in the dark, and was immediately greeted by none other than Orion in all his glory. Caught myself an *_amazing_* time lapse photo of the constellation. When the street lights turned on shortly thereafter, Orion retreated to his bunker, like candlelight being snuffed out.

[@Allgone-b4k]

You was immediately, greeted by Orion. So your eyes, didn't need any time at all to adjust where as for the rest of us at night it would still take an average of 6 mins from street lighting alone. Interesting

[@UndeadKIRA]

Loved every single one of these guests! We need more episodes like this

[@AzureAlliance31]

A crossover episode nobody expected but everyone wanted :)

[@ThishVc-yp9xg]

star talked is the best ?

[@jdonehew]

One of my favorite Star Talks ever! Three superb guests and wonderful discussions. Thank you!

[@kevincronk7981]

Startalk and PBS spacetime are 2 of ny favorite science youtube channels, glad to see Matt on Startalk

[@RISTRAW]

After Hurricane Ike came ashore in September of 2008, the Houston metro area was without power. A cool front blew through bringing in dry air. Our neighborhood had a block party where we emptied our refrigerators cooking everything we could on gas ranges , BBQ grills and camp stoves. As it got dark, we set up tables in the cul-de-sac at the end of the street to have a feast. After stuffing ourselves we leaned back in our lawn chairs and looked up. Wow, so many stars and the Milky Way. The first and last time that I have ever experienced that in Houston.

[@danilochacon3711]

im a Astro photographer and i do trips to nevada to see the night sky and photograph it! Professor and Chuck! You are always invited to my workshops!!!

[@Tutel0093]

Neil, letting you know that your content, new and old, helped me SO much for years. A haven for my curiosity. My kid started studying serious science at high school and he's looking for a good future in physics and astrophysics because of you. He's like me, I didn't had the resources for my self but I'm working hard for him in case he wants to live at the CERN. I hope he (and I) could go to your planetarium someday❤

[@alexaales7937]

hello Neil, my personal astro physicist, every night when i walk my dog for the last time of the day and i look up to the stars (living in a small village where the sky is not light polluted) and being amazed every time i think of you cause you taught me so much! thank you for that! you will always be in my heart for the influence you had on my life! your epitaph has already been fulfilled so don't drive yourself nuts 🙂!

[@ThishVc-yp9xg]

I know & knew what's dog is! At 18:00 . .. Neil nearly put up a long pause, because he was born, maybe to witness half of WW1 or partially of WW2 I know that kind of pause is? I'm humbly said, that'd that's I'm not older than Mr Neil, but I'm old enough just to known, what circumstances to just knoe a whole bunch of physicist astronomer, & a lot of them, & if not tonnes of em, failed down those line ( careers ) And many, are hardly just about above the first man on moon! And if you're already into this, I won't be needing to elaborate animal to the moon, because you've already mentioned a dog, in this particular section!!! But at point 18:00 is the pause that's cuts all the line! If Mr Neill was to R.I.P if not now & if so.. basically most stuffed afterwards, we won't be seeing any repeat stuff or repeatedly career conducted before WW1 or neither WW2 And partially or Wholely, space vogue wouldst be as like a thousand percent robotics spaces explorer's

[@ThishVc-yp9xg]

mostly wholesomely ... space vogue wouldst be as like a thousand & one percent robotics spaces explorer's

[@jbuechler2476]

PBS Spacetime is one of the best Science Channels. It is good to see Matt get recognition 👏.

[@nanasapartment]

I love clicking on a video and getting unexpected Matt O’Dowd content. I’ve never not walked away with something new.

[@smartignorance847]

I look up every night faithfully. NEVER FORGETTING MY PLACE The Universe is in me and I appreciate that fact

[@dimitri1515]

I love Matt's PBS KZbin channel. With only a year of physics and some diff eq, I'm unable grasp most of what he says, but I enjoy it anyway.

