The Best Evidence For The First Americans...so far

[@StefanMilo]

AD & Important Clarification: Get an exclusive Surfshark deal! Enter promo code STEFANMILO for an extra 3 months free at surfshark.deals/stefanmilo Also an important clarification from the Nez Perce. They do not support the testing of human remains for ancient DNA as it is a destructive process and not how they believe the dead should be treated. My apologies for not making their opposition to that clear in this video.

[@robertfaucher3750]

I think you need to make a video on the Ainu before 2023 ends as well.

[@alanhyland5697]

Just a quick comment to boost your algorithm and to say, "What a fascinating topic. Great video."

[@shainemaine1268]

Stefan I really really really NEED to speak with you. I promise you will not be disappointed! There's something that needs your urgent attention...

[@butterfacemcgillicutty]

(As a person with a very similar chin as you I want to let you know - you should hold the camera at a higher angle, pointing down at your face instead of up. It is a more flattering angle. Do a couple experiments and examine your results and you'll see what I mean).

[@brooklyna007]

Thank you so much for this video! I am really curious what you think about evidence of human habitation before 20k years ago?

[@StefanMilo]

"Archaeology isn't truth it's argument" Love that line from Loren at the end there. What do you think of this argument? ALSO AN IMPORTANT CLARIFICATION - An important clarification from the Nez Perce. They do not support the testing of human remains for ancient DNA as it is a destructive process and not how they believe they dead should be treated. My apologies for not making their opposition to that clear in this video.

[@JuandeFucaU]

yah but..... is it a 5 minute argument or the full half hour?

[@StrawHat83]

This is the way.

[@3yerrt]

Well history is often coined as the "never ending discussion", so it definitely relates with what Loren said. There's always room to learn and understand new information

[@hgodfrey]

Stefan your channel is excellent. Please keep doing this

[@jimbobjrshabado]

It's true!

[@thatotherted3555]

I really admire how you've been able to steadily improve the quality of your videos without losing either the charming personal touches, or the depth and thoroughness of your research. Also, it's fascinating to me when indigenous historians can supplement archaeological findings with additional information, as Nakia Williamson-Cloud does here. The note at the end about the three even earlier towns is kind of mind-blowing.

[@DennisMathias]

Yea, I was going to say that too up above but I compliment this guy so much that he'd just get a big head and we can't have that. We need more videos.

[@telebubba5527]

Indeed. All over the world the stories of indigenous people should be taken into account. They often have meanings that we don't quite understand yet, but will over the years.

[@Vorwen]

This. ❤

[@jeffmacdonald9863]

It is fascinating, but it can be given too much emphasis too. That the Nez Perce used that site in prehistoric times doesn't mean that there's any direct connection between their traditions and the people using it in the Ice Age.That they have traditions of earlier towns before they used the Cooper's Ferry site doesn't mean those earlier towns have to be older than the first inhabitation there.

[@thephilguy1]

99% agree, there could be more spoon mics.

[@StefanMilo]

An important clarification from the Nez Perce. They do not support the testing of human remains for ancient DNA as it is a destructive process and not how they believe they dead should be treated. My apologies for not making their opposition to that clear in this video.

[@paneofrealitychannel8204]

The truth is that science may tend to get in the way of their quazi political heredity agenda.

[@BBPalmer420]

Oh you better be sorry, that was appalling! Can’t believe you did that 🙃

[@Kinthesky]

The Nez Perce are typical of all modern NA native tribes in their belief that these ancient human remains ( and the DNA within them ) are "they're" direct kin. The human notion that, "This is my people's land! This ain't your people's land!" isn't just limited NA native people. It doesn't appear to even be limited our species for that matter. The idea that there's an unbroken line of current native inhabitants on these lands to these ancient remains may have more to do with modern legal land claims than anything else. These beliefs may or may not be borne out by the results of DNA testing and other archaeological evidence but it's highly doubtful anything remotely approaching a direct lineage could ever be established to resolve a modern property claim. I mean, I get why someone wouldn't like anyone messing with the remains of anyone's ancestors but is it really about how destructive DNA testing is compared to not testing them and reburial by modern native inhabitants who likely aren't even related?

[@2asandab218]

I think learning about the people of the past is a way of honoring them.

[@ChrisVanSlykeCVS]

@@Kinthesky I agree the knowledge that can be gained from DNA work should override some religious or spiritual objection especially when the result involves confirming or denying a claim of victimhood and compensation. Taking a fragment and DNA removal is barely recognizable.

[@danlines2725]

As a member of the Red Lake Nation in Minnesota with a background in archeology I applaud your work. The Asian connection has always been of great interest to me. Well done!

[@daveharr7969]

Please explain reference to horses.

[@MissingNumb]

Horses have long been a part of Asian history/culture. Only for landlocked islands like Japan would they not be introduced until recent times.

[@williammoreno-pp1og]

Asian connection has nothing too do with our people, this videos is just based on theories!

[@robertafrender3935]

​@williammoreno-pp1og skull type disagrees with your theory. There are ..I think three types of skulls. Asian, Caucasian, and African. This is one of the basics of human archeological studies. How did the ancestors come to this land? Fascinating! I have long wondered about ships from Asia. Ancient Japanese balast stones were found off the coast of California. DNA also links Japan and the ancestors. I have no clue either, just like these folks. Just a multitude of questions that have so many "what ifs " attached, all going in different ways.

[@Yes-fe8ni]

​@williammoreno-pp1og it has a lot to do with Native Americans but I get your point people were already here. Then others came from Asia on the west and possible even from the east coast and mixed.

[@RideAcrossTheRiver]

In the Great Lakes area, relict indigenous shoreline encampments from thousands of years ago are ... under water. The old lake shorelines are still down there.

[@jamesschaller753]

Thousands of years ago is fairly “recent” in history terms when theres evidence from tens of thousands of years ago

[@RideAcrossTheRiver]

@@jamesschaller753 There's still no evidence for Europeans arriving to N. America before 1000 CE, though.

[@TonyTapay]

The idea that 15,000 years ago the Oregon shore was 35 miles from where it is now is pretty stunning. It causes me to ponder what additional islands and waypoints might have been available to aid sea migrations back then.

[@ry-land-]

So much lost history crazy to think about

[@Cat_Woods]

And if technology and excavation methods continue to improve, maybe at some point future archeologists will be able to discover what lies hidden in some of those places. Wouldn't that be amazing?

[@notrobert8284]

​@Cat_Woods That's a really good point. Lidar already seems like something out if a SciFi film. Can't wait to see what kind of strategies we employ next :D

[@sickerOr]

Especially considering that at least in modern times, most humans live and travel along coast lines!

[@rosegeaber7533]

Just think, it isn’t just your coast but all coasts!😮

[@jasonrudoff9579]

Hey Stefan, I’m an anthropology nerd from Florida and I love your videos and have been watching for years. Please do a video on the extinct native Americans of Florida like the timucua tequesta and ais. There is literally NOTHING known about them because they were all killed off centuries ago by diseases brought by the Spanish. Apparently there related to certain Mexican and Native American populations and there could have been a Taino presence in south east Florida. They look so interesting how they survived the deadly and hot swamp nature of Florida. Near me in boca raton there is a Native American burial mound that’s now part of a country club and no one’s ever paid attention to it.

[@Dionaea_floridensis]

I'm also a Floridian anthropology nerd :D

[@Gildedmuse]

It won't be a very good video if there is nothing known on them ^^ I'm joking, it actually sounds fascinating. I'm not from Florida, and I'd never heard of this culture. Do we know about when they lived?

