The Names of the Runes (Elder Futhark)

[@JacksonCrawford]

One of the oldest runic inscriptions ever found has just been announced in the Norwegian media. Krister Vasshus at the University of Bergen has a welcome break-down of the major points of the find in a Twitter thread that starts at twitter.com/KristerVasshus/status/1615236531689607169 and I have a video on the basic facts and my first impressions of the find at kzbin.info/www/bejne/jpDQY6uZpLpsh5I

[@NorSe_RavN]

-I learned and used to like Ehwaz as a 'M' form, more familiated with our alphabetic form of M and its more easier to remember it, that form in that video look like a commun Russian letter form. -Sowilo, I like it in is ''s'' form, but sadly someone in the 30's made a bad image of this rune. -Don't know if it true but I also read about that Laguz can also be: Lögr (What do you think of that ?) -Also just a reminder for the peoples that you could hint them: Kauna is also used not only for ''K'' but also for our ''C and Q'' letters, since C, K and Q sounds similar depending on the words we use. Like if your name is: Celine you could write it: Keline. Queen for exemple can be written: Kueen. Cause' as you made people realised, there's no C and Q letter in Elder Futhark.

[@bluemarauder6997]

Iin your educated opinion how do you suppose the word "heaven" would've been written or translated in elder futhark? and would words have been spoken with the formation of the sounds the runes made? or would they have been made based on the combinations of runes and their meanings to mean something else? bcause i know it would be a mistake to directly try and translate English to the runes. it wouldn't mean the same thing.

[@persevyr2803]

Dr. Jackson I have a question. Could elder futhark, be related to the enochian language in anyway?

[@juanpabloleaplaza6395]

Thank you nordic cowboy

[@mickeyamf]

I think he said he didnt have scand roots but hes legit an amerikan viking manski

[@nikburisson9-pissedoffpeasant-]

I try to give him the name > Ol' Doc Norse©️®️™️.

[@handlethisbitch]

Howdy gorgeous

[@marysementilli1611]

Ditto !!

[@mattiasfaldt1725]

nordic with name Crawford , i dont hinks so . Crawford is so anglosaxon

[@jaime_1660]

When you realize that Odin gave an eye and hanged himself as a sacrifice to learn those runes, and now you can learn them from a good-looking Colorado cowboy on the internet.

[@satanswife2546]

Not just to learn those runes, he earned himself more knowledge than that

[@handlethisbitch]

WHHAAT!!!

[@waltzraghu686]

Stonks

[@grneyefin]

It's a funny reply. 😄 However, from my understanding he was given the secrets and powers of the runes. So, not just the knowledge. Because of his worthiness, Odin basically was given power to "create" the runes. So to speak, and shared some of that knowledge with humans. 🖤

[@grneyefin]

It's a funny reply. 😄 However, from my understanding he was given the secrets and powers of the runes. So, not just the knowledge. Because of his worthiness, Odin basically was given power to "create" the runes. So to speak, and shared some of that knowledge with humans. 🖤

[@itsemmallright]

I would never guess in a million years that I would be learning about runes from a cowboy

[@SolNaciente13]

🤣😅😆😂

[@blakeanderson5064]

if a cowboy knew razor disposables existed in this age they'd smash all their cash on the whole asile. hes pretty good on this stuff though. i wonder what generation his learning curve is. very much like mine.

[@sermel6307]

😂😂😂😂😂

[@avxy3632]

​@@blakeanderson5064generation learning curve?

[@blakeanderson5064]

@@avxy3632 i think thats a good way to put it... stigmas of evolving technologies,we evolved and learned in one direction but now we can learn forwards and backwards at the conveniences of our own time. thx avxy

[@kimberlysamuel474]

You make the pronounciations seem so easy. It's incredible just watching you talk in Old Norse with such ease.... Have I mentioned how much I appreciate you and your sharing your knowledge with everyone?

