The Jet Train Should've Changed the World

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In 1974, a French train sets a speed record, exceeding 250 miles per hour. But this train is unlike any other before it. Instead of rolling on train wheels, it hovers on a cushion of air. In the 1970’s hovertrains were seriously being considered the solution to slow, antiquated railways, which increasingly had to compete with new superhighways and even intercity air travel.
Without the rolling resistance of train wheels, hovertrains promised greater efficiency and much higher speeds. By feeding high pressure air through lifting pads, hovertrains float on a cushion of air much like a hovercraft.
One of the most widely known hovertrain prototypes was called the Aerotrain. Lead engineer Jean Bertin and his team in France, designed several versions, including one that could carry 80 passengers. The i80HV was powered by a turbofan sourced from an airliner, producing over twelve thousand pounds of thrust. At the front, a 400 horse power gas-turbine supplied high-pressure air to hover the twenty loaded train a quarter of an inch off its guideway. The British and Americans also experimented with hovertrain technology, incorporating the linear induction motor for improved efficiency. British research led to the development of the RTV-31 Tracked Hovercraft, and the American’s developed several prototypes, culminating in the development of the Urban Tracked Air Cushion Vehicle (UTACV).
But like their counterpart the Maglev, Hovertrains failed to revolutionize rail. Hovertrains, Maglevs, or any other innovative alternative to rail has to compete with nearly a million miles of rail line already in existence. With stations and infrastructure built-out in nearly every city in the world. The limitations of conventional railways were overcome not a single innovative leap forward, but by incremental improvements. Existing rail networks were modernized with sections of track that could handle higher speeds. New signaling technologies were developed along with more advanced wheelsets. #Hovertrain #Aerotrain #TrackedHovercraft #YesterdaysFuture
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Thanks for watching! Please Like, Comment and Subscribe!

[@MustardChannel]

Thanks for watching! P.s. the little audio fade at the end was supposed to be intentional/joke :)

[@laxislife5817]

Please make a video showing how you make your videos! Thanks and keep up the great work! :)

[@ferrywinklethehondahater]

Mustard 747? Congrats on 100k

[@thesupertendent8973]

Mustard: makes sense, it also is like the fade of time, as you enter the future, info become limited and so you stop (this probably isn't what happens but I think it's part of a joke) great content lad, stellar editing

[@JGuraan]

Haha, I loved that bit.

[@conde.nao.com.d]

Absolutely splendid! Your videos make my day! So much brilliance, clarity and quality in every video!

[@nhatthebest]

In 2050, Mustard will release a video named 'What happened to the Hyperloop'

[@Jobother]

It wont even be that far away. By like 2030, that entire house of cards will have disappeared.

[@Jobother]

@Narja fair

[@PATISLAV]

Those videos are appearing already :)

[@theothertonydutch]

Atmospheric railway and also rat viscera.

[@BrutallyHonest-]

You mean DJ Mustard, right? 😎😂

[@thestudentofficial5483]

How to advertise start ups 1970s : put rockets on them 2010s : put solar panels on them

[@cinquine1]

"Our innovative and agile approach to challenging the status quo started with a question: Why can't we combine machine learning with cloud computing and blockchain technology, using Big Data to bring modern solutions to 20th century problems?"

[@firstnamelastname3182]

Rocket frickin' roadways?

[@jimbobbyrnes]

@PaleAlejandro ya i dont think so... do you have any idea how much power that would use? way more than it takes just to have a rocket orbit you around the world.

[@haoranyu608]

The Student Official 2030s: let it drive all by itself!

[@robryan2079]

right!

[@harbingerdawn]

That stab at Hyperloop at the end, absolutely 10/10

[@hvymtal8566]

DuNkEd

[@mangalores-x_x]

a more complicated system of concepts 40 years old that failed despite being more cost efficient than this new idea... there are some things our accountants want to talk to you about...

[@randomuser5443]

He memed

[@Cacowninja]

Why? I mean all he did was mention very little about it and then trail off which isn't an argument.

[@aompes]

​@@Cacowninja what he did it's obvious , hyperloop doesn't deserve to mention

[@user-fn3py8hv9p]

“He worked tirelessly” Yeah, quite literally I’d say

[@rudi_xie6139]

lmfaoo

[@BroletariatRL]

Aayyooo

[@AaronIsCool450]

lmaooo

[@9.5.9.5]

No train has tires

[@ollievilair]

@@9.5.9.5Lyon metro has left the chat

[@Volvith]

It's the seventies, every new concept had rockets back then.