[@telebubba5527]

@@Gildedmuse "they were all killed off centuries ago by diseases brought by the Spanish". So before the Spanish arrived in Florida. It started out with European colonisation as a Spanish colony, hence Florida.

[@cj415guerrero]

Yes I’d love to know too!

[@myqueerplantfamily]

I second your request! I would love to know more about the Taino people too. 🇨🇺

[@plaidshirt9955]

You cannot know how excited I am to hear you say you will be investigating population Y. Being of Aboriginal Australian decent, people are so intent on dismissing the possibility of outside contact being made prior to European contact and the subject is so unknown as a result. I am absolutely ecstatic to hear you will be exploring this link and cannot wait to hewr what you uncover. ❤💛🖤

[@jamesbarels469]

Sweet Potato is the best evidence I know of for contact between South America and Peoples from the Pacific Islands.

[@darko714]

We will probably find evidence of prior contact from other neolithic cultures as well.

[@azborderlands]

I’m not surprised at all that Polynesians would be related to native Americans and someway

[@antiichristie]

I LOVE how a central theme of this channel is respect and love and humanity for our ancestors. It's very heartwarming

[@facu3744]

As a south american archaeology student, its very Interesting how the early american population studies are SOOOO northamerican centered. In chile we have Monte Verde with dates from 14.000 to even 18.000 BCE!!! For the archaologist at charge on the works of that site (who was from USA btw) it was VERY difficult to prove that dates, even tho the evidence was very obvious. Imagine that, sooo many miles at south and even older dates

[@Earthstein]

Loved it. I'm an old man from NE New Mexico. I am 24% Native, localized in the area I am from; according to DNA. It's wonderful and fun to think of where my different peoples came from. Really appreciate your work, Stefan.

[@ThePhoenix109]

Everyone is native nowadays.

[@colbyr7811]

So all yo old ass ancestors never moved, lived in the same region generations after generations? How boring that must be. No wonder you got colonized so easy

[@robertafrender3935]

​@@ThePhoenix109😂 ❤

[@jamesschaller753]

@@ThePhoenix109i mean alot of people ARE part native. Europeans did breed with them…

[@mallarieluvsgirls]

@@ThePhoenix109white people have always lied about it. and yea? there’s tons of us! lmao. why is that a surprise to you? there was over 100 million of us

[@Kodama666]

the part about japan is really interesting to me because there was a unique culture in northern japan called the Ainu(who are also one of the oldest genetic lineages out of africa i believe), who look very distinct from modern japanese people and actually kinda resemble native americans, and they were actually from the hokkaido region, where their lineage lives on. This is a really interesting connection to me but obviously i am not confirming anything a lot of research would have to be done on this

[@Kodama666]

@Pronto yea you are definitely right, i believe their genetics covered the whole island before asian influence came, and as for how they got to north america i cant speak on haha, interesting tho, i also just followed up a bit and it seems that the lineages of the native americans and the ainu do not correlate however so i guess im probably wrong lol

[@telebubba5527]

That bit was only about the arrow points. Genetically they have a Mal'ta, near the Baikal lake in Russia, connection. Mal'ta seems to be a very special place in human history, as it also seems that those who ultimately ended up in the 'Fertile Cresent' originated from there also. So finding 'European' genes within the native American population has a different reason than always thought. Those genes are Central Asian, not European. Pretty mindboggling don't you think?

[@jeffmacdonald9863]

The strongest genetic links to Native Americans though are to Siberian populations, not to Ainu, which complicated the picture. Tool links to one region and genetic links to a different population.

[@CourtneySchwartz]

“Is” not “was”… Ainu still live on Hokkaido and Sakhalin.

[@teovu5557]

Ainu DNA is very different from Native Americans. Natives have the same Ydna Q as many Siberians. Ainu people have mainly the rare Ydna D found almost only in Japan,Tibet and the Andaman Islands.

[@Man-In-The-Home-Stretch]

Don't count on the History Channel to do it either. They're too busy making brain-dead, fact-devoid Ancient Alien series, rather than any shows with a shred of credibility.

[@kylebushnell2601]

🤣 this made zero sense. And as someone who has a bachelors in science, I can’t understand a word you basically just said. It sounds like some sort of obsession with identity politics though and confusion is rife with anyone who thinks like this 👍 👏 People who claim they are serious academics like this 😅🥲

[@kylebushnell2601]

Bach of* science in History

[@bakma4913]

So right! That the 1st humans originated in Africa is political rather factual!

[@maxr5799]

We’re very lucky to have KZbin. There truly are some great historians/anthropologists/etc both amateur and professional uploading content to KZbin for free!

[@markschuler1511]

​@kylebushnell2601 I'm certain if he were American he'd be a transgender Biden supporter! 😅😅😅

[@Aurinkohirvi]

Hi from Finland. These Mal'ta-Buret culture (as a genetic group known as Ancient North Eurasian ANE) people are forefathers to American natives, Europeans and Siberians. I know something about ANE-components with American natives, but there ws also another genetic group in Asia, the Ancient East Eurasians. I would be interested to know what role the AEE-people played with populating the Americas. Also, when chatting with other people and watching KZbin human ancestry ideos, I've noticed that people think Siberia was in Stone Age populated by East Asians: they don't know at all that ancient Siberians lived there tens of millenias before East Asians expanded into Mongolia and Western China around 2000 years ago. Somehow, Paleo-Siberians do not exist for them, even though they are forefathers to Europeans.

[@loobly]

I'm an anthropology student at the university of Idaho, which is really a privilege even though our program is woefully small (at orientation my freshman year there were a total of 3 anthropology majors including myself). Our uni is on Nez Perce land and there are a lot of classes on Nez Perce culture and language and history, that on top of the interesting projects happening in the area makes it so amazing. I'm taking a course next semester based around Tribal Elders from local groups telling traditional stories and histories

[@harrykrebs]

I took a few courses of Anthropology at the U of I, several years ago. One course I enjoyed was "Indians of Idaho".

[@ronpflugrath2712]

Nick Zentner is full dive this winter on ice age flood series of northwest

[@gregkosinski2303]

I would recommend switching majors to something that will get you employment.

[@skyreinhardt1998]

I’m a student here as well. Not an anthropology major of course, but a big part of my major is soils. I always stop by Tolo Lake on the way past Grangeville. It’s pretty cool to think how the carbon rich soils of the Camas prairie may have been created in part by the herds of extinct mega-fauna that once roamed up there.

[@daveharr7969]

Please explain reference to horses.

[@FreeManFreeThought]

I LOVE the painting at 3:31; the the rowers weary, but the dog just living the dream. Whoever the artist is, they did an amazing job; it's beautiful.

[@jj53368]

As a person born in Mexico who is often asked if I’m asian, I’ve been asking myself questions about this bit of history ever since I was little (I’m a very curious person). Thank you for doing this subject justice! Sounds like I’m not the only one with the questions, but boy was it cool to hear all the tidbits of research that we have been able to uncover since I last learned about this. Also, the fun fact about their shore being kilometers away from the current shore is absolutely mind blowing! Your channel is incredible. Keep up the amazing work!

[@MoeBergOSS]

You are likely 95% Spanish and a native tribe of Mexico. The Spanish came, murdered and e slaves the locals. So part of your ancestors raped, murdered and enslaved the other half. Sort of like a half white half black American.

[@Metztli0]

You’re Native American too. Claim your roots and disassociate yourself from using the colonial term’s the U.S has given our people to make us feel like immigrants. They’ve been omitting the truth from us. That’s why, they hardly teach Native American history in schools. You should also find your genealogy. You’re probably 78%, or more Native American, which is awesome. I’ve seen a lot of videos here of MX taking DNA tests and finding out their mostly Native American.

