The Antarctic Ocean is WEIRD

We made this video in partnership with the Bik Lab at University of Georgia and the National Science Foundation.
Life in Antarctica's ocean has followed a completely different evolutionary path from other ocean life because of how cold and isolated the ocean is.
LEARN MORE
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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
- Antarctic Circumpolar Current: an ocean current that flows clockwise from west to east around Antarctica.
- Polar Gigantism: The phenomenon that animals near the poles are larger than their temperate counterparts.
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CREDITS
*********
Virginia Schutte | Script Writer
Cameron Duke | Narrator and Director
Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Nathaniel Schroeder | Music
Antarctica Footage | Virginia Schutte and Holly Bik, funded by the National Science Foundation
MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
neptunestudios.info
OUR STAFF
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Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke
Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes
Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich
Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida
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REFERENCES
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Gatti, Susanne. “The Role of Sponges in High-Antarctic Carbon and Silicon Cycling -a Modelling Approach” Ber. Polarforsch. Meeresforsch, vol. 434, 2002, epic.awi.de/id/eprint/26613/1...
“Giant Volcano Sponge Articles - Encyclopedia of Life.” eol.org/pages/1162798/articles
Hunt, Katie. “An Icefish Colony Discovered in Antarctica Is World’s Largest Fish Breeding Ground.” CNN, 13 Jan. 2022, www.cnn.com/2022/01/13/world/...
Moran, Amy L., and H. Arthur Woods. “Why Might They Be Giants? Towards an Understanding of Polar Gigantism” The Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 215, no. 12, 23 May 2012, pp. 1995-2002. doi.org/10.1242/jeb.067066
Rankin, J. C, and H Tuurala. “Gills of Antarctic Fish.” Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, vol. 119, no. 1, 1 Jan. 1998, pp. 149-163. doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(97...
Rennie, John. “Icefish Study Adds Another Color to the Story of Blood.” Quanta Magazine, 22 Apr. 2019, www.quantamagazine.org/icefis...
Rosa, Rui, et al. “Biology and Ecology of the World’s Largest Invertebrate, the Colossal Squid (Mesonychoteuthis Hamiltoni): A Short Review.” Polar Biology, vol. 40, no. 9, 1 Sept. 2017, pp. 1871-1883. doi.org/10.1007/s00300-017-21...
Shishido, Caitlin M., et al. “Polar Gigantism and the Oxygen-Temperature Hypothesis: A Test of Upper Thermal Limits to Body Size in Antarctic Pycnogonids.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 286, no. 1900, 10 Apr. 2019, p. 20190124, doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0124
Sidell, B. D. “When Bad Things Happen to Good Fish: The Loss of Hemoglobin and Myoglobin Expression in Antarctic Icefishes.” Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 209, no. 10, 15 May 2006, pp. 1791-1802, doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02091
Thomisch, K, et al. “Spatio-Temporal Patterns in Acoustic Presence and Distribution of Antarctic Blue Whales Balaenoptera Musculus Intermedia in the Weddell Sea.” Endangered Species Research, vol. 30, 18 July 2016, pp. 239-253, doi.org/10.3354/esr00739
Zummo, G., et al. “The Heart of the Icefish: Bioconstruction and Adaptation.” Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira de Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas, vol. 28, no. 11-12, 1995, pp. 1265-1276, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8728857/

[@MinuteEarth]

Dr. Virginia Schutte* and Dr. Holly Bik were fabulous to work with - go check out their fascinating icy adventures at virginiaschutte.com and hollybik.com 🐋🪱 (*We made a spelling error at 3:06)

[@vgwschutte]

Our pleasure- we LOVE this video!!

[@alphaapple1375]

At 0:00: Kingdra, the Dragon Pokémon, and Clamperl, the Bivalve Pokémon, from the Pokémon franchise, are featured in this video. At 0:41: There is an old starfish that resembles Patrick Star from the SpongeBob SquarePants franchise, except he is not wearing his green-colored, purple-flower-patterned underwear.

[@aaronstanley6914]

So the grand line does exist, does that mean one piece is the anti artic?

