The Anti-Universe

An exploration of a recent paper proposing that the universe has an anti-universe twin.
Links:
My Interview with Dr. Turok:
• A Quantum Beginning fo...
"The Big Bang, CPT and Neutrino Dark Matter", Boyle et al., 2022
arxiv.org/abs/...
My Patreon Page:
/ johnmichaelgodier
My Event Horizon Channel:
/ eventhorizonshow
Music:
Cylinder Eight by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommon...
Source: chriszabriskie...
Cylinder Five by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommon...
Source: chriszabriskie...

[@christosvoskresye]

"Physicist goes to supermarket, finds evidence of inflation."

[@senorpepper3405]

Lol

[@plexus]

*proof

[@fredg.sanford634]

Lol!

[@zahajek27]

Hell your jokes dude 🥶

[@Guy-z6o]

Philosopher goes to the same supermarket, then sees the difference is subjectivity. (Oh, and price). Then an economist walked in and, ... (PUT PUNCH LINE HERE).

[@Death_MTL_Dude]

Sitting at the bar, listening to this while drinking. Cheers to contemplating our existence 🍻

[@JarodM]

Cheers~🍻

[@missfriscowin3606]

Cheers 🥂

[@ETAisNOW]

I’m curious what kinda person goes out drinking at bars just to listen to KZbin space videos.

[@amir3515]

@@ETAisNOW alcoholic

[@8472turtle]

Cheers have one for me too 😁! Here's to an awesome space video!

[@draketungsten74]

"The universe is an incredibly strange place..." Yep, I've been there, can confirm.

[@scottydu81]

It’s where I keep all my stuff

[@choaticblack]

Its where i met my x wife

[@mshell1959]

@@choaticblack 👀

[@luciusmalfoy7778]

Being it's existence strange, would make it quite hard to explain my talking to myself...as if I'd reply back.

[@tyree9055]

There's nothing strange about the Universe, just the inhabitants... 🤣👍

[@tayzonday]

This is the best ASMR content.

[@Pruthivirajan1995]

Definitely

[@tottenhamhotspurish]

That voice is perfect for teaching.

[@OumuamuaOumuamua]

Ik this is off topic but after chocolate rain, what have you been doing with ur voice? You get any goodjobs from it?

[@swettyspaghtti]

chocolate rain guy LMAO

[@moosiemoose1337]

It's really fun to listen to when falling asleep. You get to listen to all these big, otherworldly concepts about space and space exploration with your eyes closed laying in bed in the dark.

[@Chris_Lohmann]

I remember the discussion you had with Dr. Neil Turok on this subject over on Event Horizon. It was such a fascinating conversation that I had to listen to the whole episode twice just to begin to wrap my brain around some of the concepts. I hope you’re planning on speaking with Dr. Turok again sometime.

[@JohnMichaelGodier]

Very likely and in the not too distant future hopefully.

[@grayaj23]

@@JohnMichaelGodier More Dr. Turok is always a good thing. His perspective is fascinating, even if the subject matter is always way over my head.

[@mattjack3983]

Me too, that was a really good episode

[@Lord_teleportdinero]

@@JohnMichaelGodier joe Biden is trash

[@Julius_Hardware]

If Dr Turok is not a Vulcan I will be slightly disappointed.

[@MichelleHell]

The question is not why does time go forward, but why does entropy exist? Time flows in the direction of entropy. Because time and space are relational, one cannot truly isolate a particle and have it go back in time. Entropy of the universe always increases and we are by definition within the entropic universe when we observe quantum systems, so we can never observe a particle traveling back in time as though they are not bound by entropy as we know it. In order for time to actually go backwards, all of the particles in the universe would have to reverse direction and doing that would least to exhaustion of all Gibbs free energy (energy available to do work) at an exponential rate. Its the same reason we cannot have perpetual motion or recycling of energy usage. For you to go backwards, every particle in your body would have to reverse its motion against thermodynamic. Some say time is an illusion because we have memories we cling onto and so we can't see that time does not drive the universe but is an emergent phenomenon that arises from thermodynamic constraints. Time is the boundary and constrain of our universe, like travelling beyond the edge of our universe. The universe is consistent in its behavior because there are such things as thermodynamic impossibilities like perpetual motion and trime travel. Maybe a better question is if there's a possibility for there to be a world where nonsense paradoxes can happen. Perhaps a new universe is spawned to avoid a thermodynamic paradox in the first place as in the formation of singularities. The only way to resolve the paradox is to start a new frame of reference. So I think if we did try to time travel, we'd create a singularity and spawn a new universe from our ashes. Black holes aren't singularities themselves, but boundaries between references of time and space nested like Russian dolls.