[@summershine7267]

I went to school in Michigan's Upper Peninsula around Lake Superior (the world largest freshwater lake). Let me tell you, being from the big city myself from Detroit seeing those night skies up there really is a magical moment. It's made me wanna live in rural areas so I can experience it more often. Love the video!

[@WildlifeWarrior-cr1kk]

I am originally from Lansing Michigan now I live in Arizona we have big wide Skies out here hardly any air pollution

[@Ikonicre_Moonshield]

I live in one of the most light-polluted countries in the world. It never stopped me from looking up on clear nights and appreciating the cosmic spectacle on display

[@deanovanno]

Living in Northern Alberta, I am privileged to see dark skies every night....not so much in the middle of June/July. Sometimes, they are lit up by the Arora Borialis,but even when it's just clear out, the sky is brilliant! You can easily find the constellations if you know what you're looking for. And I'm sure that must be the I.S.S. up there shining so bright in the East. (Correct me if I'm wrong)

[@angeloavanti2538]

I remember at the bottom of the Grand Canyon looking up and the canyon walls were lit by starlight...actually the Milky Way. No moon, just the sky spray painted with a thick white line of stars. It was breath taking.

[@Abhinav204]

Thanks!

[@StarTalk]

Thank YOU!

[@Yagyaansh]

Came for Neil, stayed for Babak!

[@shanecombs1993]

I watch the pbs spacetime channel all the time. So awesome to see Matt here.

[@kuldana413]

Living in Connecticut, I take every opportunity to look up on a clear night. To see all the stars that I can see. It's been my absolute dream to find anywhere I could get to that would afford me ever more stars. I took a trip to Pennsylvania a few years ago, a friend saying I would see so many stars...and it was cloudy the whole four days! Now knowing there's dark sky sanctuaries, I'm going to start planning a trip next time I can get some vacation time. This episode has been a true eye-opener; I don't have to try to find a way to Mongolia for the darkest skies. Thank you Star Talk ^w^

[@machinarum]

The first time I saw Jupiter and the Galilean moon (are those 4 dots moons? I asked ) with binoculars when I was a kid I was amazed. That was one of many things that made me pursue science and engineering.

[@ThishVc-yp9xg]

That'd is so nice!!! Some people barely had five nor four but basically impossible for twenty plusses, all at once :) Jupiter's Jupiter's is master's of hide & seek ( no magic )

[@vickieysacoff4249]

I hadn't heard about a dark sky sanctuary before. What a great idea! Another wonderful discussion. Thanks again!

[@frankwestphal8532]

Always great to see Matt. And PBS Spacetime is no joke for anyone that wants to get deep. It's one of the few astrophysics and physics channels out there that regularly challenges my limits of comprehension. And finally, Nevada... absolutely do it. I ve camped in the desert in Nevada and it is amazing. Great episode as usual.

[@Druidofthemarsh]

I'm no where near a desert (maybe someday) but seeing the sky from Big Meadows in Shenandoah National Park is absolutely gorgeous.

[@michaelccopelandsr7120]

Neil and Chuck for 2024!

[@satellite468]

On top of Haleakala volcano in Maui was the clearest night sky I've seen. The park ranger also mentioned that it was one of the quietest places on the world.

[@seanmccaul3034]

Wow, such a great discussion! And always nice to see some of my favorite presenters together! We recently moved to the mountains outside Westcliffe, Colorado (an International Dark Sky Community), and it is amazing how much more of the night sky is visible compared to a suburban environment. Thank you all for covering this topic, it is so important to preserve our dark night skies!

[@h7opolo]

a Tool lyric comes to mind: "Repugnant is a creature who would squander the ability to lift an eye to heaven conscious of its fleeting time here." ("Right in Two")

[@gootube88]

The park ranger from Nevada was such a great ambassador, full marks man and I'm very tempted to bring my kids from England over specifically for his park tours...

