STUPID, CRAZY & ANGRY PEOPLE VS BIKERS 2019 [Ep.

[@MotoMadness]

★ *_GET YOUR MOTO MERCH TODAY_* ➡ teespring.com/stores/Moto-madness ★ *_SEND VIDEOS_* ➡ bit.ly/Send_Crash ★ *_SPECIAL THANKS 2 THESE KZbinR'S WHO SUPPLIED CLIPS! SHOW YOUR SUPPORT AND GIVE THEM A SUB!_* ➡ [00:13] ➤ Moto Broo - Old Guy Hits Biker in Croatia - kzbin.info/www/bejne/bonUp6p5nLaAjcU [01:03] ➤ Franco Welding - Close Call With Toyota - Road Rage Avoided - kzbin.info/www/bejne/op3KfqyYi7V-htk [02:47] ➤ Train'n Wheelz F3 - Car Vs Motorcycle Road Rage - kzbin.info/www/bejne/d6eYlKBtjbylbbs [03:41] ➤ Turbo Gaming UK - Bike Moments - kzbin.info/www/bejne/fpXZoaCjityerK8 [05:26] ➤ UKE VLOGS - Bad Drivers of Nepal Vs Bikers - kzbin.info/www/bejne/bZiUl2iGbKeDeNk [07:28] ➤ Bike Menace - Bike Life 12 - Close Calls & Road Rage - kzbin.info/www/bejne/poa2k2mihtR-gZY ★ Intro Song: Spartacus - kzbin.info/www/bejne/aZTXpJqmnql2ppY ★ Outro Song: [Breaks] - Excision & Pegboard Nerds - Bring The Madness (Noisestorm Remix) [Monstercat] - kzbin.info/www/bejne/sICwd3qrgpqrrdk Background Song▼▼▼▼ ★ MK2 - Creepin - kzbin.info/www/bejne/m6GadXttfM2FbJo ★ ALL VIDEOS ARE USED WITH ORIGINAL COPYRIGHT OWNERS PERMISSION. ★ MERCH STORE ➡ teespring.com/stores/Moto-madness ★ SEND VIDEOS ➡ bit.ly/Send_Crash ★ SUBSCRIBE NOW ➡ bit.ly/Moto_Madness_YT ★ FACEBOOK ➡ facebook.com/MotoMadnessKZbin/ ★ INSTAGRAM ➡ instagram.com/motozmadness/ ★ TWITTER ➡ twitter.com/MotoXMadness ★ IMPROVE YOUR CHANNEL WITH TUBE BUDDY ➡ www.tubebuddy.com/motomadness

[@alibegic2881]

King

[@teresahoerricks6788]

hi moto madness nice to see you again.

[@ghostofsamurai6356]

i forget i`m Deaf, i will you make better with sub, i can`t hear

[@mrJB-vf7zq]

Thank you for bringing back the old motomadness that we all know and love.

[@cdwpmaster3460]

Vehicle: *Does an illegal maneuver* Biker: "I'm mad, let me do that same illegal maneuver to tell you that you did an illegal maneuver!" 😑 *DRAMA IN THIS THREAD*

[@user-ph4dc6gf8g]

Lol ikr he didn't think 🙃

[@kaasmeester5903]

"Yes but but but she almost KILLED me..."

[@mandark357]

IF you guys ride a bike, you would know that after a life or death situation like that adrenaline can come quick. It doesn't matter how experienced you are, it is very easy to lose your life when drivers make maneuvers that are completely unexpected like making a turn where you absolutely don't expect them to. She did signal but that area of the road, to any sane person, is NOT a place you make a turn. Kudos to the rider for actually keeping his calm and not yell or break the driver's car mirrors.

[@kaasmeester5903]

@@mandark357 Hell yes, I've been there. In a car, a near miss is not quite as scary, and I know from experience that the same situation on a bike gets the blood pressure up way faster, because of the added danger. That's while I learned to make an extra effort to keep my cool; deep breaths, count to 10. Been in a few close calls but I never rev-bombed or chased anyone down for that cookie.

[@mandark357]

@@icecold9511 But it is your job to not cause those situations by following the rules of the road and not make them up on the fly just because you missed your turn. You missed your turn? Go straight, look for a legal U-turn and perform it then.