[@Thailand_Dan]

Been listening for years now... Your videos are always interesting and thought provoking. Especially like the ones about recent discoveries/research (i.e Tabby's Star, Oumuamua, etc). Thanks for the great content, and please keep it going.

[@AK09084]

The thumbnail what happens when I close my eyes hard for too long and then open them quickly

[@Battlebot111]

😑🫵🫵🫵🫵🫵

[@hoftroy24]

Me brain no work

[@suecondon1685]

😂

[@LoneReads]

Thank you JMG for always delivering awesome and well researched content!

[@josephchillemi7523]

When I try to wind down for the night I immediately check if there are any new videos from JMG/Event horizon. My insomnia is fueled by anxious thought of the day to come. Your videos keep my mind occupied with cool and interesting ideas, without being over stimulating or worrisome. Thank you for all these years of content.

[@godisfake78]

I love this channel. This guy's voice is just calming. Plus I love anything to do with outerspace.

[@stuart207]

My version of the simulation is so much better having you within it and I'm very grateful for your presence. Ty for being you 👍

[@gitar1hero1qaz]

Being a sack of meat with electricity flowing through it observing all this shit is incredibly overwhelming. Hats off to the ones that can translate all this shit to raw data and understand it

[@foxrexproductions1857]

Couldn’t have said it any better

[@PhilipPedro2112]

Space-monkeys surfing the cosmic wave ✨🔥🏄🏽‍♂️🔥✨

[@MainForcePatrolKZ]

Fantastic content as usual! Thank you John, your outro cracks me up every time lol

[@allanultimate]

This is amazing . I am in astronomy for my senior year and we are ending the unit with the end of the universe and all of this really made sense to me . The fact that a neutrino became separate from all other interacting force than the weak nuclear force and gravity means that this is highly possible since neutrinos interact with gravity ! And it is testible as well.

[@jacobvreeland6147]

"Most of an atom is empty space" I keep hearing that all the time and while true, I just had a random counter thought. Most of what we consider empty space is a lot less empty than it pretends to be.

[@TheSCPStudio]

That’s actually a common misconception. Atoms don’t look like the neat little diagrams we imagine in our head. Those just show the relative concentration of particles in that atom. The ‘empty’ space is essentially the nucleus slowly losing density as you move further from the nucleus. There are also quantum energy fields that exist in that space. So overall, it’s not as empty as you would believe; there’s no such thing as pure empty space. Even a vacuum emits energy of some sort (this is actually the tech they’re trying to use in order to create warp drives and have successfully created a very small ‘warp/quantum bubble with that vacuum energy).

[@hisokamorow4082]

“A lot less empty than it pretends to be” I like that idea a lot

[@rhorynotmylastname7781]

@@TheSCPStudio Isn't it kinda like a cloud or something

[@ElectronFieldPulse]

@@TheSCPStudio isn't background temperature 3.2 K? So there is always some energy, even In a vacuum.

[@Blue0000FF]

One of the few channels on KZbin that keeps me sane. Thank you John.

[@jbanerje14]

Finally got back to this video during the day after falling asleep to it about 3 times now. And wow your pronunciation of Antarctica is absolutely amazing and articulately spot on. Music to my ears

[@Dee-nonamnamrson8718]

I agree with the idea that time is an illusion, what we perceive is just the sequence of cause and effect, which is why things only happen in one direction.

[@theFLCLguy]

Am I the only person who gets energized by these videos instead of tired?

[@lagodifuoco313]

Just found this channel yesterday and I can't get enough.

[@LiftPizzas]

There's no particular reason to believe that time only proceeds in one direction. If time were to go backward and forwards, there would be no way to measure or record it. For all we know it could be going forward 20 ticks, backward 19, forward 23 years, backward 27 centuries, and so on, and we would still have the experience of time only moving forward. There could also be patterns like ours that experience consciousness in the opposite time direction who would also have no way of knowing if it goes both directions. You'd have to be outside of our universe to be able to detect it. Or time would have to go different directions in different parts of the universe, which would be like charge flipping in only part of the universe.

[@2Sor2Fig]

3:34 - I think the best explanation for time only flows in one direction is the 2nd law of thermodynamics: entoropy will (on average) always increase. Thus, the 'direction' of time will always favor chemical interactions that increase entropy, not ones that decrease them. Take a star for example; starts as a ball of hydrogen gas, increases in entropy and becomes a star, further increases in entropy and goes supernova or becomes a white dwarf. You don't see a white dwarf turn into a star because that it would require entropy to decrease, which (on average) doesn't happen.