[@Laserblade]

Thanks for that! I had the privilage of seeing the night sky as the ancients saw them, on a moonless night in the middle of the Indian Ocean aboard USS Enterprise. What I had thought a misfortune to draw the flightdeck midwatch, 12:00 midnight to 4:AM, turned out to be the best view of the night sky possible. During 'Darken Ship' where no exterior light is permitted, the only indication of a horizon was where the stars stopped. I watched the stars blink off in the West and blink on in the East. I walked in space that night, and had a sore neck the next day!

[@johnherron3961]

It is so worth it to find a place where you can see the awesome experience of the stuff outside of our little planet. Expands and focuses our imagination and the reality of our existence. A single pinpoint in a vast field of suns.

[@julieinthedesert420]

I live just outside Joshua Tree NP. Our skies are so dark and it is so amazing! Low low humidity, very little light pollution almost none. Because of it being a basin, it's like having a fish-eye view and the tall mts block the light from LA and the IE. It's a sight to behold and not far from everyone in SoCal. ❤❤

[@ComfortRoller]

A few of us hiked up to the Pacific Crest trail in Southern Washington for Perseids and camped. The shooting stars looked like someone put a pencil eraser on the sky and dragged it for miles leaving a thick dusty streak of light behind. There were dozens shooting at a time. It was my most amazing astromical experience.

[@ASAPBlanco]

No way we get the man the myth the legend from PBS space time and Neil in the same video!?! Let’s goooo

[@cshubs]

The only time I've knowingly been to a Dark Sky place was Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico. It's a gorgeous area where natives built structures 900 years ago.

[@NeroThacher]

At least 30% of what ive learned about astrophysics and the quantum is thanks to Proffesor Matt O'Dowd on PBS spacetime

[@thos759]

This was a great show ! I’ve been to dark sky site in the Sawtooth Mountains Idaho and it’s incredible!

[@josephgillmer10]

I was in the burren region of Ireland in August 2003 when Mars was in opposition. It was so dark and clear that I couldn't see my own hands. Mars was so bright (relative to what I have ever seen given living im populated areas of the east coast), I swore if it was any brighter, there might be slight shadows. Pink, so very pink.

[@CC-gg4oj]

I was camping in the Simpson Desert (Australia), I walked away from the camp fro about a km and turned off the torch. After a half hour of no light i looked up... the sky out there is amazing. And the silence...

[@bhavyakjain]

Always love to see my two favourite science communicators - Neil & Matt Hope to see more often

[@noahabraham8701]

They need to bring Michael Levin on and have a comedy session.

[@ThishVc-yp9xg]

You talkef, as though Neil could be one hundred percent replaceable by MatT?

[@Ifyouaintfirstyourlast]

I live in the middle of nowhere in the New Mexico desert I am amazed every time I look at the sky

[@henrycline9937]

AZ is good to. They have minimal street lights . In the city. Suburbs have zero street lights

[@HGALAXIES]

#Bobak Tafreshi's career is something else! Neil, you should go with him and make a session while working together! 🌐

[@LaGuerre19]

38:53 (ish) vividly remember Neil on Conan O'Brien's show (waaay back when Conan was on after Letterman)... Neil was giving Conan the what-for because of the location of the picture of the moon on the curtain with New York skyline behind Conan! Maybe 25 years ago(!). Very kindly telling him where it should rise, what shape it should be, etc etc. Hilarious and genius. Never stop being Neil, Neil! We as a species are lucky to have you man!

[@PSwayBeats]

Got to love it two of my most favorite people scientists/astronomers matt and Neil In one video

[@Wild_Bill57]

Used to take BH clients camping to an area above the White Mountains just west of the Maine border, used to tell them, if you wake up in the middle of the night to take a walk to the restrooms, stop and look up on the way back. As a stargazer, I’ve never seen the sky better looking on the clear nights. So many stars that it was hard to find constellations that I was familiar with even.

