The Age of Reptiles in Three Acts

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Reptiles emerged from the Paleozoic as humble creatures, but in time, they grew to become some of the largest forms of life ever to stomp, swim, and soar across the planet. This Age of Reptiles was a spectacular prehistoric epic, and it all took place in a single era: the Mesozoic.
This episode (as well as most episodes of Eons) features beautiful paleoart from Studio 252mya. We dare you to try to not spend hours looking at their work: 252mya.com
And thanks as always to Nobumichi Tamura for allowing us to use his wonderful paleoart: spinops.blogspot.com/
Produced for PBS Digital Studios.
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References:
phenomena.nationalgeographic.c...
www.sciencedirect.com/science...
www.nature.com/articles/ncomm...
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10...
www.nature.com/articles/s4159...
www.pnas.org/content/113/18/5036
www.sci-news.com/geology/scien...
eps.harvard.edu/files/eps/fil...
pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/...

[@iainhansen1047]

It’s like a Shakespeare play but with even more cold blooded characters

[@Tahkaullus01]

Except it's pretty accepted these days that dinosaurs were warm blooded... but I like the joke.

[@lancenwokeji6349]

Iain Hansen technically they’re warm blooded but sure

[@OviraptorFan]

Lance not true! They were mostly mixed blooded, but yes some were indeed warm blooded.

[@iainhansen1047]

Lance nooooooooooo my pun is ruined!

[@CJCroen1393]

+Lance In Iain's defense, there were cold-blooded reptiles during that time too.

[@waffleless]

Leaving this here for later *Pubis*

[@cerridianempire1653]

curse my dirty mind

[@bryanhuggins9051]

Pe**is

[@bryanhuggins9051]

NyASa what?

[@MadHouse_Eboy]

Hey, I know it's been about 2 years since you posted, but I wanted to remind you that Pubis.

[@Minish4rk360]

Pubis

[@user-gl6su3xi6s]

Fun Fact: T-Rex is more closer to us in time, then it was to Stegosaurus. That is how long The Age of Reptiles was.

[@brianstallings4252]

براہمداغ Stegosaurus existed during the Jurassic Period while the Cretaceous Period dawned T-Rex who was the last of the Tyrannosaurus to appear on the planet and one of the last great dinosaur species.

[@caroljomartin3051]

Wow!!! That's actually VERY cool!

[@Chris-hp9be]

Cleopatra was closer to us in time than the ancient Egyptians who built the pyramids

[@user-dj6lj1dl1c]

براہمداغ it also shows how short the cenozoic actually is/has been up to now

[@respt46]

JRE?

[@gradypicinich2404]

I AM SO OBSESSED WITH LEARNING THANKS TO THIS CHANNEL OMG

[@user-ms5nh1ji4h]

When I was like, 7 I would binge watch this and similar channels for fun- (And now I'm back)

[@renno2679]

These are mostly fun facts, so its enjoyable.

[@PINEFAWKINTREECUNT]

IDK ANYTHING ABOUT WHAT HES SAYING BUT I LIKE IT

[@bryanhuggins9051]

Lol same

[@bryanhuggins9051]

I've came back to the channel like dinosaurs (but smaller)

[@Usulcardo]

You should do an episode about pollinators, how they became a thing and how their relationship with plants evolved through time. How the first plants dealt with the non-existence of animal pollinators, etc.

[@aidancampos5706]

Invincible Nightmare The first plants were similar to bryophytes that used alternating generations with spores and water to reproduce

[@Usulcardo]

Yes but I mean it would be interesting to make a video about it.

[@feikes1878]

This video could be made for every era of life's history, keep up the great work

[@eons]

In fact, we HAVE done a video on every era. We're working on the Cenozoic right now! And you can watch our video on the Paleozoic Era right here: kzbin.info/www/bejne/iHW0kmOloNCjnJI (BdeP)

[@Lakigigar]

Thank you for all this great work! :) I'm really interested into Earth Sciences. What i would like is a video about paleogeography or how the climates have evolved through time. :) Or something more about the mass-extinctions.