[@seskal8595]

Volvirth rocket mail ftw

[@bradlemmond]

ROCKETS OR GTFO!!!!!

[@ajaymandal8314]

Even Cars

[@bobbiusshadow6985]

yup, even in entertainment, Rocketman.

[@suesan5111]

@Christopher Crepon the train might not have had a turbo Fan. I think most airliners in the 70s had turbo Jet, same as in fighter jets, where all the air goes through the axial core. Turbo Fans with a lots air bypassing the axial core are on A10s, and modern Airliner, for better thrust to fuel use ratio. Airliners were so noisy back then, cuz the "jet" engine

[@jacoboleary9076]

"The US mostly stuck with cars" is too damn true

[@krokeman]

If you think it's much different in Europe, then you are wrong. Car is most convenient, fastest and often cheapest mean of transportation. [Except of airplanes on long distances]

[@bo8504]

@@krokeman BS, trains are the bombbbb here

[@krokeman]

@@bo8504 car = freedom. Train = 19th century collective mean of transport.

[@Tholen3]

@@krokeman lol convenient and cheap.

[@tobz1693]

@@krokeman You just sit there, and arrive to destination. Simple. With car you have to pay gas,drain your energy,deal with traffic and polution

[@telfer3388]

00:10 - It always cracks me up when You put up Metric units with Globe icon next to them and imperial units with US Flag.

[@glennyj65]

subtle reminder that we do what we wanna.

[@reamsel]

United Shithole

[@maindepth8830]

@@reamsel nice

[@rogertycholiz2218]

@@reamsel - Metric is crap! What is centipeed & millipeed? French Napoleon invention - crap!

[@tsusec]

@@rogertycholiz2218 centi = hundred and milli = thousand.... it makes sense to me

[@Khookies-lp2lu]

Indonesia had a similar problem. Back then, trains serving the Bandung - Jakarta route heavily declined after the introduction of the Cipularang highway. They had to combine the two main trains serving the route, and greatly lowered the price. But the problem sorta fixed itself. People who don't own cars still used the train service, and some people who do own private cars still looked to trains to avoid the traffic. When the train services of Indonesia came under new administration, they weeded out the corruptions in the system and made the Jakarta - Bandung service among the most profitable train services in the country.

[@alpha28._]

Unfortunately, the project seems to be continued 😂 I have no idea, why our government (Indonesia) is always obsessed to upgrade the bandung-Jakarta route? Why not instead upgrading OUR Railway? (remember, there are sooo many crossing railway without moving fence and electronic warning)

[@Khookies-lp2lu]

@@alpha28._ it has something to do with two major cities just slightly within reach of each other, but not nearly connected enough. I agree with you though. Jakarta-Bandung is plenty good, spending money on making railways in Borneo and Papua as well upgrading existing ones would do everyone a better service

[@bltzcstrnx]

@@Khookies-lp2luother island doesn't really have enough density for high-capacity rails. Java is a very textbook example of an area that requires high-speed rail. Ultra-high population densities with cities that houses millions of people.

[@Khookies-lp2lu]

@@bltzcstrnx I'm not thinking of high speed rail, but at least conventional ones between the major cities might do some good?

[@Kirbythefat]

9:20 Holy crap, that beat was so fresh it cut off Mustard mid-commentary.

[@plausibillity2032]

France: **makes airplane trains** Britain that invented it first: **makes this escape pod looking thing**

[@NPJGlobal]

@@plausibillity2032 No , France invented the hovertrain. Britain invented the hovercraft (moving on cushion of air on land or water).

[@MrSwaggMofo]

love how you put metric value's in the corner

[@moskito5864]

would be MUCH better if he used the metric system. Fucking Miles are 16th Century bullshit

[@luftkadettarchives6387]

Mos Kito you wot m8? Miles are used by America AND Britain. That shit ain’t changing if I have a say in it.

[@speediskey3856]

@@luftkadettarchives6387 its a stupid system just exept it and change it.