[@ryanp7822]

Smoking a joint 🍃

[@iCQ_www.SPCL.tk_]

Hello sir!!! 🙏♥️ Did you know I elected you and your work and channel as one of the best on KZbin? You, your team, your guests, your stories, your images/clips, your presentation, your voice, your topics... It is all ++++

[@iCQ_www.SPCL.tk_]

Thank you so much for your time.... 💕

[@targuscinco]

I did too, like about 15 times.

[@NullScar]

Me too, straight to the high council. I collected 1500 signatures, both from humans and aliens, even some animals from earth I taught to read and write.

[@michaelking9818]

God bless you

[@Itsallindica]

When you drop an egg, it breaks apart in a random fashion. If time went backward, it would require a virtually impossible non random event for it to reassemble back into a whole egg. What would supply the energy and directed forces for that to happen?

[@Itsallindica]

@BenBenson I guess, but it seems to me it would defy logic, even in the backward timeframe. The broken egg contents on the counter would progress from dried up bits of crud to smelly rotten bits of gunk to slimy yuck, and at some point they would all fly toward each other, and assemble into an egg, that opposes gravity to reach it’s pre-dropped position. Further back (or ahead, depending on your perspective) in time, it would pop back into the hen, who would become younger an younger, until she assumed the fetal position and a broken eggshell enveloped her, and the process would repeat itself. Eventually the chicken would de-evolve back into a dinosaur, that would ultimately de-evolve into a single-celled organism, and on and on. Wouldn’t this series of events appear to make more sense if it were reversed, even to someone whose watch was running backward? I get it, the answer is no, but I guess that only proves that logic itself is illogical.

[@bobdrooples]

It would require entropy to reverse.

[@digitalwojtya3669]

@stinkystinkpot What if from perspective of an egg in this "anti universe" it still falls first and then breaks on impact, at least this is how I understand this "anti universe" concept, just like writing numbers on an axis - where going both directions away from zero you get one, just that one direction is marked as negative but numbers are mirrored in the same order. To say it even more simply, imagine a dot moving on "time" axis like a slider on this youtube video with the small difference that once you reach 0:00 you can go additional length of this video in negative minutes, you get the same video that is playing in reverse where frame on 1:00 is the same as frame on -1:00. This current video lenght from 0:00 is 13:21, but with our hypothetical video would be double of that, so if you would play the video forward from -13:21 to 0:00 it would go in reverse (imagine 0:00 as a big bang) and then play normally from 0:00 to 13:21, but if you play video in reverse from 13:21 to 0:00 it would go in reverse (duh) and then normally from 0:00 to -13:21. Now imagine instead moving one dot back and forward you have 2 dots that move away from 0:00 each in opposite direction, both dots from their perspective experience time moving forward and the video plays normally, despite that the other dot is from their perspective moving backwards, that ofc doesn't matter because the frames are backwards too. - - - - - - - - - - - - This is basically how I understand this, if Im wrong please someone correct me but Im pretty sure Im right on this one.

[@mario0318]

You're focusing on the egg breaking and what it would take to reverse the scenario within the terms you know in this time-moving-forward universe. But I believe a couple things of note that you're missing with the egg breaking analogy JMG provided: first, it was an analogy meant to illustrate symmetries on the subatomic scale. It may be easier to imagine an object like a photon colliding with an electron thus moving the electron into a higher energy state. But that higher energy electron may be short lived as the energy from the colliding photon may have not been enough to stabilize the electron into a higher energy state. So the electron emits a photon back into the field and returns to its previous lower energy state. Unlike the egg reassembling after breaking, the scenario I provided though not exactly representative of the anti-universe hypothesis, has been observed. We know this interaction occurs between electrons and photons as well with the other quantum objects of the Standard Model. Is it that much more impossible to imagine the egg breaking in reverse? Maybe instead of restricting the concept to ideas of "reassembling" or the energy it would take to calculate the exact movement of all the particles that make up the egg and its environment, you can instead think of it as the egg breaking in reverse, like rewinding a video frame by frame. It's not about the energy it takes to reverse an action in our time moving forward universe. But rather an absolute opposite for in such a time moving backward universe, the energy it would take to break the egg would seem the impossible defying logic. Also an interesting thought, but maybe our perception of time is backwards. What is we're the time moving backwards universe and what we think of as moving forward in time might end up being the rarer circumstance for a universe's defining properties. Though I acknowledge that with the anti-universe hypothesis the idea of one direction of time being rare would cease to be as it would violate the very notion of symmetry it proposes. But who knows!

[@peabody3000]

personally i don't believe cause-and-effect can ever become effect-and-cause in our universe. but i do believe maybe time could run backwards in an anti-universe, where cause would still lead to effect within its paradigm, albeit in reverse to our own universe's arrow of time

[@stonehouseguitars3869]

I actually specifically remember as a young kid making the observation that the structure of an atom and that of a solar system and other such tiny/large systems seemed comparatively similar. I always thought it odd.