[@wobblescat3]

SuperRubberDuck I I

[@mjtfire3774]

SuperRubberDuck ede

[@DLBBALL]

The

[@TendoTheDude]

Can you imagine the very first pterosaur that jumped off a cliff and flew? It's family was probably freaking out

[@nairbvel]

"HEY! DON'T PUUUUUUUSSSSSHHHHHH..... Oh, wow, this is cool...!" LOL

[@Noname-67]

I know it's a year late but its family would still be able to glide so falling from a cliff would be no problem for them

[@carly9349]

I like to think about the ones parkouring up trees to evade both predators and their problems

[@solarisveritatis1086]

@@carly9349 Other dinos: "No avoidance coping wont solve every problem you have" Pterosaurs: "Sure?:

[@daniel3231995]

imagine the process of even transforming its body into wing-like extremities

[@eschwarz1003]

really love how this gives lots of context over time including plants, continental positions, environmental factors; a more in depth connected way to describe how natural history unfolded.

[@theformertexan1642]

I would absolutely love more content on turtles, how ancient turtles fit into the world of dinosaurs, how they survived at least 1 extinction level event! They're amazing, rugged critters, truly deserving of the time and interest!

[@riverkoi8707]

ndfbdj I second this

[@pocketmarcy6990]

Mezozoic Turtles be like: BIG

[@colonelguiltergr8theart288]

I like turtles!

[@v10lence_60]

you’re so right!!!

[@SaltySteff]

​@@pocketmarcy6990"what if, *and hear me out*, turtles, but BIG"

[@turmunhkganba1705]

Could you cover the evolution of blood from simple circulatory systems to how modern traits emerged?

[@momo7gato]

EXCELLENT idea

[@hipp0stratus]

Yes, please

[@ironsnowflake1076]

Turmunhk Ganba fascinating suggestion :)

[@oliverrosario8699]

Great idea!!

[@TheRedKnight101]

That's a sanguine idea

[@NaturesCompendium]

I love PBS Eons

[@HenrythePaleoGuy]

Same man! :)

[@gobblinal]

PuBiS Eons?

[@rexyjp1237]

Sames

[@TheDinosaurus99]

Same. Love these guys

[@Grynn9k]

Same

[@thunderkrux7745]

Montsechia vidalii: I'm the earliest flowering plant discovered so far! Ok Bloomer

[@CintreuseGrande]

I asked for a video about the sauropod evolution like 6 months ago. I am so incredibly happy with the quality of the information in this video. Thanks for listening to your community 💗

[@bryanhuggins9051]

😁

[@duggles-isgone4600]

Wow this vid got me real emotional, it was like a movie

[@sgtcheater1934]

I would like to learn more about Ankylosaurids. They were my favorite as a kid.

[@bryanhuggins9051]

2 years later that already happened and I'm in quarantine

[@mollusckscramp4124]

Mine too! 😊

[@archive2500]

The dinosaurian tanks! These are my favorite dinosaurs ever too.

[@archive2500]

Might as well include the Nodosaurids so then the video would bw about ankylosaurs/ankylosaurians in general.

[@refkiriswansyah2830]

You got what you want, fam...and its also the last one with steve (or the first one without him, i forgot).

[@starfox0u0]

Would love a version of this about birds from the comet to now. Would love to know how and why they went from big bad beasts to fluffy murder chickens.

[@user-vs9cz9pm1n]

They didn't, this video is pretty much covering on your topic. Big beasts and fluffy chickens lived in one time, occupying different eco niches, but once meteorite hit the Earth, big ones died out and only small chickens survived.

[@starstorm1267]

⁠@@user-vs9cz9pm1n​​⁠​⁠​⁠ Plus, I think mammals filling in the ecological niches of being giant animals prevented small chickens from getting any bigger than the elephant bird. They probably could grow to be bigger if large mammals didn’t exist.

[@brycevo]

A video on the evolution of specific Dinosaur species would be great. Like the Evolution of Tyrannosaurids or Ceratopsians. Thank you for a great video.

[@zbrown02]

Bryce Mckenzie it be so cool but idk if they’d have much knowledge on specific species

[@philhsueh4860]

Bryce Mckenzie That would be pretty cool, but FYI tyrannosaurids and ceratopsians aren't species, they're families or clades. A species would be Tyrannosaurus rex or Velociraptor mongoliensis with the rex and mongoliensis being the species name.

[@emperorhirohito7327]

Look up Trey The Explainer, when I run out of EONs videos to watch he’s who I go to

[@nerdimusprime8753]

I'd like them to talk about weird groups like the Abeliasaurs.