[@this_is_patrick]

0:55 This is an error too. I looked it up on Wikipedia and its estimated lifespan is 1.5k years, not 15k. The Wikipedia article was revised (15:22, 13 June 2023). The revision summary says the 15k figure was a misquote from the cited paper. The relevant passage in the cited paper says: "...largest hexactinellid sponges on the eastern Weddell Sea shelf can be more than 1,500 years old."

[@spontaneousadventurouskid]

@@this_is_patrick i think the narrator meant to say fifteen hundred. that would have made more sense.

[@csernobillahun]

This was the first time someone explained to me why the waters around Antarctica is so full of nutrients. I heard it repeated in documentaries and whatnot, that it is, but never the WHY Thank you!

[@sultan9givewey]

This is where laughtale resides

[@presidentcamacho]

It happens a lot and that irks me too. It's like it's suppose to be common knowledge and whenever I ask why, I get blank stares or negative feedback, as if I were the problem.

[@babilon6097]

Man... that pun at the end. It was cold. But I guess it has a deep meaning. I just can't sea it.

[@Crausy]

I see what you did there 😂

[@ninjadragongamer6861]

​@@CrausyYou mean you SEA what they did there?

[@Crausy]

@@ninjadragongamer6861 stop it 😂

[@mishka1138]

Bro just rewhaled the bottom of the iceberg

[@cuitaro]

You can hear him barely able to control his laughter as he says that!

[@GreatBigBore]

I have an older sponge than that in my shower, and I could argue that it’s alive

[@marcopohl4875]

Has it been alive the whole time?

[@christopherg2347]

Or is it alive _again_ ?

[@aswalchitra]

Or is it mind controlling you to think it's not alive, but it's gone old & tired doing this, so his powers are getting weaker day by day , & the truth unfolds before you?

[@neo-filthyfrank1347]

Wow nobody understood the joke

[@macekreislahomes1690]

I understood the joke. Good work y'all.

[@xislomega242]

I discovered sea spiders just now. I don't know exactly what they do, but I know they eat tiny soft-bodied invertibrates that are slow, which means they probably can't even damage human skin, if you even let them touch you and won't shake them off immediately. Besides, they live far away from humans, so you'd have to go out far and dive quite deep to find them.

[@pattheplanter]

The weirdest thing is that their central bodies are so small, their guts have to extend into their legs.

[@vgwschutte]

I got to touch a few on the expedition. Their legs are pointy and a little sharp (they're not actually spiders) so the shaking off thing was the biggest danger IMO : )

[@ImieNazwiskoOK]

@@pattheplanter I mean, not to this level but guts of regular spiders also almost do that

[@user-od6ur7nl5k]

People who dont know what sea spiders are:im not safe now😨 people who know what sea spiders are:meh💁

[@accelerationquanta5816]

Spiders are not very dangerous to humans. Grow up.

[@rumi2005]

Just imagine the undiscovered wonders of the earth.

[@matthewboire6843]

One can only imagine

[@accelerationquanta5816]

Boring and paltry compared to what's above our heads and inside of our souls.

[@nothisispatrick9778]

@@accelerationquanta5816there’s always got to be that one jackass that ruins a good and wholesome comment

[@sultan9givewey]

This is where laughtale resides

[@cuitaro]

One sponge to age them all, one squid to size them, one blue whale to eat them all, and in the Southern Ocean bind them. In the land of Antarctica, where the weird things lie.

[@Tornnnado]

Lord of the Seas

[@Prepper_iscool]

NO PATRICK DIED

[@Ogy_the_ogerpon]

Well...spongebob have the oldest bikini bottom citizen here

[@dibenp]

Love the sneaky cameos by doctors Shutte and Bik at 2:33

[@vgwschutte]

they didn't tell us they were going to do that and we were so delightfully surprised to see it!! ❤

[@garg4531]

Antarctica in general is unique, being a continent sitting on the South Pole, leaving its entire surface covered in frozen ice, compared to the diverse range of habitats seen in every other landmass

[@machfassett5749]

And it used to be a temperate rainforest back when it was connected to Australia and South America! It acted as a land bridge that allowed animals to travel between the two continents, which is why there's marsupials in Australia nowadays.

