Suspicious Minds: Why We Believe Conspiracy Theories | Rob Brotherton

Why do people believe conspiracy theories? What’s the harm if they do? And just what is a conspiracy theory, anyway? Conspiracy theories captured the attention of philosophers and historians decades ago, but it is only within the last few years that psychologists have begun gathering data on these kinds of questions.
In this talk, Rob Brotherton provides a psychological perspective on conspiracism, drawing on his own research as well as other insights explored in his book Suspicious Minds: Why We Believe Conspiracy Theories. In particular, research into cognitive biases and heuristics - quirks in the way our brains are wired - suggests that we’re all intuitive conspiracy theorists; some of us just hide it better than others.
Rob Brotherton is an academic psychologist. He completed a PhD on the psychology of conspiracy theories with the Anomalistic Psychology Research Unit at Goldsmiths, University of London. He now lives in New York City and teaches classes on conspiracy theories, social psychology, and science communication at Barnard College.
This talk was recorded live at CSICon Las Vegas on Saturday, October 28th 2017.
Check out more talks: reasonabletalk.tv/
Learn more about CFI: www.centerforinquiry.net/

[@lodersracing]

I'm going to pretend that a secret plan by a group to do something unlawful or harmful has never happened.

[@lillylovedbygod1807]

watch serialbrain2

[@ulfhenarpolymathmilitant6258]

THE MAFIA HAS NEVER EXISTED NOR HAS THE CONCEPTION OF ANY CRIMINAL MINDED ORGANISATION EVER EXISTED !!!! nothing to see here folks........move along.

[@lodersracing]

@@RobertIsraelKabakoff We believe them because they happen ? Is that the larger point ?

[@randyg.7940]

You sound like me!!!

[@Peregringlk]

Possible and always are different things. Being open to the idea that conspiracies are possible and indeed happens is very different than believing in conspiracy theories right away. If you are of the second kind, you are irrational because you misunderstood what being rational means.

[@hambonemusk]

I'm amazed at the comments! First, I think the lecture is very informative and interesting. Second, I'm not conspiracy oriented. For example; How many ultra wealthy people or people who are moderately wealthy for that matter come to a point where they recognize they don't need or want anything more than they have? VERY, VERY few. The simple reason is that the human tendency, I believe is to become acclimated to whatever you environment is (your wealth being a primary definer of that environment). Once you become acclimated the desire for more kicks in. People tend to, always want more, no matter how wealthy they get. Easy to see in the ultra-wealthy and in our neighbors and ourselves if we look. BUT, there does not have to be a conspiracy for the overall system to seem to conspire against the workers getting lower wages, less worker safety, more pollution. Because the wealthy tend to get -whether or not they ask for it - tons of fixers, bag men and pitchers, and hacks willing to work intelligently, intensely for the interests of the wealthy to get more because they know THAT's where the money is. No conspiring necessary. Corporations and the ultra wealthy can make huge donations to support representative's election campaigns. So, they do in order to benefit their customers - the ultra rich and corporations. No conspiracy to see here folks, just move along. Second: Have the physicists done any looking into the rise of the science of propaganda that started with the beginning of WW I ? The science of it has risen to a high level. Check out 'Cognitive Bias' in Wiki. Or, How We Decide by Jonah Lerher. We have in the past several decades come a very long way in understanding that most of our decisions are emotional at root and, when necessary, rationalized after the fact. This may not be so much true in the inquiry into the harder sciences but I would argue that modern psychology is most definitely a legitimate science and perhaps one of the most important ones because if we can't come to understand our biases our weakness we may be far more likely to come to the doom looming over the planet brought on by global warming (does Motorhead think that climate scientists are involved in a conspiracy?). And, the rise of wealth inequality hand in hand with fascism around the world, the 6th great human caused extinction going on right now, the globalization of the Military Industrial Complex? The population time bomb? Making rational decisions from within a stressful environment (poverty combat etc.) is far more difficult. So what DO those in stress do in terms of their thinking? They seek simple solutions and scapegoats (the bread and butter of Fascism). For those who comment about Psychology not being a hard science - Get your facts straight and appreciate the life work of other real scientists and stop feeding your fragile irrational egos that tell you that your hard science is somehow better.

[@randymason9470]

Greed is also a mental illness.

[@1940ruth]

Psychology started getting more scientific after brain research started taking off, but in the 1990s, when I said that to a recently retired psychology prof, he replied, "It's not there yet!"