[@kylerBD]

@@Metztli0 When did this person say they were not native american?

[@bradleyflinn3421]

@@Metztli0 Native Americans came from Asia

[@Adam-lz7sr]

@@bradleyflinn3421and Asians came from Africa what’s your point ?

[@mallarieluvsgirls]

it’s amazing and healing to see stuff about my people that isn’t trying to “debunk” our rights to our land or about tragedy of genocide and european colonialism. it’s healing to see history about us PRE contact. oral history is what we have used for centuries cause we really lived a different way than others. we prioritized our relationship with the land and community. so it makes sense that we kept oral records of history. seeing it be sought out and respected. truly healing and makes my day. my grandmother who went to residential school would be overjoyed if she knew. bless you. fr.

[@BBPalmer420]

Funny, I thought your people did not believe in land ownership? nonetheless it really doesn’t matter .. we are all extremely insignificant and will all be wiped away from the earth soon enough. Nothing lasts in time my friend.. we’re on a tiny rock floating in a massive vacuum of space and we’re all worried about our stuff, our things, our culture, isn’t that funny? Guess that’s why the Buddha taught non attachment, best not cling to something that won’t last

[@mieshta]

These vids are so well done. The love and care and curiousity put into them is such a treat

[@rdreher7380]

You spelled Hokkaidō wrong. Also, it should be known that calling prehistoric finds from Hokkaidō "Japanese" is a somewhat fraught statement. Hokkaidō is now part of Japan, but has been only since the Meiji period (second have of the 19th century). Before that, Hokkaidō was controlled only by its native Ainu population, who have a culture and language very distinct from and not directly related to Japanese. These days, as Hokkaidō is part of Japan, and the Ainu that live there are Japanese citizens (no tribal sovereignty of their own), the term 日本の (nihon no) or "Japanese" is sometimes used in a way inclusive of the Ainu. To avoid discriminatory language that excludes Ainu from "Japanese-ness," when talking about the history of Ainu interactions with the Japanese culture to the south, or the history of Japanese people coming into Hokkaidō, the Japanese ethnicity will be called 和 "wa," which is an abbreviation* of 大和 "Yamato," which is the oldest known endonym for the culture that now dominates Japan. In this system, 日本 "nihon" is the country while 和 "wa" is the term for the language and culture we call Japanese. However, in English we don't have the ability to make such fine distinctions, so calling something "Japanese" implies it has a connection to the "Yamato" ethnicity. So although stone tools from Hokkaidō are found in a place we now call "Japan," the Japanese ethnicity certainly didn't exist then. When we are talking prehistoric finds, it's hard to say which groups in the area can trace their cultural heritage to the makers of those tools. The oldest archeological culture known to Japan is the so called Jōmon culture, and we know that people in Hokkaidō were also participating in that material cultural complex. It could very well be that the Yamato ethnicity as well as the Ainu ethnicity have some connection to the makers of those tools. They could also both have none to little, if that group was completely supplanted at some point. However, when simplifying your statement to "Japanese stone tools," there is this risk of insinuating that ONLY the ethnic Japanese (Yamato) have a cultural claim to the prehistory of the country, completely erasing the reality of non-Yamato ethnicities like the Ainu. Long story short, it would be MUCH better to just say "tools FROM Japan," without the possible ethnic implication of the adjectival form. *Saying 和 is an "abbreviation" is a simplification. It's used like an abbreviation, but actually it comes from 倭 the word the Ancient Chinese used to refer to Japan. 倭 means "dwarf/pigmy" and the character is read as "wa" in Japanese, so it was replaced with the much nicer character 和 "wa" meaning "harmony." Subsequently, "Yamato," their endonym, became written with this character too: 大和 "the great wa." However, as a modern linguistic system, it makes sense to say that 大和 "yamato" is a sort of full name for the "Japanese ethnicity," while 和 "wa" is an abbreviated form used in compounds.

[@Cat_Woods]

That's really interesting, thanks for educating us. I never knew there were different (native) ethnic populations within the current nation of Japan. The Jomon and Ainu -- do you know if they migrated from China or did they get there another way? Do you know how much the Yamato and the Ainu (and any other ethnicities) have diverged from each other genetically?

[@Joyride37]

@@Cat_Woods While it's not a primary or secondary source, wikipedia has articles discussing the Jomon, Ainu, and Yamato ethnicities. And the articles are pretty decently sourced to actual journals of where they got information. So I recommend looking there

[@bgw33]

Thank you for that very useful history and distinction between culture and ethnicity

[@westho7314]

Keep it long,, Enjoy the long stories over the usual brief explanations derived from of academic word salads. .Archeologists, anthropologists and linguists alike should pay special heed to all indigenous stories whether they be of creation, migration and especially children's stories. Much wisdom and unaltered truths to be found and better yet realized, by these academic trying to write their own versions or "myths" about others ancestral realities.

[@kilipaki87oritahiti]

Thanks for the clarification, and well said. Right should be right!

[@lukeblackford1677]

I appreciate that native oral history is considered relevant. I once watched a documentary on the building of the Pyramids of Giza with a friend from Egypt. He was able to answer with certainty some of the “ancient mysteries “ the narrator mentioned. Specifically where the stones came from. So often, researchers neglect to inquire of the native population what they know about the things the researchers are studying.

[@stuffinsthegreat]

I'm a (non-Indigenous) US archaeologist and it's something more and more of us are trying make standardized practice--work with the tribes, descendant communities, etc, and take their knowledge seriously when they offer it. I was so incredibly happy he included Nez Perce history in this video, it puts him leagues ahead of some archaeologists

[@harrybuttery2447]

This will be controversial but I disagree. You must remember that they have no written records, all of their history is oral. That's certainly not to say it should be discounted out of hand but one must be extra careful not to rely on it too much as it is going to have distorted over time particularly when we are talking about time periods of that scale. And it's also quite likely the people you are talking to aren't even the native population when you go that far back, they could have arrived thousands of years later. This is not just for Native Americans but for any histories that date to before writing.

[@krono5el]

funny how in the Americas the only thing the europeans did and do these last 400 years is trying to wipe out all the original people and history of the Americas. manifest destiny and jesus really hate the indigenous people of the Americas, but love all their creations like maize, potatoes, and tomatoes : P

[@hakeembalogun4526]

@@harrybuttery2447 oral history has methods of maintaining continuity over vast amounts of time. Written history is no more or less “true” compared to oral history. You can write anything down and you can say anything. Writing something down doesn’t make it true nor even accurate. It’s too reductionist and depends on Eurocentric notions of what’s correct and incorrect.

[@harrybuttery2447]

@@hakeembalogun4526 No it doesn't... Not everything written down is true but a lot of it is and it can be collaborated with other texts and information. I am not being Eurocentric either as it effects Europe too. Any, mythic origin story dating from pre literacy also suffers this same issue, this is true for the early portions of the Nihon Shoki and the Bible as well, clearly things didn't happen like that if at all but the stories they tell are based on times before writing.

[@daniverson5860]

You just keep knocking it out of the park; I'm a fairly serious archaeology geek and you always, always, always are years ahead of me. I never fail to pick up new (to me ) info and insights, which is just thrilling. As a northwesterner this one hits a bunch of personal sweet spots ---the kelp highway, pre-Clovis ; my own provincial biases and interests. But what sets you apart is how your increasing technical and media sophistication has burnished rather than replaced your original carefully researched and thoughtfulness of your content, and the warm humane tenor of your work. I always get so jazzed when I get home from the salt mines to find a new Stefan Milo thing in my feed. Keep up the good work, love you to pieces.

