The Ottoman Conquest of Cyprus 1571

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On 19 May 1571 74 Ottoman siege guns fired a thunderous barrage at the sturdy walls of Famagu-sta, the last stronghold of the Venetian republic on the Island of Cyprus. An invasion army of almost 100’000 men, led by the experienced Lala Mustafa Pasha, had already taken the inland capital of Nicosia and by now had been camping outside Famagusta for more than eight months. The town was cut off completely and supplies began to run low, but the defenders put up a fierce fight, firing back at the Ottomans and meeting them in the trenches whenever possible. All the more, the Ot-tomans were determined to finish the job and bring the formidable fortress to its knees - and with it the whole of Cyprus.
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#cyprus #documentary #siege
00:00-00:53 Intro
00:53-01:56 Nord VPN
01:56-04:39 Chapter 1: Breach of Peace
04:39-09:12 Chapter 2: Preparations
09:12-13:09 Chapter 3: Disaster
13:09-18:10 Chapter 4: Famagusta
18:10-21:29 Chapter 5: Under Assault
21:29-24:18 Chapter 6: Betrayal
Bibliography
Caroline Finkel - Osman's Dream. The History of the Ottoman Empire-Basic Books, New York 2007.
Duffy, C., The Fortress in the Early Modern World 1494-1660, London 1979.
Norwich, J. J., A History of Venice, London 1989.
Setton, K. M., The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571, vol. 4 The Sixteenth Century from Julius III to Pius V, Philadelphia 1984.
Seward, D., Les chevaliers de Dieu: Les ordres religieux militaires du Moyen Âge à nos jours, trad. Claude-Christine Farny, Paris 2008.

[@SandRhomanHistory]

Fight Malvertising with the help of Nord VPN: nordvpn.com/sandrhoman It's risk free with Nord's 30-day-money-back-guarantee! One map has an annoying error: Spanish Netherlands and Franche Comté were territory of the Spanish Habsburgs, not the Austrian Habsburgs. The map in question was based on an older version and we just missed this in the review process as we looked for everything but that (since theses kind of things are usually correct in our maps). Anyways, sorry for the mistake.

[@brokenbridge6316]

You make very fine n informative video's.

[@azkiaalfin5757]

hope there is an Indonesian version

[@IsaacRaiCastillo]

Do you know about the Siege of Cephalonia of 1500? I think it would be interesting to see on the canal, because it was a combined Venetian, Spanish and French army against the castle of Saint George which was in Ottoman hands. It is a good example of what sieges were like at the beginning of the 16th century and it is said that it was one of the first sieges where military mines were used to destroy walls. It is part of the Third Turkish-Venetian War (1499-1503).

[@melchiorvonsternberg844]

Are you Italian...?

[@ggoddkkiller1342]

For obvious reasons you forgot to mention according to which sources Ottoman betrayal happened, there were European ''historians'' who could claim Ottoman slaughtered defenders of Rhodes as well even if it was well documented such betrayal didn't happen at all and both knights hospitallers and thousands of civilians could freely sail to Crete! Turkish sources are crystal clear about the subject that surrender agreement called Vire agreement was signed at 2 August and it was very spesific even mentioning how many guns and even horses Venetians could transfer with them. The agreement also included release of 50 Turkish pilgrims that their ship was captured before the siege and they were held as captives for months as a bargaining chip. So when Bragadin met Lala Mustafa Pasha at 5 August he was asked where exactly 50 Turkish prisoners who were set to release and answered as they all weren't Baragdin's prisoners rather his soldiers' prisoners so he couldn't release them and they were killed at the same day the agreement was signed. Then Lala Pasha asked where exactly Turkish pilgrims who were his prisoners which was answered as they were also killed after his soldiers killed their prisoners. Perhaps he thought 50 civilian prisoners weren't that important of subject and could be ignored but he couldn't be wrong. Lala Pasha was furious and ordered imprisonment of Bragadin and all other Venetian commanders who were later executed while over 4,000 soldiers and civilians were enslaved. Christian sources are sharing so insanely detailed description of his torture you would think there were European historians watching but nope, there wasn't a single European who actually saw it nor even heard it from first hand sources. Rather it is so detailed simply because it is from TURKISH sources, Baragdin wasn't tortured at first rather he was only imprisoned and meanwhile it was invastigated how exactly Turkish pilgrims were killed. It was learned that their ears and nose were cut then they were killed by skinning them alive. So Lala Pasha gave the order of Baragdin to die exactly same as he killed pilgrims, his ears and nose was cut and few days later was killied by getting skinned alive. His skin later sent to his family which is a ''holy'' relic today, while European ''historians'' chose to rather ignore the part of executed Turkish pilgirms from Turkish sources while copying them as obviously otherwise it would be quite hard to declare Baragdin a saint...

[@WelcomeToDERPLAND]

The Staggering difference that a bad commander makes in any situation...

[@rickjames18]

Yup, still makes a difference today. When countries promote people based on status or other (political correctness) instead of merit it leads to disasters in times of war.

[@Fallout3131]

@@rickjames18 100%

[@clintmoor422]

yeah, lala mustafa pasha was a bad commander and they still won at famagusta.

[@7gromojar]

I was lucky to visit Famagusta. The walls are enormous.

[@miliba]

Did you fly into the Turkish part of Cyprus?

[@clintmoor422]

from google maps is also visible

[@7gromojar]

I visited couple of cities on both sides. Not knowing anything about destination of my trip. Wonderfull holiday.