[@gopuallath7477]

Man..if i see nails like that on a women...iam out of there for sure...is she catwomen or what😂..?

[@zach4185]

Woman

[@sakarepe9536]

godzilla.?

[@kaasmeester5903]

IKR... I thought she was kind of cute, but then out comes that claw... AAHHHH

[@dimondbackkirby]

I once saw a lady who, along with her fingernails, also had her toenails done the same way. They curled over her sandals. They were gold with leopard print. Scarred me for life lol

[@ltauzzy4151]

I thought it was Freddy Kruger

[@matthewzuber9823]

5:35 "cars think they they are the only vehicles on the road" 6:39 bikes proceed to act like they are the only vehicles on the road....

[@Echoesoftimelover]

Duuude! This format is perfect! The subtle text and then maybe an ending abstract and you’re golden, KZbin can’t say anything! Great job

[@MotoMadness]

Hope you're right man 👍

[@absolom84]

that nepal clip made me feel uncomfortable on so many levels

[@Hackerman-bd9hq]

I may have given you crap about your channel, but now I give you a thumbs up for genuinely trying to improve and actually listing to your fans and non fans alike.

[@dontgetlippy9436]

I wish, in addition to their names, they would post what type of bikes their on. Always curious what bikes they have

[@Zenrising_YTCM_President]

you can generally tell after a while once you become familiar with bikes. if not the exact model, certainly the size and type.

[@dontgetlippy9436]

@@Zenrising_YTCM_President I am familiar with bikes, thats why i asked. of course alot of these are European models but still there are many that are unknown hehe :)

[@zyncarla]

95% are sports bikes

[@sachinbudhathoki5332]

I'm from nepal and your very old subscriber lots of love from nepal ❤❤❤❤❤❤❤

[@Chrisuu]

5:49 critiques truck driver and proceeded to do the same thing almost a minute later. What a knob

[@cdwpmaster3460]

Yeah, what the actual fuck?!

[@mr.miller3432]

What is a knob?

[@Chrisuu]

@@mr.miller3432 www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Knob

[@Harpazo_to_Yeshua]

1:28 - Also a good lesson to ride defensively, in which this guy should be a good 20 feet further behind this lady than he was. Technically it was illegal what she did, yes, but just stay back further so you've more time to react to such situations is all I'm saying. ☺️

[@jollyscarecrow]

I'm curious. Whats illegal about it? I don't see any signs that say no left turn and you can definitely go down that road that way. Curious because that's not how our roads work in the UK. We can stop on the road to make a turning across like that. Only time you cant make a turning is when a sign says you cant. This lady gave plenty of time with her indicator so from where I am standing it all looked fine.

[@Erik-qz7os]

@@jollyscarecrow if there is a crossing Street where she want to drive its Ok but make a U-Turn in Street is just dann stupid

[@skydiverclassc2031]

Franco fails to mention that he ran the red light back at the intersection.

[@elijurovschi9739]

jollyscarecrow it is illegal to turn on a double yellow line

[@SKBKER]

Or maybe don't fixate your view in a different direction while behind another car . Same goes for drivers

[@fpswallin3192]

I liked when it says which country it was in i hope you can have it the same way again :)

[@gigachad4915]

It's been three years since I've seen your videos and now it's making me really happy that I see you again

[@stano5102]

Much better format. Well done!

[@pdubzpyro]

6:50 they get so many near misses I’m stacking up the points in my head, lookin for a filled nitrous gauge button.

[@haydenhughes2725]

hey man look. Nobody was trying to bully you in going back to the old format. You could of stopped making these awesome videos because of us but you didn't. Great job man in both formats man, I'm staying subscribed no matter what.

[@anziani88]

Turbo gaming UK was way to polite with those driver hahaha very clasic from UK people btw!

[@luparanera9604]

Always a great moment. My oxygen on KZbin.

[@steavo78]

Love how people change their tune when confronted with someone who is ready to fight. Not such a hard ass now.

[@DA-Red-Panda1]

#facts

[@thetoastlord8291]

3:45, The calmest road rage in the world...

[@ericlee1548]

Nothing gets my day started better than hearing WHAT A DAY, WHAT A LOVELY DAY!

[@R1Ryder]

Loved the video man! Keep up all the hard work!