[@szerokiusmiech167]

I have a complete opposite feeling. Yes, he knows how to pronounce those words but he's trying so hard (too hard actually) to pronounce it right, that it's almost funny. Especially when he's pronouncing words with "R". His thick english accent doesn't help. He knows how to pronounce but with such ease... Not really

[@averageman2120]

@@szerokiusmiech167 that's an American accent, not English.

[@Kvalln]

@@szerokiusmiech167 He's pronouncing it slowly to make it audible for anyone trying to parse it, I thought that was obvious.

[@kimberlylebel693]

👁 second that😊

[@mrlellol1626]

@@szerokiusmiech167 Doesn't really matter since english is also a Germanic language.

[@stormsa-coming4315]

I learned all 24 runes in 4 days (6 at a time) and this video was my go to. Thank you Jackson.

[@geoffgjof]

(I also messaged this to you on your website, but I don't know if it's better to post it here if you get inundated with messages on your site...) Dr. Crawford, I love all your videos. You know so much and I am always pleasantly surprised at the things I learn when I watch you videos. I recently watched your video on elder futhark runes again, and I came to an interesting hypothesis. I believe kauna actually means "knowledge". If true, the Old Icelandic rune poem would say something like: "Knowledge brings the death of childhood through suffering and the realization of death." Throughout Germanic poetry and mythology, knowledge is talked about as a "burning" sensation, so ulcer and torch being used, respectively, to describe the pain of uncomfortable realizations, and the illuminating feeling of introspective realizations, makes sense. I believe the meaning of "knowledge" would also work for the Old Norwegian and Anglo-Saxon rune poems as well, but those ones are harder for an amateur linguist like myself to translate in the 15 minutes I spent looking up support for my hypothesis (haha). I'll definitely have to spend more time translating the other two to see if it works. But based on the translations I see on Wikipedia, it seems like we could be lighting a new fire in linguistics with this epiphany. (Ok, that's laying it on a little heavy. I'm probably wrong about this because if it's true, it's weird that no one's figured it out yet...) Here's an important question moving forward: is there a linguistic tie between kauna(n) and kunnan (and modern day words, like the Scottish word ken and the modern German word können)? I appreciate your time helping me ponder this, Geoffrey Kuth

[@TimSmithWordSmith]

‘As in an unpleasant form of precipitation’ Excellent.

[@xiongrey19]

I've been learning and writing in the Elder Futhark since I was 13 over a decade ago. Subbing to your channel to continue my knowledge!

[@halanoliveira9885]

Tori X can u write something into rune to me? I've the text

[@koikoijem7181]

Tori X hi do you know of any good videos to learn how to read,pronounce it. I am a beginner so i dont know of many sources yet . i will really apreciate it.

[@grimhavenz]

Mr. Andersen | bitch stfu

[@jambalaya1058]

@Mr. Andersen hahaha

[@Casiusss3]

This videos is in Polish however you can use translator - he discover the way of creating the runs etc, you can also check his book: kzbin.info/www/bejne/iauxkKFqiLFpfdU

[@amye9435]

My boyfriend is Danish,Ice landic and swedish, from arizona . He absolutely loves watching your videos jackson.

[@homopopsie6622]

"I like your funny words, magic man"

[@gabrielprado2659]

Blessid be

[@bryceforsyth8521]

I wish English hadn't dropped Þ.

[@susablack9485]

Þanks for posting this.

[@xiongrey19]

I kinda wish English used both Þ and Ð. I like the differentiation.

[@AlexeiKremliovsky]

we can change þat, after all dictionaries add words created by people, so if we all use þ in our language and more and more people adopt þat, we will eventually end up with that letter

[@adrien437]

@@AlexeiKremliovsky just reintroduce all runes lol. The latin alphabet is so boring...

[@AlexeiKremliovsky]

@@adrien437 Agreed

[@thehealingrose]

I absolutely enjoyed listening to your audio of the Peotic Edda. It is fantastic to have a source for these old stories where I am able to actually hear the pronunciations instead of always trying to decide how I think it should be said. Your work is really fantastic for the amateur researcher that has more restricted access to the academic writings on the subject. Thank you so much for your work.

