The Biggest Ideas in the Universe | 2. Change

[@MartinWilson1]

Great. Carroll is entering his Feynman lectures stage of his career where he helps us all understand what is going on, but during his lunch break. Thanks Sean.

[@Mirrorgirl492]

I was going to give your comment a Thumbs Up, but it's on '42' so I didn't want to ruin the symmetry ;-)

[@ElSachinoo]

@@Mirrorgirl492 what symmetry?

[@willnzsurf]

💯

[@photinodecay]

@@Mirrorgirl492 But broken symmetries give rise to truly massive results!

[@davedouglass438]

Symmetry? - kzbin.info/www/bejne/nInWmoptdpJgmrs

[@Tylerdwds22]

I feel so privileged to sit in and be a digital student of yours. Thank you so much for these Mr Carroll.

[@SG-ig2eu]

Me too man it’s crazy

[@vinayak1487]

Dr carroll !!!!!!

[@drwhackadoodle360]

@@vinayak1487 Professor*

[@AyeCriz]

⁠​⁠@@drwhackadoodle360 cmon guys it’s daddy Carroll 😊

[@arnesaknussemm2427]

“You can run for President with the motto, ‘change’ but no one is gonna run for President with the motto, ‘calculus’. LOL superb.

[@ralphhebgen7067]

One thing that has always impressed me about Sean is his eloquence. I do not think he reads off a teleprompt, and yet his language is lucid, eloquent, rich in vocabulary, nuanced, and fluent. His statements are not interrupted by interjections like “erm”, he does not even use qualifiers like “sort of”, and his videos appear to be entirely unedited. Also his presentations appear entirely natural, they are not polished in a way a public speaker might deliberately design an address to be impactful. The result is a lecture that is easy to follow, and the listener can use all of their attention to focus on the topic Sean is discussing. Top marks from me! I love this series.

[@seancarroll]

Questions [based on the video] left here over the next day or two will have a chance of being addressed in an upcoming Q&A video!

[@anmolmehrotra923]

@SeanCarroll is there an absolute time? Like if we say that speed of light is an absolute speed, can we talk about absolute time. Or is there no absolute time as everything is relative to one another and 'think's' that their time is absolute? #Q&A #QandA

[@SuperemeRed]

@SeanCarroll As a graphics artist loving your stuff, the white background is a bit tiresome to look at, especially as the rest of your video is primarily dark-ish. Does the app you are drawing in have to possibility to set a color close to dark chalk board with white chalk for text? It would be easier on they eyes and thematically fit well :) I made a mockup, something like this: imgur.com/WMLhxci

[@louisewesterbergh7731]

😍My new idol.

[@qzh00k]

What does spectrum mean, when designing a detector?

[@derekallen4568]

People give Pascal a bad rap for coming up with Pascals wager. Pascal said pressure on a liquid is equal in all directions, no matter where it is measured. Force is pressure x area. He is the father of modern hydraulics.

[@kamiodd2873]

"figure-outable" is definitely my word of the day :) Thanks for the light-heartedness of conveying these ideas

[@smith5796]

The sound of Sean Carroll's writing and the way it appears on the screen is really nice.

[@BladeRunner-td8be]

Sean is a great communicator. The tenor and pace at which he speaks combined with the simplicity, enthusiasm and energy he puts forth are about as good as I've seen. And that cat is pretty darn big and definitely well cared for.

[@ZeedijkMike]

It is pure enjoyment to be allowed in to your home and be educated in such a pleasant way. And the cat is just adorable.

[@randytighe7150]

Hi Sean, Love that you're sharing your knowledge with those of us who are fascinated with physics but may not have the depth of mathematical knowledge required for the full mathematical treatment of the subject. At the same time you're giving us a glimpse of the math and inspiring us to delve further. You seem to truly respect your audience here. Thanks for doing this.