[@Spiderfisch]

Nicosia is probably the least staggering siege you ever covered

[@SandRhomanHistory]

True, that's why Famagusta is in there as well :P

[@ggoddkkiller1342]

For obvious reasons he forgot to mention according to which sources Ottoman betrayal happened, there were European ''historians'' who could claim Ottoman slaughtered defenders of Rhodes as well even if it was well documented such betrayal didn't happen at all and both knights hospitallers and thousands of civilians could freely sail to Crete! Turkish sources are crystal clear about the subject that surrender agreement called Vire agreement was signed at 2 August and it was very spesific even mentioning how many guns and even horses Venetians could transfer with them. The agreement also included release of 50 Turkish pilgrims that their ship was captured before the siege and they were held as captives for months as a bargaining chip. So when Bragadin met Lala Mustafa Pasha at 5 August he was asked where exactly 50 Turkish prisoners who were set to release and answered as they all weren't Baragdin's prisoners rather his soldiers' prisoners so he couldn't release them and they were killed at the same day the agreement was signed. Then Lala Pasha asked where exactly Turkish pilgrims who were his prisoners which was answered as they were also killed after his soldiers killed their prisoners. Perhaps he thought 50 civilian prisoners weren't that important of subject and could be ignored but he couldn't be wrong. Lala Pasha was furious and ordered imprisonment of Bragadin and all other Venetian commanders who were later executed while over 4,000 soldiers and civilians were enslaved. Christian sources are sharing so insanely detailed description of his torture you would think there were European historians watching but nope, there wasn't a single European who actually saw it nor even heard it from first hand sources. Rather it is so detailed simply because it is from TURKISH sources, Baragdin wasn't tortured at first rather he was only imprisoned and meanwhile it was invastigated how exactly Turkish pilgrims were killed. It was learned that their ears and nose were cut then they were killed by skinning them alive. So Lala Pasha gave the order of Baragdin to die exactly same as he killed pilgrims, his ears and nose was cut and few days later was killied by getting skinned alive. His skin later sent to his family which is a ''holy'' relic today, while European ''historians'' chose to rather ignore the part of executed Turkish pilgirms from Turkish sources while copying them as obviously otherwise it would be quite hard to declare Baragdin a saint...

[@jona.scholt4362]

The high production quality of this channel, combined with the era it covers make it such a gem. And with the level of production it's even more impressive that the videos come out with the frequency they do. I've loved this channel for years and thought I'd just add a comment to help the algorithm.

[@SandRhomanHistory]

Wow, thank you!

[@WelcomeToDERPLAND]

This really is an extremely under-represented time in history, despite being so fundamental to the formation of the modern state. It almost feels like the least covered topic in history channels here on the tube- besides perhaps pre-history, but at least that one has the excuse of being extremely limited on information.

[@butterman0007]

I can't believe this is free

[@spilberklp5107]

Again the high quality i love from your every video. Now i have a single desire and that is to see the battle of Lepanto covered by you.

[@SandRhomanHistory]

thank you! Lepanto will be released in four weeks from today.

[@bc7138]

Coincidentally I just finished reading Roger Crowley's 'Empires of the Sea: The Final Battle for the Mediterranean 1521-1580' today and it has some chapters on this siege. A really great book, you could tell Crowley has a background in Literature in that it's very well written and readable.

[@Oxtocoatl13]

I'll have to pick that up! I've read Crowley's other book, City of Fortune, which follows the fortunes of Venice until about the fall of Constantinople. It's fantastic read, Crowley does know how to bring the medieval Mediterranean to life. I always thought it ended too soon but now I know there's a sequel.

[@3Dbubble]

Fantastic book

[@martino7263]

can't wait for the battle of Lepanto! This channel made me love and understand the early modern era over the past few years. Thank you!

[@michailkulischov2820]

why becose you dont see some dokus you beliv it like the romans and tehy nr system how tehy calculat it ?

[@SenorOzone]

@@michailkulischov2820 want to try that sentence again?

[@michailkulischov2820]

@@SenorOzone no man im free do what i want or im a slave

[@melchiorvonsternberg844]

When I was a ten year old kid, I discovered a book about this sea battle in our school libary. Now, decades later, I'm excited about the video. Miguel de Cervantes, fought in this battle, from which the Ottoman fleet, never recovered! Greeds from central Europe...

[@michailkulischov2820]

@@melchiorvonsternberg844 how they get the Tools for the shipwork Show us the old Tools, how they lift the goods, you know how long the Kölner Dome build or the spain Kathedrale, and in past they was quiker lol what about the Wood how spain get them in mega t or how lol, its like napoleon go to russia with horses you know what food need a horse at a day and the horses bring the food and the other horse bring the food for the food horses

[@WFASPigeonGang]

Veneto guy here. Marcantonio Brigadin is still considered an hero here in Veneto.

[@clintmoor422]

did he do anything besides defending famagusta?

[@kuvikina]

next time when we knock the door surrender immediately without a tough fight and dont execute war prisoners.

[@WFASPigeonGang]

@@kuvikina "and don't execute prisoners" - turkish massacre of Otranto citizens flashbacks

[@ggoddkkiller1342]