[@Subfightr]

@@emperorhirohito7327 thank you for the suggestion I will absolutely check him out. You might be interested in James Downard here on KZbin, he knows all things Dino and Evolution. If you ask him to make a video about the evolution of Dinosaur X he will certainly do it.

[@nakenmil]

I think what's interesting about this video, is that it shows that it wasn't really that dinosaurs in particular were especially vulnerable to the mass extinction, but rather that, as the largest animals around, they were especially vulnerable to any kind of ecological disaster. Maybe I'm wrong about this, but that's the impression I get.

[@Melody_Raventress]

Less their size that what their size entailed: heavily specialized diets. The smaller more generalized avians and mammals were able to live on what ever food they came across and were better able to survive.

[@SpinoAdri2001]

4:26 *I love that reference*

[@NicWalker627]

Host: "Remember Pubis, I'll come back to it later." Me: Pubes. Host: Get out.

[@hadleyjames6234]

I would really love to see a history of mammals, from our ancestors in the Cambrian to modern human beings.

[@jonhlennon312]

"That's why the park is called…" I loved that part! You once talked about the art made out of Dinos, it would be great to take that onto the cinema realm

[@Rose-yx6jq]

Well. It was actually mostly Cretaceous.

[@hollyghandhi3227]

I'd love a PBS Eons episode on Coelacanths! Their anatomies, contributions to science and evolution, and most importantly...their conservation! Awesome Videos! Thanks!

[@user-ev1ty9pm8p]

Great idea ! I think they told us back in school about how they were extinct - wish I had known then how 'fossilised' that statement was ! 🤣

[@mito-pb8qg]

Who would win? A massive apocalyptic conglomerate of mass extinction events or 1 mousey boi

[@ozdergekko]

Thanks, Blake, for trying to talk slower. It didn't always work, but it's getting a lot better.

[@eons]

Thanks for saying so. I'm trying! (BdeP)

[@BertGrink]

He may talk a bit fast, but he still manages to enunciate each word clearly. Just saying. :)

[@ozdergekko]

Probably. but even being quite proficient in English, as a non-native speaker my brain didn't catch up.

[@jaymatson870]

He's just excited, I'd talk fast too if it were me haha

[@dolomedestenebrosus9564]

ozdergecko I wonder if maybe it might be most helpful to have slightly longer pauses between the thoughts in editing. I find that I'm often not quite finished processing the last sentence before a new one starts but that might just be me. Anyway, I love this channel, thank you for making this content you guys.

[@ralphize5153]

Eons is able to make lecture level speeches enjoyable

[@markalterado88]

This isn’t lecture level. It’s all trivial information and does not go in depth. So no, it’s not lecture level. It’s enjoyable due to the illustrations, nothing more, nothing less.

[@veggieboyultimate]

One of my favorite videos from PBS Eons. It’s like the perfect summary of the Mesozoic Era.

[@kaylarobertson6611]

I only found this channel today, and have already watched half your videos. They are just so well done and incredibly informative. I really appreciate all the effort that you all have put into making this channel fantastic.

[@TheMangakid1995]

A video about ichthyosaurs specifically and ancient aquatic predators in general would be appreciated.

[@scaper8]

I'd add to that a video on all the different branches of marine reptiles, both current and extinct, how distant some are from each other, etc. They touched on it a little here, but a full video would be amazing.

[@TheMangakid1995]

Agreed, also in the interest of clarity I'd like to see two different videos one just about Ichtyosaurs and another about aquatic predators or aquatic reptiles through out history.

[@ferds30]

Love this narrator.

[@Tizzer88]

One of my favorite episodes so far, can't wait for the next one!

[@fionnmonstyr190]

I’m watching these three eras videos in a row and it is fascinating

[@henriquewatanabe92]

May you do a video about the "Age of the Mammals"? Please!🐘

[@rafaelalodio5116]

That would be cool.

[@jakeupton7906]

You’re living in it

[@monthlymemes8861]

It’s okay to be smart did a 2 part video on that watch them

[@PennyDreadful1]

Yeah I would like to hear how that one ends.