[@beausting]

Free lectures from the Caroll himself?? Yes pleass

[@thoel1]

Sean Carroll is honoring us by coming down to the basics, in order to clarify us the implementations of abstracted (thought to be) mathematics in research of the Newtonian properties of nature. Until now such lessons were either too advanced to clearly understand, or too flat in the shake of public simplification. He manages to bridge these aspects and this is great! Thank you Sean!

[@deansundquist9601]

Titling this ‘Change’ is a smart move by a brilliant professor to drop the c word two minutes in. Loving the videos!

[@shaun906]

sean is so good at explaining this stuff! Considering how advanced his work and teaching is sean takes the same time and effort for all levels of learning. big fan

[@MissEviscerator]

I am so grateful that you have taken the time to make these videos (and so many others). You really have changed my life and made physics accessible to me in a way that no one else has. My apparent inability to comprehend the physical world has always haunted me and I can't put into words how good it feels to finally overcome that! This affects me not only on a personal level but a professional one too: I am researching molecular pathology, and learning physical theory helps me to think in a far more logical manner than I did before! Thank you so much - you're an incredible teacher.

[@TXDomer]

I hope I'm not the only one, but I really look forward to these video releases given the situation going on around me. Thank you so much Sean for sharing your knowledge, especially during this time. Keep up the great work!!!

[@willnzsurf]

What'd you do during lockdown? Learn Calculus!

[@kccust]

Carroll's enthusiasm for science is contagious. We are so fortunate to have brilliant people like Sean to inspire.

[@dashnduke]

I think one of my favorite things about your lectures are how you can insert your (very dry) humor without it distracting from the material. Really appreciate you doing these lectures!

[@squatchymcsquatchsquatch3015]

I love your use of the term, "figure-outtable." Definitely why you're one of my faves

[@biancapiccoli5588]

Just listening to these lectures walking to my physics class is giving me so much vibes and confidence that I don't know what I'll do when this series will end (sorry for my poor grammar, haven't checked it)

[@Bronett]

For me, not to get a nervous twitch from the word "calculus" and numb off, is already something - but actually getting a sense of what is (might be) going on, is an absolute pleasure - Thank you so much!

[@waynearrington6727]

The best science communicator and educator I have ever encountered. Really appreciate the flow of words and ideas; the absence of ahhhh, you know and all the other fillers that people use when public speaking.

[@vikranttyagiRN]

Sean Carroll and Brian Greene, two of the greatest physicists of today's times circulating knowledge in these times is hugely applausible

[@timothykeech7394]

I have watched many videos on Physics by eminent scientists and they are fascinating. (I used to teach the subject in High School) but Sean has such an engaging and fluent style of delivery. He is an extraordinarily good communicator and probably doesn't even realise it himself. Thank you Sean for sharing your knowledge and enthusiasm in such an entertaining way.

[@victort6740]

It's rare to find a nice teacher explaining things. These videos are much better than what I had at university.

[@chicopolar7666]

Love your podcast Professor Carroll. Thank you for all you did.

[@KingZarathus]

Such a brilliant description of the concepts behind calculus! I also love the dichotomy of an amazing science educator and physicist showing off their cat and apologizing if they destroy the green screen in the middle of the lecture.

[@canopus4]

Thank you Sean! You are one of the coolest professors I have ever seen. You explain the stuffs of physics very innocently. Thank you again!

[@tomsemo8186]

Absolutely brilliant.. With my teenagers home, mandatory video. And thay love it. much discussion after. Good stuff.

[@Artie_D]

Thank you Sean, you are doing a fantastic public service. Lots of people’s are trapped, have plenty time on their hands and unfortunately in many cases lots of doomed & gloomed thoughts in their heads. These lectures help people to distract themselves from those thoughts and learn something they might never had a chance to learn in regular, mundane life. THANK YOU.

[@chrisstockdill9085]

My favorite teacher ever, mysteriously, you make me feel safe to learn, safe to feel emotionally moved by the beauty of Calculus and my growing feeling that the Cosmos embraces my humanity while I embrace it. Thank you. Live Long. Prosper . . . .

