That Time the American West Blew Up

[@GeologyHub]

The Mid-Tertiary Ignimbrite Flare-up is responsible for a large majority of SW Colorado's ore deposits. Including lots of gold, silver, and copper. If you look from satellite, you can still see the La Garita Caldera via the circular depression in the ground around Creede, CO. It would have been a "fun" type to be a volcanologist back then, 25+ million years ago when CA, NM, UT, AZ, and NV had an absurd number of volcanic activity, far surpassing levels witnessed in modern day Indonesia. Another fun remnant supervolcano you can look in (not the Wheeler Geologic Area, although it is also fun) is the Chiricahua National Monument. It has 900 ft thick ignimbrite pillars which tower several hundred feet above the landscape and are still exposed. It is a national monument which honestly deserves and might soon get National Park status. Also did I mention that it also has a population of ocelots? You read that correctly, and it is in Arizona.

[@MeargleSchmeargle]

​@Atlas del Pasado Well, he did make videos on a number of the supereruptions this ignimbrite flareup produced, so it isn't *too* surprising.

[@letumpeek]

@Atlas del Pasado let him make another one, the content must go on.

[@lizosaurusrex]

Cool info! Thanks! Definitely googling Chiricahua Nat'l Monument now.

[@twyztidbro3929]

Still need to find out about antarctica/southern hemi land masses, sea lvls 15 - 20 thousand yrs ago ;D

[@zackakai5173]

I read this comment in the narration voice from this channel 🤣

[@mellissadalby1402]

You folks at Eons really do a great job.

[@YetiUprising]

4:45 except for that over the phone line.

[@MossyMozart]

@@YetiUprising - Come again?

[@LSOP-]

Except for the awful shorts.

[@MaskOfAgamemnon]

Hear hear!

[@MaskOfAgamemnon]

​@@YetiUprising ingrates

[@a_e_hilton]

The Mt St Helens animals literally sleeping through a volcano eruption is a mood ngl

[@Mayla41400]

..."yall hear sumn?"

[@donhillsmanii5906]

@@Mayla41400 “nah mane, I farted”

[@Quazi-Moto]

A 'mood'? I've not heard the word used in that way, and the dictionaries I looked at didn't help. Can you explain, please?

[@a_e_hilton]

@@Quazi-Moto "this is a mood" = "I relate to this" Glad to help you discover new slang!

[@cogitoergosum9069]

​@@Quazi-Moto _mood_ can also mean something along the same lines as _vibe_

[@veggieboyultimate]

This is why i love pbs eons, I never heard of this mid tertiary Ignimbrite flareup before until now. You can never learn too much.

[@terramater]

It's fascinating to see how species recover after the eruption. Our crew managed to film a unique phenomenon happening in the volcanic caves of Mount Elgon. Elephants have learned to mine a network of hidden caves for salt and mineral deposits. We follow them deep inside the extinct volcano to learn more about this incredible behaviour, and it's so interesting!

[@l.a.gothro3999]

My late dad is with whom I watched PBS as a kid back in the 1970s, and he would've *loved* Eons! Thanks for doing such a great job.

[@joemeyers4131]

In that sense I'm generally from your fathers generation ..little boy by 1970 and teen by 78 ..growing up in Urban LA County in CA .

[@l.a.gothro3999]

@@joemeyers4131 I was the little kid (b. 1964); I watched PBS with my dad (b. 1923 - d. 1996).

[@slothytoves]

The Mid-Tertiary Ignimbrite Flare-up was also a great 70's rock band.

[@richardhinshaw2116]

Their Biography was ghost written by one of my favorite authors; Burgess Shale.

[@pokeylope6108]

Okay Randall and the Kosmographia Gang lol...

[@patreekotime4578]

@@richardhinshaw2116 He definitely did a great job at preserving the details!

[@NotFlappy12]

hehe... rock.

[@Mr.Beauregarde]

Ha. Rock band. You must slate at parent teacher conferences

[@xyzpdq1122]

“They don’t just gently puke out lava”. Callie, you are a true poet 😂❤

[@beepboop204]

why did the lava spill out everywhere? because they couldnt get to the "lavatory"

[@watcher805]

"ITS HAPPENING *AGAIN*"

[@Quazi-Moto]

I had to rewind to make sure I heard what I thought I heard. I did. She actually said "puked." hehe

[@MaskOfAgamemnon]

8:19 Thank you for hitting the "Uhh" this time. ❤️ Jeff Goldblum would be proud.