[@bundleofperceptions1397]

There is at least one problem with this analysis: most people when asked "would you intentionally dump barrels of toxic waste into wetlands that lead to people's drinking water supply?" or "would you ignore a safety report that a failure in the 'O' ring could result in a catastrophic failure of the space shuttle mission?" would answer "NO," but these things did happen and people did those things, so maybe most people are not horrible monsters, but monsters do exist nonetheless. People have conspired to do far worse.

[@Correctrix]

It's not a problem in the analysis. It's just that he didn't go into detail. Of course people occasionally commit crimes, sometimes conspiring with others to do so. No one denies that oil companies harm the environment, or that mafias shake down small businesses. The point is that the putative plots labelled "conspiracy theories" are just totally unrealistic to anyone who knows how the world works. They very often require every single person involved in a field to be in on a lie and never reveal it. Idealistic young fans of Carl Sagan who want to understand the world, spread that understanding, and make the world a better place are, in the feverish imagination of conspiracy theorists, constantly graduating from university and then being initiated into the huge international plot to fake climate change, without a single one of them coming out with sneaky video footage of the meeting where this is planned, or providing the real raw data from the sensors before they are maliciously altered by the plotters for public consumption. It requires not just a few bad apples, but instead whole industries, disciplines, professions, etc. being 100% evil people without exception. That's why it's nuts. Flat-earthers, for example, necessarily believe in a conspiracy whereby every single pilot in the world is fully aware that this planet isn't spherical, and yet proceeds to train, work their career, retire and then go to the grave without a single one confessing the deception on their deathbed.

[@joshuapray]

@Smith-Mundts Modernization Act (Look into it) Your insinuation that you exist in the 0.1% of humanity smart enough to recognize the 'truth' is evidence of the Dunning-Kruger effect. A pilot cannot be 'duped' into altering the direction of her plane without realizing it. It would require physical effort for her to do so.

[@walentinwasielewski3530]

the label "conspiracy theory" itself does not allow us to consider the episodes objectively. So the term "conspiracy theory" is manipulation. What for? This is a conspiracy :)

[@patrickhenryjohnson8360]

Exactly!

[@theflrm6290]

Maybe you get into this towards the end, but regarding Intentionality Bias, the intent of the central character within the formal narrative, oftentimes forms the basis for the "conspiracy theory". For example: the first plane hitting the first tower on the morning of 9/11, easily could've been accepted as a basic commercial airplane accident. Ranging from the pilot losing control or a mechanical fault and then ranging in a spectrum of intentional or unintentional choices as the cause for the unfortunate "accident". The point being, that people are fairly able to collectively accept that the cause of the plane flying into the tower, was tragically random and overall benign. But then... as people collectively watched in terror as helpless victims jumped from windows to their demise, the 2nd plane hit the 2nd tower. Immediately, the idea of benign tragedy is no longer even a possibility. When the news reports begin to relay the official narrative from "high level" officials in government, that 9/11 was a calculated act of transnational terrorism, our Intentionality Bias is seeded. The later connection to sub-government induced conspiracy theories is the idea that if the terrorists were able to concoct such an elaborate conspiracy and evade our various intelligence community agencies, then why should we assume that those same agencies arent just as capable of conspiring against us by exploiting our collective biases?

[@cafetonight123]

@motorhead en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences

[@stevengerhart-rinaldo3366]

Had to weigh in on this finally. Much respect and empathy to all those whom perished and to those whom showed what it means to be a first responder what it means to be American. Get back up, dust yourself off and go at it until you have the results you needed to accomplish your goals. Its insane just how gullible your average joe is, to think or rather believe the government and everything they have said during the independent and government investigations into 9/11. plane takes off bound for LA, but after it takes off the pilot turned off their communication with the ground, completely deviates from flight plan and ignores all frantic calls questioning their altitude, direction and speed. Now on any other day a plane that has deviated from its flight plan and it's In one of the busiest sky's in the world and the plane is now flying towards NYC and I assure you it wouldn't be allowed to get anywhere close to the city before it would have been shot down. The real kicker of all this is that the American people could grasp one plane hitting the towers but two? Seriously, a second 737 goes dark and they are faced with yet another plane that has ditched their flight plan, flying irratically and very low, again on course to NYC. So does it make any sense to you that two planes half hour apart make it all the way to their target unmolested? Not fricken likely. After the first plane made it through what must be the tightest security in North America. So, Inask you, how would they not have had four F18's on each wing tip for the second attempt surely, ( and stop calling me Shirley.) surely they would have had the green light to shoot it down had it come within a hundred miles of the WTC. Cont........