[@michaelfried3123]

sounds like the dope smoking scene in the movie Animal House if you ask me...

[@unbounded_intellect]

That structure of an atom you're talking about is an outdated model though.

[@neendevi2477]

Thanks for helping me escape these sleepiness nights. Masterclass of a channel ☺️

[@GameHammerCG]

I absolutely love the idea of an anti-universe where effect can precede cause answering the age-old question of what was here before the universe. If that ends up being correct, it means the universe is not just symmetrical but it’s also rather simplified compared to the “oh there have been so many universes before ours” theory.

[@bobdrooples]

If time is running backwards, the past of the anti universe hasn't happened for it yet. It also implies that matter and antimatter in this anti universe is is made in reverse annihilation events. It also implies an end to this anti universe in a reverse big bang reverse entropy mess More Sci-Fi pseudo physics like many world's. It's not helpful and only good for yt videos.

[@telli5868]

if we experienced time backwards from the start, we’d never notice the difference it would be like going forward a mirrored direction of an identical road both ways

[@Sophiedorian0535]

The Unireverse?

[@spuriusscapula4829]

very creative!

[@mothbazooka]

The universerse?

[@CoolerGuy121]

😂

[@StayCoolKeto]

*Awesome video as always!!! enjoying this with a nice cuppa tea in the morning, great way to start the day!* 💪

[@NDHFilms]

The similarity of the universe at its smallest and largest scales could just mean that the shape of the universe is a fractal.

[@SomeOne-vf1rs]

The thing of a fractal is that at all scales you could see and recognize all the patterns. That we can’t immediately say that it is, means that it isn’t. Or it would be a pretty bad and kinda disappointing fractal.

[@DumboSanchez]

@@SomeOne-vf1rs i think you can. Put neuron pathways in the brain side by side with intergalactic structures and you'll see the same looking paterns. Nature is FULL of fractals and patterns that repeat as massively different scales.

[@fairybeliever5599]

While you were talking about the arrow of time that only goes forward, a thought popped up in my head. What if the reason for that is: That every interaction in the universe was pre planed. You can call it destiny. Even our being and thoughts. And all of it leading to the final pre planed outcome. I know it sounds surreal. But now when I think about it, it’s kind of terrifying. But also very possible. This could maybe also be done with a single electron. That skips back and forth and everything is playing out at the same time. But that will also mean that there is no time? Because start to finish happens at once. If viewed from outside of our universe and the time laws. Our universe would maybe just look like a fast blip. Sorry that I’m rambling. I don’t have any scientific background and I don’t know how possible this might actually be. Thank you for your content ❤️

[@thomasyunick3726]

pre- arranged futures map out the past

[@effingright3045]

That's along the lines of predetermination. If the universe is just cause and effect, then everything from the first instant of the Big Bang to when the last partical in the universe stops spinning is predetermined. It just plays out, cause > effect, along a predetermined course. If so, are you really acting according to your own free will or is your consciousness just a passive observer of a pre-existing, unalterable chain of events? Are you a backseat driver in your own life, under the illusion that you're choosing to act, when every choice you make is just the effect of previous causes, endlessly propelling you forward? You can make a choice but you have no choice in what you choose to do. It's all predetermined.

[@literallyagalaxy7789]

It's possible and it's called determinism

[@StevenBara]

A little system theory: my guess is that all the things like infinity, time, ..., we can't wrap our heads around, is because we're stuck in this system and can't ever understand anything outside due to the lack of perspective. We're trying to explain it with the means of our perspective to make sense of it. We can ever get so far, but eventually we'll fail. If we could get out of that system, everything would "light" up immediately.

[@residentenigma7141]

@ayy lmao 🙄🤔🤣 . . 🧐

[@cdeschrevel5341]

@ayy lmao hey Joe rogan is that you?

[@simonmasters3295]

Interesting life hack suggestion

[@flux9433]

makes sense biology plays big role but not for long because technically technology will take one step up as evolution from biology but whats next?

[@StevenBara]

@@flux9433 I think the question is rather can we evolve (biologically or technically or else?) to be able to go outside of the system. Like those animals that managed to leave the oceans and walk on land. Or are we more like goldfish that need some alien to take us out of the water and put us in a jar in their living rooms. And if they did, would we know. Do those goldfish know they are not in the ocean or wherever they live 😂 Also, @ayy lmao , as drugs are part of this system they might not be able to take you out of it. But who knows 😄

[@AJScraps]

JMG arrives when needed, never too early, never too late. Thank you for the awe inspiring content🙏😇🌟

[@MCsCreations]

Another amazing video, JMG! Thanks!!! 😃 Stay safe there with your family! 🖖😊

[@kathymayes4290]

When you first learned of cells in our bodies, didn’t you think we humans were just like those cells, but for a larger body of the universe?

