🇨🇳The Chinese Language: A Quick Dive into the History and Evolution

[@zoe.languages]

Thanks for letting us know about the wrong map at 8:23. We used the map from the Liu Song era (420-479 AD) when we should have used a Song Dynasty map (960-1279 AD). We're not a professional team, just me and my video editor handling all the research and organization. With so much content to deal with, mistakes are bound to happen. We appreciate everyone who helps us spot them.🙏

[@Bofu050]

Was about to comment on that, but you already got it, nice job!

[@江湖故人-h5x]

历史上你们女人只是个笑话，是“商女不知亡国恨，隔江犹唱后庭花。”的笑话，今天你们是Chinese easy girl，不要来把我们汉族男儿创造的璀璨的文化与强大的国力，视为跟你们有关系！你们只是个笑话而已，无论是以前还是现在！

[@fkvtsxhk]

Interesting... thank you beautiful

[@徐堃-y3q]

哈哈哈，我刚好看到。一开始没反应过来，后来突然反应到用了刘宋的地图

[@heysonic76]

sea food

[@kyliex6310]

Really appreciate the amount of effort you put into all your videos. Especially this one!!!

[@zoe.languages]

So nice of you！Thank you !

[@karamsedighi]

You are welcome to Sweden!! I willingly receive You! You are awesome abd very pretty

[@zoe.languages]

Try NordVPN and get 1 bonus month on top of a 2-year plan here nordvpn.com/zoe 💫

[@overdose_offical]

I love you

[@sunwu5122]

蔡伦是改进了造纸术而非发明了纸

[@fuckgoogIe]

no,thx

[@VikingAge]

姐姐，有人利用你的图像和ID注册了一个telegram账号进行诈骗

[@albajgurd]

Amazigh, you mean?@ayoux_x

[@echochineseclub1]

It's been a pleasure working with you! I hope this video proves helpful for Chinese learners. Learning a new language can open up a whole new world, and each character reveals a story from the past. The development of a language is influenced by many aspects, but today, let's applaud the amazing evolution of each period and the hard work of the ancient people in creating this beautiful language.🥰🥰

[@陳又又-j2k]

ㄅㄆㄇㄈㄉㄊㄋㄌㄍㄎㄏㄐㄑ 這才是真正的中文拼音 至於所謂漢語拼音 就是讓中國人看著ABCD學中文發音 讓中國人看著ABCD打中文字 這是從蘇聯來的共產黨對中國做出的怪異改造 中國不像中國，讓中國人看著ABC學中文發音，根本四不像，真的是文化浩劫

[@echochineseclub1]

@@陳又又-j2k 你行你行你行你行你行，你随便说，你拯救了全世界。

[@冠君-h9k]

@@陳又又-j2k 你为什么不用反切法来标注呢？你所说的真正拼音也不过是表音符号而已，最早的拉丁文拼音清朝就有了，1913年在选定拼音时，从假名系（你说的真正中文拼音），速记系和拉丁系中选了假名系而已，从现代角度来讲，大陆的拼音更方便外国人学习中文。

[@ZiyangSong-jx7nv]

@@陳又又-j2k 不沾点zz都不会讲话了是吧😅

[@JINGXIA-ix2yo]

​@@陳又又-j2k开天眼了，青蛙评价人类

[@jollinali]

短短的20分钟可以讲清楚汉语言的进化史，着实佩服！ 感慨我读书的时候为啥没有教授可以讲的如此简洁生动。 感谢你的分享，太受用了。虽然英文都可以听懂。但是要是还有中文版就好了！

[@AidHakim-lg3pw]

Hello 😊

[@Indie-rb1ul]

@@AidHakim-lg3pw你好😊

[@e-genieclimatique]

in brief: The video provides a comprehensive overview of the history and evolution of the Chinese language. 1. **Introduction**: The video begins by highlighting the significance of the Chinese language, noting that it's spoken by about 1.6 billion people and is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. 2. **Origins of Chinese**: The roots of Chinese can be traced back to the Sino-Tibetan language family. The oldest known stage of the Chinese language, Old Chinese, was spoken from the early Xia Dynasty to the end of the Han Dynasty. The earliest form of written Chinese is the Oracle Bone script from the Shang Dynasty. 3. **Evolution of Writing**: The Zhou Dynasty introduced the bronze script, which evolved from the Oracle Bone script. The Qin Dynasty standardized the writing script, introducing the small seal script. With the invention of paper during the Han Dynasty, bamboo and wooden slips used for writing began to decline. 4. **Middle Chinese**: This period marked the transition from Old Chinese and saw the rise of the Tang and Song Dynasties. The Tang Dynasty was a high point in Chinese civilization with advancements in poetry, literature, and art. The Song Dynasty introduced significant phonetic shifts. 5. **Printing Technology**: The Tang Dynasty introduced woodblock printing, while the Song Dynasty saw the invention of movable type printing by Bi Sheng. 6. **Early Modern Chinese**: The Ming Dynasty was a golden age for vernacular literature. The Qing Dynasty introduced Manchu words into Chinese and saw the rise of vernacular Chinese in literature. 7. **Modern Era**: The Republic of China's Ministry of Education established a commission to standardize the Chinese language, with the Beijing dialect as the foundation. The video also highlights the significance of Cantonese, which is closer to ancient Chinese than Mandarin. 8. **New Culture Movement**: This movement emerged as a reaction against traditional Confucianism. It promoted vernacular Chinese to reach a wider audience. 9. **May Fourth Movement**: This was an anti-imperialistic cultural and political movement that further promoted the use of vernacular Chinese. 10. **Language Standardization in PRC**: After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the government launched major language reforms, including character simplifications and the introduction of Pinyin. 11. **Modern Influences**: The video concludes by discussing the influence of Western words in Chinese and the rise of internet slang and abbreviations. The video ends with an appreciation of the evolution of languages and encourages viewers to like, comment, and subscribe to the channel.

[@陳又又-j2k]

ㄅㄆㄇㄈㄉㄊㄋㄌㄍㄎㄏㄐㄑ 這才是真正的中文拼音 至於所謂漢語拼音 就是讓中國人看著ABCD學中文發音 讓中國人看著ABCD打中文字 這是從蘇聯來的共產黨對中國做出的怪異改造 中國不像中國，讓中國人看著ABC學中文發音，根本四不像，真的是文化浩劫

[@陳又又-j2k]

@@LewinHao 說的本來就是事實啊 共產黨是蘇聯來的，鐮刀槌子是蘇聯象徵 在共產黨執政下的中國是什麼樣？ 大陸人總喜歡開口閉口說 是不是中國人，是不是中國人 但大陸人寫出來的字為什麼少一筆又少一劃，有些字感覺像寫一半一樣 好比廣西的廣 大陸人寫成广，感覺像是寫一半一樣 前後的後，皇后的后 大陸人把前後的後，寫成后 屁股後面，寫成屁股后面 屁股后面感覺像是，屁股長了皇后的臉面 簡直亂七八糟 要改也改好一點，怎麼越改越奇怪啊 明明是中國人，卻看著ABC學中文發音 實在慘不忍睹 共產黨那是真的有文化，畢竟共產黨是從蘇聯來的，怎麼能夠沒有文化呢

[@晴天-n7g]

​@@陳又又-j2k你还是回去你的20世纪民国时代吧！现在是21世纪。

[@陳又又-j2k]

@@晴天-n7g 中國人在臺灣要乖乖遵守中華民國法律喔🇹🇼 臺灣人自古以來，沒有一天遵守過中華人民共和國法律

[@雷鸣鸟]

@@陳又又-j2k 那是国民党的发明。。。。

[@overdose_offical]

I love your style of explaining About The Chinese culture and history and language

[@honeyyy8]

Zoe, that was a very informative, easy to understand and comprehend video. Thank you for sharing!

[@svetlanamandic9785]

I really love that you're bringing us into Chinese the world through language, history, and worship. You actually do that for every language and I like that a lot. You are not the typical polyglot who just learns a language in order to know about it (honor exceptions) you are different in every sense for the better, you feel the language and its tradition, history, origin. Thank you for that ❤️🙏

[@zoe.languages]

Thank you for this encouraging comment 😇

[@麻辣兔頭-l5s]

@@zoe.languages姐姐我真的好喜欢你

[@chinagod1]

@@zoe.languages 姐姐我真的好喜欢你

[@duckmeee2991]

Wake-up girl it’s a propaganda - very sided commentaries.

[@陳又又-j2k]

​@@zoe.languages 大姐阿，你們牆國人是不是不知道什麼叫注音，不知道不怪你，但要講漢語發展，注音怎麼能不講 ㄅㄆㄇㄈㄉㄊㄋㄌㄍㄎㄏㄐㄑ 這才是真正的中文拼音 至於所謂漢語拼音 就是讓中國人看著ABCD學中文發音 讓中國人看著ABCD打中文字 這是從蘇聯來的共產黨對中國做出的怪異改造 中國不像中國，讓中國人看著ABC學中文發音，根本四不像，真的是文化浩劫

[@taylorsoong]

There is a map error at 8:23, where the map on the screen shows the “Liu” Song Dynasty(刘宋王朝，420-479 AD) during the Northern and Southern Dynasties period , while the video is discussing the “Zhao” Song Dynasty (赵宋王朝，960-1289 AD).

[@TheHashCrackingSlasher]

Thank you for this video Zoe, it has certainly inspired me to continue on my journey of learning Chinese so that one day maybe I can read some of the books mentioned in this video because I believe that through reading books in a language different from your native tongue can certainly enrich your life and I am more motivated than ever to learn as much as I can about various cultures and maybe even one day being able to have deep discussions with people in their native languages. It's also given me a new found appreciation for the time-frame that I have been born into as I had no idea that simplified Chinese didn't exist until the 1950s! It's astonishing to me that I could theoretically talk to someone today who was around when it didn't even exist.

[@小玩意儿]

加油，小子😊

[@UClinux]

No, simplified characters already existed in ancient times. Many of the current simplified characters come from ancient times.