[@blueckaym]

"He didn't even have a telescope - he just looked very very carefully" :D

[@TheJonlamb12]

It’s so encouraging that someone as brilliant as Sean Carroll can’t always recall things like Kepler’s laws.

[@iamtheiconoclast3]

This is brilliant! Just discovered it and already recommended to a friend.

[@carlosoliva2007]

this is quickly becoming my new favorite youtube series

[@radical137]

My new favorite physics teacher, I will watch the whole series playlist. He says he is not going to get into much detail, but he ends up teaching you a metric ton of interesting detail. You should watch in order if you have the time because he refers to previous lectures often.

[@Lalalacici]

Please, please do not stop posting these videos!

[@mlee2020]

Thank you! Professor Carroll. This is what education is all about.

[@bobpalka2085]

Would hate to admit the percentage of this lecture I understood, BUT what little I could comprehend was a step up in my education. So much more to learn so little time.

[@amrabdellatif9956]

Thank you so much for this series! I love the mix between physics & philosophy!

[@clearlogic7733]

Sean Carroll is really wonderful speaker with excellent clarity of ideas. Thanks for his efforts

[@clearlogic7733]

Sean Carroll is a really dependable person to get some deeper understanding of the human exploration through physics on reality

[@michaelm3691]

Sean: "No one's going to run for president with the motto of seeking calculus" Andrew Yang: [takes off math cap]

[@isabelab6851]

I have not done calculus in 35 years...but somehow I need to go back to it!

[@integza]

I just love these videos! Finally an interesting podcast :D

[@michaelvegh121]

Thank you so much. You're a fantastic communicator and you've renewed my curiosity in the world!

[@sztaba100]

When I studied calculus I also wondered why integration was so much more difficult than derivation and the answer that I got satisfied me then and still does. When one is working from observation or data points that are plotted on a graph the function is very often not known. In other words we are looking for a formula that might not yet exist and hence the difficulty. Sorry if I've repeated something somebody else has already said.

[@imacds]

Why would that make integration harder than differentiation? Don't you need the function to both integrate and differentiate?

[@sambo7734]

so funny, I was waiting for you to spot the x & t - and then you knew i was waiting!

[@spnhm34]

This made me feel a lot smarter than I actually am.

[@nikolaki]

Great stuff! My mind boggles at the power of human thought. Also, amazingly, Archimedes came up with his own version of integral calculus.

[@PaulMcMinotaur]

The Egyptians must have used some form of calculus to approximate pi

[@JRichardson711]

Love the cat. Thank you for showing us Caliban. Reviewing the greatest physics discoveries of the human is great too.

[@laurenceporter9354]

... fascinated by 'maths' all my life ...but couldn't DO it to save my life!... been using lock down to try to (belatedly) get my head 'round what the hell this wonderful Calculus thing is ... 29:30 ... the first crack of dawn in my darkness! ... thank you!

[@George4943]

A more heuristic understanding of integral: The odometer is the integral sum of all the speeds. Changing fast at high speed and not at all when stopped. A mathematician will not pick up a hitchhiker because he doesn't want to integrate their weight over distance in fuel.

[@AlexFeature]

Thank you Sean for this series. I love your lectures. I haven't touched a physics textbook in 30 years but this is absolutely mesmerizing to me.

[@Epoch11]

Sad when you learn in one hour what a bad teacher can't get across in an entire YEAR! Damn Corona Virus had to happen 20 years too late!

[@guvencanozturk]

I wish you were my teacher when I was a student. I finally understand what is calculus for.

[@DaKoopaKing]

What is the lower limit of time/scale of the universe and are there any special implications to whether or not space-time is continuous? Would anything change in a universe where the discrete packets are bigger/smaller? Bonus: How does Planck's constant fit into all this?