[@user-fe8ms9ht7j]

@@luisdanielmesa cheers

[@BJBTProductions]

Values*

[@TheLonelyLurker1995]

I remember watching a scene on Snowpiercer (movie), where the train went inside a tunnel. The wheels created bright sparks which lit up the tunnel, and made loud careening sound, even though the tracks were straight. So that's explain it, the Flange were hitting the tracks due to the train's required high speed of travel.

[@justandy333]

Yep you got it. That particular train was indeed experiencing a hunting oscillation. So yes theoretically its entirely possible for a train to derail on a completely straight piece of track if it hasn't been engineered properly or its yaw dampers fail to function correctly.

[@thetessellater9163]

yes, agreed, the hover train never really got off the ground!

[@deliqene3191]

Well it did get off the ground. However the plans where dropped

[@julianholm7531]

Deliquent woooosh

[@kanyegaming9136]

@@gabeowser9881 cab you guys go back to reddit now please?

[@Retroscoop]

Apparantly, engeneers were on the wrong track

[@datathunderstorm]

I see what you did there……🤣👍

[@ultramanJR]

So nice that you include both imperial and metric unit so none of your viewers feels confused.

[@MustardChannel]

Thanks, I'll include them in all my future vids :)

[@12gpm91]

Mustard, please change the subtitles in this video to say mm and kN instead of inches and pounds.

[@IkarimTheCreature]

agreed

[@panzerfaust5046]

There should either be both, or it should be decided based on his KZbin demographics.

[@12gpm91]

Panzer Faust, subtitle options should be English US and English metric.

[@theanarchist9733]

"the Americans, not to be out done" America's history

[@stuartjohnson5238]

And note they never got anywhere with the development.

[@malharcarvalho10]

The utter lack of public transport in most of the US still astonishes me to this day

[@alfiex6667]

@@malharcarvalho10 idk what your talking abt most of the usa has amtrak in can go between states

[@alltat]

@@alfiex6667 Compared to Europe, the US has almost no passenger train traffic. But compared to the US, Europe has almost no freight train traffic.

[@pelonmoran3]

@@alltat No mostly , Airplanes faster and cheaper,,

[@brigandboy1425]

The hover train is a great idea. The hyperloop is going to be a hilarious tragedy that I both dread and can't wait to watch news footage of.

[@akalion213]

Thinking there will even be footage

[@Splinter-ge9pf]

Like, it's a train, with extra steps

[@AK.__]

The Hyperloop already doesn't exist, in the 2021. I am from there

[@TKainZero]

I want hyperloop!

[@askip9304]

@@TKainZero Too bad you're not getting it

[@Hunting_Party]

High speed trains are way better than planes. Just sayin. From my home town to Beijing is a 2hour flight. But it takes about 5 hours in total due to security and transport to and from airports. Currently with the high speed rail it only takes me little more than 4 hours with a 3hour 40min high speed train ride right to the city center. Not to mention the lower cost, more room, less noise, and a extremely stable train that I can balance a coin on. That’s about the distance from Chicago to New York if anyone is wondering.

[@alexmartin0824]

Letian Gu yeah in countries like China with many developed high speed rail networks taking the train over the plane makes a lot more sense. But in the us our passenge rail networks are so underdeveloped and that's because we don't really need them, we have cars and low cost airlines so taking the plane from Nashville to Orlando is more appealing than a slow train ride(and plus Nashville has no passenger rail routes :P)

[@JGuraan]

Definitely the case for the passenger. Somebody just has to fork out the cash to get them built.

[@oxolotleman7226]

Southwestjet 1992 are rail networks are nowhere near underdeveloped, they're just focused on freight

[@luki97z]

Aircraft are inherently less efficient at "medium" or shorter distances, because the time of takeoff, landing, boarding and other related processes are independent of travel distance, and thus stay basically unchanged regardless if it's a local flight or one across the globe. That, and little need for any infrastructure past the start and end airports makes planes amazing at extreme long-distance travel. Trains, be they conventional or not, should seek to take over routes that are short enough to not be far faster by plane, while at the same time being long enough for the shorter travel time to beat the point-to-point nature of cars.

[@ryanm9371]

High speed rail is and will always be more expensive than planes. Just look at all the rail infrastructure you have to build. Planes only need terminals and the sky. The only reason rail travel is cheaper is if the government subsidizes it.