[@rodchallis8031]

"Mama, don't let your babies grow up to be a non sinking Farallon Plate that becomes Ignimbrite."

[@MickeyMallone.]

I tried singing this, but I can hear Ed, Patsy, Waylon, and Willie crying over how badly it went.

[@chungiemusic]

Wtf 😂

[@wyvern723]

The way the area around Mount Saint Helens came back after the eruption was mine boggling. That being said, I remember my sixth grade teacher talking about still getting ash out of his gutter a decade after the eruption.

[@jc35334]

Thanks!

[@benjaminzalisko3807]

My dad was one of the herpetologists studying St Helen's survivors, so I bet they referenced his paper. Cool that it's finding eyes 34yr later!

[@NawDawgTheRazor]

I was always curious about this largest of super-eruptions. It’s amazing how even the most devastatingly energetic disasters are still just part of the circle of life.

[@RecklawTheAmazing]

I think the fact that life didn't care about these freaking supervolcanoes puts the other mass extinctions into perspective

[@dralord1307]

there is a ton of missing info in this video. Dont take it too seriously

[@snypr5276]

@@dralord1307 Aight cough up the missing info bossman

[@dralord1307]

@@snypr5276 1 example. They dont talk at all about the bone growth disease caused by inhaling volcanic ash or drinking water with volcanic ash.

[@snypr5276]

@@dralord1307 Probably because it wasn't relevant to the overall point of the video. Life survived.

[@dralord1307]

@@snypr5276 ok then the KPG and the death of most animals doesnt matter because life survived

[@arkansasoutpost]

This was a great video for me. I'm camped at the eastern edge of these ignimbrite deposits. Most of the hills around me are (if I'm reading the geologic maps correctly) part of the Carpenter Ridge Tuff, but there are some exposures of the Fish Canyon Tuff here too. In fact, I have a chunk of the Fish Canyon Tuff sitting by my keyboard right now. Not the prettiest rock I've ever seen, but it's real interesting to hold part of a 28 million year old pyroclastic flow. I'm a sub-academic geology fan, so I've been trying to understand the landscape here, and this video filled in some of the gaps, like how the Farallon Plate's behavior led to this period of volcanism. Good job, PBS Eons!

[@theobserver9066]

This can be just a video about the ancient volcanoes of North America, but Eons made it more impactful with this approach.

[@evilsharkey8954]

A lot of ash also just falls from the sky and builds up like nasty, scratchy snow. It’s not as sticky as snow, though, so it can blow off of things like leaves, allowing trees to still see the light as long as they’re not completely buried.

[@j.f.fisher5318]

Wow, I'd never heard of that period. As a kid a science overview book listed supervolanos in axway that suggested they were associated with a past era, but as I learned more I assumed that was just because no supervolcanos had happened for a while. I had no idea there was kind of an era of supervolcanos. Wow!

[@vesawuoristo4162]

Geological time is so vast that it is not easy to comprehend

@@vesawuoristo4162Mount Humphreys near Flagstaff was once a much taller mountain. A massive landslide reduced its height significantly.

[@whistlingglasses8758]

Thanks to the whole production team ❤❤❤

[@inserthere2118]

My brother took his life recently and y'all's videos have really help distract from it. Thanks for doing what you do.

[@WAMTAT]

I'm sorry for your loss

[@martijn9568]

My condolences to you and your family Micah.

[@Backinblackbunny009]

We're all dumb the edge anymore. Things just feel bad

[@nyghtmoon]

Sorry for your loss. May his memory be a blessing

[@keepmoving1185]

Sorry for your loss

[@mfaizsyahmi]

Archaeology and Geology intertwined in a video. This is one of my favourite Eons video.

[@mandobob]

I believe you mean paleontology the study of ancient life (which is under the umbrella of Geology) and not archeology which is the study of past human culture. There we no humans in this time period (40 to 20 million years before present).

[@nathancocco5606]

This is a perfect blending of geology and biology! I love PBS eons so much and it is my favorite youtube channel. Thank you so much for all the amazing content!

[@guyh.4553]

I love it when you do these particular videos Callie! Being a native Southern Idahoan and Pacific Northwestern, I've always been fascinated on how our dry high plateaus could be so thick. More specifically like the Yellowstone calderas. Always learn something from you! You rock!

[@MeargleSchmeargle]

Funny, I did a presentation on this for my geology course last semester in college, and nobody else had heard of it prior to my presentation. I would have loved to see a mention of slab rollback and how it significantly lowered the pressure on the underlying mantle to cause decompression melting, though I guess that's just the GeologyHub fan in me showing.