[@BitwiseMobile]

I took 3 years of math 30 years ago for an engineering degree. I honestly haven't used much of that math over the years. This is a nice reminder of how it all began with Math 200 - Calculus I :)

[@jjson775]

I have studied all this but enjoy your explanation very much.

[@Taquilou]

I’ve watched to many physics videos on KZbin but this channel thanks to the Professor work is abSolutely thrilling. It should be mandatory to educate people around the world, with this kind of knowledge, peace on earth would come fast

[@robcantu7019]

I’m truly appreciative of the knowledge you are sharing. I enjoy your videos and talks and always come away more enlightened. These big idea videos are wonderful. This is my second time around watching this series. Thanks for all you do to inform average curious people like me.

[@sebastianwierzba6237]

Love the series Sean, you are a wonderfull friend the internet gave me. Thank you.

[@akumar7366]

I really enjoy your presentation style, thank you for your briiliant videos.

[@edwardlee2794]

thanks dr. Sean . calculus haunted me since hi school and worse, continues to college. now decades and decades later after this lecture , it's more human like. and I can claim I understand it,even though I would still avoid a calculus problem. thanks for the effort and keep up with the good work. from HKER worldwide

[@MoshkitaTheCat]

Dr. Carrol, thank you for a great lecture. Cat and Physics, my 2 highlights of the day.

[@konsamtambradhwaja3870]

Thank you Prof.Sean C.

[@minaghavimi4843]

Awesome examples to describe derivatives and integrals

[@blueckaym]

18:50 "here's my version of a car... " , still better than Cyber-Truck

[@___Chris___]

The biggest surprise in the Universe is when the cat of a physicist is named after a character in a Shakespeare piece instead of Schrödinger. Then again.. Caliban stands for the raw force of nature - maybe that's why. Also explains the green screen attacks. 😉

[@steadyeddy6526]

NICE lecture. Clear and concise.

[@mef9327]

My new favorite series of videos. Thank you.

[@timohearn4454]

Oh my gosh we got to meet your cat :) I love how you can interrupt some "deep" thoughts to introduce us to your cat :)

[@paulvandenbosch9604]

More than happy to have you as president Sean - on the calculus ticket or wherever else you choose to stand

[@Hogan698]

I love these videos. Thank you for making them.

[@alabala2808]

Great video! Thanks for sharing! One question that is not related to phisics. How did you come up with your cat's name?

[@3dlabs99]

42:50 Isnt the real question here if position in space is discrete or continuous rather than time? Time seems to me like a secondary property to quantify the rate of change in position so to me time doesnt exist physically the same way as position does. So time always seem more abstract to me because its not defined alone by itself but always in relation to some change in in a physical thing like the change of position of a particle or the decay of an atom or something.

[@miguelrodriguez-ht3ct]

great simple explanation, problably if I'd been taught this way calculus, I would have not suffer so much

[@Titousensei]

"Consider a spherical car ..." :-D

[@thehunterfromafrica]

Titousensei 😂 that is exactly what I thought too

[@canopus4]

😁😁😁😁

[@g.benoit5114]

"...spherical COW..." is what he says

[@andybeans5790]

I haven't done calculus for 20+ years. I should do a refresher.

[@brunoteixeira6078]

Does anyone know what app he's using on the iPad?

[@CHXFIT95]

It’s crazy that this information is free, I would have paid for it.

[@Adraria8]

“No ones gonna run for president with the motto of seeking calculus” cough cough Andrew Yang

[@alexpotts6520]

@@nhatmnguyen Basically this is everything wrong with democracy. Most of the ideas on which civilisation is built are not properly understood by most people. In fact, most people do not ever even really think about most of these ideas, let alone understand them.