[@jamesdreads7828]

another awesome topic!! best space content on yt

[@barretprivateer8768]

I'm interested how CPT symmetry can even be applied to the whole universe and how it suggests an antiuniverse. It was my understanding that many things violate symmetries and need to for the universe to work the way it does.

[@StreakyBaconMan]

I think all he's saying is that if you apply CPT symmetry to the entire universe, the universe violates CPT symmetry unless there is an 'anti-universe' with all the opposites that we're missing in our universe.

[@ILoveDashie20]

Due to CBT I'm asymmetric.

[@volcaniicash6485]

@@ILoveDashie20this was witty.

[@kanukistani2984]

Entropy must always increase. As time moves forward, entropy increases. Time cannot move the other way as this would decrease entropy. At least thats what I picked up from thermodynamics. No exception to this rule has ever been found.

[@DumboSanchez]

I think life itself is a massive violator of entropy. The molecules in your body would surely love to break down and disperse but they don't. Consider this- a car engine is a very stable machine. Keep it topped up with fuel and lubricant and it'll happily keep chugging away for a very long time. But damage or remove some internal components and it'll quickly damage itself further and break down At this point is has returned to the default state of not working. The human body is a too a stable machine. But damage or remove some components and it'll somehow diagnose, and attempt to adapt and repair itself which is mind blowing. Even more mindblowing to me is the fact that the engine was demonstrably designed by the combined efforts of countless man-hours of design, while the second machine appears to simply assembled itself. Draw your own implications about the nature of god and the universe, and the fact that the two may be two sides of the same coin

[@jaimeberkovich]

entropy increases as we go forward in time, time can be defined the direction of events which increases entropy. seems circular to me tbh

[@literallyagalaxy7789]

@@DumboSanchez Well, life doesn't violate entropy, because the second law of thermodynamics doesn't apply to open systems like living beings, so their entropy can decrease

[@sciencerscientifico310]

Although presumably, entropy could be altered in some way by a race with technology millions or billions of years beyond our own.

[@moonooze6171]

Always love your content! Reminds me to be in awe of this world we're in!

[@NoelDelfin]

This channel is gold. Suggestion: apply some compression to the voice. Narrator tends to go quiet on some last syllables. Keep it up!

[@himynameis3664]

I love putting on your playlists and just drifting

[@samgamgee7384]

"Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana." ~ Groucho Marx

[@clawsonsful]

Awesome I’ve been hoping for any updates to the Turok interview.

[@drakkondarkspell]

If a particle is travelling backwards through time, then its creation will, by definition, look like decay. We only experience time in one direction, so anything in the on-coming lane, so to speak, will be considered only in the frame of reference we have, the direction we consider to be forward. And that is nothing compared to considering the idea that we may be the universe travelling backward through time...

[@ProfessorJayTee]

Over the entire universe, matter and antimatter may indeed be found in exactly equal portions. The universe may be infinite. But even if it is finite, if the universe is large enough, the entire visible universe could be equivalent to no more than one of the tiniest bubbles we see on the cosmic microwave background. Inflationary cosmology says that the initially tiny universe expanded by AT LEAST 10^29 in size (~10^87 in volume) in a matter of ~10^-35 seconds. I cannot find a figure restraining a MAXIMUM of expansion anywhere. So if there were antimatter and matter areas, they would now be so widely separated, that the matter portions make up the entire visible universe, likely extending out well beyond our event horizon and Hubble horizon. This would explain why we see no "antimatter cosmos," nor any signs of interaction between matter and antimatter at the far edges of the visible universe (such as radiation from their mutual annihilation). All we will ever see or interact with are the "ordinary matter" portions within our visible universe.

[@robbabcock_]

A truly fascinating notion! A great video, JMG.😎🙏

[@dfoste1487]

Always look forward to your videos. Thank you for being you.

[@Reignor99]

The next 13 minutes of my life now have meaning.

[@ronanoke]

3 vids in one week! Thanks JMG!!

[@TommyTumma]

Wouldn’t it just be the Antiverse

[@ppsayl1235]

What about entropy? The end result in an anti universe would be perfection and complete annihilation/breakdown in our universe.