[@cianreal]

That audio fade at the end was golden, but now I just want you to talk about it for several minutes in another video.

[@DjMikeWatt]

I didn't understand that... what was that about?

[@cthorm]

Hyperloop has the same drawbacks of hovertrains...you need to build out an all new track system. That's like a trillion $ of existing infrastructure.

[@muuubiee]

It also has huge safety issues... A vacuum tube within an atmosphere is extremely volatile, and if anything goes wrong the costs of repairing it will be high, which will require an advanced system to cut off and vent the tube if it notices a collapse.

[@roughlygalaxy]

Hyperloop is an extremely bad idea, winning just over ballistic missiles used for intercontinental transportation.

[@aaronmicalowe]

I think hyperloops would be more financially viable if you were building them on a new planet with no existing infrastructure. Do people really think we'd build traditional rails on Mars? The safety needs are already handled by similar cutoff systems, like the Japanese bullet trains that are able to stop a train 20 seconds before an earthquake reaches the train. A similar level of safety would be needed to monitor the integrity of the hyperloop tube at every section, say, every 200 meters. Given recent advancements, like transparent aluminum, you could maximise the stability of the structure while minimising the build cost. The biggest problem wouldn't be technical, but from political threats like terrorism. Such a system would be an easy terrorist target. So, the main challenges aren't technical but behavioural. We first need to learn to behave - that's the bigger challenge.

[@78Dipar]

The french "Aérotrain" had too little passengers capacity, was too noisy and too thirsty... The big advantage of the high speed train is that it can run on convantional rail network and access to existing town center stations.

[@sethbomgardner9030]

Yeah, electric rail is incredibly efficient, a multiple jet powered small train seems incredibly thirsty... Just like a lot of "pie in the sky" engineering concepts, you have to make the financial numbers work first, not to mention a plan to get an easement to build a track, which requires the cooperation of the individuals along the route. Which considering the noise... good luck. These two things doomed the Concorde, it was too expensive to build, maintain, and operate; and too loud to fly over land at full speed. It was an essentially a government subsidized novelty for the rich and famous.

[@philv3941]

No, the vid missed the point : the production Aerotrain was 100% electric. Just check it ( check aerotrain S44) Just before the end they tried to sell under licence an american version , full electric too, and very futuristic. This one, if mass produced, could have been a real "train" with wagons. Check " aerotrain Rohr"

[@78Dipar]

@@philv3941 The S44 stil had a gas powered Chevrolet V8 engine to produce the air cushion...

[@philv3941]

@@78Dipar yes, my bad for the S44, the Rohr is 100% electric though

[@Dave-co1cv]

I recall Evacuated Tube Transport being talked about in the very early 90's, but then it just sort of stopped. In theory it could work, but can you imagine traveling over 700mph in an evacuated tube......that suddenly develops a breach?! It'd be like slamming into the side of a mountain.

[@Patrick_AUBRY]

The continental joke at the américains was a gem!

[@Danofcanada]

Patrick Aubry Yes and no. It was the favored car at the time. It was the era of wood panel ocean liners on wheels.

[@Patrick_AUBRY]

Ken 1138 This era was my youth, everything was wood, simili wood or brownish yes.

[@USSAnimeNCC-]

As an America I agreed XD Meanwhile at the capital: All here to expand the overside military say aye or the have improve rail say naye Everyone: "AYE"

[@RichardTheRoe]

Just when I thought it couldn't get better you end with that humorous "history repeats itself" Vactrain segment. Brillant. This channel is amazing, the production value is off the scale for KZbin. The animations, the graphics. Pure professionalism!

[@robertburnett5561]

And no airport hours long messes. I dread air travel. I took the high speed from Madrid to Seville. A few minutes to get on and off. Also, a very smooth ride.

[@Elon_Trump]

Springfield got a monorail and it was nothing but trouble

[@kishascape]

Yeah but they also got a nice Song and Dance so it's even.