For obvious reasons he forgot to mention according to which sources Ottoman betrayal happened, there were European ''historians'' who could claim Ottoman slaughtered defenders of Rhodes as well even if it was well documented such betrayal didn't happen at all and both knights hospitallers and thousands of civilians could freely sail to Crete! Turkish sources are crystal clear about the subject that surrender agreement called Vire agreement was signed at 2 August and it was very spesific even mentioning how many guns and even horses Venetians could transfer with them. The agreement also included release of 50 Turkish pilgrims that their ship was captured before the siege and they were held as captives for months as a bargaining chip. So when Bragadin met Lala Mustafa Pasha at 5 August he was asked where exactly 50 Turkish prisoners who were set to release and answered as they all weren't Baragdin's prisoners rather his soldiers' prisoners so he couldn't release them and they were killed at the same day the agreement was signed. Then Lala Pasha asked where exactly Turkish pilgrims who were his prisoners which was answered as they were also killed after his soldiers killed their prisoners. Perhaps he thought 50 civilian prisoners weren't that important of subject and could be ignored but he couldn't be wrong. Lala Pasha was furious and ordered imprisonment of Bragadin and all other Venetian commanders who were later executed while over 4,000 soldiers and civilians were enslaved. Christian sources are sharing so insanely detailed description of his torture you would think there were European historians watching but nope, there wasn't a single European who actually saw it nor even heard it from first hand sources. Rather it is so detailed simply because it is from TURKISH sources, Baragdin wasn't tortured at first rather he was only imprisoned and meanwhile it was invastigated how exactly Turkish pilgrims were killed. It was learned that their ears and nose were cut then they were killed by skinning them alive. So Lala Pasha gave the order of Baragdin to die exactly same as he killed pilgrims, his ears and nose was cut and few days later was killied by getting skinned alive. His skin later sent to his family which is a ''holy'' relic today, while European ''historians'' chose to rather ignore the part of executed Turkish pilgirms from Turkish sources while copying them as obviously otherwise it would be quite hard to declare Baragdin a saint...

[@WFASPigeonGang]

@@ggoddkkiller1342 Sorry to say that but that's a whole lot of BS to justify the betrayal as legit. Why no one, except the turks, claim the existance of these 50 pilgrims? Why should have they been in Cyprus? Why don't you write that he was freakin' executed at the public column, where the civilians saw the execution and then reported it all over europe? Why no tales were told about skinned prisoners execution or about their rotting bodies? Why should your logic justify the death of hundreds soldiers and civilians? Why should Bragadin have mockingly told to Lala that he skinned prisoners alive after harshly negotiating for his soldiers lives? "I could go on but still "your" version doesn't make any sense at all, it's pure propaganda to justify the turkish actions.

[@WelcomeToDERPLAND]

Man... what happened to Marco has to be one of the worst possible fates for anyone let alone someone betrayed so heinously... barbaric.

[@attilakatona-bugner1140]

Sadly it wasn t that rare in ottoman affairs. It was rare enough that ottomans still had some trustworthyness, and that actually allowed it from time to time to happen

[@z54964380]

It’s like a double edge sword m, on one hand it could potentially terrify their enemies to surrender before the siege, on the other hand it could also motivate the defenders to fight to the death, like those knights on that island which name I cannot recall who blew up the entire castle after it was overrun by the Turks and killed a lot of em, basically crippled the campaign of the Turks.

[@WelcomeToDERPLAND]

@@z54964380 Well yeah, but this was after the siege was over, and after they had agreed to surrender terms.

[@somewhere6]

Certainly barbaric. Also potentially counter-productive. It could terrorize people into surrender but also urge them to fanatical defence knowing that could be the fate AFTER surrender. Also, if you employ those tactics, what mercy will be shown to you if you lose?

[@chedabu]

@@attilakatona-bugner1140 still true to this day

[@EDMmemories]

400 people killed by the countermine, can't even visualize it, absolutely crazy. Any survivors who saw must have told that story frequently the rest of their lives.

[@csabaszep8162]

He sent a blind monk... guy labelled "Blind Monk" appears. For some reason that made me grin.

[@SandRhomanHistory]

:P

[@haditawbe9617]

I accidentally stumbled upon your channel, and I'm extremely glad I did. I love everything from the illustrations to the narration and details provided. Such a pity your channel is so underrated. Keep this extraordinary work up!

[@miliba]

Ive just visited Cyprus and crossed into the northern part of Nicosia. You can see Greek and Turkish influences everywhere, no matter which side of the buffer zone. I especially enjoyed Büyük Han, the old inn.

[@karlscher5170]

Sht culture

[@clintmoor422]

really a multicultural hub!

[@tnk.2033]

Those fortresses are insane

[@Skankhunt668]

@@HistoryLover23 they had no chance

[@dayros2023]

At Famagusta they were very good.

[@arandomwalk]

What an engaging and well made video!

[@SandRhomanHistory]

thank you!

[@lerneanlion]

So the Battle of Lepanto is next?! I hope the video about it will arrived soon because I always wanted to see what it really looked like!

[@user-cg2tw8pw7j]

A Spanish king, what should I do after this great battle? Yes, destroy my fleet against Algeria in order to make the Ottomans strong again.

[@alder2460]

Yes, the battle of Lepanto is finally coming!

[@etuanno]

He wrote in 4 weeks in another comment

[@yusuf3005]

Osmanlı Sultanı: Siz İnebahtı'da gemilerimizi yakmakla sakalımızı kestiniz. Biz ise Kıbrıs'ı fethederek kolunuzu kestik. Sakal tekrar çıkar ama kol geri gelmez

[@clintmoor422]

had to rewatch this a few days later and notice so many more details. i think your videos might lend themselves to being watched again in a few years time.

[@mrdarklight]

This is one of my favorite channels. I'm always thankful for a new video.

[@tristanstorm5608]

woww, the production quality always wows me, keep doing this please

[@ArtilleryAffictionado1648]

man these videos keep getting prettier, awesome!! thanks for all the effort

[@bigsarge2085]

Incredible history, thank you!

[@conradnelson5283]

Very well done very interesting. Really enjoyed the narration.

[@mancroft]

Very interesting, thank you. Your vids are getting much better.

[@kamikazetsunami9137]

A vid on naval sieges would be interesting

[@clintmoor422]

what would a naval siege be? a siege of an island?

[@WelcomeToDERPLAND]

@@clintmoor422 Sieges that had a large naval involvement as part of the besieging force, so artillery, landing troops, blockades- its not a very often covered topic from what I've seen here on history-tube.

[@danielrogge3085]

La Rochelle?