[@tonynagy2042]

It's hard to explain, but I'm thinking at some point, time has to reverse itself, back to the beginning, and then start time all over again. I remember a point in my timeline, when I was about 9 or 10 years old. I was in school, and the subject must have been Geography, because to this day I'm still fascinated by geography, and how the Earth works, anyway long story short. The teacher was talking about there is no end to Space, and that it goes to infinity. The reason I remember this, is that I argued with her, telling her that there IS an END to Space, I wouldn't accept her notion, that it goes on forever and ever (LOL). I don't know why I was so adamant in saying there is an end to Space. I had no factual evidence or knowledge about Space. Maybe I was just in a bad mood? I was quite upset. The more she said Space is infinite, the more I disagreed. Some things in life you never forget. I also watched a video twice, its on YT "Timelapse of the future. A journey to the end of time". Have you seen it?... Anyway, Just wanted to make that comment to you, seeing you mentioned Entropy. Imagine if we reach the technological point, and see that someone is actually looking at our Universe through a microscope. I've also thought about this. Cheers, Blessings!...ps: I hope JMG reads this...LOL.

[@ElectronFieldPulse]

You would have a reverse law of entropy. Entropy will only decrease as time moves "forward", or reverse in our reference frame.

[@ppsayl1235]

@@ElectronFieldPulse Jacob, Yes: but both points create a finite conundrum: the decrease in entropy moving forward through an anti-universe would eventually result in the initial creation of said space, whereas the breakdown of order would continue in our normal universe until it reaches vacuum equilibrium where all matter has been displaced due to entropy. Although there appears (to me, anyway) to be a finite starting point for the creation of matter which is achievable through the reversal of chaos in an anti-universe scenerio, we do not yet know if there is a similar wall or barrier which prevents matter from breaking down beyond our known physics in our own universe. At some point the two states should collide, resulting in equilibrium and the suspension of entropy in our existence and non-entropy in the alternate space. A lot of thoughts here and just thinking out loud. I have a tendancy to overcomplicate things (being a humble IS project manager)! So the answer may be much more subtle and reasonable than suggested.

[@michaeltuckerman6983]

My brain will never be the same again. That was heavy

[@Dragrath1]

Something possibly important for this subject is the No big Crunch theorem proved for the general inhomogenous and anisotropic domain of the Einstein field equations which show that mathematically any time slice of spacetime that is initially expanding will always have a larger spatial volume within that timeslice than preceding timslices regardless of the exact distribution of matter/energy. This has powerful links to entropy and provides a natural alternative explanation for the observed acceleration generally attributed to "dark energy" as this constraint says that overall the volume of the universe can never reverse i.e. any local slowing of expansion due to concentrations of matter will be overcompensated by the acceleration of underdensities of matter. This in effect automatically builds in a cosmologically nonlocal arrow of time linked to the global entropy of spacetime which always drives space to ever increasing large scale asymmetry. In essence mathematically this theorem shows that symmetric solutions to the Einstein field equations are unstable equilibria any slight deviation from perfect symmetry will cause the off diagonal terms to no longer be able to cancel out meaning that the off diagonal terms of the metric tensor will grow without bounds which is what effectively drives the observed time asymmetry and increase in entropy at least within a globally expanding universe. Conversely this means that for a contracting universe derived from the same symmetric initial state the contraction would drive asymmetries in the opposite direction hence meaning you would get a universe where the spatial volume in any given time slice must shrink forever, at least in the classical limit, though this might be better considered a negative entropy? After all the absolute minimum entropy state for a 3+1 dimensional spacetime becomes the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker metric which can only remain valid under the unphysical conditions where there is no scale invariant change in spatial volume and hence no expansion or contraction. The guaranteed time asymmetry of the generalized unconstrained Einstein field equations really changes things up because in addition to ruling out the existence of any global big crunch type scenarios it gives a fundamental origin for the arrow of time and allows a geometric definition of entropy. The result of both backward and forward time universes from a decaying Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker metric would easily fit into and perhaps be automatically produced by such a model which amusingly happens to be the natural unconstrained outcome for any arbitrary initial energy stress tensor to the general Einstein field equations. Basically the assumption used to fit the simplified Freidman equations to our universe can shown to be false aka the cosmological principal must always be violated in any nontrivial set of Einsteinian manifolds as otherwise the solution will always result in logical self contradictions. Dark energy is in essence a stopgap "fix" to try and get around this fundamental problem through the use of a force fitted constraint but this is an unjustified assumption which recent work by Nathan J. Secrest et al 2021 ApJL 908 L51 has shown is observationally inconsistent with our observable universe to a statistical significance of 4.9 sigma aka only a 1 in 2 million chance for observations ruling outs such a model being a statistical fluke. This combined with Occam's razor since everything that the dark energy model supposes to explain always occurs within the unconstrained Einstein field equations. On a tangentially related note I realized a few weeks back that this entropy based model might also provide a natural explanation for gravity when thinking about how quantization of matter within the energy stress tensor might effect spacetime as if the net effect of vacuum is to accelerate expansion likely due to underlying properties of quantum field fluctuations then gravity may merely be a representation of a Casmir effect analog pulling mass together due to the imbalance of quantum fields on both sides of two massive bodies in essence gravity could merely be a probabilistic consequence of the maximization of entropy explaining why gravity is so abysmally weak compared to the other forces of nature. For more on the afformentioned paper proving the no big crunch theorem look up the paper titled Inhomogeneous and anisotropic cosmology: Matthew Kleban and Leonardo Senatore JCAP10(2016)022

[@doncarlodivargas5497]

4:27 if there is only one single electron in the universe, and i somehow managed to catch it, how much would the world be willing to pay me to let it loose again?