[@SomeGuy-lw2po]

I'm a rail engineer in the UK, the issue you pointed out at the start and didn't readdress (the wheels 'wobbling' on the track at high speeds) was actually a simpler fix then it sounds, Now trains are fitted with "yaw dampers" as this controls the 'wobble' movement and allows trains to travel much faster. Not because I'm biased because it's the industry I work in (I can change industry), but I fully believe high speed and faster trains are the future as long as money continues to be invested for upgrades

[@jwenting]

yeah "just give us more money" has always been the answer of dying sectors of publicly funded enterprises. That and of course force to get people to be required to use your services however bad they may be for lack of alternatives.

[@SomeGuy-lw2po]

@@jwenting I think you're quackers. The railway isn't failing, it's busier than ever, and that's the problem, we didn't invest properly so long we got behind on technology, we struggle to move the capacity required. But you're right, if there's a public sector that we need (railway isn't publicly owned so pointless point), that is failing, then yes give them more money but govern what the money is spent on

[@jwenting]

@@SomeGuy-lw2po the railways are busy because people are forced into them. The vast majority of them wouldn't use the railways if they had a choice in the matter. And no, you're not behind on technology because you don't get enough tax money from the government, you're behind because you couldn't care less about the customer, because those customers have no choice whether to use the railways or not. Innovation ends as soon as government interference starts.

[@SomeGuy-lw2po]

@@jwenting mate, your talking to me like im a office wombat, I'm shop floor getting my hands dirty everyday. I actually do care about customers, we don't want trains to break or crash because that's our work we've done, plus it messes up the network. How are people forced to travel by train? You can drive if you want no one is stopping you. We are definitely behind on technology, we're improving now, getting brand new trains, more electrification, upgrading signals. All the money side is done by the government, train companies don't even set the prices. And to your last point, that depends what government is in power

[@Saugaverse]

Well, keep in mind there are two aspects to trains, one is for carrying freight, the other is for people. Trains will always be needed to carry large amounts of heavy freight which is impracticable for planes & jets. But when it comes to moving people, jets are currently way faster. And to build the infrastructure needed for faster trains, expensive, expensive, expensive.

[@timonsteup2877]

If you ever decided to visit Germany, we have two incredibly packed Museums for Technology in close driving distance from where I live (ca. 30 min). And the best part? You can see the original Buran (Russian Space Shuttle) and the only TU-144 outside Russia you can see. They also have a Concorde, a collection of fire brigade trucks, lots of cars from the early 20th Century until now and so much more. I think that would interest you.

[@wino0000006]

It was actually a test vehicle used for atmospheric flights.

[@steve1279]

That sounds great I'd like to visit sometime

[@LyricsFred]

What cities?

[@rogerthat309]

That would be awesome! I'll travel there someday and give you a call!

[@tonidee5714]

Fernando Dember Laguna Sinsheim and Speyer…

[@nicks732]

Dude... I love your video style . You have such a smooth aesthetic and a great voice.

[@pranaybhaisare3425]

Your thumbnails are the reason I always end up watching your entire videos

[@shaunbridgesc11]

The 50's was truly revolutionary, the cars, planes and trains looks like something from the future

[@delltawnnorthri7459]

Welcome to the beautiful white 50's where men were men and woman were woman!

[@thegigadykid1]

@@delltawnnorthri7459 stfu

[@Ushio01]

@Shaun Bridges C In the 50's to 70's people where still optimistic about the future when it came to tech development after all many where still alive who where alive when the Wright brothers performed the first powered flight in 1903 and saw aircraft and rocket tech progress rapidly ending with the Concorde, 747 and moon landings. But since 1981 when the space shuttle first flew it's been pretty stagnant.

[@foximacentauri7891]

@@delltawnnorthri7459 and conservatives like you weren't able to spread their opinion on society everywhere although nobody bloody asked.

[@user-mc6zk8tc8c]

@@delltawnnorthri7459 Man being man or women being women is not what make people innovators. People like you are always pointing fingers. It's always sombody else's fault. So tell us what amazing innovation you've done just bcz you're proud of being a man or women?

[@Crashed131963]

North America does not even have bullet trains , we have congested freeways instead.

[@cmanlovespancakes]

Acela is the high speed rail in the USA from Boston to Washington DC. It is truly high speed but not the fastest fast train.

[@aabb-zz9uw]

$100 from NY to LA by plane.

[@JYMAHJAMES]

@@aabb-zz9uw Trains were around long before planes and they're going to be here long after them too

[@olivia-jtrans5693]

@@cmanlovespancakes it is still a pity compared to Asian trains. Oh wait the U S regime spends the $$ on wars ( on credit ) like everything.