[@ulfhenarpolymathmilitant6258]

some of us have spent a major portion of our life "dot connecting" , because everything does have a pattern......case in point ....what eco-system within nature has no dots to connect to understand how nature works , can anyone here tell me ?

[@MrMatthewcoutts]

Put simply...this is a load of bollocks

[@SydBaron]

How many people would have believed the JFK assassination was a conspiracy if Ruby hadn't murdered Oswald before he could stand trial?

[@darrelllogan1274]

Do you REALLY believe that is the one and only thing that causes suspicion?

[@tpxchallenger]

@@darrelllogan1274 It is the single necessary component. If Oswald had stood trial he would have been convicted in a Texas minute. I doubt there would be any more conspiracy suspicion about Oswald than there was about Colgosz, Guiteau, Fromme, or Hinkley. A deluded screwball with a gun, plain and simple.

[@johnpineapple3329]

Right, now something I have noticed is the notion that everything is black or white. Sure, what this guy is saying is true, for example when people have a lack of control over their lives they tend to 'see patterns' that may or may not be there. Doesn't mean that there are no conspiracies. How can there not be conspiracies, people conspire all of the time and at all levels.

[@TheMBDESIGNSTUDIO]

A great job has been done, connecting the Phrase " Conspiracy Theory " with citizens of any nation's questioning official government explanation of events or their actions. My own government called us Irish citizens "conspiracy theorists " when we said the IMF had taken control of our economy. 6 months later almost the entire cabinet retired and left politics for ever the following week the finance minister held a press conference along side 3 members of the IMF. The catholic church called people who said the vatican was covering up child abuse. " Conspiracy theorists ". If we are to swallow everything this little kid is serving up. Then no government, large corporation, or global religious organisation have ever lied to people ever about anything. The citizen that questions authority is a citizen doing his duty, the rest who question nothing have been responsible for the rise of every dictator that ever existed. Ignore this boy in the video and continue to question everything for the sake of future democracy and future generations.

[@sprytnychomik]

I sense Pavlov's dog spirit in you. And don't confuse scepticism with cynicism.

[@OfficiallyRetired]

26:43

[@pyroide2212]

This was recommended to me. . . Hmmm 🧐

[@jessegarcia5027]

And let's pretend like Operation Paperclip never happened

[@as07011]

who said it did not happen, I think nobody doubts that it happened. And Brits and Soviets had similar programs of their own, only natural

[@StripperLicker]

You've obviously a Luciferian.

[@StripperLicker]

@Ed Spencerr You will be Lizard Chow one day

[@miriams76]

Exactly

[@715michala]

there are a lot of iffy laws in USA which may allow a culture of suspicion & insidious behaviour. NASA s purpose is ambiguous independent or not so independent???? private companies who have immunity from legal action hand in hand with government

[@wilecatrexy]

People do conspire. If you dont recognize that, you are blind to some peoples motives.

[@randyg.7940]

Absolutely agree

[@youtubezcy]

Way to move the goal post dingus. You know darnn well he is talking about the apocalpse conspiracy content coming from ultra radical religionists and right wing bigfoot whackos.

[@davmus1112]

You don't understand you're talking about the supposed filming of the moon landing in a studio. There are several reasons why that was done. Doesn't mean we didn't go how can I tell II can only see the films

[@ulfhenarpolymathmilitant6258]

well , for starters we can't even keep a cellphone signal here on earth ..........why should I believe that the US president used a landline to talk to the dudes on the moon back then .

[@douglasjohnson3364]

It wasn't a landline. You are confusing a phone reciever for the whole communication network

[@maxwhite3981]

This is how religious people convince you that they are right and the other people are wrong. No science, no evidence... just pure forced emotion driven through speech and body language. Good job priest, pastor or whatever synonymy we would agree on here!

[@ulfhenarpolymathmilitant6258]

that is a pretty weak and pathetic "dot connect" .....not to mention also a lazy synaptic conclusion.

[@VladyslavKL]

🕊

[@jessegarcia5027]

Who sings your check hahaha

[@landonp629]

I'd hope no one sings checks... That would be odd.