[@dirtybauer7022]

from the way it looks, everyone in nepal thinks they own the roads. poor riding

[@beachside1]

3:26 My god...Are you going to shift or what??? Really working those squirrels in that engine.

[@prolegiongaming3291]

I just love your intro ,it's so badass

[@3th4nP31ff3r]

Just remember kids...just because you had your blinker on, doesn’t mean you’re always right.

[@Ssavvv]

Actual love watching this channel

[@ShreddShark]

1:30 the guy does the same illegal move lol. He also should have been looking in front of him instead of the cars to the right. He was in the wrong this time.

[@Daeyae]

If you've ever taken a hazzard perseption test, where he was looking at the time was correct, as there was no reason for her to break or turn at this point

[@jollyscarecrow]

I'm curious. Whats illegal about it? I don't see any signs that say no left turn and you can definitely go down that road that way. Curious because that's not how our roads work in the UK. We can stop on the road to make a turning across like that. Only time you cant make a turning is when a sign says you cant. This lady gave plenty of time with her indicator so from where I am standing it all looked fine.

[@Daeyae]

@@jollyscarecrow they explain in the video, theres double yellow lines, we have the same things in the UK with a solid white line, which means you cannot cross it.

[@Daeyae]

@keechmabreeks Depends on the state "Some parts of the US use a doubled set of double yellow lines to demarcate a painted median strip, which vehicles are not permitted to cross. This differs from a single set of double yellow lines, which may be crossed in certain circumstances."

[@mandark357]

@keechmabreeks Except the white car made a left turn on a double adjacent to a lane that has a left turn lane. If you are going to make a left turn, it is before that left turn marker that is visible in 1:37 and not after it. The white car's turn was very dangerous and not expected at all.

[@duskshadowpaws4434]

What bike is turbo gaming uk using?

[@RGBeanie]

Rebel 250 🏍

[@duskshadowpaws4434]

@@RGBeanie sounds nice for a rebel 250 ^.^

[@RGBeanie]

@@duskshadowpaws4434 Custom pipe on it, standard sounds like an angry sewing machine

[@duskshadowpaws4434]

@@RGBeanie I'd hate to ride on something that sounds so flimsy and weak as a standard, custom exhausts ftw always

[@RGBeanie]

@@duskshadowpaws4434 Absolutely, even make big bikes sound much better!

[@n-teryourcoffin8833]

Ha moto broo getting hit by that van made my day.😂 Shame the van wasn’t going 80 mph 😂😂😈

[@marchymarolt8467]

First clip says it all, about Balkan traffic. Love from Slovenia

[@ptoni7845]

0:38 Croatian dude: What did I made to you? 0:48 Croatian dude: Ok, i looked over there. 0:50 Croatian dude: Ok, Ok i'm stupid i know! I'm from croatia so i know what he said Thank me later

[@copscitizensobservingpubli7300]

PToni Thank you

[@s1lkyAng3l]

thank you!

[@madcat5965]

The dude who got mad at the lady for using a turn signal and then making a legal left turn is the reason people hate motorcyclists. He was 100% in the wrong for being unaware.

[@CrimsonCQB]

Lmao "BMW nobbit" that's pretty funny!

[@paralpetr]

3:44 nothing really happened

[@alixalix2587]

Another vehicle had to suddenly slow down due to the pulling out. You can fail your driving test for that lol

[@RGBeanie]

@@alixalix2587 this haha

[@RGBeanie]

It was part of a sequence of clips, I never claimed it was bad. Just cheeky to pull out so late that I had no choice to slow down to let him. Even he knows it was cheeky as he flashed his hazards for "sorry". Or possibly thank you, who knows lol

[@DevilDaRebel]

Alix Alix “suddenly” are you slow? There traffic in front of him was stopped, so he had to be slowing down to come to a stop. He didnt have to “suddenly” slow down nor stop, there was enough distance for that car to come out.

[@RGBeanie]

@Neito Kradavish lol

[@quasarsword7479]

Welcome to Nepal: road rules optional 👍

[@diffened]

Seemed like only big trucks and motorcycles.

[@jacobsmithmba6634]

Props to the lady who handled that 👍

[@zeusdeniro3925]

[ 2:00 ] DUDE , ALL GOOD CHILL OUT. BEFORE SHE JUMPS OUT AT YOU WITH THOSE FREDDY KRUGER NAILS.