[@seanthorntonmd3908]

Agreed. The tectonic sequence depicted (shallow Farallon plate subduction) may not be correct. Mantel tomography finds no evidence to support this (search Karin Sigloch).

[@LimeyLassen]

My takeaway from this is that suburbs and strip malls are more hostile to life than any volcano

[@seanmccaul3034]

Wow, what a great episode! I live directly adjacent to the rim of the Rosita Hills volcanic complex, so this video was of particular interest. I’d love to see SciShow Rocks do an episode on the Rosita Hills volcanic complex, as apart from publications in the scientific literature, it is difficult to find information about it. Wonderful job as always, PBS Eons! You guys are awesome!

[@danb.709]

Quite possibly the best educational science host on KZbin. It's a close race, but the Kallie narrated episodes of eons are fascinating. It's hard to tell if it's in the voice, the writing, or both, but it's really impressive.

[@YowzaBowzaWowza]

You have very low standards.

[@zam6877]

I love discovering something completely new and different 😲 This is one of the great joys of this channel😀 Thanks😊

[@davidt3563]

This is so amazing. Thank you for everyone's effort to bring us this content!

[@persjofors2586]

Love how you use metrics. After almost 30 years in the US, I still need to translate most imperial measurements into metrics to make them understandable.

[@valiroime]

Too bad they didn’t translate for the metricly impaired in the audience.

[@kuromyou7969]

Even if you're used to metrics, meters per second isn't that meaningful tbh. Like, in imperial, feet per second isn't typically used for velocity. So, 200 m/s is 720 kph or 447mph.

[@zackakai5173]

@@valiroime I'm kind of glad they don't. Gives people an incentive to at least *try.* It's not a terribly complicated system (easier than imperial, certainly)

[@LJO_Hurts_Pianos]

@@zackakai5173 I agree. I live in the U.S. and am doing my best to apply metric to whatever I'm doing. However, my car's speedometer is the thing I don't dare touch -- I really don't want to accidentally do 60 km/h in a 60 mph zone, although it would make me fit in quite well with other drivers where I live, come to think of it...

[@wtflmaa7842]

@@LJO_Hurts_Pianos No worries, at worst people will honk at you for holding them up if they cannot pass.

[@azurata]

This is my favorite of the PBS Eons series so far. Colorado is my home and I love geology & earth sciences. I learned so much from this video. Great presenter too. Thank you!

[@paillette2010]

What a GREAT episode!!!! 👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏 I’ve been to Mt St Helens, the way live rebounds is amazing.

[@JonnoPlays]

I love PBS! I could watch all day

[@Pfhorrest]

The meeting place for the plates isn't always out in the ocean. I live on the Pacific coast of North America, but also on the Pacific plate itself, as do most Southern Californians, because the southern coast of California was an island formed from the mid-oceanic ridge between the growing Pacific plate and the ancient Farallon plate, most of which is now subducted beneath the Americas, except for fragments like the tiny Juan de Fuca, Explorer, Gorda, Cocos, and Nazca Plates along their western coasts.

[@jamesredmond7001]

Makes you wonder if there are any fossil deposits from that area's time as an island, given how weird insular ecosystems can get, I'd guess there'd be a *lot* of weird species to uncover if their deposits survived to the present day.

[@joemeyers4131]

The Mojave and the Morongo basin with surrounding regions said to be formed into more land by accretting or spell accretion is the word I'm meaning to say ..supposedly the lands and crust there stretched . Living by it one can see all those long old splintered and shattered rocks and eroded to forms and boulders too with growing lower mountains around .. pegmatites seen around wherever nearby in the general area . This is about in the vicinity of Joshua Tree NP .

[@joemeyers4131]

@@jamesredmond7001 possibly look up fossil breadfruit like in that way generally as tropics like Polynesia now !

[@comparatorclock]

Southern California once was an island? No wonder you guys down there act more like Hawai'i than the rest of the continent 🙃🙃🙃

[@joemeyers4131]

@@comparatorclock In the SoCal deserts we have a lot of sand ..but no water , although the squirrels are hula dancers .

[@AvangionQ]

1:00 That image shows a series of supervolcanic eruptions in north-central Mexico which were substantially larger than the Yellowstone chain ... that I haven't even heard of.

[@d1egomon194]

You can’t walk a mile in central Mexico without finding a dead volcano, the place is filled with them

[@pennygleeson5029]

Yeah I noticed that!