[@kispahan252]

The books mentioned in this video is treasures of Chinese literature. But Chinese speaks very subtly, and many sentences have deep meanings. This characteristic is vividly reflected in the dream of the Red Chamber. You need to interpret the true meaning of what he/she says in the context of the task's environment and personality. It not only requires readers to have high emotional intelligence, but also needs to understand various Chinese allusions. In order to fully understand the story of the dream of the Red Chamber, China even has a special discipline of "red studies", and many experts spend their whole lives interpreting the dialogues and poems of the characters in the dream of the Red Chamber. So actually, I do not recommend those who are still learning Chinese to read this great classical novel. But if you have a high grasp of Chinese, reading it can greatly enhance the breadth and depth of understanding of Chinese culture. Journey to the west, water margin and romance of three kingdoms are much easier for you. You can also judge the difficulty of reading the four great classical novels from the order in which you Chinese read them. Journey to the west is read in primary school, water margin and romance of three kingdoms are read in junior high, dream of red chamber is suitable for reading after senior high or university.

[@陳又又-j2k]

ㄅㄆㄇㄈㄉㄊㄋㄌㄍㄎㄏㄐㄑ 這才是真正的中文拼音 至於所謂漢語拼音 就是讓中國人看著ABCD學中文發音 讓中國人看著ABCD打中文字 這是從蘇聯來的共產黨對中國做出的怪異改造 中國不像中國，讓中國人看著ABC學中文發音，根本四不像，真的是文化浩劫

[@hahahia999]

The name counts:simplified

[@Yohann_Rechter_De-Farge]

Wow! I actually watched the first video of the Chinese language to know its history and language and voilà ,today your video came

[@VikingAge]

能把汉语的历史从头到尾，然后组织成文稿翻译成英文，再讲给别人听，这个过程就已经学到了很多的东西，ZOE真是了不起，哈哈

[@twn10]

我不懂的是既然她這麼博學多聞，為什麼要介紹別人祖宗的語言，卻不介紹她祖宗馬列的語言？

[@chaopang2920]

​@@twn10历经蒙古，金人，汉语文化还是那个文化。 你这话完全是废话。

[@周昂-s1b]

我是不太懂有些繁体字为啥啥都要扯上政治@@twn10

[@timmming2005]

@@twn10 只有台湾人是中华文化的正统继承人，这下台✌您满意了吧！

[@毛泽東派潘漢年叔叔赴]

@@周昂-s1b 那我也要，看我ID❤

[@donaldhum2527]

Very interesting and informative. You are very articulate. Great stuff.

[@tacisou]

This video is so rich! I'm an enthusiastic about the east Asian languages and culture, and I've been reading and studying about this subject, and I can guarantee you that this video is a valorous source of knowledge. Thank you, Zoe, for all your hard work in order to enrich our language learning journey!

[@明李-p6k]

​@@陳又又-j2k差不多得了哈😅

[@maronlyj8385]

​@@陳又又-j2k棒子醒醒

[@Marouari5]

This video is great and full of information about the Chinese language I hope you introduce us to the Chinese culture and its differences.

[@xlben10]

Amazing summary of the chinese language , coming from another chinese like myself

[@maiaraandrade1952]

Zoe... I literally thought you were CGI, you're so pretty! I already was interested in Chinese culture and history, so your channel is a treasure find for me! Much love from Brazil!

[@brighthorse6981]

在存古中古汉语方面，粤语的韵母保留的比较好但声母保留的不好，吴语是声母保留的最好的但韵母却保留的不好，总之南方方言不能说哪个是古汉语，他们都是孙子，但没有哪个孙子和爷爷一个样

[@hahazhang7794]

北方官话大概在元朝就成型了，明清发音与现在的普通话很相似，虽然各地口音都不一样，但是汉字的好处就是可以笔谈

[@brighthorse6981]

@@hahazhang7794 笔谈就是文言，所以才会有文言文

[@hahazhang7794]

@@brighthorse6981 对，新文化运动之前，中文是文白分离的

[@吃瓜群众-l8i]

非常中肯了

[@theculturedkidlanguages]

Great video! Loved the way you broke down its history and evolution in such a simple and engaging manner. Thanks for sharing!

[@Whattleo]

Thanks for your great effort! I love the way you explain and explore the history and relationship of the language.letting us know how the evolution of the language changed and influenced the people and the nation.it’s so interesting!

[@zoe.languages]

My pleasure!

[@陳又又-j2k]

ㄅㄆㄇㄈㄉㄊㄋㄌㄍㄎㄏㄐㄑ 這才是真正的中文拼音 至於所謂漢語拼音 就是讓中國人看著ABCD學中文發音 讓中國人看著ABCD打中文字 這是從蘇聯來的共產黨對中國做出的怪異改造 中國不像中國，讓中國人看著ABC學中文發音，根本四不像，真的是文化浩劫

[@NadeemButt-o8v]

​@@陳又又-j2k9

[@bobbyw59]

Thanks!

[@sslucasoficial]

More and more I want to study Chinese (Mandarin). I love its history, arts, culture, etc. I am a Brazilian in love with Chinese and Asian culture. ❤

[@HappyCrocodileHiding-gg6nb]

Love the dress you speak in an understanding way thank you ❤️

[@maxducoudray]

It would be cool to know about the region of China where Zoe grew up, and how that region’s Mandarin differs from others.

[@zoe.languages]

will make a video about Chinese dialects ☺️

[@tymanung6382]

Northern dialect = group of sub dialects ~NW NCentral Beijing + nearby),.NE E Central, SW,, etc. The dialects are in Central E+ SE, + overseas in SE Asia, N+S America, Caribbean, W Europe,.parts of Africa mainland + E coast Islands (at least 1) some Pacific Islands = places that eat pork + drink alcohol.(chi zhu, he jiou?)

[@tymanung6382]

Wikipedia websites +have articles, You Tube has videos on ll.major dialects + some sub dialects. You Tube has videos of dialects + a few sub dialects' language----- description instruction music song----- (modern popular) songs folk songs operas Much to check out!!!

[@陳又又-j2k]

ㄅㄆㄇㄈㄉㄊㄋㄌㄍㄎㄏㄐㄑ 這才是真正的中文拼音 至於所謂漢語拼音 就是讓中國人看著ABCD學中文發音 讓中國人看著ABCD打中文字 這是從蘇聯來的共產黨對中國做出的怪異改造 中國不像中國，讓中國人看著ABC學中文發音，根本四不像，真的是文化浩劫

[@kimzenx]

@@陳又又-j2k闽南语和粤语曾经也是，你这个也不准确😂

[@Marouari5]

You are really creative and for the first time I did not feel bored in an almost historical video

[@鄭正庸]

因為漏掉了中華民國時期的一些教育政策，譬如注音符號ㄅㄆㄇㄈㄉㄊㄋㄌㄍㄎㄏㄐㄑㄒㄓㄔㄕㄖㄗㄘㄙㄧㄨㄩㄚㄛㄜㄝㄞㄟㄠㄡㄢㄣㄤㄥ，所以這段影片我最多只會評分65分，此外，影片中完全沒有提到閩南語，這個語言蘊含了大量的隋唐時代以前的古音，所以，我給65分，絲毫不過分

[@dasing2]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/b3fUiqR-dsmWsKc

[@DanielLai-zk7bz]

感覺有點在迴避中華民國和其教育政策🤓

[@叡元-h7m]

北方人...解讀😅

[@ROF5987]