[@infinite5795]

This needs to be used again! We Odias from India had been writing in an independent Brahmi derivative called Kalinga abugida since the 3rd century, until our royalty went for the present Odia script in the 12th century, which descends from Siddham script, a far relative of Brahmi. There are many temples where it is written in Kalinga abugida, it is still legible but couldn't be read by common people until recently, when many Odias are learning the Kalinga abugida as well to read these old inscriptions. Same with the Tamils and Kannadigas of Southern India. I hope that this script is taught in schools , atleast secular literature like the Sagas are printed in this script and read in language classes( it will be nicer in showing the evolution of your languages) and some signboards should also start featuring this script along with Roman script. Honestly, we don't have any lessons about the Germanic and Scandinavian history, only Roman history is relevant in schools while talking of Europe and Egypt for Africa, apart from the Sanskrit and Dravidian heritage of India.

[@amandavaldorian]

5:55 is when he starts talking about the alphabet and the pronunciations

[@moriahhersker]

Amanda Valdorian we need a extended explanation about what are we going to learn. I enjoy a lot this videos

[@amandavaldorian]

@@moriahhersker what do you mean?

[@spirittalks5681]

Amanda Valdorian thanks

[@amandavaldorian]

@@spirittalks5681 you're welcome 😊

[@ShinyShilla]

@@amandavaldorian some are entirely new on this world, maybe not even searched for the video

[@hamsterama]

"Ehwaz," the word for horse, sounds an awful lot like the Latin word for horse, "equus." It's interesting to see the Indo-European relationship here.

[@ifthebeltiscrackedor]

Swedish slang for horse is actually "quusar".

[@MagklJellyBeanPastelLucidDream]

Very much so!

[@elgranlugus7267]

Old English: Eoh Latin: Equus Old Irish: Ech Spanish: Equino

[@hadriananton9762]

The Stutterer Greek: eppos

[@arthurreede4478]

@@elgranlugus7267 Dutch/German: Paard/Pferd haha. Don't know where that came from

[@JonBA94]

In the 1920's (on the farmland that now belongs to my aunt, in west Iceland) a tombstone was discovered from the late 17th century (it's currently in her possession). It was very elaborate and had runic inscriptions, which means Icelanders actually used that alphabet for quite a long time! But it may have been the younger futhark, don't remember it vividly enough.

[@petersaysthings]

That's really cool! To answer your last part, Iceland was discovered and settled by the Vikings around 870-930 CE, so it would've been Younger Futhark.

[@ShambhalinGardens-n2i]

The Phrygian alphabet is the script used in the earliest Phrygian texts. It dates back to the 8th century BCE and was used until the fourth century BCE ("Old-Phrygian" inscriptions), after which it was replaced by the common Greek alphabet ("New-Phrygian" inscriptions, 1st to 3rd century CE).

[@nothingoldcanstay12]

Pretend someone else’s hand is holding the whiteboard

[@lalagonegaga]

Reported as disturbing content. 😜

[@ladyjeebus]

I love how the captions on this video cannot at any point handle the word "futhark" and instead give me "food art," "food arc," and "food org."

[@WildWoodsGirl65]

Autocorrect gremlins also run auto-generated captions, and their primary real function is trickster behavior.

[@cipheroth]

Your version of the Poetic Edda is simply magnificent. Thank you.

[@WIKKIDINLUV]

I have learned so much from Dr. CRAWFORD it's unreal... between his teachings AND Ocean Keltoi finding TRUTH amongst Myth and Saga has been amazing to uncover! Being from Colorado, I wish he was teaching here instead of California! ᛗᚨᛃ ᚦᛖ ᚷᛟᛞᛊ ᚹᚨᛏᚲᚺ ᛟᚹᛖᚱ ᛃᛟᚢ!

[@nickc3657]

Incredible how there’s only one horizontal line in the whole list! And even that, as you said, was sometimes inscribed differently.