[@iguanaamphibioustruck7352]

I found a stemmed point on Cummings Mesa, near Navajo Mountain. I was prospecting for a mining company. Art Green, at Cliff Dwellers Lodge near Marble Canyon on Colorado had an arrowhead collection with over 1000 points but none like the stemmed one I found. Thank you for your information on KZbin. I find that period extremely interesting when a fresh water lake covered much of; Utah, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico and Colorado. It varied in depth from 4500 feet above sea level, up to 6000 feet. There were lots of pot shards on the mesa and lots of rock walls on the sandstone cap rocks. The clay pots float and collect together much like our plastic. They are dashed on the rocks from violent storms hence, shards scattered all over the beaches at that time. We were prospecting the Morrison formation which often contained uranium because of the carbonaceous material. Iguana

[@markr8690]

I have to admit , as a graham Hancock fan and listener … it’s slowly more apparent to me, through your work, he’s WWE and you’re Boxing. it’s becoming quickly obvious, the past is just as magical and fucking miraculous without loose or dodgy claims. I love hancocks stories but this is another level. Thank you !

[@squish998]

Exceptional work again Stefan. You are by far my favourite artist on this site. You are a very likeable person with your humble and factual approach. Your enthusiasm for the subject matter is infectious.

[@-Hari-03]

couldnt agree more :) you can tell hes just a guy who is very passionate about these topics and maybe even more passionate about sharing his findings and interests with us, somewhat like a kid showing his toys off on christmas day. it just makes me smile :)

[@Vorwen]

Squish? Like Pasquale..?!

[@ronschlorff7089]

@@-Hari-03 Yes, I agree too!! Only thing missing, for me on this one, is some nice human skulls for Stefan to lovingly fondle, like he does on some of his other vids of ancient hominids!! LOL ;D

[@raycollishaw673]

Squish... like Skwxwu7mesh?

[@Vorwen]

@@raycollishaw673 Hi Ray Was that necessary? Look mate, we’ve all got stuff going on. And I really don’t blame you for lashing out Making something that made you laugh. Maybe there’s a lesson in the message and the process of keeping certain things, certain Stuff that you do To Yourself, hey?

[@janwaso]

You said that our only connection between America and Asia were western stem points, but there's also the Dené-Yeniseian hypothesis! Basically, it`s been proposed that this language family comprises the Yeniseian languages in Siberia (only Ket is still extant) and the Na-Dené languages spoken throughout western North America.

[@cacogenicist]

I'm not an expert in this area at all, but having some academic background in linguistics, it would be very surprising to me if the last common ancestor language of Yeniseian and the Na-Dene language families existed more than 10k years ago. With that much time, the fairly convincing genetic relationship between them shouldn't be that evident. There should be too much noise after such an old divergence. If the ancestors of the Na-Dene migrated more recently, that would make more sense. ... hmm, *_or,_* there could have been a back-migration from N. America into Asia -- I don't know, maybe 5k years ago?

[@wesb123]

The Western Stem point isn’t professionally typed as being any older than Clovis. Now if that culture arrived just before, along with or just after the Clovis is still anybody’s guess. Arrowheads aren’t the only direct connection to Asia as some have stated. Language and blood work leads right back to Japan, it is said that there are more Native American artifacts hanging on the walls of Japan than that of Americans. They apparently see themselves in our artifacts and collectors are wealthy and obsessed.

[@Jason-hg1pc]

The Na-Dene' languages have a collective name that itself has an entry in the Encyclopedia: Athabascan.

[@kalrandom7387]

I would love to see actual excavations and studies done around the Tennessee River. I worked construction in that area 30+ years ago, we were told to keep our mouths shut, because any find would shut the job site down indefinitely, we all had family's to feed so we did the work with our mouths shut. I have seen exactly the same arrow head points distribution at several sites when a septic tank was being dug. Not to mention what all was put under water by TVA when the dams were done.

[@KDSima]

Wow… how horrible. I think appreciation of archaeology has increased. At least I hope it has.

[@stuffinsthegreat]

@@KDSima It has! I'm an archaeologist who monitors (looks for accidental discoveries) on construction sites, and my experience is (almost) completely different from the horror stories of my older colleagues. From OP's post, it sounds like some of the construction workers were also bummed about it, which is nice to hear

[@Lilpumpkin505]

I couldn't do it, I'd be putting in job applications and ready to be fired

[@halfbreed03151973]

Because only white history matters. Especially when you're trying to cover up 500 years of criminal activity sanctioned by a made up fairy tale, the bible. Complete with a christ, who NEVER EXISTED! Explain how he escaped the Roman Census for 30 plus years? Easy! He never existed. Not that it matters. Hypochristians don't follow their own edicts and commandments, anyway. They barely believe in their own fairy tales and fantasy fiction about zombie jesus.

[@Laura-kl7vi]

@@Lilpumpkin505 I truly get it. Many jobs when you aren't high on the totem pole are like this. People who don't work in these jobs (or can't remember far enough back to when it was like when they were younger ,if they once did), don't get that you don't have that kind of power. I was wondering, did you keep one/any? I"m a bit of a collector so may have. I'm also sorry that you learned in this video that what your company was hiding was quite possibly a big deal, as it could have been pre-13000 years ago pre-clovis points east of the Mississippi, which I think? based on this video hasn't been found.

[@mctaguer]

The Gault Site surprises me the most--it's quite far away, almost to the Gulf Coast. It's one thing for people to travel down the coast from Alaska; another to have traversed the Rockies and Great Plains, all before Clovis.

[@holski77]

I have such an appetite for history content, and I am so glad you are making such high quality content. From a viewers perspective, you are blowing the history channel out of the water!

[@caretakergrady3319]

Much agree…Thank you for the content and yes, history channel has completely lost its way many years ago

[@judithgockel1001]

The Austin/Central Texas area is full of sites of this type; walking just about any creek or river bank will disclose a treasury of tools of the Gault site. Many residents have collections of such items. Good video!

[@rickylion2891]

I have been fortunate to have lived on various parts of the world. In China, there are many ethnic groups. Each with their own physical features. Tibetan and Mongolian people are the subject of this comment. After living in China I returned to US into Navajo country around Farmington. The similarity of those two groups was unmistakable. I often walked up to someone and started speaking Chinese only to find they were Navajo. I also found many cultural practices and color use similar.

[@nmarbletoe8210]

cool

[@ohishwaddup]

I would be interested in your observations on color use

[@justinshades6652]

The oldest history of the United speaks about Natives fighting with Ghangis Khan

[@miahconnell23]

I made an Inuit or Eskimo friend (pretty far north: def not Vancouver nor S.E. aboriginal group). He got to go to Japan a couple times b/c our company sold a lot of product to that nation. He told me that some Japanese people often assumed he was Japanese.: they spoke to him in Japanese. He def spoke English & I suspect he spoke his local language too (even though he attested to school teachers hitting kids for doing that). (The forced hair cutting and language stopping happened inside my and his lifetime !! Not just the 1800s 😳😓)

[@justinshades6652]

You know what's weird. I'm Chippewa. Sioux, Shoshone, few more. My DNA comes back as Hills of Galilee, 30 to 49 thousand years ago. Before any mutations. America was first land out of water. All animals come from here. People must too.