在台灣，除了隨蔣介石中國黨政權撤逃遷佔台灣至今並視台灣為你們中國一部分的中國黨組㲍後裔，亦或不認同台灣這個主體獨立國家的你們大中華意識附㲍亻泛華結構，就原住民、先民而言，大抵台灣人就是台灣人，國族台籍就是台籍。 台灣自古在東亞中原帝國是化外之地不是你們中國一部分。你們中國是隨政策需要來主張哪裡是你們自古神聖不可分割的固有領土，你們當今的中國帝國是收割東亞大陸上自古歷代各部皇朝帝國以來所侵略併吞、種族清洗下的土地、民族。中華帝國自古以來就是不少本位偽造積累的誤差歷史，在近代中國大中華歷史政治正確下，也會因此做出有利維繫中國本位脈絡相承而背離考古的推論。現在社群、網路觸目可及中國歷史發展的中文史料資訊，多少在中文教育史觀下以帝國本位傾向的修簒吹擂走位添料的誤差註解了下來，更甚者如小說刻劃細節般的情節交代。 僅在近代公元1950年，你們中國強蠻就吞併了圖博這個古老國家納入屬於中國境內一部分的西藏地區，博巴族群也被歸誆為中華民族下的藏族，1979年中國發動戰爭侵略越南逼迫越南政府投降，最終遇越南頑強抵抗而擴張侵略失敗作收。越南與朝鮮是差點就被納入冠以中華民族的中國一部分，語言被歸入中國方言一部分。 閩粵祖譜是偽譜；台灣漢制祖譜並不是由外來殖民對積俗統稱所謂的漢人的來台開基祖傳下來的，而是後來有人信以為真按址前去認親帶回來的，並帶回禮儀規矩，使關係愈來愈逼真，至今對大中華民族祖脈信仰早已就如同宗教團體信徒的對感恩Seafood讚嘆Seafood的信仰根深蒂固一般。 中國百姓在明嘉靖十五年(1536)年以後才被准許祭拜四代之前的祖先，把他們寫入祖譜，因此上溯漢唐宋名人甚至炎黃的，明代之前的中國祖譜都是有假造誤差。蓋宋代之前的族譜是官修的，私修族譜極少，直到明代民間修譜的風氣才開始，到清代因受雍正2年頒行的康熙《聖諭廣訓》「修族譜以明疏遠」的號召而大盛，甚至有人把不修族譜看作是「有違聖祖仁皇帝（康熙）敦孝悌、篤宗族之訓」。基因研究早已確認，福建、廣東人都是百越民族的後代，是自古從漢制的皇朝帝國以中原漢譜名人祖譜與堂號消滅了越族。所謂”漢族”一詞是在近代大中華民族意識取漢帝國盛世表徵的以漢囊括為中國政治正確下代表中國民族主體下而來，在近年也宣染出能比漢族文明更以前與概括的“華夏族”。 被你們現今中國民族主義者視為製造漢族歷史割裂謠言的你們中國復旦大學李輝博士等人與國際團隊的人類分子學研究成果；“國際Y染色體命名委員會”把全世界的Y染色體分為從A到R的若干大的類型，而中國人所帶的，主要是O型、D型，其中D型比較古老，是棕色人種留下的基因，而O型分為O1，O2和O3三種，O1型從越南、廣西方向進入中國，沿著海岸線往東北走，形成了百越民族。在距今兩萬年的時候，O3型中分化出了O3a3b型的一支，即是苗瑤語族的祖先。而O3型其他的人，繼續向北走，成為漢、羌、藏等人的共同祖先。（耶魯大學李輝）” 在此之後的復旦基因研究恐迎合你們大中華脈絡本位需要而論述翻盤修篡調整。 廣瓊福粵人更要使兩廣瓊福脫離中國，建立以廣州為首都的大粵民國，光復呼應古越大陸的古越人百越氏族的南越國古國榮光。圖博自古是古國不是中華民族一部分，維吾爾的東突厥斯坦也不是中國一部分。 在逐鹿中原貢獻了東亞文明的朝鮮、大和民族大抵是東北亞東夷鮮卑融群，隋唐是東夷鮮卑系族群建立的政權王朝，不是由中原狹義的所謂漢族建立。中國歷史學界包括社群網絡史料向來是將歷代東亞民族逐鹿中原在現今屬中國大陸境內，皆收割為秦漢以來那套自我本位中國歷史框架內展開的大中華歷史脈絡，不少中華帝國片面歷史、政治正確威權主義下，在一切意識、版圖擴張聲索修“篡”宣染的本質。 目前已知最早期東洋倭寇在1370年到1390年的部分高麗賤民群體，亦有純由朝鮮人組成的倭寇集團。1617年(明萬曆四十五年)，成員複雜沒有國族歸屬的東洋海盜海商集團，在主要據地範圍的東蕃竹萋港(即台灣竹塹，今新竹縣)曾與入侵的大明軍發生戰役。福建沿海岸地區在中原大陸歷代帝國疆域下自古以來就是邊陲地帶，在更迭至明、清帝國下這個海濱地區百姓除了來源早已未必是古閩原始居民，同時也不會自稱為漢人。 從Laurent Sagart（1951年生於巴黎），法國漢學家。東亞語言研究中心 (CRLAO - UMR 8563) 的成員，他是法國國家科學研究中心 (CNRS) 的研究主任（已榮譽退休）。Laurent Sagart (2008) 提出 Kra-Dai 是 FATK （Formosan ancestor of Tai-Kadai.）的後期形式，是奧羅尼西亞語（南島語）的一個分支，屬於在臺灣發展起來的Puluqic 群的南島語分支，其使用者在西元前3千年後半期左右遷徙回東亞大陸，包括廣東、海南和越南北部。 在他們到達這個地區後，他們與未知的群體進行了語言接觸，導致了FATK詞彙的部分再同化。 基於其假說並有別於其假說，保守的近代所謂閩南語由包括台灣根據地的倭寇海盜、海商集團遷往福建沿海濱地區一帶，在延伸形成局部較強勢的政權主導勢力下匯流趨同，福佬話概是融於越腔的漢系客家話被同化於閩南語。文明文化從來不是單向流動的，如果以某派的唐官話是所謂閩南語，那台語外來詞彙也就不少由古鮮卑語所解釋發音的漢化鮮卑的詞彙發音。 大明帝國當代的日本臨摹坤輿萬國圖抄繪中，與中國貿易朝貢往來的琉球國（即更早古稱的夷州）是琉球群島，不在明帝國版圖的東寧是台灣，曾有機會發展出統一台灣全境的台灣國家，東寧國主要用語與用字即現今的台語與漢字。出生於日本的鄭成功，在1652年以福建沿海其中福州為主的駐地，是以海商海盜集團勢力與清帝國對峙談判，不是以所謂打著反清復明的南明勢力。日治時期台灣各地平埔族群也曾發起更名為東寧族的社會運動。 所謂石井鄭氏族譜，除了無法辨識真偽而大抵修篡起來的譜序，在現今福建沿海岸地區的石井鎮名，明、清當代與以前從未出現過以石井為名，在民國初所設延平鄉，民國29年（1940年）才改為石井鎮。 台灣該將近代大中華民族意識推論認知定調的閩南語更名為東寧語；台灣東寧語的臺語就是臺語。與海商海盜航海王集團相關，屬於台灣國族概念前身東番、高山國的與東亞文明影響的切身民族意識謂之東寧非中華。

[@黃國賓-p7h]

@@ROF5987 ...我曾親耳聽過一個原住民長老說，台灣這些漢人都背祖...應該有不少老一輩原住民會覺得我們漢人都是大陸來的...究竟誰跟你台灣人。"所謂的國族台籍就是台籍"但國族跟國籍是兩回事啊...，且你五代以前的祖先從中國來的機率高達九成九，這不用觀落陰問候祖先就可以猜到的事...，而台灣漢人的文化說穿了就從中國帶來的，這若也要耍賴也真的很瞎。說"自古在東亞中原帝國是化外之地..."...阿怎麼就跳過明鄭跟清朝呢?康熙台灣輿圖就放在台北的臺博館，作為鎮館之寶有空去看看，歷史不能盡挑自己喜歡的講，不喜歡的裝做看不到，你要說台灣干中華人民共和國屁事這才符合歷史事實，中國這個稱呼從西周出現用到現在也該有三千年了，他不是國家，而是文化稱謂，討厭中華人民共和國我全力支持你，且就算中華民國、中華人民共和國都滅亡了，中國還會繼續下去，就像漢朝、唐朝、宋朝都自稱中國一樣，歷代文獻中都翻得到自稱中國的片段，但他們就是不會把中國當正式國號，數千年來華夏的歷史告訴我們，朝代是短暫的，文化是綿長的，台灣的年輕一輩被民進黨洗得很成功，洗到中國代表權完全送給對岸，然後他居然還獨立不了，這個交易超笨根本資匪且甚麼都沒換到，獨立不了轉頭拿祖先文化開刀，有本事去跟中華人民共和國打一架啊，打不了，倒是關起門鬥祖宗，文化刨根洗腦中國跟我們沒關係，就這出息到底有沒有要獨立啊，說實在的對中華人民共和國來說根本不痛不癢，中國兩字白送他開心得很。明鄭在台灣就從來沒有切割過中國文化，從來沒有丟棄中國的身分，卻從來沒有也不會影響他的獨立自主，毀了他的獨立地位的是內鬥，就像你說的中國黨後裔、台灣人什麼的這種分法，再鬥下去吧，再鬥下去就真的快山水合璧了。

[@terr7803]

18:20 现代汉语里还有大量“和制汉语”： 会计、首脑、杂志、共产、共和、共荣、事变、事故、事件、发明、同志、资本、侦探、教官、委员、社会、解放、出纳、干事、宣言，大部分都是翻译西方词汇概念，还有一些是旧词结合赋新意 「意識」「右翼」「運動」「階級」「共産主義」「共和」「左翼」「失恋」「進化」「接吻」「唯物論」 文化、文明、民族、思想、法律、経済、資本、階級、警察、分配、宗教、哲学、理性、感性、意識、主観、客観、科学、物理、分子、原子、質量、固体、時間、空間、理論、文学、電話、美術、喜劇、悲劇、社会主義、共産主義など。 国債、特権、平時、戦時、民主、野蛮、越権、慣行、共用、私権、実権、主権、上告、例外など。

[@terr7803]

xx局（统计局、邮便局） xx员 xx家 首脑 自首 自动 宣言 杂志 共产 共和 共荣 事故 事变 事件 发表 发明 性格 人格 警告 确认 使用 产业 安全 标准 电池 会计 物理 经济 成分 顾问 保健 不动产 情报 细胞 特务 免疫 海豚 决议 海外 部队 证券 自动 协会 说明 行家 作家 记者 运动会 现行犯 旅行社 委员 委员长 风格 公园 放送 公会 博物馆 瓦斯 机关 电话 科学 技术 服务 组织 纪律 政治 警察 政府 党 方针 政策 申请 解決 理论 哲学 原则 经济 科学 商业 干部 健康 社会主义 资本主义 共和 美学 文学 美术 抽象 宣言 现行犯 教官 故障 索引 侦探 会员 警戒 解放 卫生 公安 委员会 教会 代表 理事长 公众 反对派 资本 蛋白质 干事 机器 xx员 同志 消防 水利 列车 偏见

[@Clay_Figurine_Legend_Share]

有一点不对哈，佛教不是在唐朝时期传入中国的，而是，佛教在唐朝时期因为皇权的支持更进入了鼎盛时期。佛教传入中国的时间是在东汉的时候。😂There is something wrong. Buddhism was not introduced to China during the Tang Dynasty. Rather, Buddhism entered its heyday due to the support of the imperial power during the Tang Dynasty. Buddhism was introduced to China during the Eastern Han Dynasty.

[@Billilv]

还有三武灭佛呢，佛教来挺早的

[@jacklim5940]

没仔细看吧，视频说了佛教是汉朝传入的

[@Leleo023]

I don’t finish yet, but first i need to say… you look so gorgeous! You’re amazing!

[@woodhardchang4634]

Chinese is the only language in the world that can enable modern Chinese people to understand the written content of ancient people 2000 years ago

[@能爾]

There is a wrong map at 8:23. It is Liu Song not Zhao Song dynasty.

[@DeRong_Hong]

The meaning of "fāngyán(方言)" in Chinese is not the same as that of "dialect". There are many differences between "Chinese fāngyán(中國方言)" and Chinese(meaning hànyǔ(漢語), not just a variant of Chinese. I guess this is because the ancients mistranslated "fāngyán" into "dialect". Some people feel that "fāngyán" should be translated as Abstandsprache. Another influence on modern Chinese is Japan. A large number of commonly used words in modern Chinese are Wasei-kango.