[@scarface8168]

Started learning today and i found this to be the most useful source more than any website so far. Thank you sir i cannot begin to guess where you gained such knowledge.

[@lauraturner7015]

I just read your edda and it was amazing. I highly recommend your translation!

[@Lucifer-dw7wx]

Thank you, all of you.

[@coloradoriveryogi]

I purchased my first set of Runes in Keesville New York this summer .. excited to dive in .. Elder Futhark , my runes , hand crafted. appreciate these videos ,. Looking forward to incorporating this language and runes into my practice

[@DrAskildsen]

Tusen takk for denne videoen. Det er kjekt å høre andre forteller og beundrer våre forfedres historie. Thanks for this lecture, it's nice to hear people admire our ancestor's teachings.

[@rafesor]

Thank You very much sir. That was fantastic! What what i found extremally interesting fo me, was your explanation of the *jera rune. Never before i thought about this rune like after video of Yours. For me as a native polish speaker, the translation of the jera rune as describing the harvest period is very converging to the Old Polish "jary" which means "sown in the spring" or "early harvest". From this word (jary) we have "jarzyny" (eng: vegetables), we have also "pszenica jara" (eng. spring wheat). I can see that nordic culture had heavy impact on their neighbours, not only in terms of gods pantheon. Slavic and nordic gods are very similar, just like greek and romans gods pantheon. Just to mention Thor and Perun, which are basically the same. When it coms to everyday life and grammar, i can also see that impact too. Every day something new to learn / relearn. Regars Rafal.

[@wikkano]

I would pager that the influence might be from Gothic or maybe even Proto-Germanic depending on how far back these borrowings go that is if they're borrowings

[@Vixtorz]

Extremely

[@emberhammond462]

This is my favorite youtube channel. Thank you so much for sharing your knowledge.

[@brick6294]

Great job, dude. I’m just getting in to Futhark, and this is a big help. Looking forward to the rest of your videos!

[@Broddrskegg]

As always, your videos are awesome, Dr. Crawford.

[@dikshitasur5365]

finally some correct pronunciation. THANK YOU!

[@aspektx]

So glad to see an academic discussing this popularized era.

[@tonyprouteau3716]

Norsk Poetry so beautifull and Luminous...Danke ! Völuspa references...

[@MiauxCatterie]

loved this information and delivery. super interested in checking out the other videos.

[@AllShivaPhotography]

Thank you very much for taking the time to record and share this info I really appreciated it

[@answermelove]

I have been writing in runes for many years. I learned them from several sources. I didn't notice the E. I love how you pronounce and explain meanings. I have some knowledge of Rune Magic and adore the various meanings of the runes as ascribed by others as well. Faerynauts use the runes, too, as did JRR Tolkien. I am enjoying your videos. Thank you.

[@deankittelson3467]

@@servantofaeie1569 How narcissistic to assume this person wants to walk your path. BTW, invoking a magical being to perform your bidding, what would you consider that? I would consider it magic. And dark magic at that! What is prayer to you is magic to others. And vise verse. Just try to open your mind a little bit, huh?

[@deankittelson3467]

@@servantofaeie1569 You seem to be under the impression that your understanding of the creator is the only correct one. There are many Gods. A person has a right to honor any God they choose.

[@deankittelson3467]

@@servantofaeie1569 All good. I will allow you to be wrong.

[@JohnJigsaw420]

@@servantofaeie1569 Arrogance is not befitting for anyone.

[@JohnJigsaw420]

@@servantofaeie1569 lmao self-righteous too I see. Listen buddy, I've spent my whole life with my family trying to indoctrinate me, going to churches, sunday school, youth groups, bible studies, church camps. I haven't missed a day of church in 10 years. A random person saying "submit to your Lord God" online sure as hell won't convert me either. Actually, learning about christianity is what made not be christian. Until i really went to church and paid attention, i was "christian". Leave people alone, and dont be an internet nutcase that spams every video with "youre going to hell" messages. Get a life. You're doing yourself and your religion a disservice because what you're doing just drives people away. Literally no one will be "saved" this way

[@NathanKabler]

I love your country version of havismal in your reading of the Poetic Edda. As a kentucky boy it helps me understand it and remember it easier.