[@curranlakhani]

Excellent video as usual @SandRhomanHistory you really do cover the most staggering sieges! A video on the siege of Caffa would be great as it was the eventual cause of the black death. Maybe you could include it in a wider video on biological warfare in sieges.

[@beachboy0505]

Excellent video 📹 Good graphics 👌

[@SandRhomanHistory]

Thank you!

[@rockoorbe2002]

Spoiler alert, but Bradagin's death was something straight out of one of those Wrong Turn movies

[@clintmoor422]

those movies are so bad :P

[@andreweden9405]

Or Game of Thrones.

[@Mr_St_Lazarus-1099]

Kenneth’s vol III covers this, loved it overall

[@joeshmoe8345]

Really cool, thanks a bunch for sharing with us G

[@eliech7112]

Great work as usual thank u

[@ralphc1405]

PLEASE!!! Do a video of Lepanto! Very good work on this video!

[@dwayneskinner6984]

Keep up the amazing work

[@benjamin112]

Great video as always

[@pedrorexSWG]

Babe wake up a new SandRhoman video just dropped

[@SandRhomanHistory]

Enjoy, I guess :P

[@AdamNoizer]

I feel sorry for Antonio Bragadin ☹️

[@alvisejensonbusetto]

In our homeland (Veneto) he is considered as a hero.

[@matthew7027]

He murderd Turkish pilgrims and prisoners after surrender. He got what he deserved.

[@EDMmemories]

Great video, siege videos are my favorite of yours

[@Shadow-ux6ii]

My favorite channel! Keep it up 👌

[@shawnbeckett1370]

Awesome as always

[@TheSuperhoden]

Yessss today i was already scrolling your video list in the hope i missed one

[@gabrielcurraj3994]

Can you make a video on how to build the "perfect" star fort?

[@raclark2730]

And explain to some people that they were not for space ships.

[@sdggameing2138]

Perfect Fortress video featured star fortress, I think

[@clintmoor422]

@@raclark2730 who would even think that?

[@SandRhomanHistory]

yeah, we might look into that. It might be quite similar to our older how to defend video though. We're also looking into Vauban at the moment, so there will be a video covering this even though it might be released with a different name!

[@raclark2730]

@@clintmoor422 Flat Earth / Tartaria mud flood theorist channels. Its very sad.

[@markgarrett3647]

Dandolo's like that rich kid that got everything fed to him with a silver spoon and grew lazy and wound up a failure.

[@EokaBeamer69]

Yes, a new SandRhoman History video. :)

[@3Dbubble]

The book Empires of the Sea is a great depiction of not only this siege but of Malta and the Battle of Lepanto. Highly recommend

[@adembeydola1288]

I am from Cyprus and yesterday I was in Famagusta. Walls are standing still as well as in Nicosia. Loved how you used the original cathedral in illustrations.

[@eugeniocallegaro6618]

This is how you make Veneto sad before going to bed. It still hurts after more than 400 years

[@oguzkaganonder1331]

I would advice you to take a look at Siege of Nagykanizsa 1601, as it is probably the most succesfull and perfect siege defense in history, it would be a great content for your amazing channel

[@thunderK5]

i know that Lepanto is famous, but please do cover it. Your videos always add to my understanding.

[@enonh82]

The story of intrigue on how the Ottomans came to break the peace treaty with Venice is just as interesting. Jewish banker José Nasi wanted revenge on Venice (for having confiscated his riches) and convinced Selim of invading the island, even offering to partly finance the campaign.

[@karlscher5170]

Musl im hordes as the weapon of the J ew. Nothing changed

[@scottanos9981]

No surprise the tribe Jose Nasi belonged to was banished from 109 nations throughout history. Their subversion is unmatched lol

[@karlscher5170]

@@ahmetozkan438 not so contained after 1949 ahaha

[@user-cg2tw8pw7j]

​@@ahmetozkan438 Why did the Jews of Spain flee to the Ottoman Empire?

[@ggoddkkiller1342]

For obvious reasons he forgot to mention according to which sources Ottoman betrayal happened, there were European ''historians'' who could claim Ottoman slaughtered defenders of Rhodes as well even if it was well documented such betrayal didn't happen at all and both knights hospitallers and thousands of civilians could freely sail to Crete! Turkish sources are crystal clear about the subject that surrender agreement called Vire agreement was signed at 2 August and it was very spesific even mentioning how many guns and even horses Venetians could transfer with them. The agreement also included release of 50 Turkish pilgrims that their ship was captured before the siege and they were held as captives for months as a bargaining chip. So when Bragadin met Lala Mustafa Pasha at 5 August he was asked where exactly 50 Turkish prisoners who were set to release and answered as they all weren't Baragdin's prisoners rather his soldiers' prisoners so he couldn't release them and they were killed at the same day the agreement was signed. Then Lala Pasha asked where exactly Turkish pilgrims who were his prisoners which was answered as they were also killed after his soldiers killed their prisoners. Perhaps he thought 50 civilian prisoners weren't that important of subject and could be ignored but he couldn't be wrong. Lala Pasha was furious and ordered imprisonment of Bragadin and all other Venetian commanders who were later executed while over 4,000 soldiers and civilians were enslaved. Christian sources are sharing so insanely detailed description of his torture you would think there were European historians watching but nope, there wasn't a single European who actually saw it nor even heard it from first hand sources. Rather it is so detailed simply because it is from TURKISH sources, Baragdin wasn't tortured at first rather he was only imprisoned and meanwhile it was invastigated how exactly Turkish pilgrims were killed. It was learned that their ears and nose were cut then they were killed by skinning them alive. So Lala Pasha gave the order of Baragdin to die exactly same as he killed pilgrims, his ears and nose was cut and few days later was killied by getting skinned alive. His skin later sent to his family which is a ''holy'' relic today, while European ''historians'' chose to rather ignore the part of executed Turkish pilgirms from Turkish sources while copying them as obviously otherwise it would be quite hard to declare Baragdin a saint...