[@louster35]

The levels of denial in the comment section are astounding. The conspiracy theorists are having a really tough time coping with the possibility that there is a much simpler psychological origin for their extremely improbable irrational beliefs. It took us about a year and a half of constant debunking to finally get a friend of ours to snap out of it.

[@davidanderson9664]

the added music was terrible and LOUD. Woke my dog!

[@TiggyTiger4]

Upset my cats.

[@amazingbollweevil]

CFI, post more videos!

[@kennyjharland]

Because man knows he's been lied to or restricted from the truth so when a subject pops up that ignite those suspicions we latch on to it with interest

[@AvangionQ]

Projection bias: imagining what you would do in another person's circumstances, but errantly overlaying your own values onto them. If you're the sort of person that would commit dastardly deeds, you might think others would as well, even though the vast majority shun the thought. Now that makes a bit of sense regarding conspiracy theorists, if you're someone who might be tempted to participate in a conspiracy, maybe there's cabals of evildoers willing to do the same out there somewhere, in secret, where no one among them would betray their confidences and blow the whistle on the whole damned thing, not recognizing the much more plausible scenario that the more people involved in a conspiracy, the less likely it is to remain secret for very long.

[@ulfhenarpolymathmilitant6258]

such as Epstein rigging his house to surveil "public figures" in compromising pedophelic situations for "FUTURE BLACKMAIL EVIDENCE" IF THEY DON'T PLAY THE GAME !!!! OR THREATEN TO BLOW THE WHISTLE !!!!! this isn't hard to understand and it doesn't take a fucking PHD to figure this shit out.

[@ulfhenarpolymathmilitant6258]

@AvangionQ strange name with the "Q" on the end, but I digress from that , your synaptic use of projection bias seems to be a tad-bit misleading , it seems to me that you're suffering from cognitive dissonance yourself.

[@ApologetykaReligia]

Great stuff! :D Thank you! :)

[@lillylovedbygod1807]

same glupoty gada. oczywiscie tak sie zdarzylo, zawsze ci ktorzy zadzili klamali i zabijali bo sa satanisci.

[@pcbacklash_3261]

I've personally noted another psychological aspect of conspiracy theories that wasn't addressed here. From my own interactions with people like Kennedy assassination theorists and 9/11 "truthers," it seems that, for certain people, there's a great attraction to "knowing" something the average person doesn't know -- having special knowledge or awareness that the rest of us "rubes" don't have. It makes them 'special' or 'superior.'

[@douglasjohnson3364]

Narcissistic traits are very common among them

[@lucasalce6010]

...I honestly read at first glance "Rob Baratheon".

Thanks! :)

[@lillylovedbygod1807]

zawsze trzeba watpic i samemu robic sobie zdanie

[@motorhead6763]

PS this is not my "opinión". Lol

[@kernowarty]

Building 7 on 9/11. Explain the way that building fell as well as the twin towers.

[@TheWraithkrown]

no

[@kernowarty]

@@TheWraithkrown Oh go on. You know you want to

[@kernowarty]

@Smith-Mundts Modernization Act (Look into it) You're

[@wombatcitystudios]

kernowarty There’s actually some great videos explaining it but the truth is you don’t want the truth.

[@kernowarty]

@@wombatcitystudios I dont think unless you are me you can claim to know what I want!

[@jeffersonianideal]

15:00 Lee Harvey Oswald is considered the lone gunman insofar as his attempt to assassinate General Edwin Walker.

[@motorhead6763]

maybe the conspiracy is the conspiracy...

[@stevengerhart-rinaldo3366]