[@NathanKabler]

Probably spelled that wrong but you know what I mean 😂

[@DJEastwood24]

Excellent and helpful information. Thank you.

[@chowchow2442]

I've been interested in Norse Mythology for the past couple of days and you popped up :-) thank you! About to binge watch your videos. You're very enticing and knowledgeable.

[@pictlandpickers1171]

I have a lead spindle whorl with a lot of the inscriptions which to me look like runes letters. Happily send you photos to see if you can decipher the message.

[@aserta]

Finally a video that's not bs and actual educative content.

[@brettmeldahl4456]

Thanks!

[@dr.jpdixon6299]

I need to learn Old Norse and Old English now

[@psycod2548]

Vikings show ?

[@fardareismai4495]

Me too! These old languages must not be lost! I'm studying to be a linguist, and preservation of languages that are in danger of extinction must be protected.

[@Casiusss3]

This videos is in Polish however you can use translator - he discover the way of creating the runs etc, you can also check his book: kzbin.info/www/bejne/iauxkKFqiLFpfdU

[@LynxSouth]

@@fardareismai4495 I am a linguist (M.A.). How old are you? Do you already know more than one language?

[@fardareismai4495]

@@LynxSouth hey! Good to hear from you. I'm nineteen now, I'm only in my second semester at this point, but I am fluent in Dutch (my native language), German and English. I'm also moderately conversational in French and I will start an Italian course soon. I'm also trying to teach myself some Gaelic, it's hard to find courses for that in my area.

[@MrLarsgren]

what you need is the danish sound on letters.. also the sounds for our æ ø å 10:08 æ is same sound as if you remove the J sound in yellow. the sound you get before you reach the L´s. that line is pronounced like etch .. that starting æ/Æ sound again. to me those words looks more like a guideline to pronounce the letters right. maybe pages from a dictionary from when we occupied england. when a dane hear this then all lines said in english "with danish dialect" says exactly how to pronounce the letter. hope you can find that info useful.

[@joysavana6555]

thank you so much i've been wanting to learn these but never found a good source so thank you very much

[@ahmetkaraaslan8429]

It is very interesting that last run othala, property, Siedlung is the same in old Turkic run eb for the sound /b/. Btw eb means home in Turkic ( all /-b/'s turned into /-v/ in Turkish, so we say 'ev' today) and linguists say the letter is coming from the shape of an ancient nomad home (it was like native americans' homes). So my question is where did this letter come from? Is there any other people who used this except Germanic and Turkic? Your videos just give me more questions :D

[@gogetdiaries]

Thank you so much Dr.

[@icarrionmoth]

I learned to write in elder futhark when I was 6 and I still use it every day 😊😊

[@Puget55]

Thanks from France for your videos. Full of quality and accessibility.

[@maxaman64]

Clear and simple. Thanks so much.

[@edwardthomas6956]

Excellent piece which indicates how much detective work goes into studying the Dark Ages - it is like archaeology

[@plator1234]

Great video Dr. Crawford. I'm an Albanian from Kosovo, and I was inspired by your video to write an article about the basic color terms in Albanian. I would love to see more videos about basic color terms (be it in Old Norse or other Indo-European languages), the last one is my personal favorite. Have a good day!

[@michelsand5399]

Plator Gashi hera e parë që po shoh shqiptar n'youtube.

[@josephstalin9357]

Kosovo is Serbia

[@ennui9745]

​@@josephstalin9357 Serbia is Kosovo

[@humanperson3234]

THANKS FOR HELPING. CONGRATULATIONS. EXCELLENT VIDEO.