[@bannius9065]

That was a man with big nails

[@Tequila_atTheJazzbar]

Franco did swear but he was angry. I think they were both super mature to deescalate that situation. I normally like the angry videos but that encounter gave me some hope for humanity.

[@WestsideBandzy]

This is why i dont have a motorcycle..there would be thousands of dollas in damages (due to me breaking mirrors off cars) 🤣

[@hanlille1395]

Bandzyy 😂

[@robomoto5550]

I like it. Car drivers dont realise that if they brake and skid they're ok coz they're in a metal box with airbags. If we skid we're probably coming off. Especially if its bad conditions. Respect for confronting the guy who could have killed you.

[@quickmike420]

So like maybe bikers shouldn't tailgate, lane split, and every other stupid thing they do?

[@devintellez2336]

The Nepal video they were in the wrong side of the road too his friends cut off the truck so you can’t be mad

[@zx12roffthechain78]

Cool video 👍 👍 Everyone Be Safe Out There 🤜 🤝😎

[@honkerman74]

Been riding for well over a decade. Watching a lot of these vids leaves me scratching my head. From the first vid and all the way through (the crazed lunacy of Nepal being a possible exception), a common issue is lack of attention by the biker. So many of these riders seem fixated on their few seconds of fame (seems worse with the Brit riders), that they put themselves into dangerous situations just so they can get a juicy vid clip. I'm a motovlogger too, I get it, but you've gotta be smart. A majority of these incidents should just be a lesson in what to watch out for and should never be escalated by going off on a road-rage-rant. Keep your eyes on the road and a cool head on your shoulders, or things can get real bad, real quick.

[@Phoenx77]

“I put my blinker on” why do idiots think a blinker will make a illegal U-Turn legal?

[@DevilDaRebel]

Austrian Mapping its not about making it legal, but to make others aware they are about to turn.

[@sethc6663]

@@DevilDaRebel Not to be rude or anything, but I think you may have missed the OP's point

[@DevilDaRebel]

Seth C I clearly didnt miss his point, Im clearly explaining the logic behind the reasoning people use blinkers to make illegal turns.

[@1000sofusernames]

Complains about illegal move......does same illegal move.

[@paralpetr]

Exactly what I wanted to say.

[@goodcitizen6190]

1000sofusernames he didn’t just do the same thing he also harassed someone. Anyone can get lost and make a late turn it takes a real dick to do the same thing and give you crap for it because they almost hit you. Give Franco some credit.

[@thumbwiz]

Because he wasn't watching where he was going, and almost hit her. He had to blame somebody other than himself.

[@IDKIT5ART]

Best freaking channel on KZbin 😍😂

[@sdhdh9630]

Frosty Lemon you know KZbin has a search bar...

[@eltzrothm1]

The burden is on the person in the merging lane (Train'n Wheelz) to yield. Or is that just in my neck of the woods?

[@MilesBellas]

1:40 bikers fault = distracted to the right

[@user-ph4dc6gf8g]

@@stars227 the biker did the same illigal maneuver to tell her she was doing an illigal maneuver so you're the dipshit

[@slimguy94]

Whats homeboy riding on 4:30? Sounds sick.

[@tredey1]

I like how Bike Menace is relatively composed in all his videos and then in the last one he’s just like “ILL BASH UR FOOKIN HEAD IN M8 GET OUT OF THE VAN”

[@kevindellatore]

3:06 dude. . . You're in the lane that's ending. YOU have to merge. No one has to let you in. I NEVER let anyone in when they use lanes that are supposed to be turn lanes that end 100 feet after the intersection.

[@salddy-v8n]

We have a lane like that but it goes from a two way street too a one way street and you legally have to let someone over or they will go off road and either get injured or killed, you just sound like a jackass for that

[@84viper]

5:03 is there something I don't know about roundabouts in the UK, or did he stop for nothing? the cars are obviously going because he's stationary and they aren't expecting him to suddenly go towards them when they enter the roundabout!