[@KateeAngel]

If there was one. There are still 2 times more species of dinosaurs today than species of mammals. Not to say that Earth has always been dominated in any meaningful way only by prokaryotes

[@FiddlerForest]

Suggestions that would make re-watching Eons fun and may be helpful for teaching it: 1) More of these Ages by acts 2) Playlist by Age & Chronological Order 3) Feel free to go DEEP. I'd love some more deep dives for each slice. Love Eons! Keep this up, how do we help you get to make more of these per week?!

[@scaper8]

Yes, all three of those! That would be great!

[@LonesomeTwin]

Slower. It just needs to be slower!!!

[@darkgamingstudios6135]

It is amazing how early life forms can evolve all I have to say is life finds a way

[@jeremyb03]

I want to learn about all things dinosaur. Can’t get enough.

[@MasterLapin]

Don't mean to go all fanboy on you but what a great video. The narration, pictures, pacing, everything is on point. I loved it!

[@MrCommodorebob]

"The niches that demanded large size and specialization were the first to go." *human sweats nervously*

[@animalia5554]

To be fair humans are generalists not specialsts, the size issue on the other hand. sweats.

[@scaper8]

animalia555 Yeah, the two things we have going for us is just how adaptable we are to different environments and just how good we are at adapting our environments. The later of the two has really be our biggest enemy of late, ironicly. The big questions are whether we can adapt as fast as our runaway changes require and can other life forms.

[@shadowthehedgehog3113]

Yeah if the K-PG extinction happened today, we'd be GONE.

[@helenanilsson5666]

Our use of tools and our flexible diet does give us an advantage, and since we are a social and group oriented species we can cooperate rather than compete for resources. We'd be pretty much unstoppable if we weren't a little too smart and prone to invent tools that can backfire horribly with long term consequences that our brains aren't really capable to fully comprehend until it's too late.

[@jimdaniels7531]

Yeah I'm convinced we're the new cockroaches.

[@lizardqueen99]

I've learned (and more importantly retained) more information from watching this channel than basically every class I've taken this school year at college. You guys present information in such a captivating and fascinating way that you even make things I don't really care about in biology like plants and fish sounds awesome. I've actually begun to consider other fields besides my current path of bacteriology like herpetology and micropaleontology bc of your videos. Keep up the good work 👍

[@jacob.goodman]

Seeing the maps of the drifting continents and the meteor coming in made me think about Chicxulub Crater. I'd love to see a cool Eons video on Chicxulub. I love the Eons videos, thank you for the great info!

[@christophergraffam3552]

1:34 I only have one word to describe that creature. That word is adorable.

[@omfgstrid]

This channel, and It's Okay To Be Smart...are two of my fave channels ever. I can literally marathon them for hours. They give me hope for the future of kids developing interest in the sciences. Also, dePastino is crazy eyecandy (had to say it, sorry)

[@jerrysumner4923]

This series is great!

[@cherissestoin2056]

I just love Eons😍 Whenever I need some knowledge,Eons is always there for me

[@mkhanman12345]

I'm about to get some knowledge.

[@HairyEyebrow]

Thanks for this excellent run down of these time periods. Lots of interesting details here.

[@brycewinn6867]

I dont know what I would do in life without eons. Just the best video content that I cant find very easily

[@stephanietan4389]

I love this episode. Thank you !

[@TomsWhip]

This was amazing. Thanks PBS

[@3452te]

Archosaurs are truly amazing since they are only two surviving members: Birds & Crocodilians.

[@CJCroen1393]

They took a major blow, but they still survived. And even better, the dinosaurs are as successful as they've ever been, having diversified into a wide range of new and spectacular forms, while the surviving crocodilians have barely changed.

[@3452te]

CJCroen1393 true. But still amazing that they continued on the lineage.

[@CJCroen1393]

Indeed!

[@monrow1961]

You don't change a winning formula!

[@CJCroen1393]

+Sleeman Indeed! Evolution in a nutshell: If it ain't broke, don't fix it!

[@daynosaur3310]

honestly i just want to say thanks a lot! your videos help me to do my research for history essays while also being entertaining! so, keep up the good work guys!!

[@mrpirate3470]

Outstanding stuff as always, glad you covered the ongoing disaster of the deccan traps as well as the chixlub event.