[@大塊死皮]

The process of the emergence of Chinese fāngyán is somewhat similar to the changes in European languages. As far as I know, modern French, Spanish, Latin... were originally developed from a village in the Apennine Peninsula, and spread to most of Europe through the ancient Roman Empire, while English is a mixture of languages ​​including The language and writing system formed by ancient Latin and Old Norse. The development of the Chinese language is also similar to the above-mentioned process. The Mandarin that modern Chinese people are accustomed to (which is quite similar to the "Mandarin" that Taiwanese are accustomed to) developed from the Yuan Empire founded by Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, in the 12th and 13th centuries. Kublai Khan did not unify China's pronunciation like the previous emperors in China, but just brought his usual pronunciation into China (we are currently not sure whether this set of pronunciation is Mongolian pronunciation, because there is no evidence that Kublai Khan ever He met and even spoke to his grandfather. No one is sure that Kublai Khan and Genghis Khan could talk in the same voice. It is currently known that this set of voices may have been used by Kublai Khan when talking to his staff and members of parliament). The pronunciation used by Lie in China later evolved. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Aixinjueluo family, which emerged in northeastern China, led a cavalry regiment through Shanhaiguan and re-declared themselves Chinese after the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty committed suicide. The new royal family, and the Han bureaucrats left behind by the Ming Dynasty were surprised to find that the pronunciation used by this Aixinjueluo family, which emerged in the Heilongjiang River Basin, was actually very similar to the pronunciation preserved by the Mongolian nobles of the Yuan Dynasty, so they This further established the status of this pronunciation in Beijing and became the official language of Beijing. Later, the Manchu Qing Dynasty was overthrown by a series of revolutionary movements in southern China. With the unanimous consent of the southern revolutionary leaders and the northern military leaders, this set of pronunciation commonly used in Beijing was further optimized and became the official national language of modern China and Taiwan. Others are fāngyán

[@大塊死皮]

As for other languages ​​used in China and Taiwan, such as the more internationally known Cantonese, they are traditional languages ​​that existed earlier in the Yangtze River Basin of China. According to the current limited archaeological discoveries, around the 2nd century BC, the southern half of what is now considered the territory of China was inhabited by a series of tribes written as "Miao" in Chinese characters. They created what is known as the modern archaeological community. Yangshao Civilization, however, in authoritative historical works, they were led by a group of powerful families united into a kingdom called "Chu". There are a large number of records about the Chu Kingdom in various documents with Chinese characters. This is a The kingdom was established in the 3rd century BC. Authoritative histories generally define it as a vassal state of the Zhou Dynasty. However, in fact, this kingdom existed before the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty. According to speculation, there are many different pronunciations popular in the Chu Kingdom. The royal family and nobles of Chu State used more than one pronunciation. However, due to the loss of writing, only the remaining Chinese phonetic transliterations of the description of Chu State's pronunciation remain. However, the fact is certain that the pronunciation used by Chu people is The pronunciation used by the Zhou Dynasty people at the same time is definitely two independent languages ​​with independent development systems. According to research, the pronunciation used by the Zhou Dynasty may have many phonetic overlaps with the Fujian pronunciation still used in modern times. For example, the pronunciation of the Fujian people The first person "I" refers to an individual warrior in the writings of the Zhou Dynasty. With the evolution of the times, China has gradually formed a unified political core. The reason why it is unified is that it usually continues to pair official scripts with local pronunciations. People who use local pronunciations can forget them by learning and using official scripts. The texts and pronunciations that they originally used can be preserved to the greatest extent because they are often used. However, most people generally only use texts when taking exams, and during exams they are restricted to only using official texts for answers, so for a long time Later, the original corresponding characters in various local languages ​​were replaced by official characters and lost their use value.

[@陳又又-j2k]

ㄅㄆㄇㄈㄉㄊㄋㄌㄍㄎㄏㄐㄑ 這才是真正的中文拼音 至於所謂漢語拼音 就是讓中國人看著ABCD學中文發音 讓中國人看著ABCD打中文字 這是從蘇聯來的共產黨對中國做出的怪異改造 中國不像中國，讓中國人看著ABC學中文發音，根本四不像，真的是文化浩劫

[@大塊死皮]

@@陳又又-j2k 才不是咧，你自己去查，注音符號的使用歷史可能還比羅馬拼音的時間短咧，而且台灣是先用羅馬拼音，後才用注音符號的，反而是大陸那邊比台灣先用的注音，是國民黨政權整套搬過來台灣後，才開始強制性的文化排他。不是所有你從小學到大的東西都是正確的，你說注音符號才是正港中文，你自己的父母跟祖父母都能打你臉，你強迫他們背你的注音符號看看，聯想法試試看，他們認字時候用的讀音，絕對跟我們小學時認字用的讀音有很大差別，你知道台灣有多少父母是因為國民黨教改後，才不得不跟子女一起重新學注音符號的嗎？這現象之滑稽，堪比共產黨剛建國時三代同堂讀毛選，想想就噁心，中國幾千年來的輩分倫理教條被這這兩個瘋黨搬出來的一套套政治操作踩在腳下來回輾，那真的是一段既瘋狂又荒誕的時代，對兩岸而言都是，你能想像為人父母的跟子女一起重新認字嗎？你去了國小回到家，父母都沒資格教你了，因為你在學校學的才是當今官家奉行的正朔，你父母那套則是時代遺棄的糟粕，那是多麼噁心的一個時期啊。

[@陳又又-j2k]

@@大塊死皮 你在亂講什麼！ 大陸老一輩爺爺奶奶都知道注音，看得懂注音ㄅㄆㄇ 但現在大陸青年根本看不到注音ㄅㄆㄇ 注音是1912年由中華民國🇹🇼教育部制定、1918年正式發佈 而漢語拼音是在1950年代由包括王力、陸志韋、黎錦熙、丁西林、林漢達、韋愨、羅常培、葉籟士、周有光、呂叔湘、魏建功等在內的一群中國語言學家，整合早期（漢字拉丁化）基礎及後來各種提議而開發的 注音的ㄅㄆㄇㄈ寫法就是來自中文字部首，注音跟中文字百分之百有關係 而漢語拼音ABCD寫法跟英文百分之百有關係

[@moganramg5370]

TAMIL belongs to tier 4- and I speak, read and write it proud of myself HINDI also belongs to tier 4- I can understand, read and write it Korean belongs to tier 5- I can read write, read and understand a little bit of it Now I am in the process of learning Japanese and Mandarin(Chinese) also

[@patriceesela5000]

Fascinating, just as good as the first video you made on this topic, keep up the good work, Zoe...Greetings from the UK

[@humblehouse]

Excellent introduction to a complex subject but minor errors in the portions when you were referring to the Han Dynasty - instead of 2xx AD, you added an extra zero and said 2xxx AD / CE.

[@wuhuhu1390]

Outside of China, people are more familiar with Cantonese, but the one that's closest to Middle Chinese is actually Min-Nan dialect. One can cross-reference with loanwords adopted by Japan and Korea, most of them sound more like Min-Nan. And some are actually closer to Standard Chinese/Mandarin, such as counting number in Korean, 5, 6, 7, 8 sound exactly the same. All variety of Chinese, more or less, retains certain aspect of ancient Chinese. depends on which specific era or dynasty we're comparing.

[@prasanth2601]

Maybe the percentage of dialects which preserve ancient Chinese is more in southern dialects especially in Min than mandarin.

[@eventhorizon3117]

Min-nan dialect is distinctively non Sinitic. The region was only occupied during the time of the Han Dynasty. But because it is so old, it has almost half of its vocabulary made of middle Chinese loan words. It is like Korean and Japanese rather than saying these languages are like Min-nan. It preserves some elements of Old Chinese. Cantonese is much later coming into being after the fall of the Tang Dynasty but it is distinctively a Sinitic dialect.

[@eventhorizon3117]

@@prasanth2601 Cantonese is sinitic but it only preserved middle chinese sounds not the Old Chinese which is more Tibetan sounding. You can say Mandarin is less sinitic after losing 4 tones and many other sounds.

[@wuhuhu1390]

@@eventhorizon3117 Min Nan is Sinitic, kindly refer to Chinese language tree. Old Chinese doesn't sound like Tibetan: Sino-Tibetan are two different branches, Sino and Tibetan. The hyphen merely indicates a grouping or cluster, e.g. Afro-Asiatic. A common Proto-Sino-Tibetan language is not fully established, like Proto-Indo-European. Even then, it doesn't mean they sound similar. Tibetan and Burmese are of same branch, but they sound completely different.

[@wuhuhu1390]

@@prasanth2601 Hard to quantify, deconstructing language is more complicated than just sound of words, which southern dialects seem to retain more. But tonal structural, Mandarin is closer to Middle Chinese, both have 4 tones. Cantonese and some dialects have gone on to develop more tones. Most comparison people make is just based on sound, citing a few poems. Even then, some words are closer to Mandarin, Courage 勇气 Yong Qi, Korean is Yong-Gi, Cantonese is Yong Hei. Among academics in China, there's no wide consensus. But everyone seems to be an expert on social media.

[@ST-co7yt]

Thank you for this informative video!

[@scottz9672]

I'm delighted to witness someone creating this video to introduce the Chinese language to English-speaking audiences. When you encounter a few critics in the comments section arguing that their version of traditional Chinese is the only authentic one, it becomes evident that you're on the right track.

[@U529HK]

right track? i think u still don't seem to grasp the definition of culture and history at all. There's a glaring gap in your understanding in that video. They conveniently ignore the fact that the Republic of China government introduced "Mandarin Phonetic Symbols" for Chinese phonetics and the use of ancient simplified characters. Chinese people, especially those associated with the Chinese Communist Party, are notorious for sweeping inconvenient truths under the rug. The consequences of oversimplified ideograms weren't even mentioned in the video, but u seem to think everything she said was spot on...🤣

[@lqx6710]

In fact, Simplified Chinese is just some informal writing methods used by the ancients. They were organized and collected into Simplified Chinese characters, and only a small portion of Simplified Chinese was created today

[@scottz9672]

@@lqx6710 The reason some people prefer informal writing is because it is relatively easier to use and disseminate while still meeting the standards of simplicity and accessibility. In fact, Simplified Chinese is widely utilized in countries such as China, Singapore, Malaysia, and within numerous international organizations. In Australia, we even teach Simplified Chinese as a community language in schools.

[@lqx6710]

@@scottz9672 Yes, I'm just arguing that some foolish people believe that only traditional Chinese is the wrong concept of Chinese，Wishing you a pleasant studyo(*≧▽≦)

[@ryan.f.andersen]

I'm not a Chinese learner, but this video is making me reconsider.

[@Jkurn]

666 this is awesome would love to watch a whole series of this for all your languages, great job Zoe!

[@zoe.languages]

That's the plan!

[@williamedwardhackman4695]

I'm learning Mandarin myself and I'm happy to learn about the history of the language of Chinese.