[@Hobbes303]

Hi Kallie, it’s great to see and hear you host another Eons show! I love the work you and everyone else on the channel do, so please keep making more videos!

[@zacharytolbart5215]

There is a really nice fossil site in Northern Nebraska called Ash Falls, went there for the first time in 20 years a couple of years ago and it's impressive how much is still being uncovered!

[@larissakenney6461]

One of their videos mention Ash Falls. It was really neat

[@muxpux]

It’s one of the things we like to point out at Mt St Helens. The time of year helped the animals. There was lots of snowpack and ice still, so many animals were underground, and protected by a deep layer of snow. It didn’t save them all, but definitely helped. Also, the animals that did survive helped the plant life recover. Pocket gophers helped bring good soil to the surface, and big game like elk left hoof prints that made areas for seeds being blown by the wind to collect in and take root. The ecosystem around the mountain is thriving, for as much as it’s associated with devastation.

[@johnwalters1341]

...In May??

[@muxpux]

@@johnwalters1341 yep. In May. Especially on the north facing slopes. Not only were they shielded from the blast because of the topography, but the north slopes take longer to melt out because they get less sun.

[@andrewosborn1451]

I live near Mt St Helens and I can say from first hand experience that there were no ice flows on the lakes near the mountain in May of 1980. It's just not cold enough for that.

[@wglenbatemanjr9729]

I fully second the "great job" compliment by a previous comment, ~11hrs ago. Eons was my 1st vid from.... Complexly?, yes, as do all associates=> great work, great omniscient- bound. ...stuff for investigative minds, from you guys at Eons that led me to finding SciShow. All PBS Studios. Love it like sunshine and hard rock n roll! Thanks and best of wishes EACH - KEEP ON 🌞 KEEPIN' ON! 🤘😎🎸 🎷 ;}~

[@jamesabernethy7896]

I don't catch all of your videos on release but whether they are long or short they are always awesome. Fascinating, varied, and sometimes a little weird, but that keeps your channel fresh.

[@rickcharlespersonal]

I've been fascinated with the geology of the American West since visiting a couple of times within the last few years, such a beautiful landscape carved by tectonic activity and cataclysmic glacial floods. Good to learn the details of the Eocene eruptions. I visited a petrified forest near Woodland Park, Colorado that resulted from one of these ancient eruptions.

[@scraps7624]

Kallie is such a treasure, this channel is incredible

[@alfonsomunoz4424]

8:20 Life...uh...finds away. I see what you did there! Dr. Ian Malcolm would be proud.

[@Circe-nx5zs]

Interestingly, the subduction of the Farallon plate also led to the formation of the Yellowstone Hotspot. According to Zhou et al. 2018, the Yellowstone hotspot formed because remnants of the Farallon plate got stuck under the North American Plate.

[@curtisv7114]

Love the ending. Such high quality content and love when you have fun with it, read off some jokes, or just do Dr. Evil impressions. Fantastic!!! 10/10!!!

[@Apollyon1325]

I love volcanos. Knowing that their ash can help fertilize the areas they destroy is almost enough to believe in a provincial world.

[@joemeyers4131]

Hawaii in that way can be the ideal original style of land with volcanic soils around very fertile for some plants like the idealistic old Eden . Like a fresh new pristine and still older some lands .

[@oscarmedina1303]

Fabulous episode. We've been studying this exact subject in my geology class.

[@charliesmith4072]

The opening discussion of the Farallon Plate and the formation of the Rocky Mountains is the "standard" (old) view. Paleomagnetic data suggests a more complex process, including the probability that Farallon was a small continent rather than just a subducting plate, and that the top was sheared off to form part of Western British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and Northern California with the oceanic "plate" being folded and sinking down into the mantle, with the northern 2/3 of the Rockies formed in a different process.

[@HaHa-gy5vg]

Just to clarify, are you referring to Accretion?

[@alicia1463]

I'm really excited for this episode. Post-video edit: I wasn't disappointed. I love the episodes about geology. I'm always surprised with how quickly life can come back after something so catastrophic.

[@matthewcox7985]

Geology. It Rocks. 😁

[@jenniferlevine5406]

Love these video! Facinating science and geology. I especially like how you explain things I feel like I understand. You're presenters are amazing too! Thanks for doing these videos!

[@nickhowatson4745]

0:02 the horses faces are so over dramatic lmao. the sheer terror they are expressing is unreal

[@dishevelleddev]

Horses actually look a lot like that when they're scared. Their eyes go all buggy like that.