Someone is sending me these terribly done, strange computer simulations of one of the planes hitting the tower. This was done to give more validity to the idea of how both Towers, for the first time in history, both pancaked right into their own footprint, amazing for one, just as it was amazing how a second 767 also out of Logan, made it through the most secure airspace in the I WOULD LIKE TO SAY, I DONT GET ANY PLEASURE FROM THIS KIND OF INVESTIGATION, FROM Gen Patton's mysterious death, Nov 1945, He was going home.. His driver was told to say he drove into a truck in front of him yet the photos and witnesses said there wasn't any kind of line up of vehicles waiting to cross the river, all trucks and armoury were parked on the side of the road making a free pass for Patton to cross the bridge. It's odd how a driver, a young corporal without much to come home too ended up being formally listed as missing in action.. Geeze really, war was over, the kid was 19, the first six months of his experience was when the war had ended. As of 1968, you couldn't fly a hand glider into the city without having a fighter on each wing and one-up the ... (referred to as, the missile man.) if you were interested. The ridiculous idea someone would go through such an effort to try and make a case for how (scientifically) the towers did what they did. First, the brilliant artist who came up with the rudimentary 3-minute spot on what the plane and its fuel did to bring the towers down. The big and insane mistake these people made was the fact they made claims the main support was in the center of the towers, elevators and the fire escape when in "Reality" the design, (Japanese architect, ) came up with a building technique never attempted before, they couldn't fabricate all that steel on-site, they were reclaiming land as they went with that project. Interesting aerial photos from the early fifties, very informative when you lay a current shot over the fifties' works. The foundation construction was shut down for 9 months while they figured out how to secure this giant of a building into something ...like bedrock preferably. The biggest delay was how they were going to keep digging down without the Atlantic flooding their work, a nine-month delay. .to keep the water from filling the site, that is what the long delay was all about. Once they figured that out the towers went up in record-breaking speed. The schedule of the prefabricated exterior, three-story pieces went off without a hitch, even with late seventies New York traffic. It ended up becoming a benchmark for cities like London and other Euro cities with the same situation. The interview with the engineer and the architect was fantastic. For the first time, (steel Lego-like sections,) were prefabbed off-site, and brought to the site like clockwork. Now, what is fact and what is fiction... The building's support was on the exterior walls, that is why they had to compromise and make the windows tall and skinny, but plenty of them, the architect was told by the owner that he wanted to get off an elevator and be able to see two or three of the four walls. It was a huge selling point. And to the day they went down they were pretty amazing. . The ownership wanted people to get off the elevator and be able to see 190 then moving in almost 360 degrees, wide-open floors, you could stand at one side of the building and actually see two other exterior walls. The few interior columns had nothing to do with its structure, Go and find the old docu on the construction of the towers. I'll shut up now because there's no point making all of these valid points and have Navy SEALs still believing they were fighting those who breached our boarders., I feel sorry for the military, they were fighting a war based on a lie. Dick Chaney, (slithering snake,) was the CEO of Haliburton... Didn't anyone pick up on the books that were given to the public last winter.... Haliburton was given contracts without competition from other companies... zero competition.. Only eight months later did he figure he should reduce his public role with the company or the good folk of the U. S. of A would start asking questions... Especially when 08 rolled around... Where did everyone's 401 K go.? How was it lost... Man what a rabbit hole... So sad, the poor souls that managed to get to work that beautiful September morning. If the General and his wife came down with that sick feeling at about 2100 hrs, that was the same time I got my whiteboard out... By the third question, I sat down and .....well wept. I couldn't do anything else but be thankful we live in such a peaceful country. (not without it's own problems I assure you,) Thank you for asking for this, I hope i didn't bounce around to much but i could send anyone who wants a copy, its from the pentagon, Rumsfeld, (bozo) just about as bad as the king, Giorgi Boy .... Watch Oliver Stones docu... It will blow your mind.

[@jessegarcia5027]

Patterns well let's see the pattern or let's just turn our heads on the pattern

[@motorhead6763]

Cognitive Behavioural therapy and Logos treatment seems to be valid I am told and helps many. My comment motivated by frustration of pseudoscience being pushed as real science. Homeopathic "medicine " is placebo effect psychological "medicine"... That is an example .

[@ulfhenarpolymathmilitant6258]

THE MAFIA HAS NEVER EXISTED NOR HAS THE CONCEPTION OF ANY CRIMINAL MINDED ORGANISATION EVER EXISTED !!!! nothing to see here folks........move along.

[@mamakaka73]

Love the comments that prove his point!

[@ulfhenarpolymathmilitant6258]

THE MAFIA HAS NEVER EXISTED NOR HAS THE CONCEPTION OF ANY CRIMINAL MINDED ORGANISATION EVER EXISTED !!!! nothing to see here folks........move along.

[@chriswhitt6685]

This is excellent and it fits with my views on conspiracy theory addicts. Because to me a lot of conspiracy theorists are addicted to the phenomenon of you tube hyped conspiracy theories. And that's not me blaming you tube. If you take my point. Really enjoyed this. Thank you.

[@motorhead6763]

Federation of American scientists. Not national Academy. My error.