[@بدونعنوان-ص9ي]

شكراً كثيرا على هذا المجهود الرائع الذي تقدميه⁦❤️⁩⁦❤️⁩⁦❤️⁩⁦❤️⁩⁦❤️⁩⁦❤️⁩

[@francegamble1]

My children just finished a whole semester in their school of China's history, but I am glad to have more in depth from you on the language. Thank you. I am reading a book right now on the reform of the written language, too. 6-6-6 (P.S. In the USA where I am living now 666 has a totally different meaning. 😂)

[@本山亮-f4d]

很感谢你精心制作的视频…推广中国文化🎉

[@gianpierofarina6433]

Thanks dear Zoe for your interesting lesson 🌺

[@Josh-p2e]

其實除了中國大陸使用拼音系統之外，台灣依舊使用的是注音跟繁體中文

[@nor-yourd]

說到繁體其實香港都是用繁體字的😅

[@susa1373]

不是「繁體」是正體，繁是因爲一九五六出臺了「簡化字」，以它作標準，把之前都叫成繁，這是貶義。我彎腰蹲低了，就叫其他人是高個子。 一九七八之前的馬來西亞也是正體字華文，鄧小平南訪後，給一些想跟大陸做生意的有權人士咬了咬耳朵，便改成簡化字。一手推倒全球唯一由海外華人建立的華文的南洋大學的李光妖，爲了向左派示好，也改了用簡化字。但，真正的實質官方國語，卻是名爲工作語言的英語文。今日，英語已堂而皇之進入華人家庭之內，年青華人已逐漸遠離華語文及中華文化（不知這樣還算不算是華人呢）。

[@xsw2012]

@@susa1373不简化更难，更难推广对年轻人学更制造了障碍

[@susa1373]

​@@xsw2012 請教以下如何解釋？港臺及我海外，都全在正體字之下推行了國民義務教育，全民/全華人（除了去英文學校的）都識中華文漢字，沒有任何人說個「難」字，經濟照樣推動。日本明治維新也是在正體字教育下（而且是中國的文言文！）推動成爲侵略中國的強權（戰後爲了凝聚大和民族主義盡量避用漢字，而進行簡化漢字及提倡假名，事實這個簡化有限，假名運用也有限。反而是近代受歐美影響下假名用得更多，但當局仍不斷推動熟悉漢字的活動）。難不成自稱自認爲嫡系炎黃子孫的大陸唐山人，竟然比不上我等邊陲鄙民及海外遊民的聰明睿智？何況港臺尤其海外，還必要多讀英文，海外南洋一進小學便是華英巫三文五語（華英巫三文+華英巫粵閩五語，五語是必備，少數如潮州海南客家等還多一樣自家祖語方言，YT上大馬歌手黃明志便是），歐洲各國皆鼓勵雙或三語（比利時二語、瑞士三語、……），而唐山年輕人祗需讀學一種語文，便在呱呱叫說難！請去找些腦認知科學的資料研究吧。小兒腦適於記憶性學習，尤其語文，不管你幾多語文，都有辦法吸收。小孩學/用語文是看人臉而切換的，誰跟我講甚麼話我見這張臉就自動切換語言。成人腦纔是適推理性學習（用成人學語文的模式及思惟去灌給小兒教育，當然學漢字難）。不要被一九一五新文化化運動的那些「全盤西化」的民族自卑磚家唬弄（一九一九的五四運動是把「全盤西化」實行政治落實，並由大學問家陳獨秀帶頭共產運動）。還有，唐山的中文教育，重音不重形，對以形表義的中文來說是完全錯誤的教育法（註）。所以一九七九臺灣朱邦復發明了中文電腦，當微軟得到中文技術後往大陸推廣簡化字中文市場內附微軟的漢拼（漢拼和注音對初學電腦的小學生有其需要，但非必要），而大陸王永民發明的五筆卻始終拼不過漢拼。漢拼可是當年文字改革的拉丁化中文草稿，雖然文字改革失敗，總得撈點面子，便被倡導到中文打字啦。爲解同音字選字的效率問題，便又有詞庫、聯想字等（都是學自臺灣中文系統霸主倚天中文系統的創舉，那是個人電腦初出時在英文DOS上架設的）要上位者去推打筆劃部件的五筆，爲表忠心業績不如去推漢拼。（其實朱邦復的倉頡輸入法比五筆更好，早已全收有史所有十萬多漢字，也沒有五筆爲提速的怪規則，但大陸怎會希望臺灣貨把面子弄丢呢？） 註：重音又是因推普的框架所制，而強力推普又是因爲要搞拉丁化中文，全國沒有統一語音就無法推拼音中文。如臺灣的原住民，一個阿美族有五種方言，採用拼音形式書寫便有五種「近似音而不同拼法」的阿美族方言之文，無法統一，造成方言群之間互相不悅。其他想文字化的族群也爲方言別而吵。壯族有三方言群，如非上頭指揮（不聽話打頭啦），能有統一的拼音文？不要忘了，強迫強制，總會有暗流反彈的。

[@ExVeritateLibertas]

It should be noted that Nanjing dialect of Mandarin -- not Beijing dialect -- was considered the standard pronunciation until about the end of the 19th century. It retains the "entering tone" and glottal stops characteristic of Middle Chinese and southern languages like Cantonese. By that time, people were already using the Beijing pronunciation despite what was written in the grammar books.

[@syedmohibshahbukhari9402]

So nice video ❤❤❤

[@GL-iv4rw]

Looking at the origin in more detail, Sinitic languages go back 6000 years, first differentiated from proto-Sino-Tibetan in 3881 BCE during the Miaodigou phase of the Yangshao culture. Proto-Sinitic only started to diversify after the legendary era of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors.

[@ims3312]

It is difficult to say that Yangshao culture is indeed very early and advanced, but it is difficult to prove that the cultures of the Yellow River Basin and the north bank of the Yangtze River migrated to Yangshao culture around 2000 BC, so it is better to say that "the Yellow River Water Control Alliance" 2,000 BC was the initial stage of Han culture, and they realized that they should unite to do something meaningful to everyone.

[@GL-iv4rw]

​@@ims3312 Yangshao culture is indeed early but not very advanced, and did not last to 2000 BC. Because the matrix of it evolved into the Longshan culture where the genesis of the Huaxia nation occured.

[@Laurence0227]

I refer to Chinese languages as different tribal languages though, and the so called standared Chinese simply depend on among each regime which tribe ceased the throne they would implement their tribal languages as the standard languages that's why the standared Chinese sounds differently from each other among different dynastic era,

[@michaelz9]

No it does't drastically change in every dynasty e.g. the Mandarin today is similar to the Northern Chinese dialect 1400 AD. It just keeps evolving in different part of China and each dialect will sound differently from itself after certain amount of time . BTW where are you from?

[@despro8088]

后边传播了很多不正确的观点啊 北方汉语各方言发展更多是自身大范围快速融合的产物，并没有受其他什么语言的词汇和发音影响，南方各方言反而有不少土著民族的词汇影响。建议还是多了解语言学的知识吧，这国际影响不太好。

[@asqwer8]

看到南方蛮子争论自己方言正统就好笑。 一碰到个东亚其他国家的语音视频，就能看到以下评论： 1，跟我们粤语好像啊； 2， 跟我们客家话好像啊； 3，好像闽南话； 4 ， 听着很像吴语啊。你们几个先争论一下 谁最像日韩语言先

[@Mr-qr5kv]

完全正确，其实现代语言都是古汉语的孙子辈，其实都在某些方面和上古汉语相象；你很难说谁更像，看到那些说粤语和闽南语更像或者说就是上古汉语的，我就想笑，真无知。

[@黃國賓-p7h]

@@asqwer8 就我們這種南方蠻子來說，真的許多日語韓語發音就跟我們的方言母語發音一模一樣啊，這沒甚麼好爭論的，粵語客語我不清楚，但就閩南語的狀況他確實就是啊，且就算是商周時代的古漢語也有方言的歧異存在好嗎，魯國的話會跟秦國的話完全一樣嗎?這是不可能的只能說是同出一脈。且南方人的方言，在所謂的正統來說當然不會在千百年來，百分百完全沒變化，普通話才幾十年在兩岸就有語彙的歧異出現了，但南方方言多仍是八音系統，保留入聲字，唸唐詩時平仄俱全，普通話就只剩下了四聲，你很難不說遊牧民族盤據江北的數百年來語音混雜的引響很大，大到少了四個音，其實亂世遷徙的時局下南北碰到的狀況是一致的，古漢南遷雖然也混雜了南方部分土語，但漢族南遷是漢族中央政府下來，政治精英使用的語言，在新的土地上，雖然也得面對土語的混雜，但是仍舊是佔有上對下的優勢地位，而江北是湖人當老大，語言混雜的狀況是以下事上的弱勢地位，變異得更劇烈，因此要比正統，南方古語較正統這其實也很好理解，這沒甚麼好笑的....既說我們是南方蠻子，那我們也可以說你們北方是半韃子漢語，但這樣有意思嗎?反正大家的方言都已經不是百分百的古漢語了，但我們會說南方的古語更接進古漢語是有客觀事實的，不然你告訴我為什麼我們的方言母語跟古漢語一樣八個音，可以唸得出入聲字，普通話早就沒入聲了，為什麼我們日常仍在使用的母語中不說"鍋"而叫"鼎"(商代的) ，杯子不叫杯叫"甌"(漢代韻書裡查得到)，懷孕說"有身"，就這麼巧甲骨文卜辭裡就真的有"大命有身"這句，而"身"的甲骨文原意就是懷孕，順道說甲骨占卜的"卜"這個發音在閩南語裡就唸"BO"，完全是燒灼骨片時的爆裂聲，除了是象徵裂紋的象形字外，在語音上還是純粹的擬聲，國語"卜"是聽得出來這個意思嗎?從種種線索來說南方方言確實就是比較接近古代漢語。

[@asqwer8]

@@黃國賓-p7h 碰几个接近读音有什么大不了的。 你们蛮子自己先争论下 发音天差地别的几个蛮子方言，哪个更接近古汉语？ 奇怪了，各个都接近， 相互之间又天差地远。 逻辑在哪？

[@hotmango5647]

Love you Zoe ♥️

[@juliancarrieri1865]

谢谢你分享了汉字的历史。🥰🥰🥰

[@isalutfi]