[@SpectreEelman]

The Channel Islands are in my backyard & I have followed the continuing Archaeology of them. When the sea levels dropped & joined the Northern Channel Islands ( Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, Anacapa & San Miguel) into one giant Island it was called Santa Rosarita Island. Interestingly the now submerged Cortez & Tanner Banks were exposed & were ice age Islands.. There's been some effort to search submerged areas around all the Channel Islands searching for now submerged Paleo sites. I know more older sites will be found on the Channel Islands

[@Ghengis415]

The other thing that I find fascinating to contemplate about the Channel Islands paleo-native sites is it demonstrates that these first Americans must have had the technology and ability to cross open ocean (since even at the glacial maximum, the distance between the mainland and the islands was not insubstantial). This seems to dovetail nicely and lend further support to the coastal migration theory.

[@johnkeefer8760]

Feels like a great opportunity for the UCSB archeology department and fantastic marine science departments to team up!

[@AWSMcube]

Wish you had mentioned the Dené-Yeniseian hypothesis D: It's the first significant linguistic connection between Siberia and America

[@ANTSEMUT1]

Tangentially the top elite of the Nomadic raiding empire of XiongNu have been hypothesised to have been some sort of Yeniseian ethnicity.

[@margomoore4527]

Salmon River is gorgeous! I was there age 12, talked to Pete Klinghammer (he was incredibly old and had a little dementia) and Buckskin Billy (60-ish and sharp as a tack). Went on a horse trip up the mountains and ate freshly caught brown trout from a clean unpolluted stream. Not an easy place to visit-came in on a boat, left with a small plane. But worth it.❤️

[@skibum6220]

Living near White Salmon I’ve been fascinated by the thought that the first people to settle the Americas might have traveled within miles of me up the Columbia. Or did they travel further down the coast… Unfortunately the massive floods between 13 and 17 thousand years ago raging through the gorge likely destroyed any chance of finding those earliest Columbia river sites.

[@Boric78]

This was awesome, that Native American expert made it for me. That they have a oral tradition and "cultural memories" of living at a site occupied in the last Ice Age is mind blowing. Reminded me of some of the Aboriginal Australians stories - god alone knows how old they are. About time we started really listening to what these peoples can tell us.

[@jessicat6271]

Fully agree. He said that was not one of the 3 earliest/first sites on the continent at the end - but, did I miss where it was shared what the Nez Perce cultural/oral history said where the 3 earliest sites are?

[@LiveFreeOrDie2A]

Ya because a 15,000 year old game of telephone is super reliable 😂🤣👌

[@dawnpalmby5100]

I kept thinking of all the different arrival stories I've heard from different tribes and science is verifying so many tribal stories. It's amazing. One that stood out the most is an inuit tribe elder said her ancestors came across the ice following the caribou, 40 generations ago.

[@ronpflugrath2712]

They left stone tools behind at floods in pacific northwest time. A tickle of the whole picture only so far

[@beastshawnee]

Yeah-…well… I am Native and we have a lot of stories and storytellers and about 1/10,000 might tell a truth based story…so I would put no weight at all on his tribe even having this story a thousand years ago. No one can say so… Idk I do tbink some tribes probably didn’t move around a ton but many did and you heard him call it winter camp which means they moved at least twice a year. When you move that often and there is open territory everywhere-you can drift. But most tribes will tell you they have been at XYZ spot forever- And I mean forever ever-they will never accept an out of Africa origin-they haven’t studied archeology-only a few get a modern education and they know NOT to argue with tradition. That would be disrespectful.

[@lejoskonejo7632]

that river is freakin savage at the beginning of summer. it was somewhat safe to swim in by august. i excavated a hearth feature idk if it was the one that yielded the super old dates. its good to see loren hes a really cool guy to do archaeology with

[@RayyanKesnan]

I'm so happy you went and spoke to one of the Nez Perce people. It's their own history after all, I wish more people would realize that and actually listen to the indigenous people. Of course, there are a lot of political reasons why that's not the case...Anyway, thanks! And really interesting video!

[@zaph0dbeeb]

Well done @StefanMilo! I'm north along the Columbia River from where you were. Way back when I took an anthropology course there was some talk of Clovis first but it was losing favor to some older sites. It seems to me that Meadowcroft in the east and Gault are about as well-dated as you can get and are pre-Clovis. Also in the last few years, there have been some interesting points found in the Chesapeake Bay area. All of these are very old and very interesting. Now as far as ancient DNA goes and modern DNA for that matter we have some interesting results. As expected by the Beringia hypothesis, whether by sea or via the Alberta ice-free corridor, we find that Native American mitochondrial DNA is mostly A, B, C, and D and that is great news since that is what we find in NE Asia where everyone came from. That pretty much settles the question you might think. Well not so fast since there is another native american mDNA and that is X. Mitochondrial X is not found in Asia but is found in Western Eurasia and in Native Americans so this adds a complication that has not been satisfactorily explained.

[@MichaelMcgarrity-ys8wf]

I tried knapping Stone Arrow Heads as a Teenager. It's incredible Time consuming. You can drop a few hours on one Point then make a wrong move and it disintegrates. Tip of the Hat to our Ancestors for patience and perseverance. I do Archery Hunting. Steel is Awesome! A good Stone Point added to a Grave was a Tribute and Token of Love.

[@wagabondpickles6183]

Nice! Thanks for also looking at oral traditions and bringing them in your video narration with other evidence - so much of "proof" is out there in other forms from the conventional, but challenging to include in current forms of scientific analysis. Thank goodness for genetic sequencing!

[@coolwilliam6424]

Great video, keep up the amazing work. I do have a rebuttal. We really can’t be sure where the ancient coast was that far north. Land rebound from the retreat of the glaciers would have been drastic. Possible the same rate of rebound as coastal flooding. P.S. I’m commenting at 4:46 into the video, I don’t want to forget my point. So my apologies if you address this issue later in the video.

[@mliittsc63]

Yeah, I thought 35-40 miles (which is what I think he said) was a bit much for the west coast. Ignoring rebound it looks like 15-20 if Google Earth Pro is to be trusted. I have no idea what the rate and amount of rebound is in the area, but there seems to be something of a consensus (or maybe just an assumption) that the shoreline was further out on most of the way down the coast. Even just a few miles would cover a lot of evidence.

[@liverdiseased]

i love how human your videos are. you acknowledge the limitations of our current knowledge while still developing a sense of the truth. i also appreciate how you use indigenous knowledge and conventional archaeological evidence to support your narrative. thank you for your hard work and dedication!

[@JHaven-lg7lj]

Hear, hear

[@kalkat02]

Wordddddd

[@Meevious]

The guy must feel like meat, being called "human" by his audience of anthropological enthusiasts.

[@MoeBergOSS]

He takes huge leaps of faith and passes it off as science or fact.

[@liverdiseased]

@@MoeBergOSS a huge part of archeology is essentially analysis (guesswork) based on the available information. yes, it’s true that he does make estimations, but many of his ideas and theories are accepted possibilities in the the academic world.

[@guacre2675]

16:09 That's not a barbed point. It's a flint knapping technique called pressure flaking, which is used to create a serrated edge. Barbed stone points would be very cool, but that sounds almost impossible to make with flint knapping.

[@timothygreer188]

Your love of this topic shines thru. I'm looking forward to more

[@elizabethmcglothlin5406]

Your work on these subjects is just so good! Clear and so approachable. Thanks!

[@jasonborn867]

To my knowledge the footprints found at White Sands, New Mexico, are reliably dated between 21,000 and 23,000 years ago, and the evidence remains credible so far in mainstream archeology. The multitude of footprints and deep interior location suggest North America was inhabited long before Cooper's Ferry, so I was surprised your choice of evidence and locations didn't include the White Sands site.

[@georgehanson2978]

Good point. I was going to ask the same question.

[@shawnsg]

Because it's a single data point when everything else says otherwise. It's interesting and creates a lot of questions but it alone doesn't provide enough evidence to completely upend everything we know.