[@ivanrubil4320]

Oh yeah this new Godier rate of quickly getting new videos out is Godilicious!

[@ragdolsaboveaverage]

I love this channel because you’re like the forgotten weapons Ian of astronomy

[@franklin519]

Kinda looks like him lol

[@jefflyon2020]

Good comparison, i love both channels also. Try watching Jason Kendall's lectures on astronomy, amazing info without all the impossible math,Cool worlds is also good...FYI.

[@retsz]

I wonder if there's a universe that goes backwards through time, how do you think the people in that universe would experience their lives? Do you wake up from being dead with all your life experiences and over 70 years or so you forget everything that's ever happened to you as you get younger? Would these people become unborn?

[@_nebulousthoughts]

I think time is a mono dimension or essentially it's the explosion of the big bang like a radial explosion from our perspective it would look like it's going backwards but it's 180° from us in time, still moves "forward" from their point of view

[@curseoftheegglady]

I think they would experience the beginning of their lives as birth and the end as death and everything in-between as the journey from birth to death, so I think we could understand each other despite the different "mechanics" of each event.

[@doomsdayangel4647]

You'd go to school to unlearn until you're a baby then when it's time to return to the womb they'll uncut your umbilical cord back on and stick you back into your mother.

[@redgrengrumbholdt2671]

It's not the opposite of our universe it just has the opposite flow of time. Life would likely be very different as a result as well, if existing at all.

[@scientchahming5]

Maybe. They'd also experience regression in technology.

[@ShowMeTheMendozas]

#1 under rated channel on KZbin

[@NaturallyBornBad]

Imagine a meeting with beings that run backwards in time while we run forward in time and how hard or impossible that would be

[@dougm9157]

Love the content as always -- personally, I always find the subject matter far too interesting to be sleep inducing. :)

[@johnjeffreys6440]

Excluding all matter, the universe must exist, and is impossible for it not to exist. If it didn't exist, what would take it's place? Therefore, the universe never had a beginning, and will never have an end. This also lends to infinity as well. Although, the material universe of stars and planets had a beginning.

[@freakyzed8467]

Why does something taking its place matter for your statement? Not disagreeing with any of what you said but that feels extraneous and not provable.

[@jr2904]

Why couldn't there just be nothing?

[@InabaPrism]

In the Anti-Universe, Space talks about John Michael Godieeeeeeeeeer.

[@Coldsteak]

metroid prime 3 predicted this

[@_swordfern]

Yes, JMG. Way to be on top of the collective thought. 🔱🧘‍♂️🌙

[@enigmalfidelity]

There is no "moving forward" or "moving backwards". We are here in a single form of existence. One of the hardest concepts to explain but once it clicks, it clicks.

[@robertschlesinger1342]

Very interesting ,informative and worthwhile video.

[@pedroortega4341]

I love your videos man

[@jamesprince207]

Mr. Godier, I want to thank you for providing me with relaxing and Informative entertainment for some time now... Long Liiiiiiiiiiiiiive John Michael Godier!

[@cryptid_legend7567]

Love your videos and the way you explain thing's. Keep them coming.

[@cyrilio]

I’m still wondering about what happens between the ticks of time.

[@elinope4745]

Time is relative. Between ticks of one reference frame, others ticks are slower, others are faster. It gets wonky when you try to describe distant moving objects as sharing your own time.

[@charlesshreeve319]

Clock entropy.

[@GOLDCOASTROLLOUT]

You get Tocks between the Ticks of time...😏

[@professorpancakes6545]

Just more time

[@FalkFlak]

Thought about this a lot as a kid. You speak of what happens between "the frames" like on a monitor screen so to speak; and what makes you jump from one frame to the other. I think common notion is that time is continuous (which basically only means motion/space is continuous). But there is also the tiniest amount of time where our physics still work (planck time). So in the end it's as usual: no one really knows.