[@jondreauxlaing]

I'd like to see something about the evolution of the modern beak. I've seen a couple things about it, but nothing really went into satisfactory detail. To the layperson it looks like therapods went from sharp teeth to beaks overnight. I'm wondering what the transitional forms looked like, and how they were more useful than the jaws of their predecessors. A video on that would be awesome.

[@globin3477]

Many transitional forms had beaks on the tip of the mouth, but teeth towards the back. The hesperortithes in particular had teeth all along the bottom jaw, but only halfway up the top jaw. (..I tried to put a link here, but failed.) Also, the evolution of beaks has occured in many lineages, both dinosaur and otherwise, and was probably not a weight-saving measure, as was once supposed; rather, birds probably evolved beaks to eat seeds. Also, I've heard that birds have lost the gene for enamel on teeth, which, I imagine, is why so many birds like penguins and geese have evolved little spikes inside of their mouth rather than re-evolving teeth. that's all I know.

[@amitaysussholz6544]

I really really liked this one! Please go in more details on all of the fascinating creatures you have talked about in this video, I would love to learn more about them!

[@brotherjim3051]

This video took me back to when I first learned about this in school.

[@jtbnstl_3556]

10:03 - that is a GIANT looking mouse, pretty big compared to the those trees

[@benjamingrab50]

I’d love for them to talk about the evolution of elephants

[@thomasdedman4894]

This was amazing, I've gone to so many dinosaur museums that couldn't get this evolution over time across like you have.

[@hans-sniekers-art]

This was great, it was awesome to hear some things I know and some things I don't all summarized and explained in a clear way, thank you!

[@mr_brown5974]

Hey thanks for these videos. Love your work!

[@hirobeez]

This kind of videos are great! I always struggle a bit to contextualize in time all the events on early life, since even the scales are so out of our commom life experience. The common view on dinossaurs is also a problem in this instance, because it's too easy to forget how long it took for them to evolve and how far apart some species were. This helps a lot!

[@Zamicol]

Whoa. This was really well done. Great job.

[@filipefaria5229]

Love your content. Y have been playing a game called ARK for a long time and now I understand a lot more about the dinosaurs that I love. You guys have very good content, keep it up.

[@TrippSaaS]

What a brilliant production. Learned a lot

[@sefgray]

Another great Eons vid. Keep it up!

[@cosmicboredom3138]

Oh, the flowering plant archaefructis reminded me that it would be cool to see you guys do a video on pollinators. Bees and such.

[@geoffreyraleigh1674]

Thank you for the amazing uploads.

[@joshuaomer9644]

This is a phenomenal channel. Thank you.

[@BovineTerror]

I would really like to learn about the evolution of flight, I’m actually trying to get a research project together on the origins of flight and it would be very nice to have a video that explains the prevailing theories as well as Eons does. Thanks for all the great videos guys! I love these! (Also hi Kallie! It’s Trevor from volunteering!)

[@MongoIndyleo]

Do anything at all. I love all of your videos.

[@NicholsKT]

More videos chronicling the history of plants please!

[@astucity]

New favorite channel. I am literally sitting here with popcorn binge watching all of these.

[@AnonymousFreakYT]

"but look how cool they look!" can cover *ANY* scientifically inaccurate drawing! :-D

[@bryanhuggins9051]

No inaccurate stuff!, also a paleo lovers dream! FEATHERS!

[@kinkybon-bon5346]

You make learning fun and taught me new words that I can definitely use in the future if I become a LEGAL fossil collector

[@tanya9nithreus]

A really great video! So clear, informative and at the same time really well presented! 😊 Thanksss

[@andrewjones3807]

Great series, great writing, great presentation.

[@Bassist665]

Well done! Excellent, thoroughly researched and beautifully presented video!

[@jamesgillam6478]

I'd love a really detailed video on the KPG itself! This one was awesome by the way 👍

[@felhuron]

I just love this channel. I've learnt so much and I can't get enough of watching it.

[@mkhanman12345]

I will do the same. Love knowledge and college.

[@TheStarDreamer]

I feel chills all over my body, when I imagine such stuff, It's just fascinating...

[@alonoodalmrzoqi5823]

i love this channel so much everything about it is impeccable the pictures the edit THE MUSIC !!

[@modolief]

I liked the long-form content. Please keep mixing it up length wise. I also enjoyed that you threw out numerous creature names and other terms even if I didn't absorb too much of them; as I watch these videos my literacy in this area increases.