[@jasonborn867]

@@shawnsg Agreed the White Sands evidence doesn't upend everything we know, but it should have been included as a data point along with the other locations noted. You get it.

[@colemanchapman8725]

@@shawnsgWait.. What are you claiming?

[@tomhalla426]

The coastal route does seem more plausible than any gap between ice sheets. The foraging on what would be new tundra at best would not be good, while shore foraging would have been rather better. People do have to eat while making a migration.

[@loke6664]

Considering those 23 000 year old footprints in White sands that is an understatement. People did travel on the sea even earlier, humans somehow got to Australia at least 55 000 years ago (and there are some interesting sites pointing towards humans maybe being there already 65 000 years ago). I wouldn't totally be sure that they traveled along the coast either due to that, they might actually have crossed the sea directly, maybe staying on now gone islands on the way. We certainly need to find more evidence, but the Clovis first theory is truly busted, there is just too many evidence against it. Humans were not more stupid 16 or 23 thousands years ago then we are today and we shouldn't under estimate them but neither can we be sure what actually happened before we have solid evidence for that. The Clovis first hypothesis basically came from the fact that the earliest artifacts we were sure of at the time and the opening of the ice corridor coincided in time so it was a logical conclusion until older evidence started to show up and we can only accept that and consider other options. I am for instance not so sure people isolated in Berengia, they might have already moved far more south by that time and the White sands footprints is pointing towards that but that isn't something one can be sure of without more facts.

[@HistoricalWeapons]

Not the ancestors of all native Americans don’t forget Polynesia

[@moonknight4053]

Seeing cave art from any cultures sends a chill down my spill, I feel like humans are much older then we think. Especially the cultures that are spread out throughout the world

[@pauljaworski9386]

I'd say this is the oldest site we've found. The foot prints found in New Mexico are dated at 22K years old.

[@Microtonal_Cats]

Why is this better than most archeological TV shows past and present? Part of the reason I think, other than research, devotion, and obsession of the host/ maker, is what it lacks. No overt loud dramatic music, no "woosh" sounds with animations, no overpriced animations, no celebrity narrators, nothing that's not needed.

[@sbentler6830]

… also, Stefan’s narrative avoids watering-down content to the audience and the information is coupled while showing the genuine enthusiasm, which people who enjoy this topic … recognize and enjoy. There really is a quality to Stefan’s videos that feels direct and refreshingly unfiltered, while remaining informative. BTW, super-enjoyed the perspective with the Nez Perce gentleman.

[@LaelHitz]

Yes, I am not sure why most creators feel the need to add so much extraneous noise.

[@stuffinsthegreat]

As an archaeologist, I also like this better than most archaeological TV! I think it all comes from his approaching these topics in good faith. I can tell from the way he formats his videos (that I've seen so far) that he does actually look for alternative perspectives on/interpretations of these topics, as well as familiarizing himself with the research literature

[@dd-ly4lx]

Outstanding, as always! I have often said you should be teaching at a university, but I think you are doing far better than us by getting these stories across to far more people than we do.

[@shrimpie202]

Sometimes the best historians are the non-academics. Demands of academia and scholarly research not always conducive to poetry and true historical writing

[@HeronPoint2021]

Fun Fact; attended in Victoria , B.C. a Parks Canada/First Nations lecture on an excavation of a site in the Queen Charlotte islands (Haida Gwai) and the site was BETWEEN the high and low tide lines. Adding to the real fun times, waves of bugs would rise/fall all through the day. Black flies, mosquitos, horse flies, and of course, the famed "no see uhm" my grandmother warned me about. Memories of northern Ontario came to mind: "the Black Fly song".

[@LoudWaffle]

Hard to overstate how fantastic this video is. The subject of the peopling of the Americas is so complicated, especially with how often new evidence overturns existing paradigms. I'm sure before too long this video will become outdated itself, but as of now it's the best summary of the topic I've been able to find. Most other summaries I feel spend far too much attention on Clovis and Clovis-first, even though it's almost completely regarded as an outdated theory - likely a holdover from when it was THE theory. In contrast it was harder to find dedicated attention given to the Western Stemmed Tradition which definitely does seem to be the best-supported early culture.

[@LoudWaffle]

@DavidJohnRedwood Sorry, I accidentally made Clovis seem underappreciated there! Clovis is still a big things and completely worth going over when summarizing the topic of the peopling of the Americas, and just the same with the entire Clovis-first theory. When I say Clovis-first maintains an unwarrented centrality in summaries, it's that it will be the PRIMARY theory described, though acknowledging there are now many sites that long predate Clovis, and then something like coastal migration and Solutrean will be only briefly talked about as competing theories. (treating those both as equally functional is another issue altogether...)

[@demian7567]

Nothing like the product of someone who is passionate about their craft. Well done!

[@Barbarous_Wretch]

Depending where you put the emphasis that sentence has two different and completely opposite meantings 😅

[@pmApostic]

Hi Stefan, long time fan here. I am from the East coast US, and as a casual enjoyer of paleo-anthropology, I have become interested in two sites that are close to where I live. The Cactus Hil site in Virginia, and the Meadowcroft rockshelter site in Pennsylvania both have been amazing me for not only preceding the clovis dates but also being so far East from the Beringia area. Have you come across these in your studies? If so, what are your thoughts? Both archaeological sites are barren on KZbin and seem to have very little discussion going on around them. Thanks for reading this! Chaney

[@karphin1]

On Canada’s East Coast very early sites have also Been found, exceeding 13,000ya, I believe.

[@deanfirnatine7814]

I have heard of both sites so I must have heard it somewhere on the web

[@assininecomment1630]

Lovely work, Stefan! As a bit of a nerd around raw science and history, I find the subject fascinating. However, as a primary school teacher (and bit of a sociology nerd), I keep thinking about how the subject is _presented._ It's this which governs if the content has substance for us viewers. Does it make sense to us. If so, does it encourage imagination. If it does this, does it answer some questions, but also pose some more. If so, it has meaning and substance. Oh - and is there some *joy* in amongst the discovery... We're funny, complex little organisms. The element of joy (unforced) is integral to if, why, how long we think about new things. You nailed it! The pace, the editing, the explanations, the balance of dry details with discussion and consideration, the variety of perspectives - all of these make this video _really_ effective to learn from. Bravo, sir! 👏

[@MikeT2.0]

At 12:23 in the video you incorrectly describe fluting as the curved base of a clovis point. Fluting is the flaking scar that starts at the base and works toward the tip of the artifact, usually done on both sides.

[@jcmusc]

I have a small cache of different arrowheads used by varies tribes moving through modern day Kentucky. Adena Point 2-3000 years old, Woodland point 1-2000 years old, Brewerton point 2-3000 years old, Benton point 4-5000 years old, Kirk point 4-7000 years old and the Big Sandy point 4-9000 years old. They all look so different and it shows all the different arrowhead technology over the centuries.

[@johnsamu]

It's important not to forget that the tools/weapons can look very similar because they had to do similar things aka killing animals. So different people at different times who have no connection could make similar tools without having ever met eachother. It's the reason why currently many cars and airplanes frm different comanies look very similar, because the requirements/demands are similar.

[@satty.s5083]

Is it weird that I'm super proud of Stefan for how far his channel has come? Like fucking good on ya mate. Ive been watching your videos for years and they've become such a comfort watch for me that i put on a playlist of your videos to put me to sleep whenever I'm alone for the night.