[@Nightscape_]

I love those daily updates on Geology Hub.

[@craigthacker]

Always a joy to watch your presentations Kaylie. I look forward to the next instalment.

[@hardland]

So beautiful AND inspiring. Thanks.

[@MarkoftheBeastyBoys]

Life said to the volcano;"don't give me your ash-itutde"

[@nathancocco5606]

This video is beautifully well made

[@SirNobleIZH]

"No matter how much ash Earth throws our way" Permian: am I a joke to you?

[@danesorensen1775]

"Storm Cloud of Fire" is also my new Power Metal album.

[@matthewcox7985]

Go for heavy metal, and name the band Actinide Series. 🤘

[@ippbrescia]

Thank you for your incredible work, your videos are amazing, and very educating! Ciao from Italia

[@gen_zirrir9015]

On the subject of subduction, a little thing which most people get wrong is that it is the heat of the mantle that melts the plate. This is not the case, at depths between 70 and 100 km (and again at ~170 km) you will start dehydrating hydrous minerals in the oceanic slab, releasing lots of water in the mantle above the subduction zone. As volatiles such as water get into a system it allows melts to form at "colder" temperatures, thus allowing volcanism. So, while a little of the subducting slab might contribute material to the volcanism, it is not the primary contributor of magmas in the way you guys explain.

[@josefanon8504]

This is so well told, it's incredible. Also what a wonderful calming voice :)

[@tidus5577]

My favorite host!!

[@johnfyten3392]

I wonder if the toads at mount St Helen's went into hibernation after the eruption, or if they instinctively knew it was coming somehow, and went into hibernation beforehand

[@A_Moose]

It erupted at the end of March, 1980, so they were probably still in their winter hibernation.

[@johnfyten3392]

@lanehoenig8655 Great point! I somehow didn't think of that lol

[@matthewwelsh294]

@@A_Moose May actually

[@petercha01]

I like how you emphasize the strong resilience of life through adverse conditions. Life endures far more, and is far tougher, than many people give it credit for.

[@Googledeservestodie]

Life uh, finds a way

[@Rockwood1407]

Perhaps.... Life finds a way?

[@clivematthews95]

Mos def! It’s crazy 😭

[@patreekotime4578]

Life in general is resilient. But humans have directly impacted thousands upon thousands of species in ways that they will very likely not recover from. And if the environment we all share changes enough, then humans themselves may be at risk.

[@SeekingTheLoveThatGodMeans7648]

@@patreekotime4578 Even with people doing what they do, at the worst in a long view we can expect some things to come out of niches and occupy the mainstream.

[@clivematthews95]

I don’t know whether to be terrified or relieved just imagining all that ash 😥 This sounds so horrific, calling it a natural disaster is putting it lightly 😅

[@Zaxares]

I'm also wondering what would be the best course of action to survive in the event of a pyroclastic supervolcano. XD I guess the best method would be to try and hunker down in the most stable and secure room of your house (ideally near the roof) and then do as the burrowing animals do and dig your way out after the eruption is over and the ash has cooled.

[@clivematthews95]

@@Zaxares wow you just made me contemplate it for real, I’d definitely need you ‘cause I wouldn’t have thought that, you stand a better chance of surviving this hellish scenario 😄

[@Zaxares]

@Disabled-Megatron LOL, I definitely do not have the skills or knowledge to live off the land like that. My ideas is just for surviving the initial eruption and immediate aftermath, after which I'd try to evacuate to the nearest town or city that's still functioning. A supervolcano would be pretty devastating, but based on what Eons has said, it alone wouldn't be able to destroy the ENTIRE country. (Would definitely cause huge disruptions and possibly send the economy into freefall though, depending on the scale of the destruction and what regions the volcano and ashfall affected.)

[@Sl1f3rDrag0n]

"Life finds a way" is such a relevant quote that it's hard not to overuse it

[@Fly420]

MUCH BETTER than the usual tectonics/magma lecture. You've worked in Geology, Zoology, and Chemistry. Nevertheless, I'm glad I'm 600 miles from Yellowstone.

[@joshhigh8488]

I am QUICKLY becoming a fan of Eons! This would have been awesome when I was a kid, but I am very happy it is here now.

[@mattwhaley1865]

Thank you so much for this information, I had no clue and definitely am gonna have to check out this geological gems in the near future.