[@phirion6341]

6:04

[@joelkernwein3346]

Phirion Thanks

[@chugggs3516]

This is ancestral to the English word "Feet"

[@MaxPowerCaulfield]

Wow, I wasn't expecting to recognize that old-norse poem. It's kind of funny because the reason I'm watching this video at all is so that I can better understand the song In Maidjan by Heilung (totally recommend if you haven't heard it, the live version especially) but hearing that poem, and realizing that's what Kai says at the end, I'm now realizing this really dark sounding, almost spooky song is basically the ABCs and Mary Had A Little Lamb, but proto-norse. And something about that makes me stupidly happy. Editing to add: I've scrolled through your channel, and if you haven't yet heard of Heilung, I really urge you to listen to their stuff. They call their songs (rituals) 'amplified history', as they take their lyrics from archeological findings made in northern Europe and Scandinavia. The song "Anoana" for instance is derived from bracteates, and speaks of a "landawariar", with a stunning music video to accompany it. The song I mentioned earlier, In Maidjan, is the continuation of a story told over an album about a peaceful village unwillingly pulled into war, and the corrupting nature that that had on pretty much everyone in the village. Krigsgaldr is another favorite of mine, as is Traust, the latter of which being separate from the war story arc.

[@thecourtlyalchemist]

Just added your Poetic Edda translation to my reading list. By the way, if I looked at a picture of you and had to guess your name, I feel confident that Jackson Crawford would be in my top five guesses. Not a lot of people look exactly like their name.

[@shimkonise357]

This was great! Thank you!

[@Pete-id5mt]

Thank you for this video!!!! I finally can feel confident in the accuracy of the information! If you would, would you please tell me how the diphthongs of Proto-Germanic were written in Elder Futhark? I see a list of the diphthongs as /ai/, /au/, /eu/, /iu/, /oi/ and /ui/. Many thanks.

[@fatalistgoy1486]

Great video sir. Very informative and not convoluted AT ALL. That seems to be a recurring theme in alot of videos about the runes.

[@zoomin9397]

I just realized that the music group heilung uses almost all of these pronunciations of these runes in their song "In Maidjan" and I cannot help but wonder what the actual meaning of the song is, are you supposed to translate the pronunciations into the respective runes and figure it out that way or maybe the meaning of the spoken words is the actual meaning? I'd really like to learn a lot about this and I just found your channel

[@denispurdy1125]

With regards to the Ingwaz rune, he commented that no word in Old Norse or any Germanic language began with an 'ng' sound. He also said he thought that applied to other languages too. However 'ng' at the beginning of words occurs quite often in Maori (the language of the indigenous people of New Zealand) particularly in the common words 'Nga' and 'Ngati' which are widely used as they basically translate as 'the' (plural). Many New Zealand iwi (tribe) names begin with one of these (Ngapuhi, Ngati Kahungunu, Ngati Whatua etc). Correctly pronounced it is the 'ng' sound from 'singer'; however most non-careful, non-Maori New Zealand simply say as an 'n'.

[@sallylauper8222]

Initial 'ng' is pretty common among East Asian languages that I've studied- Cantonese, Filipino, Indonesian and Thai all have it, but Mandarin and Japanese don't.

[@ennui9745]

You're right, I'd say initial "ng" is extremely common among Austronesian languages, definitely among Philippine, Malay and Indonesian languages, and as you mentioned Maori, so probably Polynesian ones too.

[@Alchemuma]

Very useful and very informative. Thank you.

[@warrior-wm8vb]

Im learning to read runes this is great will help alot thank you doc

[@CamillasChoice]

I wonder, what about the letter "v"? The sound doesn't seem to be represented by the runes, perhaps "v" was rarely used in the old norse language? Greetings and hugs from Scandinavia

[@JLWPHOTO20]

Trying to research why the "Create your own reality" symbol sprang up everywhere as a Viking rune symbol that looks like the Chevron sign. Am having no luck figuring out how that started and why there isn't more discussion on it. Any ideas?