[@evrenforest2578]

Well narrated. I advise the book of Excerpta Cypria for those who wants to know the details.

[@skagenrora1236]

Would be cool with some more videos about the wars and battles between the countries around the Baltic Sea.

[@Thraim.]

I'm sure this conquest will have no repercussions that will echo into modern times, at all.

[@samsonsoturian6013]

The Turks would have invaded regardless of the island's ethnic composition.

[@xedaslopes3975]

great video

[@alswann2702]

Thanks be for Our Lady's intercession at the Lepanto.

[@sarahsidney1988]

Cool video

[@SandRhomanHistory]

thanks

[@HellenicWolf]

good work

[@danielmeadows3712]

You cannot negotiate a peaceful truce , if your enemy lies and has No honour

[@hugodesrosiers-plaisance3156]

How about an episode about those "blind monks"? Could that be a thing? I'd love to learn about them.

[@playboygoss]

Please SandRhoman, in 1567 the zayyanids don't exist anymore, be careful with the maps on north africa (it was the same on the video on the siege of malta)

[@Skanderbeg911]

Very good vídeo, i love your videos, please a video of the battle of Lepanto, the siege of castelnouvo, the siege of oran-mazalquivir and the warfere of the janissaries.......

[@napoleonibonaparte7198]

And from there, a geopolitical hotspot emerged.

[@SandRhomanHistory]

it was one before, I'd say. Even back in ancient times Cyprus was already contested territory. The Persians and Greeks both laid claim to it and various moments in time.

[@NikolaStjelja]

Could you make an episode on the Balkan troops in the Fanti Oltramarini?

[@goldiegolderman1842]

Those little cannons firing are so damn cute!

[@Bosscheesemo]

Please do one for 1601 Siege of Ostend. Spanish v Dutch if memory serves. It's family legend that an ancestor survived inside the city walls. I've always been curious what exactly that would have meant.

[@SandRhomanHistory]

we covered that siege already!

[@iseeyou5061]

Any chance you would cover battle of Keresztes? It's suprising that many channel that i trust to cover them would still used the outdated Ottoman decline thesis. You have a history that cover Ottoman army pretty well and i think your channel is uniquely suited to showcase battles 16-17th centuries that are not neccesarily one sided since many historian that cover this periods is in "infantry pike and shot is the best and cavalry are backward" mindset at the time

[@lauramontsegur7782]

Wow, mind blowing

[@samsonsoturian6013]

Vital note: As the Ottoman's expanded their paper size of their domain, their actual control of the land diminished. The Ottomans were generally oblivious to what was happening in most Senjaks and entire wars came and went without anyone bothering to inform the Sultan. Sometimes Ottoman commanders went rogue and had de facto independent states, sometimes the local Ottoman government was defunct for decades at a time, and sometimes Ottoman rule was simply an empty oath of allegiance by the actual ruler who simply wanted to avoid trouble. All this was made possible by the Ottoman's habit of throwing away whole armies just to secure symbolic victories against nobles who bad mouthed the Sultan.

[@etuanno]

Oh really? Then it makes sense that it collapsed so rapidly as soon as the power of the Sultan was dwindling.

[@samsonsoturian6013]

@ahmetozkan438 whatever case you trying to make, you ain't doing a good job at it

[@samsonsoturian6013]

@etuanno the crown was already defunct by the time WWI started. A gang of army officers ran things. The collapse was very slow before that as European powers each intervened to prevent the others from taking too much Ottoman turf

[@samsonsoturian6013]

@ahmetozkan438 dude, it took months to get a message across the empire. You find it incredulous that cliques could quietly enforce their own rules? That's actually what happened in Saddam's Iraq too, as conspiracies between officials to do this or that was the norm. In the Ottoman's case, the Sultan once issued an order to clear up the east of pirates who were eating into tax revenues. The army commanders were receiving bribes from some of the extortionists, so they lied and said the Sultan said to hunt Armenian pirates. The junior officers wanted loot so they lied and said the Sultan ordered the Armenians who are all pirates to be hunted. Individual soldiers wanted to hide their crimes so they lied and said the Sultan ordered the Armenians to be killed. Welcome to the Ottoman Empire.

[@rohansensei5708]

@@etuanno Ottoman Empire didn’t dissolve so easily though. But some parts like Hungary, Egypt, North Africa and conquered lands from Iran had so minimal control from central goverment that they lost these parts immediately when another power stepped in.

[@Nomadicenjoyer31]