[@garg4531]

Very true! It's interesting to think that Antartica used to be a more lush biome and I have to wonder what sort of creatures may have lived there that we don't know about, since I imagine that most fossils that might've formed were either destroyed by glaciation or simply buried under sheets of ice.

[@eeveeofalltrades4780]

Well, it seems it's not all ice and things are being hidden from us....

[@realmless4193]

The southern Ocean: the most ocean like ocean that looks like a random stretch of coastal water.

[@vgwschutte]

sometimes I got nauseous on the icebreaker bc the sea ice looks like a coastline with little waterways running through it, and then we'd turn left and beach ourselves on the coastline, only of course we wouldn't it was all just ice and like a thousand feet of water at least, and it was very weird

[@michaelbaker7499]

So, if the organisms in the southern ocean have been isolated for so long, is the Antarctic blue whale a different species than the blue whale? Or is it an exception to your rule in that it can pass the barrier? I want to know more.

[@cosmopoiesecriandomundos7446]

They are the same species. Blue whales are, as you know, huge. This means they have a lot of muscle and inertia, which allows them to swim through strong ocean currents. Still, each population usually migrates around a certain region instead of travelling across the world.

[@TheRavenLilian]

I have never been interested in studying marine biology before this. This is so cool!!!!!🤩

[@Crausy]

0:41 thats the granny from SpongeBob, and old patrick, i loce these references 😂

[@wyattwhitsampsom8826]

Chocolate I remember when they invented chocolate, sweet sweet chocolate. I ALWAYS HATED IT!

[@MrR2TheZ]

1:23 "Antarctic Sea Spiders are the size of dinner plates." Antarctic WHAT?!?

[@pedroMiguel0_0]

Well, never going to Antarctica now!

[@Ogy_the_ogerpon]

Antartic sea spider

[@PunkHerr]

But is a slow living creature also experiencing time like we do? In other words: Are they living "more time" or just slower?

[@vgwschutte]

I love this question! Animals that live longer often take longer to get to reproduction age, so I've been thinking of them as living slower, not more time, without ever actually being conscious of thinking of it like that

[@yashwardhansingh4787]

This isn't time dilation. Those creatures aren't moving at light speeds. They just live longer.

[@jasonwalker9471]

@@yashwardhansingh4787 Right... but many chemical interactions necessary to sustain Earth-based life occur slower at colder temps. And even being a few C colder than the rest of the ocean (which is possible because of the higher salt level) means that these reactions will occur noticeably slower. Just as an inebriated human thinks slower than their sober counterpart, a colder animal with slower chemistry taking place might experience life (and thoughts) at a slower rate than their warmer cousins a few hundred km away.

[@yashwardhansingh4787]

@@jasonwalker9471 you are talking about an individual's perception of time. Which isn't the same thing as "living slower". Think about the days when you feel like time is flowing slowly. Regardless of what you felt on that day, you will still say you have lived only one day. Also, i have absolutely no idea what you are talking about slow chemical reactions somehow effecting time itself.

[@jasonwalker9471]

@@yashwardhansingh4787 Your brain is a computer that is ultimately based on chemical reactions. Slow those reactions down, and processing speed slows down proportionately. The slower processing speed is, the faster events around you will seem to be moving with respect to you. You'll "live slower", but if you live twice as long due to reduced metabolic activity (which happens), but with half the processing speed, you'll experience the same amount of subjective time as a creature with half the lifespan but double the processing rate.

[@oberonpanopticon]

The weird things are all around us, in every place that we rarely look closely enough at.

[@skyfeelan]

edit: it's indeed 15000 years old, see comment for detail slight correction 0:53 giant sponge estimated age is 15 hundred years old (1500) not 15 thousand (15000), still very impressive tho

[@Croz89]

It wouldn't beat out plants for oldest living thing, but could still win for animals.

[@luckyblockyoshi]

15,000 seems to be correct, from wikipedia: “A 2002 study in Antarctica calculated that this sponge and another antarctic sponge, Anoxycalyx joubini, have amazingly long lifespans surpassing 1,550 years in C. antarctica and 15,000 years in A. joubini.”