[@NotAppIicabIe]

Cryptomnesia is nuts!! I once got bored and made up some symbols.. I think some of them turned out to be actual runes.. And I took six of the symbols and doodled them on a sketchbook to look cool. Later on, one of the symbols turned out to be Eihwaz. Stuff is in pop culture so much you can unknowingly pick it up and copy it later it seems!

[@gabrielprado2659]

Thank you, Dr. Jackson.

[@Jojo_binks]

What’s your opinion on the song Rún performed by Skáld

[@woodlandwalks1079]

Your face is gorgeous. Also thank you for pronouncing the runes. It can be difficult to guess the pronunciation when looking at the spelling.

[@moriahhersker]

Yoshisaurus Rex you may be listening to some good songs that sings the elder and younger Futhark, it will become easy to learn this “alphabet” along the right pronunciation; some good sons: Heilung- In Maidjan and Danheim- Runatal Greetings from Mexico!

[@williamvinyard5276]

Nice to see this It is not evil it is the beginning if written language

[@CiaofCleburne]

Best description ever. Thank u!

[@sarikabhagwat9326]

Thank you best

[@einblutwolf5356]

Thanks Doc! Very informative, enlightening & confusing all bundled into one.

[@gloomdoom4166]

Very useful. Very informative. Thanks!

[@kristiehill9874]

I am of vicking bloodline dated back many many years ago... I have been so interested in these stones . Can you help with book references please ?

[@davidmartin4785]

May the Gods watch over you. I sent you are a worthy warrior.Gothan dag 🙏😎

[@ThatOldWarthog]

Excellent video as always, Dr. Crawford. I had the privilege of reading some of the (copied) Silver Bible while getting my BA at the University of Uppsala back in the 80s. While Norse/Germanic history is not my area of focus as a historian, I have always been fascinated with the study of the Goths and how much of their Germanic heritage they carried with them throughout their migrations through West and East Europe.

[@evergray]

Hello Dr Crawford- what do you think about the use of "elhaz" versus "algiz?"

[@tracybrown2482]

Thank's for this Dr.

[@janavanrossum6174]

Hey I noticed that you use the Kylver stone inscription order, so with D-O at the end, but in this inscription Eihwaz and Pertho are also switched (in the Old English rune poem it's Æ-P (and also O-D)). This has been a mystery to me for a long time. Could you explain a bit more about this?

[@Nirenosnilmot]

Came here to ask about the ae & P switch as well!

[@colinp2238]

Thank you for sending me this link. I found it very helpful. Interestingly the Raidho rune you say is the base of the English word ride. Is it also connected to road? The modern German word for wheel is rad which seems too close to be a coincidence.

[@maribethmccauley3408]

colin Paterson... It means: Ride, Wagon, Wheel (good catch there), Chariot, Journey, etc. Ive never seen it 'specifically' linked to 'road' but it wouldn't be too terribly far off. There are a lot more meanings that weren't mentioned, for other runes, as well. i.e, THurisaz = thorn, protection (Elhaz also =protection, as well as elf) Gebo is a gift-exchange, more so, than a one way gift. A trade of goods, services or even knowledge. HAGALAZ, is also said to mean destruction. Jera was indeed 'cycle of seasons' Ingwaz is seed or gestation. Othala is 'ancestoral property or bloodline', family, etc.... And sooo much more.... -Tyler Criswell Ps, that's all from a very, very old and tattered copy of the elder Futhark, without even BEGINNING to dabble in Younger.

[@lilamusicproduction]

Thanx so much for your good information. Greetings from good old Germany

[@DawgFr09]

Thank you for this video!

[@DP-hy4vh]

Elder Futhark sung to the tune of "The Hanging Tree" from The Hunger Games: Mocking Jay Part 1 Fehu, Uruz Thurisaz Ansuz Raido Kannan, Gebo Wunjo Hagalaz Nauthiz Isa Jera Eihwaz Perthro Algiz, Sowilo Tiwaz Berkana Ehwaz Mannaz Laguz Inguz Dagaz Othala's the end of the Elder Futhark

[@charlesmartel777xx]

?