[@lucofparis4819]

@@alexpotts6520 Wait, you think you live in an actual democracy? Fascinating, coming from a person who complains about people's misunderstanding of their civilisational foundations. Odds are, you currently live in a republic, and you are in the process of complaining about problems specific to republics, _not_ democracies. In fact, these problems are inevitable features of republics, not bugs, and are pretty much necessary for these systems to function. With democracies, on the other hand, citizens are not objects of political power, acting as voting props for the real subjects of political power. Instead, they are subjects of power themselves and are therefore exposed to, and accountable for, political matters actually being discussed, rather than watered down exposition about them, tailored to fit as four words slogans.

[@alexpotts6520]

@@lucofparis4819 When I use the word "democracy", I am using it like 99% of people would. I would be the first to say that, in general, 99% of people believing something doesn't make it true, but in this particular case, words are just signifiers, created by humans themselves, and hence they mean whatever the consensus of English speakers agrees them to mean. In this specific context, the 99% majority definition of a word is ipso facto the correct one. So I don't care much for arguments that rely on defining a word in a way that the vast majority of people do not recognise. As for your point generally, a system of what is normally called "direct democracy" (as opposed to the representative democracy which is generally what people are talking about when they use the word "democracy" without a qualifier) is also flawed. Having people vote directly on policy, as opposed to voting for representatives who then decide policy on their behalf, doesn't remove the fundamental problem - the world is too complicated for people to make informed voting decisions. Oh, and finally, I live in Britain. Which is famously *not* a republic, thank you very much.

[@lucofparis4819]

@@alexpotts6520 Then you're not talking about a democracy, but a democratic oligarchy, i.e. the government of the few, under the legitimacy of the people, which is the founding tenet of the republic system. You may argue over the definition of a democracy all you want, you're still acknowledging its intended meaning by understanding that representative democracies are only indirectly democratic, which is to say everybody knows they're not, including the aforementioned 99%. The usual thinking (the 99%) implies that a direct democracy does not, or cannot, exist, for practical reasons which somehow make it an irrelevant or unstable system. Either way, those 99% are still knowing and meaning that democracy pertains to that particular idea, and that a representative democracy is merely the _practical_ application of that idea. Now that we have both made clear that we were understanding each other from the beginning, and since arguing for a specific qualifier doesn't change the argument at all, please bear in mind that actual/complete/direct/real democracies don't only ask their citizens to vote on policies. They also ask them to nominate expert positions, propose policies themselves, and debate them. Practically speaking, active citizens in a real democracy are therefore comparable to representatives in a virtual democracy, except they get to have a say on all branches of power rather than just legislative power. So, in summary, it _is_ the case that real democracies remove the problem in discussion, since vote is not the drive for decision making, owing that citizens need not pander to an electorate, and said citizens _do_ decide on policies rather than just vote on them, much like MEPs do in the UK (which can and does involve the nomination of an executive branch rather than relying on an assembly to make executive choices by itself, again just like in the UK). Last but not least, I've said 'odds are you live in a republic', so you can indeed thank me for not assuming where you live, and instead making a warranted probabilistic claim. Still, I'd argue that living in a parliamentary kingdom is not the same thing as living in an actual monarchy, such that what we tend to call a 'parliamentary monarchy' is functionally the same as a parliamentary republic. The president just happens to be a king or queen. All in all, both structures are effectively democratic oligarchies, hence why you think of yourself as living in a democracy on one hand, yet argue that you live in a kingdom/monarchy on the other, even though you know this would make no sense had we taken any of these words by their general meanings (i.e. the meaning of the 99%). By the way, are you gonna argue that the People's Republic of China is a republic because everyone calls it that? Or will you tentatively agree with me that labels and concepts are two separate things, and that a republic, kingdom, or democracy label is not the same thing as a republic, kingdom, or democracy system/concept?

[@alexpotts6520]

@@lucofparis4819 It feels like you are still missing the point. My criticism of "real" democracy (let us please call it direct democracy because the democracy that exists in modern western countries is very real, and only someone privileged enough to have lived in one such democracy their whole life could be so blasé about it) applies equally to my criticism of existing representative democracy, except it's now on steroids. Please explain to me how you think the problem of public ignorance is going to be helped by giving that public more decision-making power.