Cypriot Greek has often been referred to as a dialect of Greek (Contossopoulos, 2000); a variety that is linguistically proximal to Standard Modern Greek (Grohmann and Kambanaros, 2016 Grohmann et al. 2016), which is the official language in the environment our participants acquire language. Although the official language in education and other formal settings is indeed Standard Modern Greek, research has shown the boundaries between the two varieties, Standard Modern Greek and Cypriot Greek, and their distribution across different registers is not straightforward (Grohmann and Leivada, 2012, Tsiplakou et al. 2016). At times mixing is attested without code-switching being in place, while no official characterization has been provided for any of these terms in this specific context. The question arising in this context is whether the attested variants emerging in mixed speech repertoires are functionally equivalent for an individual speaker. The concept of "competing grammars goes back to Krich 11989, 1991), who proposed that speakers project multiple grammars to deal with ambiguous input This concept has been explicitly connected to the relation between Standard and Cypriot Greek (Papadopo et al. 2014; plaka 2014; Grohman et al 2017) The two varieties have differences in all levels of linguistic analysis and often monolingual speakers of Standard Modern Greek judge Cypriot Greek as unintelligible. At the same time, Greek Cypriot speakers do not always provide reliable judgments of their own speech since these are often clouded by sociolinguistic attitudes toward using the non-standard variety. Cypriot Greek lacks official codification and its status as a different language/variety is often denied by Greek Cypriots who may downplay the differences between Standard Modern Greek and Cypriot Greek and describe the latter as just an accent (Arvaniti, 2010). As the discussion of the different variants will make clear in the next section, the two varieties have differences across levels of linguistic analysis and these differences vastly exceed the sphere of phonetics or phonology. All speakers of Cypriot Greek have exposure to Standard Modern Greek through education and other mediums and in this way, they are competent to different degrees in both varieties. We employ the term 'bilectal' (Rowe and Grohmann, 2013, 2014) to refer to the participants of this study, although it is not entirely clear that the varieties they are exposed to are Standard Modern Greek and Cypriot Greek or that they are only two varieties, under the assumption that a continuum is in place. For instance, the term 'Cypriot Standard Greek' (Arvaniti, 2010) has been proposed to refer to an emerging variety that may count as the standard in the context of Cyprus. This would be a sociolinguistically 'high' variety (Ferguson, 1959) that is used in formal settings, although its degree of proximity with Standard Modern Greek is difficult to determine with precision because great fluidity is attested across different settings and geographical areas. At the school environment, for example, one notices the existence of three different varieties: Cypriot Greek, as the home variety that is used when students interact with each other, Standard Modern Greek, as the language of the teaching material, and another standard-like variety that incorporates elements from both varieties, and is present in the repertoire of both the students and the instructors (Sophocleous and Wilks. 2010; Hadjioannou et al., 2011; Leivada et al.. 2017).

[@vangelisskia214]

"90% of today's Turks are the descendants of yesterday's Greeks." John Kingsley Birge, A guide to Turkish area study

[@vangelisskia214]

“Why did the Turkish state want to hide that the Anatolian people largely had Greco-Roman roots? What was the reason for this secret? Why were they afraid?"Why did they carefully conceal the Greek origin of the large Turkish-speaking masses who were Islamized and due to linguistic assimilation?” Professor Mehmet Efe Caman

[@Nomadicenjoyer31]

@@vangelisskia214 In the European cartography of the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries, "Grecia" included Dalmatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, the coastal area of Asia Minor, Albania, and the Aegean islands (Karathanasis 1991, 9). For the Western audience in Germany, Austria, and Hungary, "Greek" (Greek Orthodox) was synonymous with Orthodoxy (Stoianovich 1960, 290). Regardless of their ethnic origins, most Greek Orthodox Balkan merchants of the eighteenth century spoke Greek and often assumed Greek names; they were referred to as "Greeks" in the sense that they were of the "Greek" religion. During the eighteenth century, the ge- ographic dispersion and the urban nature of the Greek ethnie in the Balkan peninsula transformed the "Greeks" into a Balkan urban class (Svoronos 1981, 58). Hence, the "Greeks" were not only the ethnic Greeks but generally included all the Orthodox merchants and peddlers, many of whom were Grecophone or Hellenized Vlachs, Serbs, or Orthodox Albanians. Roudometof, V. (2001) Nationalism, globalization, and orthodoxy: The social origins of ethnic conflict in the Balkans. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p.54

[@Nomadicenjoyer31]

@@vangelisskia214 Indeed “Greek” was an emic term in the Hellenistic period, referring generally to both the original Greeks and the Hellenized population. Greek resurrection beliefs and the success of Christianity (with preview) New York: Palgrave Macmillan , 2009 Dag Øistein Endsjø

[@Nomadicenjoyer31]

@@vangelisskia214 btw this quotation doesn't even exist in Kingsley's book 🙃🙃🙃

[@Sakura-nk7kc]

0:05 the way my man just disintegrated💀💀

[@taka7369]

I assume, your next video is about the battle... of the Bulge

[@cengizsogutlu]

Great video greetings from Turkey.

[@sergiolp6058]

I really hope the battle of Lepanto is cover some day.

[@Cubey7]

That's a lot of damage.

[@trockenerkakau6585]

can you make a video of the siege of cadiz 1810 it was one of the longest sieges of the napoleonic wars

[@SandRhomanHistory]

maybe sometime down the line. At the moment we can't afford to buy another set of artwork (which would be required to cover the 1800s)

[@RichardEdwards40]

Marco Bragadin should have waited for the holy league fleet to arrive. They were on their way to help.

[@user-cg2tw8pw7j]

Algeria was destroyed by the stupidity of the Holy Roman Empire, the Heisburgs

[@bcvetkov8534]

The Venetians deserved to lose their overseas possessions in the Eastern Mediterranean. They watched the Ottomans only gain strength as time passed and as the Byzantines failed to hold them at bay. Their inaction to aid the Romans and contain the threat of the Ottomans only led to their own downfall in the end. This is karma for the 4th Crusade. I feel genuine remorse for the garrisons on Crete and Cyprus who bravely held the Ottomans back for as long as they could but to no avail. The Ottomans are savages and barbarous animals for what they did. It's totally unspeakable to me to be okay and have cruelty like this normalized in the ranks like this.

[@user-cg2tw8pw7j]

Aren't the Europeans the Berbers?

[@LagazelleNeu]

Wann gibt es die Version der Filme auf Deutsch?? es können (2.Wahl) auch deutsche Untertitel sein. Merciviumau

[@SandRhomanHistory]

mit wenigen Ausnahmen immer ca. 1 Jahr nachdem sie auf dem englischen Kanal veröffentlicht wurden.

[@therealoldnosey8689]

In my current eu4 game The Ottomans declared war on Cyprus maybe a dozen times and never landed any troops

[@kuvikina]

It is the perfect time to listen `Kuffar` from Hasan Mutlucan while watching this.