[@BNK2442]

"Democracy in Chains" is one of the dumbest conspiracy theories I ever heard. =-P

[@BNK2442]

And people make fun of Alex Jones. Did they ever heard about Nancy MacLean?

[@jessegarcia5027]

I'm waiting for you to block me don't trip

[@motorhead6763]

Physics indeed is a most often "proven" through actual experiments that are repeated ...maybe you do not work in this field. I am engineer for US Dept if Energy in accelerator physics. Maybe study Physics first before commenting. Shalom

[@prettymommy6579]

Kinda boring

[@mauricebonnett197]

Wonder what he's making for this lecture✈🏢🏢

[@chrisgwynne1586]

@Maurice. He's defending the status quo.

[@soupfork2105]

This video needs waaaaay more views.

[@wesleylucasmusic]

It seems this guy has spent way too much time studying psychology and no time actually looking at the facts. That people have and will continue to conspire. Question why people are so easily lied to.

[@ZechsMerquise73]

Confirmation bias. 'Look up things that favor my point of view!' Try considering how you might be wrong here.

[@hybridwafer]

They are easily lied to because they think facts are lies and lies are facts. Best way to counter that is to study more, not less like you suggest.

[@Thedamped]

Why do you assume he hasn't "looked at the facts"? Because he came to a different conclusion than you? By that metric I should assume the same is true of you.

[@lillylovedbygod1807]

@@ZechsMerquise73 that is the most ridiculous theory, I woul´d never do what the Cabal did...

[@lillylovedbygod1807]

@@Thedamped There is only one truth. When you follow the money I go deeper into the rabbit hole you will see...#

[@Chris-zf1de]

Not every conspiracy theory is a theory. People do conspire, plot and manipulate for their own reasons. To say that this doesn’t occur is a delusion. To say that everything is a conspiracy is also a delusion. Facts don’t lie and these facts often point to the liars. I found his dissertation condescending and ignorant of reality

[@Infidel_hero]

KZbin needs to use its algorithms to recommend this video to approximately half the population right now + -, also some “how to engage in critical thinking” educational videos may be helpful as well. I see people I know and love falling victim to conspiracy theories during this pandemic and it’s frankly breaking my heart. I feel like I’m in “ Invasion of the Body Snatchers” wondering , where is ______and what have you done with them?

[@savenetneutralityanti-repu7029]

Most conspiracy theorists are gullible skeptics. Sure they're skeptical but for all the wrong reasons.

[@squidproquo2241]

Wow! Britishit decided to correct the world again by turning societies into herds, LOL!

[@chimannadi4550]

This is so biased. He is generalizing and placing all conspiracy theorists under one umbrella. Lol history is testament to conspiracies of powerful evil men and women. If you lived at a relevant time in history, at the height of a conspiracy, a man like this would have called you crazy.

[@ZechsMerquise73]

Conspiracy theories refers specifically to the idea that people, with little to no actual evidence beyond interpretation, create beliefs about events which have little to no effect on their on lives. Conspiracies like the Moon Landing or 9/11 require completely substituting what we know about conspiracies in history with ideas of multi-national collusion to fake entire sciences and contradict physically a vast amount of observable phenomenon.

[@chrisgwynne1586]

@@ZechsMerquise73: The evidence for 9/11 being an inside job is overwhelming. That is material evidence, those buildings should not have collapsed. Try A&E9/11 truth as a starter, then there's a great deal more nonsense given by vested interests. eg whole aircraft disappears into a mineshaft! Wot! Big research job, but then truth is worth it. (The evidence for fake moon landings is false, but lets confuse the general populace in order to hide real truth).

[@douglasjohnson3364]

@@chrisgwynne1586 debunked by mick west

[@motorhead6763]

This is fact....Science does not recognize psychology as a hard science whether you like it or nor. You seem to be emotionally affected by my comment lol

[@v.sandrone4268]

motorhead. Lol www.nasonline.org/member-directory/?q=&site=nas_members&requiredfields=(member_section:Psychological%20and%20Cognitive%20Sciences)

[@david0550]

Along with an interesting lecture, looking at the furious responses below, we get great examples of cognitive dissonance for free.

[@ErebosGR]

Yup, the biases are real.

[@reece2.0]

What if John F. Kennedy's head just did that by itself? Ever see Scanners?

[@ulfhenarpolymathmilitant6258]

yes I have and that guys head didn't do it by itself ......could you understand the underlying theme of that movie ?