[@skyfeelan]

@@luckyblockyoshi I stand corrected

[@this_is_patrick]

0:55 Is this an error? I looked it up on Wikipedia and its estimated lifespan is 1.5k years, not 15k. The Wikipedia article was revised (15:22, 13 June 2023). The revision summary says the 15k figure was a misquote from the cited paper. The relevant passage in the cited paper says: "...largest hexactinellid sponges on the eastern Weddell Sea shelf can be more than 1,500 years old."

[@missnaomi613]

1) Well done, as always! 2) It took me a minute to recover from "I squid you not." I forgive you.

[@suicideistheanswer369]

That's so cool. The art is also so cool.

[@Pottery4Life]

Thank you. Did not know about the spiral nature of the current.

[@mypianoschat9475]

So Spongebob is actually real?

[@wallrider4194]

Sorta.

[@thejellyfishmeister4081]

A small quibble about the video at 1:15 : defining what is the "largest" animal, since the Lion's Mane Jellyfish can get up to 36 metres long, so in that sense it can get larger than both the Colossal Squid and the Blue Whale! Weight wise though, it is outclassed, and the blue whale and colossal squid are both the heaviest animal and heaviest invertebrate, respectively.

[@SgtSupaman]

The longest jellyfish hardly has much claim to being the "largest animal". That one jellyfish (which was the largest one ever recorded) is long due to its tentacles and is still nowhere near the width of a blue whale and, thus, can't be said to be bigger than them. Size is more than a singular dimension.

[@jakistam1000]

@@SgtSupaman What I think OP was getting at is that "size" is just an inprecise word.

[@pattheplanter]

A 45 metre siphonophore has been seen, that would be the longest invertebrate and not very large or heavy. I would always assume that large referred to total volume, even when a picture giving length is used to illustrate the statement.

[@foxwaffles]

​@@pattheplanterI believe siphonophores don't get to claim biggest organism because they're technically a colony that all work together? 😅 Life is so cool!

[@pattheplanter]

@@foxwaffles We are all colonies.

[@rumi2005]

I love weird things .

[@HarpaxA]

Not to mention, hardly any human "the apex predator" down there. So wild life thrives

[@terramater]

Very interesting, nature can be indeed weird! Our team gathered ten weird moments of nature, and it's fascinating to see it in real life!

[@cerosis]

Love that ending pun!

[@acevalr3714]

HOW THIS WAS MADE 23 seconds ago

[@marvinochieng6295]

i have always loved the cute animations and soothing narration. I might not have much money to donate but i wish this channel the best. Maybe a collab with Ted ED for a feature length film about life on earth ?

[@spontaneousadventurouskid]

very interesting and amazing. i learned a lot.

[@LavenderLushLuxury]

Nice video again 💙

[@miaomiao1167]

I like the size comparison with onjects instead of just the numbers

[@awesomefeldmanfamily]

Dude this is literally the coolest thing ever

[@fajaradi1223]

Cold

[@Retrofire-47]

i love the cute illustrations :)

[@matthewboire6843]

Revenge is a dish best served cold, it’s also sweet. So revenge is ice cream.

[@macsnafu]

I can't see Patrick living to be 100 years old unless it's from dumb luck!

[@yawg691]

That's the only kind of luck Pat has!

[@Writerscabin]

Great video ❤

[@Usrr11]

1:23 "Antarctic Sea Spiders are the size of dinner plates." - Wait, WHAT?!

[@Troe1505]

the circumpolar current is a nice reference to the second pokemon movie with lugia !

[@alexanderx33]

3:03 I heard recently that alot of natural science funding is almost entirely contingent on studying relevance to climate change, so when he mentioned sampling nematodes I was just waiting for the words climate change to crop up and then at 3:49 Presto!

[@nmmeswey3584]

well yeah its the biggest concern in the field wether justified or not

[@pattheplanter]

Everything is going to be affected by climate change, so it is easy to work into virtually any grant proposal.