Love this video. Thank you for sharing this insightful dan great educative content. 💙

[@ABChinese]

Amazing video! I learned a lot and it's crazy how broad and deep the Chinese language is. How did you make the map animations btw? They looked really cool 🤯

[@prasanth2601]

Never thought you'd be here

[@ABChinese]

@@prasanth2601 Why not? I love this kind of content 😃

[@prasanth2601]

@@ABChinese Hey, Can you make a brief video on how WenYanWen differs from modern standard Chinese. I'd love to hear about it from your perspective

[@陳又又-j2k]

ㄅㄆㄇㄈㄉㄊㄋㄌㄍㄎㄏㄐㄑ 這才是真正的中文拼音 至於所謂漢語拼音 就是讓中國人看著ABCD學中文發音 讓中國人看著ABCD打中文字 這是從蘇聯來的共產黨對中國做出的怪異改造 中國不像中國，讓中國人看著ABC學中文發音，根本四不像，真的是文化浩劫

[@xggong8261]

​@@陳又又-j2k小时候也学过，后来拼音普及了就觉得拼音更简单，不过你大可不必捧一个踩一个

[@karimatalrahmat1198]

انا طفلة عربية عمري 13۔۔۔2024 انا احاول تعلم اللغة الفرنسية و الانجليزية خصوصا لكن محاولات فاشلة لكن اتقن اللغة الفرنسية اكثر فقط النسبة اما انا لست جيدة جدا ثم احاول تعلم اللغة الصينية لاني احب تقاليدها و رموزها و اللغة الاسبانية اللغة : الهولاندية ۔ الالمانية ۔ الاطالية ۔ اليابانية ۔ الروسية هلا عطيتني بعض النصاٸح وكيف اتكلم بهم بطلاقة

[@يحييبدران-و8ب]

تحياتى لك كل فديو لكى جميل مثلك ، انا كريم من مصر

[@Abdias2020]

Hi Zoe, I found some pictures in B roll are disappearing too quickly that we can not have enough to read them completely 😊

[@linguarefa6465]

Интересная история и красивый язык очень хочу выучить китайский ❤

[@小美女-n7w]

加油❤

[@elipru9632]

Even the intro is exciting ^^

[@ihoulyu8457]

Actually, Modern Cantonese has mixed the dialects' pronunciation of ancient minorities in southern China, which means it is not accurate that Cantonese possesses more similarities with ancient Chinese compared to Mandarin. Mandarin and Cantonese both retain some original characteristics separately

[@ihoulyu8457]

but it's still a wonderful video!!! 666

[@susa1373]

But cantonese retains much much more than that mandarin does. Many or most cantonese terms use ancient word/character but mandarin not.

[@ihoulyu8457]

@@susa1373 mandarin does, and the ancient words remained is not the simple single criterion for assessing whether a language is ancient or not in linguistics.

[@susa1373]

@@ihoulyu8457 That depends the number of percentage of the words retained or used, of cource, pronunciation is another factor. The mandarin(=manchurian bigman=manchurain officer) raised since Ching dynasty when manchurian conquered china. If mandarin does, it is copied from, not retained from.

[@ihoulyu8457]

@@susa1373 ​ It's a common understanding in linguistics that Mandarin Chinese (Putonghua) is not the same as Manchurian; in fact, they are entirely distinct, differing in grammar and pronunciation. The name 'MANDARIN' for Mandarin Chinese has no connection to MANCHURIAN. By the way, you don't need to convince me of your correctness because there has been a consensus in the academic community for decades that all Chinese dialects are only descendants of ancient Chinese, with no one having a prior claim over the others (as it's challenging to demonstrate with solid evidence).

[@inside6703]

Language is an interesting thing. It is everything that a person knows, in addition to some symbols such as numbers and signs

[@wikirexlo]

Gorgeous! 👏

[@Arus_战巡]

1、 8:23 那个地图是错的，那是南北朝时期的刘宋，不是我们一般所说“宋朝”的赵宋 2、 明朝其实已经有四大名著，只不过《红楼梦》由《金瓶梅》替代 3、 广东这边民系非常复杂，语言也完全不同，不可一概而论 主要分为三部分，一是惠州以西，一直到广西东部，用的是广府方言，或者一般意义上的“广东话”，这部分的核心包括东莞、广州、佛山、清远、香港、澳门、中山、珠海、肇庆等地，为广府地区，内部的语言几乎完全相同，往西到了粤西、广西东部一带，讲话和广府地区有明显口音差异，但仍能相互理解 广府地区往东到惠州、汕尾、河源、梅州一带（也包括江西南部和福建南部），以及粤北部分地区（比如韶关），则是客家人的地盘，用的是客家话 再往东，到了潮州、汕头、揭阳，就是潮汕人的地盘，语言又不一样了，有他们自己的潮汕话 反正广府人、客家人、潮汕人相互用自己方言都是讲不通的，完全无法理解对方 岭南地区本来就有原住民，有乱世时族群举族南迁来的，也有因获罪而发配过来的人，各自抱团圈地发展，并保留了自己原来的语言，形成如今的复杂局面 而到了今天，还多出一块语言飞地--深圳，因外来人口过多，只能通行普通话 4、 白话文写议论文、记叙文、小说啥的没啥问题，写诗词散文就很扯淡了，真的比古诗词文差几个量级 尤其是现代诗，没押韵没格式没平仄，什么玩意！

[@Mr.Rajap000]

قناتك مدهشة حقاً بل الاكثر ادهاشا مقدار العلم الذي لديك اتمنى ان تستمري دائماً في نشر كل ماهو مفيد واسأل الله لك الهداية 👍

[@Billilv]

现代的部分可以提一下跟日语的关系，很多现代的词汇是日本在明治维新时期发明、中国的新文化运动时期被借鉴传到中国的，而日语使用汉字是因为唐朝时两国的大规模文化交流，相当于是有来有往。但是二战后因为一些政治因素，日语走上了另一条发展道路。

[@WMHKU]

Zoe姐姐太美了！

[@JosephQuisol-zh1ct]

I had no idea 666 was a thing until today! Ironically, 666 is also the "number of the beast" in Christian eschatology so I found it jarring to hear haha.

[@aekfet]

متألقة دائما

[@laoyue5924]

your hanfu is so pretty!!

[@nemetico]

666 from Germany

[@heysonic76]

my turkey

[@heysonic76]

come usa😢

[@神命堂口]

😢不信

[@RobertoEnriqueRodriguez-mk8nb]

Nope he's definitely from Germany & definitely worships Satan look at his KZbin channel he posted from. Simple

[@黑式白夜]

希望大家知道，繁体字和简体字都是汉语，繁体字并不是日本发明的，只是日本拿去用而已。中国大陆在共和国成立前也是用繁体字，但是因为繁体字笔画繁琐，加上当时文盲过多，所以决定简化汉字，才有了现在的简体字便于学习和日常使用。

[@黑式白夜]

这也是为什么台湾还在用繁体字的由来

[@csb6383]

台湾 香港 日本 韩国 越南到现在还在用 各人还是喜欢简单的简体字 繁体字太乱了头疼😂

[@mdejesus718]

666 Very educational. Thank you for the history.

[@wellplayed3938]

6 especially in Beijing area it pronounced the same as “溜” which means fluent or very familiar or talented in something. In Chinese culture, 1 means less 2 means common, 3 means more or all( it influenced by Taoist ), so they tend to put three times in a row to emphasize the strength. So 666 in western religionists, it stands for evil, but in Chinese it means that you are awesome. Same as number of 13, in Chinese, 13 is a lucky number😊😊

[@1978Bevis]

真令人驚訝，主講人不僅漂亮、說話流利、聲音好聽、就連影片使用的素材都頗具水準， 就連打扮也頗為重視，相信主講者不僅聰明還具有相當的藝術水平，應該也還有一個強大的團隊。 唯一我無法同意的是 簡體字 ，是為了提高識字率而推廣， 實際上，使用繁體字的台灣，識字率遠比中國要高很多，也更早， 簡體完全沒有發揮到更容易識字的目的， 簡體字對於繁體字的修改，有小部份改的是還不錯， 但絕大多數的字被改到無法從字形上直觀識別其歷史脈絡與其意義， 從甲古到繁體，字的形體改變，都還可以看到當中的文化脈絡， 到了簡體，抹去了許多的歷史軌跡， 更在字體上一定程度的破壞了漢字的美感。 但在拼音上 我是比較讚同中國的拼音方式， 至少這對於學習英文來說，比台灣慣用注音的人來說， 會來的稍微簡單一些，至少不用學兩組拼音，

[@ZackAlumi]

繁體？ 簡化過的叫簡體字，我可以理解也認可。但原本還沒被簡化過的中文怎麼就變成繁體了？難道簡繁之間還存在一種不可知的中文文體？

[@ROF5987]