[@Yumbuns89]

I notice you pronounce the name “Futhark” with the VOICED labiodental fricative (as in “they,” “those,” or “other,”) as opposed to the UNVOICED form of the fricative (as it is pronounced for Thurisaz or “thorn” etc in English). My question is whether old Norse had the voiced version of the fricative at all or not. At first I assumed the way you pronounced “Futhark” was correct to the old linguistics, but it looks like they just had used the unvoiced form with Thurisaz. Thank you for such a thorough and illuminating talk of the history, scholarship, and pronunciation of the runes!

[@submoto]

Why is it that I often see the Z replaced with an R, like in the Wardruna songs for example? I thought it might be a younger/elder thing, but I keep seeing it in elder with an R, as in AnsuR vs AnsuZ

[@TraceyT-r3h]

I'm a new subscriber. Thank you so much for making the video.

[@mithrilmetalworks1551]

Thank you for your work.

[@iirishautala8448]

Im wondering if that third rune has anything to do with Tursas, which is finnish name for octopus with eight tentacles. There is also mythologigal creature called Iku Turso in Kalevala. It is a giant water deity and a monster.

[@iirishautala8448]

I know that finnish language has very little to do with anything here, but it just sounded too familiar, maybe it is borrowed from here?

[@dennishelt6594]

Thank you professor!

[@РоманМудренко-ч9в]

Good day, sorry- one question is my- old English and old Scandinavian-this of Germany family lenguich-way not andersting in film is "Viking"?

[@American_Heathen]

From my reading is that Odin hung in the Yggdrasil for 9 days. When he cut himself down he had a vision of the runes and their meanings. Wouldn’t Old Norse be from Elder Futhark?

[@brutalisaxeworth3024]

The Idea of Odin and the runes are older than Old Norse. These runes would have been used with an older language called proto-Germanic, which Old Norse, Old English, Gothic and the other Germanic languages come from. Old Norse would have used Younger Futhark and Old English would use the English Futhorc, all of which are small evolutions and local variations of the original Proto-Germanic and the Elder Futhark. Odin may or may not have been described somewhere in the Elder Futhark, but I'm not sure about that. The time when the Elder futhark was used was VERY long ago now, and a lot of the evidence from that time was destroyed over the years. I think we see Odin featured earliest on a Helmet from Germany if I'm not mistaken, but that just goes to show that the Germans of the time did not speak Old Norse, or use the same alphabet as the Vikings/Norse, but had the same gods, with similar names, similar stories and so on.

[@TheAzaremoth]

Anywhere one may find and read the mentioned rune poems?

[@Top.G.Andy.C]

I really enjoyed this, thank you for the brilliant video

[@sxrogue]

Thank you so much for making this video. Very helpful!

[@tommy_1446]

@Jackson Crawford Are there any books you could cite on the topic, not that I mistrusted you. Just that I would enjoy some scientific info on the subject that doesn't have the word "magic" every thirty words.

[@SM_zzz]

Tommy _144 Your request reminds me of a phrase I heard once: "An accountant's solution to an engineering problem". Apples and oranges dude.

[@duskonanyavarld1786]

Try google books and scholar.

[@linneamai244]

I speak Swedish, Norwegian, and English so I was very sceptical of this video, solely because you´re American, however, I was presently surprised and I'm now a devoted subscriber and student. I love Norse languages and have written some essays about Icelandic, "färöiska" and "gutniska/gutamål" and would love to learn more from you.

[@rensmetselaar9]

i have been studying these runes for a couple of weeks now but i have a lot of them written down differently i need to get the correct translations and spellings

[@supercreeps]

Great video! I watched probably 5 times in succession! Quick question: Why isn't ᚱ spelled out to be raiᚦo? I noticed the same for ᚾ and ᛈ. But a rune like ᛟ when spelled out has the "thorn" runic letter. Thanks!