[@vgwschutte]

we struggle with this a bit, honestly, bc Holly just wants to study the worms- she loves them SO MUCH. but then yeah, everybody wants to know why they should care and "it fills in the tree of life", "taxonomy is an important buy dying art", and "it's the coolest thing I've ever seen" don't have quite the same ring as "if we don't figure it out now, we may never get the chance" and "maybe it can help with how we understand things elsewhere"

[@jfu5222]

Home of my favorite marine mammal, the Leopard Seal!

[@flipsolo]

The colossal squid couple is so cute❤

[@jamesmnguyen]

Looks like another example of Bergmann's Rule in action in these cold waters.

[@user-zn4pw5nk2v]

Alternatively, get away with most of the heat gone, and live at lower body temperature, heat is a factor in the speed of chemical processes so just having lower body temperature is enough to age you slower, also the carnage of ice freezing critters mid swim would speed up evolution just a tad bit resulting in greater chance of randomly breeding an immortal, a smaller version and a larger version. Temperature is one reason why food spoils slower in the fridge even if not sterile and it works at 4 degrees C, not -1.5 C.

[@RJ_Ehlert]

Nice.

[@universemaps]

Thanks to the writer and to minute Earth for this amazing video 🙏🙌🐟🐳🐋

[@jin_cotl]

I love Antarctica now

[@12ts]

I love the Spongebob references😆

[@user-pw9ff3dj6k]

Have you guys talked about the Sargasum sea yet.

[@muhamadimran7194]

so the southern ocean is All Blue

[@Fahrenheit4051]

Nice Pokémon cameos in the intro.

[@jaypaans3471]

Those animals in desolate areas are *ice-olated*

[@Techydad]

Sea spiders the size of dinner plates? *Flees in terror from the Southern Ocean!*

[@matthewjones6786]

Thanks to the illustration, I now know how to identify the age of a sponge: beard length!

[@knpark2025]

Remember the time when the anime "Cells at Work" came out and doctors made us sad by telling half of all characters in the series won't actually survive the whole season? Rest assured, the cast of Spongebob Squarepants might theoretically outlive us. Let's just say all the radiation gave them the same longevity mutations as their cousins living in the South Pole have.

[@SIZModig]

Basically, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current is the Calm Belt in One Piece. I never though the geography(?) of One Piece would make sense, but here we are!

[@Jokeras77]

I live super close to that place :>

[@poissonCHA1]

'What? They're selling chocolate?! Ahh, I remember when they first invented chocolate' [...] loved the spongebob easter egg minute earth, youre the best

[@cqdrian]

So glad y’all showed these cute illustrations instead of photos deep sea fish make me uncomfortable

[@honeyjuice219]

guys the grand line does exist, just it's a ring

[@skydai8220]

liked for the pun also i did not know that the southern ocean is like a prison, very cool

[@marcopohl4875]

2:13 isn't the southern ocean low on iron? How does that work?

[@MinuteEarth]

The Southern Ocean is quite iron-limited but has an abundance of other nutrients. So while The southern ocean is surprisingly productive (tons of plankton and stuff) it's iron limitation that seems to keep the plankton from going completely wild.

[@G55544]

1:51 skull island storm but for sea creatures the Antarctic sea is the skull island of the sea

[@PhysicsPolice]

Great video! Music is too loud.

[@user-dm4oq2ph6h]

That “20 Arm starfish” only has 13 arms

[@brittneyziegler5742]

Was anyone else expecting Lugia to be doodled into that shot of the current….?

[@darky5554]

When i saw the river i was like the grandline?

[@therealohead]

What causes the antarctic circumpolar current?

[@gigabyte2248]

At a guess, Coriolis force. The southern ocean is the only place in the world where a longitude line doesn't intersect any land or ice sheets, allowing the water and air currents from the Coriolis force to build into such a substantial thing.

[@Brydav_Massbear]

I guess that's the thing about ice, it slows everything down.

[@Lego_crasher]

what if the comet is somewhere in the southern ocean and thats the reason?

[@jamielishbrook2384]

Did you really sneak a small image of kingdra into the beginning of this?

[@harishankar-cz9tx]

Did this remind of "Calm Belt" to any One Piece lover?