[@barehope]

I absolutely appreciate your expertise and explanation of where the best areas to Star gaze and why

[@TorQueMoD]

Oh, I really like that you had multiple guests on this show. That was fun :)

[@ThishVc-yp9xg]

so many 3-Zoom these day's I'm not sure, which goes best of table PC or andrio'z

[@jacobsabayrac9539]

I love you man thanks for everything you do and very glad your back just know your a legend hope your having a great day

[@occheermommy]

I used to live in the Phoenix valley and if you arent right in the direct Phoenix area and you get out toward the superstition or south mountains and you get some incredible views. If you go south of that toward Tucson and Mexico you can get some great spots. I loved the skies in Arizona.

[@martink8080]

Had a chance to go out in a dark sky in a Namibian desert several years ago and the view was incredible. I was ostensibly there on a photo-safari but spend a lot of time just staring up at the sky, it was that beautiful to see.

[@ray_ray_7112]

I love the part that explains the sky view of the Nevada desert. For one, I have lived in the Las Vegas area for over 40 years. I have seen the city grow immensely. There was one really bad thing that was done that upset Astronomy enthusiasts back in the 1990s, and that was the extremely bright light on top of the Luxor Hotel. Airline pilots hated it, and astronomers hated it. You would have to travel far out of the city to completely escape that light. I once took a night trip to Area 5, not on the air base of course, but to the sole Little Little A’Le’Inn dining area and gift shop. The sky was great for gazing, but even after that 100-mile or so trip, we could still see the Luxor light. Thankfully, years later, during the recession, the light was dimmed somewhat, not only because of the complaints but because of the 1 million dollars a year light bill. That bill would probably have been 2 million today. Also, the best place I had ever visited at night to view the night sky was Death Valley. Wow! It was an exceptional view of the Milky Way. Lastly, when thinking of going far to the north of town, especially in the winter, unless you are a polar bear type person, it is MUCH cooler than the Las Vegas Valley. The temperature gets down below 0 F in some places. Average winter nights 100-200 miles north of the city are usually in the teens in the winter. [EDIT] BTW , I typed this comment about a third of the way into the video before Death Valley was mentioned. I am glad it was brought up in the video.

[@mikemay3557]

I was born and raised in northern Arizona.. The dark skies out there are freaking amazing!

[@racerguy6979]

In Ontario here and I went on a ferry called the chi cheemaun and it stops in the middle of the lake to have a star gazing session and they speak about the stars. Very dark skies

[@rjsmith6698]

Cool. I didn’t know the Chi-Cheemaun ferry across Lake Huron from Tobermory to Manitoulin Island ran at night. Back in the mid ‘80’s I was on it once during the day, and after arriving on the island had one of the best nights of my life. After a day of fishing, sitting around the campfire, eating the best tasting fish anywhere, drinking beers, playing guitars and having a sing-song, all while the Northern Lights were putting on an amazing show in the northern sky. Awesome!

[@racerguy6979]

@@rjsmith6698 yeah I basically grew up in tobermory at a cottage I still have. They have a 11 o clock run and stop half way to star gaze. They have a speaker that teaches you about the stars. Then carry on the way.

[@noahway13]

Matt's show on PBS is 75% over my head.

[@BlackHoleForge]

Happy Friday the 13th. 👻 Here I was waiting for the trick, and what I got was a treat. Good topic, great hosts, and an excellent guest. 👍

[@monmerritt8718]

When I first saw a dark sky and the stars available I was truly amazed 😍

[@larrykeyes4979]

You gotta visit Arizona Chuck! Put it on youer bucket list.

[@dannyhull8007]

In the early 80s, while transporting my future wife's 64 1/2 Mustang from Illinois to California I experienced a voltage regulator failure just outside of Battle Mountain. The battery finally gave up before I could get to Battle Mountain and I coasted to a standstill alongside the shoulder of I-80. When I got out of the car the night sky was SPECTACULAR! Everyone should experience this.