[@BjorkMinecraft]

Awesome video! I'm a bit surprised that you didn't elaborate more on the genetic links between the Mal'ta Buret people and Native American populations, and the possibility that the myth of a dog guarding the gates of the underworld (shared by some Native tribes and Indo-European descendents) could have originated with them

[@telebubba5527]

Mal'ta is a very special place in history, it seem. And we don't get nearly enough to hear about it. As they have importance to the native Americans, they have the same importance to the Westen world. They seem to be the ones who populated the Fertile Cresent at the time that agriculture came about and from there migrate into Europe and replaced the population there. Mind you we are talking about a total global population of at most 1 million people at the time, to put it more into perspective.

[@deanfirnatine7814]

You mean the Northern Eurasian race now "extinct" that forms a major part of many Native Americans lineage, they crossed with East Asians to form today's Native Americans, except for Eskimo and Aleut that came later. Interesting new genetic study shows the famous "European like" mummies of East Turkestan, modern China, which predate the Indo-European Tocharians of that area significantly, were mostly North Eurasian ancestry, so they were still kicking around as a people thousands of years after the ice age.

[@R08Tam]

Fascinating stuff and I love your enthusiasm

[@rab6453]

In San Diego Calif they have a site they think is 126,000 yrs old.

[@llanitedave]

I hate how much you love your job! Just kidding, your enthusiasm, as well as your thoroughness and the depth of your explorations, makes this my favorite channel on the internet, bar none. What struck me in this episode was the close temporal proximity between the flooding the created the channeled scablands and the arrival of the first people. It seems as if they were both happening simultaneously in this timeline. Can't wait for population Y!

[@whatdamath]

From now on, I'm going to start pooping in distinct multilingual sentences, so future archeologists can be a bit clear about what's been going on

[@rizkyadiyanto7922]

cringe af.

[@Krunch2020]

Anton, behave yourself. 😂

[@Dionaea_floridensis]

Thank you so, SO much for your hard work! It is so refreshing to see someone promote rigorous scientific research and not woo-woo mystic nonsense! You've really given me hope that my career path is worth the effort!

[@deanfirnatine7814]

Just remember Clovis not being first and these OLD dates and the link to Austronesians in South America was all considered nonsense just a few years ago.

[@DJJJ-qj3do]

Humans were in the Americas much longer than 13k years.

[@impudentdomain]

This was one of your more exciting and interesting videos. I always thought that the peopling of the Americas happened from sea travel. Very very ancient people, even pre humans were able to cross bodies of water.

[@Dee-JayW]

agreed…and came much earlier, trading, etc.

[@contactgala]

This is such a brilliant video!! Thank you for letting me know a little bit more about my dog's ancestors!!!

[@llanitedave]

The bad news is that native American dogs have been completely wiped out and replaced with European dogs, from what I understand. There's no native DNA left in modern dogs.

[@pedroborda7227]

Sir Stefan, thank you for keeping the light of bs-free intellect on. Your videos are great and all, but really, I'm mostly appreciative of the fact that you just seem to be a great guy sharing knowledge about his passion. Not much is more noble than this, and for that, thank you. Ps. I'm into all this now because your videos were so good I kept watching them a while back. The good news is I can now go back and binge watch what I've missed.

[@stevenrowlandson9650]

The real question is , is there biface fluted spear points in Siberia or Beringia? Why because the best known sites for the origin of such spear point technology is south western France or northern Spain. They are known as Solutrean points.

[@kurtschneider3150]

There are human footprints in White Sands National Park, New Mexico, being dated to 23,000 years ago. How does that fit into this whole debate?

[@kmalkiee1760]

Thank you for another great video. They keep getting better and better,though sometimes I miss the spoon. I love your recent focus on the Americas, it has been fascinating me recently. I was curious if you were going to do a video on recent discoveries with Homo Naledi. Do you think there is valid evidence for art and controlled fire? Would love to get your take.

[@elcrapulento4278]

Great video Stefan! Im form Chile, and down here there is a site Monte verde dating back to 14000 bp, some even claiming 18000 bp which i find amazing. Thanks for the video!!

[@tobinbh3940]

Population Y is interesting ..in New Zealand,Maori ( indigenous people) have history and stories going back to Chile and California ...they also have roots in Easter island ( rapa nui in both languages) We have potatoes,sweet potatoes and corn all from south America ...with Polynesian seafaring abilities ( all be it many centuries later they "arrived" in New Zealand) the possibilities were endless ..so I'd say those who traveled the Americas had abilities beyond the common perception .. Ironically we don't have arrows in n.z...

[@ronbirchard5262]

early man came to North America via the ice pack on the eastern coast. their origins would be around the French and Spanish boarder area. 5,000 years later the next set of early man came via the western bridge of Aisa - North America. western and eastern native DNA testing show two sets of DNA. the western show connection to Aisa, mongolian. the eastern native DNA show connection to Western Europian.

[@p.d.smithjr.3277]

That is why Florida State’s underwater archaeology ( only one in the world ) is so important. Go Noles!

[@snookmeister55]

A 2-year study was done off Georgia some 20 years ago in 60 feet of water. Gray's Reef. Don't know what they found.

[@ambientheat]

I’m really loving your videos on the peopling of the Americas. I hope while you’re here you had a chance to look at the ruins in Chaco Canyon. Evidence for trade throughout the region which extends into Central America. Love your work.

[@AgNoSticPope666]

Finally some decent content on youtube again. Thanks Milo!

[@Jagdtyger2A]

What I find most interesting about the NezPierce is the small baked clay Sumerial tablet taken from Chief Joseph by Gen. Miles when he surrendered to the US Army and is currently stored at West Point. When asked about the tablet, Chief Joseph said it was a family heirloom from his ancient ancestors

[@seanhewitt603]

Repatriate that cultural heirloom to the tribe, thank you landthief...

[@Jagdtyger2A]

@@seanhewitt603 I have already brought that up with the Colville Confederate tribe historical people, because Chief Hoseph's branch of the Nez Peirce had joined them following Chief Joseph's banishment. Therefore they have a better claim to the artifact

[@MoeBergOSS]

@@seanhewitt603Land thief? You mean the Indians who slaughtered, raped and e slaves one another for thousands of years? Tribes seldom lasted more than a few hundred years without being absorbed into a conquering tribe or changing their name because the merged with another tribe. No one tribes history goes back more than a few hundred years. Educate yourself.

[@fatosshubert7272]

It will be wıse to have a look annals of Kentucky. Ogusian Empire might enlighten us.

[@Jagdtyger2A]

@@fatosshubert7272 The Celts were nt just in Kentucky and Ohio River Valley. I have a friend (if he has not died in the last 30 years) who could read the petroglyphs carved into the walls of the John Day River gorge. Translating the Oghum into the Gaelic and Gaetic roots. He can also understand Dene/Navaho language from hi understanding of thoas Celtic languages

[@30yearstockcycle]

This is the old narrative: that the First Nations arrived in America. The new narrative is: the First Nations always were in the Americas. And lived in the equatorial regions during the Ice Period, migrating north and south as the Ice Shield (glaciers) retreated.

[@Lanzbdog]

Absolutely no evidence to support your opinion.

[@ekpil]

The 22,000 year old foot prints blow this theory out of the water. They may have taken this route later though

[@muskan1036]

Stefan i love your content...I am genuinely so interested in learning about human evolution and evolutionary biology as a whole...will you mind recommending books you read or have read in understanding the subject? If you can it will be very grateful of you!

[@Sunmonks]

I can't speak for Stefan, but from being a fan of his videos, he mostly uses cutting edge research therein, like studies and interviews from the last few years. Databases like JSTOR, et cetera, will be the best way to check out his sources and the work of the academics he interviews and cites.