[@gabrielvanhauten4169]

I think the Ottomans could have been stopped if Doria would not have sabotaged things. A Venetian fleet on Cyprus would have changed things quite a bit.

[@kuvikina]

if my aunt could have a moustache i can call her uncle.

[@giulianoilfilosofo7927]

Doria was genoese, in the Italy of the time a Venetian Genoese alliance would have been a mirage at best most of the times.

[@sp1d3rm0nk3y33]

Pretty much difficult. Cyprus was undefendable for logistic reasons. Too close to ottoman empire.

[@navneetshyam1335]

Very good video! You should have made this video earlier.

[@SandRhomanHistory]

thanks! well better late than never, right?

[@navneetshyam1335]

@@SandRhomanHistory bro, I meant that you should have made it earlier as it's an important topic in the Ottoman history.

[@trentoatman2998]

Honey! A new siege just dropped!

[@houtenhekje8375]

Im just wondering how they trusted that a messenger was legitimate, was it done with certain watermarking on paperwork? Would be a fun topic to see fake messengers causing chaos

[@user-cg2tw8pw7j]

The Duchy is an evil city. Did Austria destroy this country?

[@pandastical9205]

Is this what Othello was based off?

[@weltvonalex]

It's so strange to me that at the same time there are allready colonizes in America. It seems always like totally different time lines

[@prophetrexlexful8783]

speaker.. How swiss do you wanna sound? Yes

[@SandRhomanHistory]

rösti

[@prophetrexlexful8783]

@@SandRhomanHistory i has so gwüsst 😄

[@ariyoiansky291]

Flayed alive, my gosh thats brutal and cruel

[@ggoddkkiller1342]

For obvious reasons he forgot to mention according to which sources Ottoman betrayal happened, there were European ''historians'' who could claim Ottoman slaughtered defenders of Rhodes as well even if it was well documented such betrayal didn't happen at all and both knights hospitallers and thousands of civilians could freely sail to Crete! Turkish sources are crystal clear about the subject that surrender agreement called Vire agreement was signed at 2 August and it was very spesific even mentioning how many guns and even horses Venetians could transfer with them. The agreement also included release of 50 Turkish pilgrims that their ship was captured before the siege and they were held as captives for months as a bargaining chip. So when Bragadin met Lala Mustafa Pasha at 5 August he was asked where exactly 50 Turkish prisoners who were set to release. He answered as they all weren't his prisoners rather his soldiers' prisoners so he couldn't release them and they were killed at the same day the agreement was signed. Then Lala Pasha asked where exactly Turkish pilgrims who were his prisoners. He answered as they were also killed after his soldiers killed their prisoners. Perhaps he thought 50 civilian prisoners weren't that important of subject but he couldn't be more wrong. Lala Pasha was furious and ordered imprisonment of Bragadin and all other Venetian commanders who were later executed while over 4,000 soldiers and civilians were enslaved. Christian sources are sharing so insanely detailed description of his torture you would think there were European historians watching but nope, there wasn't a single European who actually saw it nor even heard it from first hand sources. Rather it is so detailed simply because it is from TURKISH sources, Baragdin wasn't tortured at first rather he was only imprisoned and meanwhile it was invastigated how exactly Turkish pilgrims were killed. It was learned that their ears and nose were cut then they were killed by skinning them alive. So Lala Pasha gave the order that shall Baragdin die exactly same as he killed pilgrims, his ears and nose were cut and few days later he was executed by skinned alive. His skin later sent to his family which is a ''holy'' relic today. While European ''historians'' chose to rather ignore the part of executed Turkish pilgirms from Turkish sources while copying them as obviously otherwise it would be quite hard to declare Baragdin a saint...

[@dubbyx8490]

@@ggoddkkiller1342 A little paragraphing would be nice my friend..

[@ggoddkkiller1342]

@@dubbyx8490 Here you go my friend, my paragraphing might be bad but at least i don't try to manipulate history and push a narrative)

[@dubbyx8490]

@@ggoddkkiller1342 I agree.. The least you could do is to write in paragraphs so that people can easily follow your arguments.

[@demilung]

The might of the empire capable of deploying over 100k men overseas. Imagine using that power in the times of actual peace with your major neighbours to strengthen your economy and future prosperity instead of pointless after-the-fact cruelty.

[@SpinachInfluenza]

All the Moor!!!!

[@jeremy9416]

Sorry I don't wanna be a grammar nazy But it's Girolamo Zane, not girolame, but i understand that it sound pretty difficult to write

[@ExperiencePlayers]

Top

[@rickjames18]

Some things never change in Europe. It doesn't surprise me that Doria was stalling because he didn't really want to help. It also doesn't surprise me that the Europeans bickered so much they ended up leaving Cyprus to its fall. That Pasha Mustafa betrayed the Venician leaders just because he could or that he made slaves of the troops after agreeing to let them go. Seems like Erdogan like to play games as well. Someday Cyprus and Constantinople will be taken back.

[@ggoddkkiller1342]