[@EinsteinsHair]

It seems harsh to wish car trouble on everyone. In the 70s I had a 1968 Mustang and the battery seemed to go bad. A local mechanic said the alternator had reversed polarity and was running the battery down, which he said should only be possible with a generator, and not an alternator. In the years I owned the car the alternator had to be replaced three times. We never did figure out the cause. I had no cool stargazing stories. When it would begin having trouble starting I would park at the top of slopes so I could roll it to start (standard transmission.) And once some guys had to push it to start. Fun times!

[@MrMartgolf]

Wow love hearing about the night sky Keep up the good Work 🙏🙏🙏

[@abd4704]

I will watch this video when I will get to my city 🌆 cause in megacity light pollution can really ruin the experience of watching startalk , I usually watch startalk lying under night sky , Gazing on the moon or various constellations ❤

[@matthewring8301]

Even the difference between farm country and a true dark sky region is amazing

[@DouglasRyan-ux9cj]

I was in the Navy and out at sea the night sky is unbelievable out in the middle of the ocean!!

[@ThishVc-yp9xg]

42:00 welcomed icelander was it, between orangeland & greenlandic?

[@nuggz720]

I'm a big fan of laying on the top deck of a house boat on Lake Powell and village Malawi for the southern sky

[@euclidlogiudice8251]

Come visit the Big Island; Hawaii. Some years back I took tourists to Kalapana to view lava flows from Kilauea Volcano. People were totally blown away by the stars above because there was no lights anywhere. The stars were so awesome for folks coming from many places where there was too much light pollution. The summits of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa; both nearly 14,000 ft. above sea level and very dry are the best sights for viewing stars! Being shield volcanoes also enhances the experience as the air moves more smoothly over their summits.

[@ThishVc-yp9xg]

Problems is, dark black stones, usually spurt on mainland.. Not some mini island But, if you said, the biggest sea volcanic mountain, that's that is the one, you should know of

[@QueenSaffryn]

This is making me realize that there is probably not a single place in all of Europe that's good for Stargazing, we either have towns scattered all over, or in the places where there's no people, it is extremely cold and wet (like Sweden, Norway and Finland) and it makes me sad, cause I can't afford to travel :(

[@HMAOO86]

Loved the Matt visit

[@larrykeyes4979]

Before watching this episode I have to tell you the answer you pose is elementary - to me. I experienced pitch blackness all around me from the time I was 5 years old in the Sonoran desert outside Yuma, Arizona. There are lots of locations in Southwest Arizona with absolutely no light pollution. And the silence out there is just as breathtaking as the bright starlight - with and without moonlight. While growing up I spent hundreds of hours out there contemplating why I am aware and where I came from...and just tripping on the calmness around me and the infinity above. Nothing in that desert environment was ever daunting or dangerous, and to this day - some 70 years later - it was the safest and most beautiful place I have been to.

[@DwayneShaw1]

"Dark Sky" - I was thinking about this a few days ago. I haven't seen the Milky Way since I was a teenager back in the 1970's

[@deancyrus1]

19:48 you go hard alright. Love space time

[@blessedveteran]

My favorite place in Nevada is the Black Rock Desert as well.

[@IgorEngelen1974]

this made me realize how lucky I was as a kid to live in a place between fields with just a few houses. Concerning light pollution; been twice to a hotel in the Netherlands that's located near a road passing through a nature reserve. It was there that I first spotted colored lights next to the street. Was told it was specifically chosen to not disturb wildlife and offering just enough light for humans walking or cycling.

[@Donder1337]

I feel so blessed to get all this beautifal content, that's so gangster!

[@davidgollinger7376]

I've had some of my best viewing in the country of upstate NY. No lights for miles. Not sure why but the best time of year for viewing was on a crispy winter night.

[@rachellight1186]

Kansas and Nebraska are also good places to visit when you want to go star gazing. bTW,I'm from Kansas. I've found that we've got allot of places that give you great views of the sky.