[@dannyshows]

First Steps by Jeremy DeSilva. I am sure he would recommend it as he literally interviewed the author a few episodes ago.

[@muskan1036]

@@Sunmonks oh..thank you...but how can i acess such technologies?

[@panthergame]

Hey Stefan, would love to see some videos on Aboriginal Australian's. Such an interesting culture that often is overlooked!

[@uthyrgreywick5702]

FYI, looking at what is classified as "western stemmed points" Clovis, and pre-clovis are found at sites in the mid-Atlantic states. I have seen examples of most of them. Perhaps a comparison between stone points across the US would be a great topic. As far as the cross section of the points, I think it is a matter of form-follows-function.

[@uthyrgreywick5702]

@@ConontheBinarian That is correct, however some "points" are bladed, and others are more like a punch with a seriously narrow tip, but no cutting edge. The examples in the vid showed both types. In my experience, the cross section of blades is wider and thinner than the punch type (my description). That's what I was referring to.

[@uthyrgreywick5702]

@@ConontheBinarian I agree that the first people to arrive in what is the continental US arrived by boat by following the coast. Water has never been an obstacle to human migration, it has be a highway. Your reference to sea ice and seals mirrors the Solutrean hypothesis that Europeans landed in North America by doing the same thing.

[@scottcarman7543]

This area would have been protected from the devastating ice age Missoula floods. Anything down stream may have had trouble surviving with cataclysmic floods every 50 years. This area was likely sought out for its protection from the floods.

[@billstapleton1084]

Footprints found in New Mexico have been dated to 28,000 BCE. They dated these prints by the pollen found with the prints. The pollen was pushed down by the feet of the people leaving the prints.

[@Yes-fe8ni]

The origin of humans in America likely started in the 4 corners area. I believe the navajo and even the Pueblo Hopi Zuni etc were already in America and other tribes from that region were the true indigenous. Of course they spread out so not just saying only them but at least it's a good starting point of humanity in America. The Siberians etc would have came after and mixed

[@billstapleton1084]

@@Yes-fe8ni Interesting idea. We know the Zuni and the Yue drove the Aztecs out of Utah and forced them south. I was on a dig in Utah and we found 155 skeletons and Aztecs tools. We know from DNA testing that the people in the Amazon came from Australia. This information destroys the Clovis First narrative.

[@coeneschamaun1735]

I believe it was 23,000 years ago, not 28,000. But still, it starts a quandary about who those people were, and how they came to the Americas. Lots of interesting videos out there about that discovery, including about the age testing.

[@MsTiggytoo]

Hey Stefan. Thanks for another great video! There is a Navajo artist named RC Gorman who painted his local people. A great artist! At his gallery in Sonoma, a sales person pointed out to me how the women wore their hair coiled on each side of their head. Very much like the Japanese did. The salesman felt there was a link. If you’re not familiar with him you need to look him up. His father was one of the Navajo code breakers during the Second World War. So interesting.

[@Jason-hg1pc]

He would have politely requested his people to be addressed as Dine'.

[@frankperez1953]

I've enjoyed all of your programs about humankind's earliest antecedents. I'm Native American, so this episode highlighting the archaeology of Cooper's Ferry is extremely interesting. Thanks for your great education project.

[@liennitram9291]

Absolutely amazing Stefan. Great work....as always. I live near the comfluence of the Ohio, Tennessee, amd Cumberland rivers. I have a few dozen Paleo sites in my area that I look for artifacts at.....i have seen a few creeks eroding Clovis sites, with some debitage and broken artifacts coming from below the general strata of the paleo habitation. I'm obviously not a professional, but I have always been convinced that humans were here before Clovis. I have emailedamy professors with what i ha e found, with photographs attached, amd have never been showed the slightest interest. It's frustating because i know enough about geology amd archaeology to know what it is I'm seeing. It's a shame that some of these sites could hold important information, and may be gone some day. I would absolutely love to share what i have, and possibly get to be involved in any excavation that might take place. Even if its just getting to watch amd hand out water. Anyway, another great job on a great video Stefan.

[@brandenolberding1897]

Because of Grant & Research $$$ to support any given professor.. They won’t go against the current prescribed narrative.. Do you follow Randal Carlson ?

[@liennitram9291]

@@brandenolberding1897 I do....I heard about him on Rogan.....and love to watch his Kosmographia channel.

[@Licury]

I have no idea of how many times i watched this video. Simply love all of it. The script, the choices of people interviewd, the drone views, everything

[@JT-el2kg]

Thank-you for your research. This is fascinating. I love your content.

[@stevejohnson3357]

You might be able to find submerged village sites. If you know where the coast would have been, you can guess the best settlement areas and then send a submersible to find a midden. I think stone tools have been found off the coast of Haida Gwaii. I wonder if the ice free corridor theory was founded on the idea that if it was on land, we could find the camps. And a good reference on the power of oral history is Death Feast at Dimlahamid by Terry Glavin.

[@stevejohnson3357]

@Conon the Binarian⚧ Even if seasonal, a settlement could still be called a village. There were villages in the middle east before agriculture. And in other places, people stayed in 1 place if there were rich sources of seafood.

[@ronschlorff7089]

@ConontheBinarian Yes, 16,000 years ago the humans in the Americas were still hunter gatherers and would be for a long time after that, but short term seasonal "camping sites" would be common, for following game. Interesting data on their lives could be found there. The fertile crescent was in the vanguard of many human "settlements". Stefan has a lot of really great vids on that whole era, and the beginnings of "permanent" civilizations. Regarding the subject of this vid presentation, I'd examine areas, now submerged, near where the current coastal rivers and creeks flow into the ocean. A source of fresh water would be absolutely essential for any human settlement there; short or long term!

[@danpatterson8009]

Got me thinking about the propagation of projectile-point design. Presumably fabrication takes some skill, and so likely was taught as part of a tradition which defined not only the technique but also the desired result, hence commonality of shape among groups sharing that tradition. A given design would follow groups as they dispersed, changing (quickly? slowly?) over the generations and with the properties of available materials. If two designs "met", it is likely one would win out over time, being either easier to make or more effective on game. Designs with the most recovered examples may have been the Windows of the projectile-point world, superseding any inferior designs they encountered. When talking about the "first" Americans, we should consider that some groups may have made it here and died out, leaving no genetic legacy. But surely everything is more complex and goes back farther than we know.

[@mdawgwhite]

Wtf are you talking about.. wow, I reread your comment and still not sure the point your making lol

[@johndoh5182]

I have a problem with humans from 16,000 years ago being shown in boats that look like a kayak when according to history so far, kayaks only go back about 4000 years. I'm VERY skeptical of the movement of Asians going along coastlines via boats that could move them quickly. I think they would have had primitive boats or rafts, where even in the Americas there were boats made from carving out logs. Why did these Asians not remember how to make more advanced boats? I think it's much more likely that they moved slowly with primitive boats, and boats were used to move their possessions/necessities as they moved along the coast lines. But these weren't sea going people and there's really no good evidence of this. There's SOLID evidence of Asians and people around the Arctic becoming sea going people much later. The first REAL voyages across the Pacific were about 4000 years ago, just like the first time you can really show that people were using what would be REAL boats for hunting around the Arctic was when Kayaks were developed. Every time I look up boats I get back to around 4000 - 5000 years ago in different parts of the world. The boats that would have been used by people migrating into the Americas would have been rafts or dugouts, and neither is good for migrations over vast distances of water.

[@tomhill8093]

As always, Stefan Milo gives a clear, concise & enthusiastic romp through pre-history.

[@joaoespecial4168]

So the Nez Percee have stories dating the (end?) of the last Ice Age? Awsome!