[@Krypto_Knite]

This new series is your best yet. Thanks!

[@sebastjanbrezovnik5250]

Q&A So if we have the Plank length as a smallest limit of 🔼X do we have the same for time?

[@williamwesner4268]

The Planck length isn't an infinitesimal.

[@alexpotts6520]

There is a quantity called the Planck time which is the time it takes light to travel one Planck length.

[@Ballistichydrant]

Thanks for this. Really enjoyed your most recent book. Thanks for that too🌞 Best wishes

[@MuharremGorkem]

It seems that an essential requirement for change is "orderedness". Take as an example yearly average weather temperature of a number of cities randomly chosen on earth. They probably will all be different. If you plot them versus the number of people living in selected cities, results will still be random. Still, we don't call the variation of temperature values as "changing" with respect to population. However, if you plot them against latitude, we immediately spot a regular increase / decrease and start calling it "changing". Time is perhaps the most inherently (self/auto-)ordered entity. However, one can find examples of variables not-inherently-ordered but that could behave time-like (not in the sense that one-way flow): The population of cities can be "correlated" with for instance air pollution. The question is what is the true relation between change versus orderedness and correlatedness? Are there other similar implications of change?

[@arnoldleaf4521]

Great stuff , thanks Professor . Between u, Professor Green n all the other great scientists producing these great videos , it really helps make this tragedy a little less traumatic. Understanding the world at this time is confusing to say the least ! N getting a chance to learn from such high level teachers on a regular basis really takes the edge off !

[@PaulinaFriedman1974]

Thank you for reminding me why I fell in love with Physics!!! BTW, our Mathematical Analysis professor told us that before he understood Integration, he'd done over 500 integrals, using all the methods he shared with us. I wasn't as bright, it must have been at least a thousand examples. Good times :)

[@j.gairns]

Superb series! I am enjoying them immensely

[@amedeofilippi6336]

Outstanding lesson indeed.

[@matt-g-recovers]

Greatest playlist ever

[@georgemccaffery3260]

I'm loving these Biggest Idea videos! Thanks Sean!

[@AngryDuck79]

I heard somewhere that they recently demonstrated that time is discreet and comes in packets analogous to the Planck length, but is so short that time is effectively continous. But I can't remember the details.

[@johnjoseph9823]

brilliant.My favourite subject

[@feelingcreative7649]

I love being a nerd, lol Watching these videos after a 14 hour shift in the lab, woo hoo Corona virus, schmoma virus. Sick of this sh@t!! Love calculus after drinking a little bit of Kamakazi (some will know what I mean). For real, I love this sh!t, haha Sean, you rock!! Now, sleep is overtaking me. Rosk on all you daywalkers. Much love and peace. Stay well my friends.

[@nartanapremachandra3052]

Thank you for these lectures Sean. I’m really enjoying them. And the podcast.

[@jcliggett53]

I actually remembered (from 46 years ago when I last had a math class) that phrase "the area under the curve" - but I thought it described the derivative, not the integral. Anyway, thanks Dr. Carroll. Brilliant!

[@BobbbyJoeKlop]

The green-screen is still showing through your hair Sean. You need to dye your hair red. Like Ronald McDonald red. ; )

[@larskefka3373]

put a 75 inch cheap ass tv behind and solve all the issues

[@JonSebastianF]

Exactly what I was gonna say :D

[@MrBoDiggety]

I have a better idea(may not work as much) but how bout an Einstein wig?

[@mitseraffej5812]

How about Donald McTrump orange.

[@pinball1970]

23.09 pleased about that, I was thinking he's not made a mistake, I just can't see it, it's Sean Carroll!

[@flooglewarp1567]

at 7:04 wasnt Keplers 3rd law that period squared is inversely propertional to axis cubed?