[@RGBeanie]

Traffic arrived on the right, you can't see them as I approached. We give way to the right here and as the van already went in, followed by another car, I waited and went when it was clear. Unfortunately the other car did not even look and just sheep'd his way in following the others

[@84viper]

@@RGBeanie ah ok, I was looking to the right but couldn't see any car. assumed it was clear and you stopped for no reason :D

[@RGBeanie]

@@84viper they came up when i wasnt looking that way. I didnt turn my head that way i simply glanced

[@bassieplayz_yt5516]

First ( love your vids ❤❤ )

[@nuanenfreohr]

2:20 nails 🤮🤢 ladies those are not attractive at all. 🤦‍♂️

[@prestcoldandy910]

Tats an nail are discusting

[@rc5924]

It's a black woman thing

[@bannius9065]

Disgusting x2 /\

[@chickenchaser125cc9]

5:05 what are you waiting for? Nothing is coming on your right?

[@atte2818]

Probably waiting for the cars on left to start moving so he can get this clip :D

[@RGBeanie]

Cos of people like that obviously. Plus the van etc were already rolling in and so I let them go. If I immediately joined I would likely be beeping at the van instead. Not all of us like to tear into mini roundabouts like an idiot

[@RGBeanie]

@@atte2818 Yes cos that makes sense

[@chickenchaser125cc9]

@@RGBeanie soo you make your own rules then. Good on you 👍🏻

[@RGBeanie]

@@chickenchaser125cc9 Apparently everyone else is 🤷‍♂️

[@WEFAHawkStreet]

8:50 You know you're a bad driver, when you almost merge into a bus! Seriously, how do you not see that?!

[@heylex6135]

Double yellow!!!!!! Solid white!!!! 🤦🏽‍♀️🤦🏽‍♀️🤦🏽‍♀️🤦🏽‍♀️🤦🏽‍♀️🤦🏽‍♀️🤦🏽‍♀️

[@Kashaan_dh]

1:46 look at this dude o no no no no 😂😂😂😂

[@DA-Red-Panda1]

Looks like in the UK everyone is going a lot slower.

[@JinqsYT]

speed limits are much stricter

[@liamroosr2197]

Most normal roads are 30mph only really go faster if your on a back road or dual carriage way

[@TheMotoKing]

LOVE IT ALL! 👍

[@thenerd2446]

Moto Madness needs more Gunfights...just a suggestion.

[@birdistheword1327]

I hope one of these biker kids try my mirrors one day. They'll have quite the surprise coming, I don't mess around

[@haydendube5174]

3:30 he literally was the one wrong there. And I mean ther biker was wrong. He illegally passed. 3:45 nothing done wrong there

[@fyregus]

Ya but his video started off with someone almost hitting him... that's what caused him to get angry... the illegal passing was just a result of rage blinding him to what he's doing.

[@fyregus]

@Neito Kradavish never said it was an excuse.

[@fyregus]

@Neito Kradavish i did. No where in my older posts do i ever say that rage was an excuse. You need glasses kiddo

[@fyregus]

Ooh inbred. Someone thinks of themselves pretty highly. You seem like English is a 2nd language to you. Good luck bud if elementary grade insults are all you can come up with

[@fyregus]

@Neito Kradavish this is what my original post says "the illegal passing was just a result of rage blinding him to what he's doing". That DOES NOT mean that I said it was an justifiable excuse that makes it ok to do what he did. You obviously dont understand the human psyche that people are capable of getting so pissed off that they become blind to everything else that they focus on the one thing that pissed them off in the first place. Good try on being a troll and trying to twist my words around and attempting to insult me by acting with the maturity of a 2nd grade kid and name calling me an inbred. Youre so desparate for attention that you liked your own comments. Im no longer going to respond and waste my time on you.

[@Ordinary-drummer]

@2:20 why does she have claws ??? 😂

[@darrenhentall1193]

Second clip. "Drive does an illegal turn" I know I'll do the same to have a go at the driver

[@IvanZol]

3:42 what kind of motorcycle is this?

[@alixalix2587]

Honda Rebel 250, I'm a sub on his gaming channel but he does have some bike vlogs too!

[@a.eestrada5948]

8:33 is that the van from fake taxi? Lmao

[@rc5924]

Nah it's the BangBus

[@ofergangofer6934]

Dang the First Lady has long FINGER NAILSSSSSSSSSS

[@axelkrogh3709]

Long time sine i last SAW this chanal that was back in 2016

[@darkknight1340]

Those roads in Nepal look great and they drive on the proper side of the road,well they're supposed to at any rate.