[@TheBilgepumper]

This feels like One Piece worldbuilding.

[@yujunglim5943]

When I saw the thumbnail my first reaction was Patrick is that u

[@mrlee9213]

What about the ice wall?

[@michaelcurley7002]

Cool

[@user-ib2fs5gg2s]

i wonder if any flying creatures have flown over the atlantic waters?

[@user-ib2fs5gg2s]

hey! I just have a question , is there a way that i can get a job here?

[@humblesloth]

Thanks scientists!

[@Madamoizillion]

You and Cheesey Studios have very similar voices.

[@winstoncantwait102]

Name 1 minute earth video that doesn't end in a pun

[@Jeremy-ws4xb]

I got a question how did them animals survive if they were warm blooded for example if I got a lion or elephant or probably a human and keep them for millions or thousands of years would they look different or evolve or does it die that my question

[@tysondennis1016]

Watching this for worldbuilding ideas.

[@chopczyk374]

so basicly the antarctic ocean is the grand line and it has a cold belt instead of a calm belt.

[@deryorsh]

Did someone sayed Grand Line? 👀

[@firstplayers396]

Scale worms look like the type of animal that wants to take control over your body

[@hamptonbrown6118]

Is that a kingdra I see?

[@PineappleDealer37]

Conclusion from this video: we should take some of the animals from antarctic ocean, send them to either titan or europa and see what happenes.

[@hungrygator8889]

Kingdra!

[@hpgramani]

Is this applicable to Arctic ocean too?

[@TheFlyingDogFish]

Nope, there are landmasses in the way.

[@moycorbin4750]

Remember Cthulhu sleeps between Antartic and South America

[@dinosatay]

Ring of Fire when when Ring of Ice shows up

[@jasonpatterson9821]

The water is slightly saltier and better oxygenated than the rest of the world's oceans, so its conditions are more like Titan's than the rest of Earth's? Seems a bit of a stretch.

[@vgwschutte]

the isolation also matters. things have been evolving there cut off from the rest of the world for tens of millions of years. So it's still Earth, but if we have to pick SOMEWHERE that might help us understand other planets, there's nowhere better on our planet that we can do it!

[@kittikataclysmic]

Titan doesn't even have liquid water

[@Schnitzelfox]

That flag at 3:09

[@vgwschutte]

hahahaha great catch. it's a whole thing

[@blobbertmcblob4888]

"While most fish have red blood thanks to the tiny eyeballs on their bloodcells"

[@KEVIN-sx4xe]

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current sounds like the Red Line from One Piece.

[@baggerseepirat1987]

Fantastic video as always, but why does everyone at MinuteEarth pronounce 'creatures' like 'critters'? Is this some kind of regional accent? All other native (American or British) English speakers I've ever come across pronounce it so that it rhymes with 'features'.

[@MinuteEarth]

Some behind the scenes info for you! We're not mispronouncing "creatures," instead, we are literally writing "critters" into our scripts. Stylistically, we feel it's a bit cuter and more casual than "creatures," so it's more of a preference thing than an accent thing ;)

[@nmmeswey3584]

​@@MinuteEarthhow is a starfish large enough to put your head in in any way cute

[@vgwschutte]

@@nmmeswey3584 their tube feet are ADORABLE 😭

[@yancgc5098]

More dissolved oxygen in the water isn’t a factor for the bigger sizes at all, there’s enough of it in the warmer oceans as is. Animals down in the Southern Ocean get bigger because of more nutrients in the water (example: way more krill for blue whales to eat there than in warmer waters), and the longer lifespan is because of there being less predators than in warmer oceans.

[@GORP83847]

Oxygen 100% helps with size, just look at the biggest animals to ever exist, they are in time periods characterized by extremely high oxygen levels.

[@thedude7319]

So it is like the all blue ?

[@SevenPr1me]

>Sanji would like to know this location

[@rioga98]

Shouldn't the cold water from the Antarctic go down then under, and hot water from the other oceans go up then top ?

[@bigchungus2667]

It's 1:37 in the morning.......

[@WetbackNoSetback]

What a great minute, my ADHD thanks you