在台灣，除了隨蔣介石中國黨政權撤逃遷佔台灣至今並視台灣為你們中國一部分的中國黨組㲍後裔，亦或不認同台灣這個主體獨立國家的你們大中華意識附㲍亻泛華結構，就原住民、先民而言，大抵台灣人就是台灣人，國族台籍就是台籍。 台灣自古在東亞中原帝國是化外之地不是你們中國一部分。你們中國是隨政策需要來主張哪裡是你們自古神聖不可分割的固有領土，你們當今的中國帝國是收割東亞大陸上自古歷代各部皇朝帝國以來所侵略併吞、種族清洗下的土地、民族。中華帝國自古以來就是不少本位偽造積累的誤差歷史，在近代中國大中華歷史政治正確下，也會因此做出有利維繫中國本位脈絡相承而背離考古的推論。現在社群、網路觸目可及中國歷史發展的中文史料資訊，多少在中文教育史觀下以帝國本位傾向的修簒吹擂走位添料的誤差註解了下來，更甚者如小說刻劃細節般的情節交代。 僅在近代公元1950年，你們中國強蠻就吞併了圖博這個古老國家納入屬於中國境內一部分的西藏地區，博巴族群也被歸誆為中華民族下的藏族，1979年中國發動戰爭侵略越南逼迫越南政府投降，最終遇越南頑強抵抗而擴張侵略失敗作收。越南與朝鮮是差點就被納入冠以中華民族的中國一部分，語言被歸入中國方言一部分。 閩粵祖譜是偽譜；台灣漢制祖譜並不是由外來殖民對積俗統稱所謂的漢人的來台開基祖傳下來的，而是後來有人信以為真按址前去認親帶回來的，並帶回禮儀規矩，使關係愈來愈逼真，至今對大中華民族祖脈信仰早已就如同宗教團體信徒的對感恩Seafood讚嘆Seafood的信仰根深蒂固一般。 中國百姓在明嘉靖十五年(1536)年以後才被准許祭拜四代之前的祖先，把他們寫入祖譜，因此上溯漢唐宋名人甚至炎黃的，明代之前的中國祖譜都是有假造誤差。蓋宋代之前的族譜是官修的，私修族譜極少，直到明代民間修譜的風氣才開始，到清代因受雍正2年頒行的康熙《聖諭廣訓》「修族譜以明疏遠」的號召而大盛，甚至有人把不修族譜看作是「有違聖祖仁皇帝（康熙）敦孝悌、篤宗族之訓」。基因研究早已確認，福建、廣東人都是百越民族的後代，是自古從漢制的皇朝帝國以中原漢譜名人祖譜與堂號消滅了越族。所謂”漢族”一詞是在近代大中華民族意識取漢帝國盛世表徵的以漢囊括為中國政治正確下代表中國民族主體下而來，在近年也宣染出能比漢族文明更以前與概括的“華夏族”。 被你們現今中國民族主義者視為製造漢族歷史割裂謠言的你們中國復旦大學李輝博士等人與國際團隊的人類分子學研究成果；“國際Y染色體命名委員會”把全世界的Y染色體分為從A到R的若干大的類型，而中國人所帶的，主要是O型、D型，其中D型比較古老，是棕色人種留下的基因，而O型分為O1，O2和O3三種，O1型從越南、廣西方向進入中國，沿著海岸線往東北走，形成了百越民族。在距今兩萬年的時候，O3型中分化出了O3a3b型的一支，即是苗瑤語族的祖先。而O3型其他的人，繼續向北走，成為漢、羌、藏等人的共同祖先。（耶魯大學李輝）” 在此之後的復旦基因研究恐迎合你們大中華脈絡本位需要而論述翻盤修篡調整。 廣瓊福粵人更要使兩廣瓊福脫離中國，建立以廣州為首都的大粵民國，光復呼應古越大陸的古越人百越氏族的南越國古國榮光。圖博自古是古國不是中華民族一部分，維吾爾的東突厥斯坦也不是中國一部分。 在逐鹿中原貢獻了東亞文明的朝鮮、大和民族大抵是東北亞東夷鮮卑融群，隋唐是東夷鮮卑系族群建立的政權王朝，不是由中原狹義的所謂漢族建立。中國歷史學界包括社群網絡史料向來是將歷代東亞民族逐鹿中原在現今屬中國大陸境內，皆收割為秦漢以來那套自我本位中國歷史框架內展開的大中華歷史脈絡，不少中華帝國片面歷史、政治正確威權主義下，在一切意識、版圖擴張聲索修“篡”宣染的本質。 目前已知最早期東洋倭寇在1370年到1390年的部分高麗賤民群體，亦有純由朝鮮人組成的倭寇集團。1617年(明萬曆四十五年)，成員複雜沒有國族歸屬的東洋海盜海商集團，在主要據地範圍的東蕃竹萋港(即台灣竹塹，今新竹縣)曾與入侵的大明軍發生戰役。福建沿海岸地區在中原大陸歷代帝國疆域下自古以來就是邊陲地帶，在更迭至明、清帝國下這個海濱地區百姓除了來源早已未必是古閩原始居民，同時也不會自稱為漢人。 從Laurent Sagart（1951年生於巴黎），法國漢學家。東亞語言研究中心 (CRLAO - UMR 8563) 的成員，他是法國國家科學研究中心 (CNRS) 的研究主任（已榮譽退休）。Laurent Sagart (2008) 提出 Kra-Dai 是 FATK （Formosan ancestor of Tai-Kadai.）的後期形式，是奧羅尼西亞語（南島語）的一個分支，屬於在臺灣發展起來的Puluqic 群的南島語分支，其使用者在西元前3千年後半期左右遷徙回東亞大陸，包括廣東、海南和越南北部。 在他們到達這個地區後，他們與未知的群體進行了語言接觸，導致了FATK詞彙的部分再同化。 基於其假說並有別於其假說，保守的近代所謂閩南語由包括台灣根據地的倭寇海盜、海商集團遷往福建沿海濱地區一帶，在延伸形成局部較強勢的政權主導勢力下匯流趨同，福佬話概是融於越腔的漢系客家話被同化於閩南語。文明文化從來不是單向流動的，如果以某派的唐官話是所謂閩南語，那台語外來詞彙也就不少由古鮮卑語所解釋發音的漢化鮮卑的詞彙發音。 大明帝國當代的日本臨摹坤輿萬國圖抄繪中，與中國貿易朝貢往來的琉球國（即更早古稱的夷州）是琉球群島，不在明帝國版圖的東寧是台灣，曾有機會發展出統一台灣全境的台灣國家，東寧國主要用語與用字即現今的台語與漢字。出生於日本的鄭成功，在1652年以福建沿海其中福州為主的駐地，是以海商海盜集團勢力與清帝國對峙談判，不是以所謂打著反清復明的南明勢力。日治時期台灣各地平埔族群也曾發起更名為東寧族的社會運動。 所謂石井鄭氏族譜，除了無法辨識真偽而大抵修篡起來的譜序，在現今福建沿海岸地區的石井鎮名，明、清當代與以前從未出現過以石井為名，在民國初所設延平鄉，民國29年（1940年）才改為石井鎮。 台灣該將近代大中華民族意識推論認知定調的閩南語更名為東寧語；台灣東寧語的臺語就是臺語。與海商海盜航海王集團相關，屬於台灣國族概念前身東番、高山國的與東亞文明影響的切身民族意識謂之東寧非中華。

[@qopoio181]

​@@ROF5987野史老哥收收味😅

[@qopoio181]

我向你举一个很简单的例子，但我首先声明，我不是在侮辱台湾。 忧郁的台湾乌龟 憂鬱的臺灣烏龜 我相信你有自己的独立思想，能够看得出哪种字体在当初那个没有手机电脑互联网的年代更有利于被人传播学习以及书写。

[@1978Bevis]

@@qopoio181 你這個舉例會顯的特別傻，我沒有在污辱你的意思， 就拿書寫的產量來說，最大關鍵不是字的筆畫，而是教育程度與教育的普及， 我跟你都有腦子，怎麼我就能輕鬆學會繁體，而你就覺得中國人只學的會簡體? 你是在說中國人的腦子學不會繁體所以不利於傳播? 你要知道，手寫書最花時間的不是寫字本身，是你的腦子能不能寫的出內容。 真正有在寫書的人，最花時間的是在思考與找資料。 就算在簡體推廣的那個年代也可以預見， 書寫成本將會越來越低，如果簡體真的有利傳播，是因為好寫，簡體推廣1934年為啥1947年要發明中文打字機? 這個世界上1870年就打字機的存在，雖然不是中文，但以中國人的智慧，難到就不會想到，有一天人類不再靠手寫文字來傳遞訊息了? 你再看看識字率， 台灣很早以前不識字的人數就已經低於10%， 1997年的統計5.34% 2006年的統計已經低於2.52% 2016年的統計低於1.3% 中國2000年9.08% 2010年4.88% 在整個掃盲的進程上，用繁體的台灣遠比中國要早很多， 就已經很說明字體的簡化對文化、文字、資訊的傳播並沒有任何幫助， 真正有幫助的是在教育體制與教育普及上

[@이웅-s1y]

Language Group 1 (Trans-Eurasian Language Family): Korean, Japanese, Mongolian, Manchurian Language Group 2 (Southeast Asian tonal languages): Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai, Cambodian, Taiwanese, Malaysian... Northeast Asian DNA Group: Korea, Japan, Mongolia, Manchuria Southeast Asian DNA group: China (Han Chinese), Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Taiwan, Malaysia...

[@gerardosagastume1960]

Wooow,😮😮😮😮 Zoey, it's an interesting history, the chinese language evolution, nice video , thanks, 謝謝妳🙏🙏🇨🇳

[@zoe.languages]

Glad you liked it!!

[@amgtsyr1475]

Please guys any one know the name of the music in the beginning of the video

[@heysonic76]

cat

[@fanclku9928]

Zoe, you are the best!!

[@yangzong8579]

I super enjoy your videos and learn a lot,I have taken your advise on how to learn English,thank you for spreading Chinese culture! I want to make the world more diverse as you do.I will keep trying!

[@jhonhenao3193]

Hi zoe. Nice video😮

[@sarkong6687]

666, thank you and the presentation is very educational. You did mention a bit about why Mandarin was selected as an official language but what were the debates among the Chinese intellectuals to select such a language? Many thanks and I am looking forward to hearing from you soon. Sincerely, Sar Kong.

[@MartianRH]

谢谢！

[@user-dp5xg5nj1ymohamed]

Ur fluency in English language such as the foreigners exactly and ur pronunciation perfect 👍❤❤❤❤.

[@羅健豪-j1b]

規範簡化字是馬列中國在實行「文字拉丁化」及「37年字改」失敗後的過渡型產物，並非漢字自然演進而成。 現行的許多規範簡化字不符合六書造字邏輯，只是粗暴的破壞了漢字結構。

[@kirtliu]

她不能這樣講，不然在中國可能很難過你懂的

[@dingdanny5745]

啥都能和政治关联，民进党粗暴地把你们脑子都给洗得不成样了。@@kirtliu

[@armin6794]

你管这么多干什么？

[@羅健豪-j1b]

@@armin6794 對馬列走狗看不順眼就順便管一管囉😂

[@Yohann_Rechter_De-Farge]

Thank you very much 🌹🌷🌺

[@angelmeier4382]

I'm European and our cultures are so different. Although we associate certain meaning with some numbers as well, the meanings behind numbers are so different between our cultures. In the western culture 666 is associated with the devil. And 4 doesn't mean death and isn't an unlucky number. It encompasses wholeness, a full circle, completeness, like 4 seasons coming together to a year.