[@JeJe-rs9nh]

I love how guy in croatia just say a dobro, dobro

[@Ry93P]

5:14 what bike is that sounds nice

[@grimmreaper7021]

Franco Welding is a undercover traffic cop. Bikers don’t get treated any different than drivers do by the bad drivers out there. Franco, road rage is not the answer. Look at Bike Menace, riding around getting angry so easily, at least he tried to laugh it off.

[@TT4ME]

0:58 is in the middle of a transition or he crushed his balls. His squealing was cringy.

[@gamerited]

5:28 thats just a normal day XD those huge trucks dont give a f and runs you over everytime

[@AustriackiMalarz39]

This is the worst place on earth to live.

[@boahneelassmal]

@@AustriackiMalarz39 "run you over everytime" how many times were you runover now? and maybe you want to share the secret how to survive being run over by trucks time and time again?

[@AustriackiMalarz39]

@@boahneelassmal ?? I wasn t writing it... One time I got runover

[@boahneelassmal]

@@AustriackiMalarz39 yeah... after all those years still can't get used to the fact youtube auto-tags. was meant to answer OP but you know... hit the wrong reply button...^^

[@Acimir_main]

3:52 wait wait hold on! Did the BMW use the turn signal!?

[@RGBeanie]

Only once, he failed to use it for the next THREE turns haha

[@cody2470]

Moto Bro why you sound like Jerry Seinfeld before he hit puberty? Lmao

[@XXIIXIIIXXXIXXXIX]

Turns blinker on....000003 seconds later HARD TURN!

[@cjames9320]

For the record... turning on a double yellow is not illegal.

[@AYouTubeChannelwithNoName]

(07:43) This is just so funny to me, idk why 😂😂

[@scottishcrusader9300]

Nepal, the place where you can't even get round a corner without being nearly hit by a truck or bus cutting the corner completely

[@veronicacupitt]

Love the video

[@raizencore]

The intro is back, fuck yeah!

[@muffinstuffin6]

What is it about people not letting other people merge in front of them???? Do you feel like you've somehow lost by letting someone over in front? ZIPPER, people!

[@prestondavis6495]

Love ur video keep up the good work

[@SamK-vk7kb]

7:50 - Kinda cool when you recognise the road like Ive bEen ThERe!!!

[@chaoticconjuring]

Those bikers in Nepal don’t have nerves of steel, they have titanium testicles 🤣 Man those we some close calls caused by both the other drivers and the bikers.

[@Justin-w7x]

The lady in the white car made an illegal U-turn. U-turns are permitted at intersections unless marked otherwise, Not in the middle of a 2way street with a double yellow. Case solved.

[@Dinoraptor101]

U turns ARE LEGAL IN DOUBLE YELLOW LINE ROADS where there IS an intersection. Lady did nothing wrong, motorcyclist is uneducated

[@beachside1]

Beach side says that Franco should be watching the car in front of himself instead of the 2 cars on the right that never moved. Btw..guess who would get the ticket for followig too close??? Franco should know this

[@DeathCrow0]

Ok the woman turning in the second clip, she did everything right, had her blinker on and waited for safe time to make her left turn. The bike was distracted by the red pickup looking like he was gonna pull out. That's why he almost hit her, he was the one not paying attention. Saying he doesn't care that she had her blinker on shows he's an asshole and not able to take responsibility for his reckless riding. I make damn sure I keep my focus in front when I ride

[@Mad_Mod1964]

Franco says: when riding, keep your eyes open. K thanks bro 👌

[@joshgalka9414]

@@icecold9511 Fuck off, Bitch... :(

[@joshgalka9414]

@@icecold9511 I gave you Thumbs Down... Always blaming the Biker!

[@RapidRedRider]

I feel like Franco was wrong. He admitted he wasn’t paying attention and he wasn’t. She didn’t give much notice but she did use her signal. Sometimes it’s easier to blame someone else but shit just happens.

[@57ner]

GG i'm ftom croatiq to HI from croatia

[@owenbarnes5284]

Be careful on the roads and drive safe wear your helmet and enjoy the ride special shout out to bikers in California I'm from there

[@bryguy2694]

Lafawnduh has manners🥰

[@harrison9390]

“BMW kobhead” a quote only found in England

[@Dinoraptor101]

First reaction is good

[@MrJayel27]

If i had a bike id carry a water pistol full of weewee for special occasions such as these