[@KayDeePea416]

When PBS Eons drops a video=🤩! I love learning from you all!💖

[@roadkillanonymous4807]

…gently puke lava….good Lord that’s a sentence! 😂 Thanks for another excellent video 😊

[@poulthomas469]

3:39 looking at that map what really stands out as out of place? You should do a show on the formation of CA's central valley.

[@DaneGerAhead27]

Looking at your comment, what really comes across as condescending and demanding of an educational channel staff? You should really think before you speak.

[@hannahdawg6829]

When I was a kid, I was absolutely terrified of the "Yellowstone supervolcano" because so many of my geology professors were convinced that when I exploded, it would kill us all. I kinda needed this, ngl, reminds me that sometimes scientists can jump to the worst conclusions from just a bit of evidence

[@Cypresssina]

Yes!!! I've been waiting for this video!

[@TragoudistrosMPH]

Eons: 9:25 Earth: Challenge accepted! Eons: No, it wasn't a challenge!!!

[@georgeponiris9525]

I'm totally loving this fact and reason. A total palate cleanser after keeping up with Tuckwit Carson's shenanigans

[@Rafael-nz6pp]

Thank you for the content. Great work.

[@Aerie925]

I love these videos. There’s tons of information, yet the videos are short and sweet. ❤ And this chick is my favorite host.

[@angelqiu2237]

PBS has the best channels!! Love EONS❤

[@Smokey_Crow]

Imagine sleeping through a super volcano. LOL amphibians rule.

[@proximacentaur1654]

True say. Mammals are overrated lol.

[@cillianwilliamson16]

Wutiyatalkinabeet

[@proximacentaur1654]

@@cillianwilliamson16 dontworryabouteet

[@JRPetruk]

Very impressed by this video. Thanks.

[@dat2ra]

Such high quality and interesting presentations. You rock!

[@ledlebrgr5380]

"How do you have this big, cataclysmic event, and no cataclysm?" Easy, take out the -clysm and you're left with a cat

[@beepboop204]

why did the lava spill out everywhere? because they couldnt get to the "lavatory"

[@j.f.fisher5318]

You don't know my cat.

[@CAPSLOCKPUNDIT]

You make it tuff to keep a straight face. I lahar enough to fall out of my seat!

[@matthewcox7985]

Who left a clysm on the shelf? The cat knocked it over... Again...

[@norarivkis2513]

Clearly, you haven't met my cat. He's a clysm all by himself. 😂

[@jimcurtis569]

Great job Kallie and friends.

[@olinwilliams]

Y'all have the most pleasant presenters!

[@Helmann9265]

So much enthusiasm in your voice, wow, makes me want to see some supervolcano right now 😛 🌋 Awesome one. Thanks

[@kevinduran9337]

You should do a similar video about the valles caldera here in New Mexico! I live here and would really appreciate it. Great video !

[@maddeusdoggeus1]

Great Video. Thank you.

[@nicholasmurt]

You got my Like when she said the "uh" in the Ian Malcolm Jurassic Park quote.

[@waxwinged_hound]

Imagine being a toad going into hibernation in a burrow and then when you wake up the landscape is unrecognizable. The trees are dead, their branches blasted off them, many completely torn from the ground. And everything is covered in a dull grey, powdery ash.

[@norarivkis2513]

Toads look confused enough even when nothing is going wrong. Imagine the look on that one's face.

[@rocketGimbal]

I always think there is water dripping out of the T-Rex mouth in that title card. 1:46

[@TragoudistrosMPH]

Lol I will never unsee that 😅 I'm not sure I should thank you lol

[@proximacentaur1654]

Wow this episode felt especially jam packed with information. Love it.

[@Kryssaira]

Kallie is my favorite host and I've missed her doing any videos lately.

[@roryfriththetraveller4982]

wild! i wanted to go into geology and study volcanoes as a kid and im still really interested now, but ive never heard of Fish Canyon!

[@timothypobrien8749]

FYI! I came across a red crested male English Sparrow today, over in an ornamental tree by FRANS FURNITURE at EASTLAND SHOPPING CENTER in LEXINGTON KY, 3/11/23! Figured I would share; don't have a photo, nor the time to have inquired in regards to it's average velocity, fully laden.

[@timothypobrien8749]

Saw it again today, 3/22/2023!

[@JamesEugene19]

Cool! Appreciate the note about indigenous land as well. Well done! 🎉

[@WAMTAT]

Amazing video

[@CG-xb1kh]

Great ep, and really nice bgm!