[@caseyrayharris.esquire489]

I've been a fan of PBS digital studio since before eons and I've watched all the videos for so long that I'm starting my second viewing

[@catapangfaye]

I have a midterm later. Thank you so much for the infos!!

[@aesmon]

I greatly appreciate this channel, Id love to see an episode about Therapsids

[@brycevo]

8:12 This is a very beautiful rendition of Tyrannosaurus. While I absolutely love it, I feel the Rex would be more Leathery than floof. Judging by its predatory and scavenger behaviors, it would probably be balder around the face, neck, and lower legs, but would be feathered on it's crown and down it's back, potentially over its belly. This is inferred based on large (cassowary) and scavenging (vultures) birds, and the little fossil evidence we have. A video on the subject of Dinosaurian feathering in non Avian and non Paravian Dinosaurs would be fascinating. Thank you.

[@brycevo]

Joshua Giesey How is that not scavenging? Finding a rotting carcass and consuming it is scavenging.

[@zeinnerp7609]

Joshua Giesey Adult tyrannosaurus were definitely scavengers for the majority of time, as evidenced by their cranial anatomy (CT scan of the brain, teeth morphology, muscle attachments, olfactory development). Hunting would be too energy consuming for them and there is no easy way to ambush with a body the size of a bus (emphasis on easy, they could ambush but are likely to fail). We do have evidence of predatory behavior but it would most likely be like that of hyenas: sparse. Juvenile Tyrannosaurus on the other hand were slimmer, with longer legs, longer snouts, more teeth, and sharper teeth, clear predator characters. According to Horn, they changed in anatomy as they grew to fit a primordially necrophagus diet when adults. This is likely a strategy to reduce itraspecies competition like other animals (butterflies and dragonflies form what I can think of right now).

[@insertphrasehere15]

that's some good information... thanks

[@w1q2e3r4t5]

+The Paleo Miner Fun fact, the typical hyenas we see in videos and the sort of 'default' species of hyena are a lot more hunters than scavengers.

[@ddsnutz2917]

Joshua Giesey It was a scavenger, but it also wasnt, T Rex is more of an opportunist, hunters but wouldnt mind eating on a free dead carcass

[@BJETNT]

You guys don't need to apologize for anything. These videos are as good as they can get on our very appreciated

[@fredericdiesbach1588]

Eons is awesome...

[@arijitkundu9655]

Enticingly informative and the description was very lucid.

[@TendoTheDude]

Absolutely love these videos and a resource. It's so hard to find a scientific breakdown of History like this with visual aid and charismatic narration. Kind of a bummer they have to go so fast through the video I'm sure there's reason for it but makes for a lot of rewinding if you really want to absorb it.

[@TendoTheDude]

Kind of insane you can play it back at .75x speed and it still sounds relatively normal

[@claudiubotezatu9182]

Your work is wonderful stuff. I have been binging on your videos

[@djquick5839]

Thank you for the online lessons 🤗

[@Numetalfan01]

It's lovely to see the time line drawn out and explained in this way, I now feel I understand it far better than I did previously. Though briefly explained it was just enough to keep me interested without bombarding me with information and therefore losing my interest in too many facts, facts I can pick up later and add to my knowledge. Often in documentaries it's expected that you should know the time line of periods and events of the dinosaur reign. This can make it hard to grasp the subject but also when they existed and which other dinosaurs they existed alongside. This format explained it without patronising or, as previously mentioned, bombarding. Subscribed + like.

[@MaestroRigale]

I’d love to hear more about the diversification of mammals in the early Cenozoic.

[@francoislancon798]

Densely packed information, I'll need to watch that one again! Thanks!

[@Articulate99]

Always interesting, thank you.

[@PinkChucky15]

I loved this longer video :-)

[@bvascontin]

Man, i can't get enough of this channel. The ambience of the soundtracks that plays along with the video just makes it so incredibly magical and beatiful to watch

[@Monk_Mode_Master]

this clip was AWESOME!!!

[@DPIII1]

Thank you for the video!!!

[@Lunalove42]

I would love to see a 101 series about basic paleontology!!! Also it would be amazing to know how dinosaurs became birds. Love your channel!!! Saludos desde Perú ❤️