[@SquirrelASMR]

Yaaay lots of jmg uploads recently :)

[@maeton-gaming]

Jean Petit-Pierre is a french astrophysicist who has a unified theory of physics that actually involves two "manifolds" of the universe, the positive one that we live and are accustomed to, and a "negative reimann manifold" that is where most of the antimatter in the universe would be scattered about, but other than that it should be extremely empty. He proposes current UAP's travel by "mass inverting" from our positive manifold to the negative one, and then unaffected by regular matter they are able to "skip" or travel immense distances that defy Euclidean geometries, only to then "dip" back into positive-space (and yes he links it to the tardis just popping in place) seemingly just materializing in and out of space, much like people say UAPs do...

[@izzyj.1079]

'Far out. So, there's an infinite number of parallel universes?' 'No, just the two'

[@AutisticThinker]

Omg, I had this theory (idea) five years ago (that just popped in to my head one night), thanks for articulating so well. It's the inevitable conclusion of watching all the PBS SpaceTime, Sabine and Arvin Ash episodes that they've made (PBS Space Time, often more than once). :)

[@johnevans347]

At certain scales, it reminds me of the structure of bone tissue under an electron microscope.

[@beardedroofer]

The problem is entropy. No matter how bad we want time travel, we cannot reverse entropy, we cannot reverse the aging of every single particle of every single molecule in the universe.

[@CewyahAlt]

You are extremely creative, imaginative and are entertaining.

[@spacesciencelab]

3:17 what I don't understand here is how is a breaking egg is similar to an egg unbreaking?

[@cake6420]

I have an interesting theory. What if every little thing in the universe affects us, like a natural computer that is running a program, we are the program.

[@RiggidyNick]

Ahh yes numerous JMG videos in a few of each other. Life is good sometimes. Ty John!

[@trillmixin6999]

what if stars are just atoms to a much larger universe

[@han-tyumitheconfusedcyborg1656]

What

[@spacetexan1667]

Just sat down to play a game and podcast on my pc and this drops... sorry joe Rogan but J.M.G demands my attention 😈

[@browny00245]

Keep these videos coming sir!

[@erictaylor5462]

Black holes don't have an inside. Gravity at the event horizon is so intense that time comes to a stop at the event horizon. This means that nothing has, from our perspective crossed the even horizon yet. When you look at a black hole you see a sphere, but this is an illusions caused by the effects of relativity. If you tried to fly into a black hole, you would see the event horizon dead ahead, but the black hole would evaporate before you reached it.

[@iainpalmer2000]

Thank you JMG. great as always

[@eduarddoornbos2409]

If time runs backwards, I'd like to see a pack of lions spew out a buffalo

[@pcproffy]

I wonder at the point of the Big bang if the universe split in two. One going forward in time, and a mirror image expanding backwards in time. Where did all the antimatter go? It's there. You just have to go backwards in time to see it.

[@kylemiller1984]

Things I would not want to do in an anti universe. Go to the bathroom, number 1 or 2, vomit, or eat. What else would be terrifing in reverse?

[@gives_bad_advice]

On the bright side, breaking your leg would be a great experience.

[@MrKago1]

an 80's horror gem was Prince of Darkness that discusses this very principle. they say if there is an anti-universe, there must also be an anti-god. not satan. but an equally powerful, opposite. the dream sequence in that movie is one of the creepiest things ever made by Hollywood.

[@gooberclown]

There is a serious risk factor in physics that may be introduced by speculation about so called Dark Matter. Such matter has never been observed and in fact, it should not come as a major surprise that the Big Bang has it's own, major inconsistentcies. I am saying, quite simply, that errors of observation in physics can compound into major deviations from the truth, as it actually exists. Why don't we just throw in some blind speculation about something comical, like Dark Light? Physics is becoming an inconsistent hodgepodge of imaginary quantities that can only serve as a springboard for major confusion in science.

[@RoldanRR00]

You are most likely correct. The Big Bang is as doggedly accepted to the scientific community as Genesis is to Christians.

[@gooberclown]

@Neon Nights I reject your statement as a lapse of logic. Also, in reference to so called Dark Matter, see Eric Lerner's critique, entitled, 'Dr. Wright is Wrong'.

[@babynautilus]

really enjoyed the idea about the twin universes creased in time along the big bang!

[@richardlbowles]

I can imagine an anti-universe, where time runs backwards, space collapses and Duran-Duran are actually a *good* band.

[@Screamo_RC]

Really thought provoking, great work

[@SOLIDSNAKE.]

Just what I needed

[@thebaccathatchews]

The antimatter universe of Qward?! DC got it right?!

[@SquirrelASMR]

For some reason my brain wants to imagine that right "beside" our universe in some other dimension, there is the antiuniverse where people are wondering where all the normal matter is. Like two universes growing _beside_ eachother like some hourglass type shape if u drew the history of both idkbbut its not that shape in my head just some time infographic