[@SBCBears]

@@olivia-jtrans5693 Prior to WWII, the US had a standing army smaller than Canada's. Subsequent to WWII until now, Pax Americana has provided the world and especially Europe with the longest period of relative peace it has known. There have been fewer wars and less bloodshed thanks to the American commitment of American blood and treasure. You should do two thing's: thank Americans and learn history. I notice that you were cowardly in that you did not post your country of origin.

[@WesleyKagan]

FYI, the American Air Cushion Vehicle is fenced off in downtown Pueblo behind a boiler shop, not even at the transportation museum.

[@Dutch_Uncle]

However, on your next trip down historic US Highway 50 you can see some test vehicles at the Pueblo Airport Transportation display. The former High Speed Ground Test Center, later Transportation Test Center, then Transportation Test Center, Incorporated, is located north of Pueblo Airport. It will go through another evolution and expand from a facility focused on rail . Over the years it has tested tank cars to improve resistance to explosions, couplers to prevent override on impact, rail displacement under load, and loss and damage prevention. In the 1970's staff was a mixture of traditional railroaders and people from the aerospace industry, since so much of the focus was on measurement. The two worlds did not always mesh smoothly. Both the air cushion vehicles and the linear induction motor were tested there. I was there, and "Kagan" sounds familiar.

[@CT7ALW]

These videos have so much production quality! Congrats!

[@noahbowie5985]

I always love your videos. It's a moment of pure joy when I see mustard in my notifications bar. Please keep making these fantastic videos

[@McRocket]

Another Mustard video that is interesting, informative and extremely, well presented. Your videos are SO impressive looking - to me anyway.

[@seanesslemont6332]

Tbh your channel deserves more recognition you clearly put so much work into your videos and it shows

[@loicfischer1474]

Hi @Mustard ! I discover your channel and this is just exciting ! Thank's for this content ! Just a precision about french prototype, the project was abandoned cause of personal conflict between Jean Bertin (kind of scandal) and the french governement, that canceled the whole project after the tests. (anecdote, the prototype still exist, near to Gometz-la-ville, beggening of the test line) I live near this abandoned test line, and there are rumors that a similar project could be relaunched on this same line in the coming years ... Aerotrain never die :p

[@MustardChannel]

Thanks for watching and sharing!

[@Derek_S]

I live around five miles from where the British hovertrain track was built alongside a straight stretch of man made river. There's nothing to indicate it was ever there now. I only knew it ever existed from people who lived in the area at the time.

[@NeutralGenericUser]

When you began to mention the hyperloop as a serious idea, I was confused, because you clearly do a lot of research in everything you show...and then you faded out your voice and it all made sense. Your videos are amazing, keep up the great work! :)

[@unknowngod8221]

@@jmack8767 so is vrchat a failed products?

[@StephanS]

In the 70s the discuss about replacing the antiquated railways - 40 years later, the whole world still uses them...

[@CThyran]

It's almost like those "antiquated" railways aren't actually antiquated.

[@muhammadirfanataulawal7630]

Probably the world saw the true potential of train after Japanese succesfully build and expand Shinkansen service

[@EnFuegoDuo]

...exactly...they're still in use...without stealing billions of dollars involuntarily from the public for a completely unnecessary project...

[@GiDD504]

Best made informational videos on the internet. Hands down. I have no idea how you do it and how much time it must take you mustard but got damn you’re an absolute artist.

[@danem.9402]

One of the most underrated channels on youtube

[@gabigabugabo]

I sense a subtle dig at the hyperloop

[@GrijzePilion]

This video really drives home the point that Hyperloop, as exciting as it may seem, is very likely to go the same way the monorail, the hovertrain and the MagLev did. It may be a limited success for a limited time in one or two countries but the conventional railway has proven to be the best choice all-around for as long as it's existed.

[@darryljones3009]

You mean the VacTrain.

[@elias_xp95]

SUCCtrain

[@protocnic3772]

I just discovered this channel. And my god. The quality is immeasurable. Good work!