For obvious reasons he forgot to mention according to which sources Ottoman betrayal happened, there were European ''historians'' who could claim Ottoman slaughtered defenders of Rhodes as well even if it was well documented such betrayal didn't happen at all and both knights hospitallers and thousands of civilians could freely sail to Crete! Turkish sources are crystal clear about the subject that surrender agreement called Vire agreement was signed at 2 August and it was very spesific even mentioning how many guns and even horses Venetians could transfer with them. The agreement also included release of 50 Turkish pilgrims that their ship was captured before the siege and they were held as captives for months as a bargaining chip. So when Bragadin met Lala Mustafa Pasha at 5 August he was asked where exactly 50 Turkish prisoners who were set to release and answered as they all weren't Baragdin's prisoners rather his soldiers' prisoners so he couldn't release them and they were killed at the same day the agreement was signed. Then Lala Pasha asked where exactly Turkish pilgrims who were his prisoners which was answered as they were also killed after his soldiers killed their prisoners. Perhaps he thought 50 civilian prisoners weren't that important of subject and could be ignored but he couldn't be wrong. Lala Pasha was furious and ordered imprisonment of Bragadin and all other Venetian commanders who were later executed while over 4,000 soldiers and civilians were enslaved. Christian sources are sharing so insanely detailed description of his torture you would think there were European historians watching but nope, there wasn't a single European who actually saw it nor even heard it from first hand sources. Rather it is so detailed simply because it is from TURKISH sources, Baragdin wasn't tortured at first rather he was only imprisoned and meanwhile it was invastigated how exactly Turkish pilgrims were killed. It was learned that their ears and nose were cut then they were killed by skinning them alive. So Lala Pasha gave the order of Baragdin to die exactly same as he killed pilgrims, his ears and nose was cut and few days later was killied by getting skinned alive. His skin later sent to his family which is a ''holy'' relic today, while European ''historians'' chose to rather ignore the part of executed Turkish pilgirms from Turkish sources while copying them as obviously otherwise it would be quite hard to declare Baragdin a saint...

[@matthew7027]

Yeah sweet dreams soft shell western.

[@panosgeorgedimitriou2290]

​@@matthew7027patience turkish parasite in the end Noone can escape justice

[@MatthewSereysothea-hf1js]

The Turks finished flaying Marcantonio Bragadino, then sent His straw-stuffed body on tour around the city, then sent the poor man's remains to Constantinople for exhibition as well. Real sweethearts, the Osmanlis

[@nikolaipedrov9084]

It's not a strange thing (especially from Ottoman) to see betrayal at the end of surrender process. But still...that sucks so much.

[@superlegomaster55]

Agreed it sucks

[@ruskyalmond1977]

"especially" from Ottomans. If only they were white and christian. Then you'd judge them without double standards.

[@userequaltoNull]

@@ruskyalmond1977 yes, especially from the Ottomans. In medieval Europe, surrender terms were given the utmost respect, and captives taken on the battlefield or in sieges were rarely executed, instead being captured alive to receive the run-of-the-mill battlefield ransom. Even during particularly difficult sieges, when the defenders hold out until the walls are breached by bombardment or ladders, the occupants of a city or castle were given clemency, and allowed to go about their lives more or less unchanged (with a difference in political situation, of course). Foreigners from the eastern Christian lands are documented to have commented on the civility and mercy shown during warfare in Europe, in comparison to in his central Asian homeland.

[@oldgamer9992]

Lol did you heard about nazis, Mongols, Spanish,???

[@superlegomaster55]

@@userequaltoNull source?

[@RPe-jk6dv]

never never surrender.

[@Nomadicenjoyer31]

The traumatic element of Greek national identity is reinforced in memories of Ottoman rule known as the 'Turkish yoke'.

[@vangelisskia214]

"90% of today's Turks are the descendants of yesterday's Greeks." John Kingsley Birge, A guide to Turkish area study

[@vangelisskia214]

“Why did the Turkish state want to hide that the Anatolian people largely had Greco-Roman roots? What was the reason for this secret? Why were they afraid?"Why did they carefully conceal the Greek origin of the large Turkish-speaking masses who were Islamized and due to linguistic assimilation?” Professor Mehmet Efe Caman

[@vangelisskia214]

lol

[@Nomadicenjoyer31]

@@vangelisskia214 I use the term Hellenic in order to differentiate 19th and 20th century national identity in modern Greece from the earlier, not so clear, use of terms like Graikos, Romios and, sometimes, Ellinas, which were all more or less synonymous for the Greek-Orthodox Christians of the Ottoman heartland. Hereafter, I use the term Greek to allude to the ambiguour use of this word (esc) bir contemporani scholar who refer without proper discrimination , to the representatives of the larger Greek - Orthodox Ottoman community , mostly hellenized or Greek - speaking , who probably considered themselves not as Hellenes but simply as " Romaioi " and Christians . Historein: A review of the past and other stories (1999). Athens, Greece: Nefeli Publishers. p.69

[@Nomadicenjoyer31]

@@vangelisskia214 In the European cartography of the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries, "Grecia" included Dalmatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, the coastal area of Asia Minor, Albania, and the Aegean islands (Karathanasis 1991, 9). For the Western audience in Germany, Austria, and Hungary, "Greek" (Greek Orthodox) was synonymous with Orthodoxy (Stoianovich 1960, 290). Regardless of their ethnic origins, most Greek Orthodox Balkan merchants of the eighteenth century spoke Greek and often assumed Greek names; they were referred to as "Greeks" in the sense that they were of the "Greek" religion. During the eighteenth century, the ge- ographic dispersion and the urban nature of the Greek ethnie in the Balkan peninsula transformed the "Greeks" into a Balkan urban class (Svoronos 1981, 58). Hence, the "Greeks" were not only the ethnic Greeks but generally included all the Orthodox merchants and peddlers, many of whom were Grecophone or Hellenized Vlachs, Serbs, or Orthodox Albanians. Roudometof, V. (2001) Nationalism, globalization, and orthodoxy: The social origins of ethnic conflict in the Balkans. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p.54

[@diwajerebation4077]

lala partook in some buffoonery

[@david-468]

I definitely feel even though we think Bronze Age was more brutal for civilians I’d say these black powder sieges were much worse because of the length

[@notthefbi7932]

It's interesting,most of the videos I see about the Ottomans, they are always besieging someone 🤔

[@ruskyalmond1977]

But it's ok when everyone in Europe does it??? lol

[@notthefbi7932]

@@ruskyalmond1977 I was just stating the most of the videos about the Ottomans I've seen, revolve around them besieging someone. That's it, I haven't seen much about them in open battle 🤔