[@noahyin6617]

8分23秒 使用的宋朝地图是错误的。那张地图其实是 南北朝时期(隋之前)的南朝 刘宋地图，那时的北朝是鲜卑的北魏。刘宋 和 赵宋 是 不同时期使用相同国号的朝代。他们俩个相差了几百年。

[@noahyin6617]

瑕不掩玉，up主 能将 汉语历史讲解如此细致。真是相当了不起。

[@donaldliu]

Hi Zoe, thanks for sharing and my pleasure to share with my thousands of friends and followers in linkedin. Greeting from Suzhou, China

[@zoe.languages]

Thanks for sharing!!

[@princess63411]

I absolutely love you and your channel. You're brilliant with a beautiful heart. Thank you for sharing ❤😊

[@eliweissmann5810]

Super interesting the chinese has contributed a lot to the world.

[@fungleslie2701]

才两千幾個讚啊⋯⋯B站視頻動不動就幾萬，姐姐加油支持你👍🏻

[@Billilv]

有对应的B站频道么？

[@albajgurd]

informative. you should do videos on China's history. you have a pleasant voice

[@liang186]

宋朝的地图用错了，用的是南北朝时期的南朝宋。南朝宋是公元479年建立，宋朝是公元960年建立。

[@valeryhuang223]

哇～影片裡面的插圖影片都好用心的尋找選擇唷！ 畫質又好影片又精美！影片製作編輯人員真的用心！給個大讚！ 也想請問一下～您資料來源？可否分享一下查詢了哪些資料... 我目前對中國語言的發展也有點興趣～ 感謝！

[@ROF5987]

在台灣，除了隨蔣介石中國黨政權撤逃遷佔台灣至今並視台灣為你們中國一部分的中國黨組㲍後裔，亦或不認同台灣這個主體獨立國家的你們大中華意識附㲍亻泛華結構，就原住民、先民而言，大抵台灣人就是台灣人，國族台籍就是台籍。 台灣自古在東亞中原帝國是化外之地不是你們中國一部分。你們中國是隨政策需要來主張哪裡是你們自古神聖不可分割的固有領土，你們當今的中國帝國是收割東亞大陸上自古歷代各部皇朝帝國以來所侵略併吞、種族清洗下的土地、民族。中華帝國自古以來就是不少本位偽造積累的誤差歷史，在近代中國大中華歷史政治正確下，也會因此做出有利維繫中國本位脈絡相承而背離考古的推論。現在社群、網路觸目可及中國歷史發展的中文史料資訊，多少在中文教育史觀下以帝國本位傾向的修簒吹擂走位添料的誤差註解了下來，更甚者如小說刻劃細節般的情節交代。 僅在近代公元1950年，你們中國強蠻就吞併了圖博這個古老國家納入屬於中國境內一部分的西藏地區，博巴族群也被歸誆為中華民族下的藏族，1979年中國發動戰爭侵略越南逼迫越南政府投降，最終遇越南頑強抵抗而擴張侵略失敗作收。越南與朝鮮是差點就被納入冠以中華民族的中國一部分，語言被歸入中國方言一部分。 閩粵祖譜是偽譜；台灣漢制祖譜並不是由外來殖民對積俗統稱所謂的漢人的來台開基祖傳下來的，而是後來有人信以為真按址前去認親帶回來的，並帶回禮儀規矩，使關係愈來愈逼真，至今對大中華民族祖脈信仰早已就如同宗教團體信徒的對感恩Seafood讚嘆Seafood的信仰根深蒂固一般。 中國百姓在明嘉靖十五年(1536)年以後才被准許祭拜四代之前的祖先，把他們寫入祖譜，因此上溯漢唐宋名人甚至炎黃的，明代之前的中國祖譜都是有假造誤差。蓋宋代之前的族譜是官修的，私修族譜極少，直到明代民間修譜的風氣才開始，到清代因受雍正2年頒行的康熙《聖諭廣訓》「修族譜以明疏遠」的號召而大盛，甚至有人把不修族譜看作是「有違聖祖仁皇帝（康熙）敦孝悌、篤宗族之訓」。基因研究早已確認，福建、廣東人都是百越民族的後代，是自古從漢制的皇朝帝國以中原漢譜名人祖譜與堂號消滅了越族。所謂”漢族”一詞是在近代大中華民族意識取漢帝國盛世表徵的以漢囊括為中國政治正確下代表中國民族主體下而來，在近年也宣染出能比漢族文明更以前與概括的“華夏族”。 被你們現今中國民族主義者視為製造漢族歷史割裂謠言的你們中國復旦大學李輝博士等人與國際團隊的人類分子學研究成果；“國際Y染色體命名委員會”把全世界的Y染色體分為從A到R的若干大的類型，而中國人所帶的，主要是O型、D型，其中D型比較古老，是棕色人種留下的基因，而O型分為O1，O2和O3三種，O1型從越南、廣西方向進入中國，沿著海岸線往東北走，形成了百越民族。在距今兩萬年的時候，O3型中分化出了O3a3b型的一支，即是苗瑤語族的祖先。而O3型其他的人，繼續向北走，成為漢、羌、藏等人的共同祖先。（耶魯大學李輝）” 在此之後的復旦基因研究恐迎合你們大中華脈絡本位需要而論述翻盤修篡調整。 廣瓊福粵人更要使兩廣瓊福脫離中國，建立以廣州為首都的大粵民國，光復呼應古越大陸的古越人百越氏族的南越國古國榮光。圖博自古是古國不是中華民族一部分，維吾爾的東突厥斯坦也不是中國一部分。 在逐鹿中原貢獻了東亞文明的朝鮮、大和民族大抵是東北亞東夷鮮卑融群，隋唐是東夷鮮卑系族群建立的政權王朝，不是由中原狹義的所謂漢族建立。中國歷史學界包括社群網絡史料向來是將歷代東亞民族逐鹿中原在現今屬中國大陸境內，皆收割為秦漢以來那套自我本位中國歷史框架內展開的大中華歷史脈絡，不少中華帝國片面歷史、政治正確威權主義下，在一切意識、版圖擴張聲索修“篡”宣染的本質。 目前已知最早期東洋倭寇在1370年到1390年的部分高麗賤民群體，亦有純由朝鮮人組成的倭寇集團。1617年(明萬曆四十五年)，成員複雜沒有國族歸屬的東洋海盜海商集團，在主要據地範圍的東蕃竹萋港(即台灣竹塹，今新竹縣)曾與入侵的大明軍發生戰役。福建沿海岸地區在中原大陸歷代帝國疆域下自古以來就是邊陲地帶，在更迭至明、清帝國下這個海濱地區百姓除了來源早已未必是古閩原始居民，同時也不會自稱為漢人。 從Laurent Sagart（1951年生於巴黎），法國漢學家。東亞語言研究中心 (CRLAO - UMR 8563) 的成員，他是法國國家科學研究中心 (CNRS) 的研究主任（已榮譽退休）。Laurent Sagart (2008) 提出 Kra-Dai 是 FATK （Formosan ancestor of Tai-Kadai.）的後期形式，是奧羅尼西亞語（南島語）的一個分支，屬於在臺灣發展起來的Puluqic 群的南島語分支，其使用者在西元前3千年後半期左右遷徙回東亞大陸，包括廣東、海南和越南北部。 在他們到達這個地區後，他們與未知的群體進行了語言接觸，導致了FATK詞彙的部分再同化。 基於其假說並有別於其假說，保守的近代所謂閩南語由包括台灣根據地的倭寇海盜、海商集團遷往福建沿海濱地區一帶，在延伸形成局部較強勢的政權主導勢力下匯流趨同，福佬話概是融於越腔的漢系客家話被同化於閩南語。文明文化從來不是單向流動的，如果以某派的唐官話是所謂閩南語，那台語外來詞彙也就不少由古鮮卑語所解釋發音的漢化鮮卑的詞彙發音。 大明帝國當代的日本臨摹坤輿萬國圖抄繪中，與中國貿易朝貢往來的琉球國（即更早古稱的夷州）是琉球群島，不在明帝國版圖的東寧是台灣，曾有機會發展出統一台灣全境的台灣國家，東寧國主要用語與用字即現今的台語與漢字。出生於日本的鄭成功，在1652年以福建沿海其中福州為主的駐地，是以海商海盜集團勢力與清帝國對峙談判，不是以所謂打著反清復明的南明勢力。日治時期台灣各地平埔族群也曾發起更名為東寧族的社會運動。 所謂石井鄭氏族譜，除了無法辨識真偽而大抵修篡起來的譜序，在現今福建沿海岸地區的石井鎮名，明、清當代與以前從未出現過以石井為名，在民國初所設延平鄉，民國29年（1940年）才改為石井鎮。 台灣該將近代大中華民族意識推論認知定調的閩南語更名為東寧語；台灣東寧語的臺語就是臺語。與海商海盜航海王集團相關，屬於台灣國族概念前身東番、高山國的與東亞文明影響的切身民族意識謂之東寧非中華。

[@kachakachakachakacha-k7c]

一个小建议：视频八分二十四秒宋朝地图错，您用的是南北朝时期南朝的刘宋政权的版图而非宋代。讲的很棒，非常感谢您的视频。关注点赞了。

[@rainandnight]

真细心了，确实是，此刘宋非彼赵宋

[@zoe.languages]

感谢指出错误🙏

[@start9476]

China has a very very rich culture both in the tradition of clothing, food, education ."At the time the prophet MOHAMED sent one of his emissaries to bring a message to the emperor of China to convert to Islam, the emissary of the prophet was very well received by the emperor who refused to convert to Islam and the emperor of china gave a gift of clothingChinese to the Prophet MOHAMED who thanked the Emperor of China for this generous gesture and the Prophet asked Allah to bless the Chinese people the prophet later said if you want to seek science go to china if necessary " China is a great, generous and scientific people

[@tymanung6382]

China has Muslim minorities like Turks Uighurs + part Han part some other Turks = Hei In past had for centuries, Arab + etc. merchants in E China coastal port cities. They left mosques, bi lingual Arabic + Chinese Qurans. etc. To see parallel calligraphy in both written languages is amazing artwork!!

[@wzhb]

涨知识啦！❤

[@iremiano15]

Thank you for tr subtitles

[@albertgonzales5009]

Hi Zoe, I've been studying Mandarin, what do you recommend, Cantonese or Mandarin?

[@軒-Xuan]

Mandarin can be used in more places