[@larrykeyes4979]

Griffith Observatory and park Chuck! Must see place. I've been there countless times, often just hiking the park.

[@jimgramke893]

As a city boy it never occurred to me how clear the night sky was until I visited a resort in mountains of Colorado about 9400 feet up. What an eye opener!

[@mikeontheisland]

Ever since a month ago TikTok introduced me to Cherry Springs PA I've been dying to go. No binoculars. No telescope. I just wanna sit in my hammock and stare up for hours.

[@el.blanco552]

Just came back from Humboldt. Went to a mountain far from the city lights, and wow. I've never seen so many stars.

[@iamdorkeegan1148]

I think there should be a national holiday, global holiday at best, that for one whole night, everyone turns off all lights, so we can celebrate the night sky And the universe we exist in.

[@ThishVc-yp9xg]

Orion vs Libra's belt

[@ThishVc-yp9xg]

But assuming you, knoe more than an astronomer! Where is Libra's belt of horoscope ? Is it in Endramada or Orion galaxies?

[@iamdorkeegan1148]

@@ThishVc-yp9xg what are you on about? I suggested an idea of eliminating light pollution for a single night of the year to see the night sky in its truest form. And that makes me an astronomer all the sudden? 🤣

[@nilo70]

I was a rural kid in the Fifties and we looked at the Milky Way every night and wondered at it and felt Very Small indeed.

[@MrMAiel]

Matt is back, let's go BABYYYYY

[@justinanderson267]

I'm pretty lucky. I live in the middle of the country in Indiana. The nearest town is 10 miles away and has a population of less than 10k people. On very rare occasions, if the sky is clear, and the moon is dark, you can barely make out a cloud that stretches from one end of the sky to the other. This only happens a few times a year but I can't stop myself from staring when it happens.

[@proud_atheist5759]

Used have a telescope...So used to go out to all the dark sky areas I could find. But three years ago, went thru open heart surgery and now the doctors are suggesting that I avoid being so far out!!!! I miss it so much!!!

[@gatobuho-]

I love Chuck ❤

[@monkerud2108]

Yes! :) in the mountains in norway it can get pretty fancy. Dark skies are cool.

[@timothy4145]

I saw the night sky in the Mojave Desert at Fort Irwin California. It was fascinating.

[@jimmyholloway8527]

As a child my family's vacation home was on a lake 30 or 40 miles from Montgomery AL. That was back in the early 70s so as small as a capital city as Montgomery was, there was just nothing around at all. I remember clearly seeing the Milky Way and it fading away as the years passed and development encroached more and more. By the time my son was the age I was then, it was just like a normal sky with Orion and the like. When he was 15 we drove to the Grand Canyon and arrived about 11PM. Coming through the high desert going to the South rim we stopped and got out of the car. He'd never seen anything like that night sky. Just a random night but more shooting stars than any night we had sat up to view the Perseids or other annual showers. One of my cherished memories now that he's gone. Just to share that with him.

[@occheermommy]

So sorry for your loss. I am glad you have good memories to cherish him by.

[@fraliexb]

17:00 I've always wondered how we would have progressed if we lived on a super massive Earth with an escape velocity that is almost impossible.

[@solartyrant9049]

The night sky growing up in western NC mountains is what made me the astronut (not astronaut) I am today. I would love to be able to see it in a place like Nevada or Australia

[@mosknows]

When I am in the mountains in Brazil. I found myself looking up for hours... So many stars, that I had a hard time finding the big dipper..

[@wyattthiel3531]

Two of my favorite KZbin channels collide!

[@nykthosnyx]

I love the north carolina mountains in Asheville. Saw my first meteor shower there.

[@philipberthiaume2314]

The night sky allowed the Royal Navy and then others to explore all regions of our oceans' surfaces with good accuracy.

[@LaGuerre19]

16:23 ish What a thought... what an impact that had on our ancestors being able to see out to space! The first sparks of curiosity.

[@LaGuerre19]

37:00 Four Things