[@larrybrennan1463]

The basic flaw in all these high-speed alternatives (which are essentially modern versions of the Nineteenth Century monorail) is their basic inflexibility. Most of them are designed to be on elevated structures, partly for safety and separation from trespassers, and partly because the design cannot be crossed at ground level. Elevated structures are not cheap to build. Each pylon needs a foundation; foundations require core samples of the substrata to determine if it can support the structure, then designing what has to be done to ensure that it can. Duo-rail (standard railroads, in other words) can be laid on the ground on a built-up roadbed. A track switch can be added or removed in hours, if need be. A monorail system (whether hover, rubber-tired, mag-lev, vacuum-tubed or what-have-you) simply cannot easily add a switch. And the type of switch (or turnout) again requires extensive engineering and design. Look at video of some of these systems in operation and see the complexity of their switches. To add or remove cars from such a train is also difficult. In the Thirties many early streamliners were articulated, and this flaw led to their disappearance. (Subways and metros have long used multi-car, permanently coupled sets, but these are closed systems, with known traffic patterns and a large fleet of trains; even if the cars in the sets are connected with drawbars instead of couplers, an individual car can usually be easily removed.) No matter how high-tech and "advanced" these trains seem to be, they are doomed by their basic design and engineering flaws to be curiosities and outliers in transportation, with limited application at best.

[@douglascaskey7302]

Most trains are doomed by the fact that oil is still cheaper than electric, and/or air travel will get you there much quicker. Trains are economical to move tons of freight, they are a losing proposition to move people. High Speed Trains are an even bigger losing proposition as the cost to build and run them requires government subsidies as they are past any profitable margin for a private business. Heck, even Slamtrak barely survives WITH the government subsidizing it.

[@larrybrennan1463]

@@douglascaskey7302 All forms of transportation are subsidized, airlines especially. Gas taxes do not even begin the cover the cost of building or maintaining roads. Trains offer a reasonable choice of travel, especially for those who can't drive or where air isn't viable. And, frankly, what's wrong with giving a choice? Air, train, bus, car -- all have their positives and negatives. A balanced system would be better.

[@nicholaslaines2702]

@@douglascaskey7302 Not being profitable isn't a good argument against rail, car infrastructure doesn't even come close to being self sufficient sales tax on automobiles, the gas tax and toll road earnings collectively don't even come close to paying for roads. This problem is only getting worse because the biggest factor in how much damage a given vehicle does to roads is it's weight. Between the increasing popularity of large vehicle types like SUVs, many popular cars increasing drastically in their weight with the most popular car in America (Ford f-150) gaining over 950 lbs in curb weight from 2017- 2020 and electric cars gaining prominence which due to large batteries are much heavier than their gasoline driven alternatives.

[@mauricepastis3437]

If you take the TGV from Paris to Bordeaux you will see a part of the aérotrain's testing rail which is parallel of the TGV's rail. The older and the latest! I have discovered the existing of aérotrain like 3 years ago and I though that every peaces of this project was disappeared and see the rest of it one year later from my TGV seat through the window supprised me!^^ It really make me think, in a post apocalyptic world, an abandoned railtrack which is really technologically advanced. By the way, it's a really cool video with good animations!

[@quoniam426]

No the test track is beside the classical train track from paris to Orleans, very near Orleans in fact, a dozen kms North of Orleans.

[@hagst27]

@ mPky1: the aerotrain project was discarded in the wake of the oil crisis of 1973-1974. Fuel prices were all of a sudden skyrocketing. It made a vehicle that guzzled as much kerozin as a a jet liner totally pointless, since at the same time "conventional" railway engineers were developing TGV's that would run as fast as the Aérotrain for much lower energy and infrastructure costs.

[@hydrochloricacid2146]

@mPky1 As mentioned , it's not that the concept was flawed. Aerotrains worked well. But TGV was also in the works at the time , and could use largely existing infrastructure. Aerotrain networks would have to be built from scratch , but we already had quite a bit of rail laid down in the 70's , and we had plenty of train stations. In the end , traditional rail won out because it performed roughly the same and was just more practical.

[@Alex-qb1nt]

A French start up is working again on the Jean Bertin' aerotrain, the name is "Space Train"

[@djorksolo8544]

@mPky1 The problem was solved, because frenchs sold this aerotrain to the japaneses ! But I agree with you, they could have changed the engine for electric or others. But the railways was already another solution and TGV another great french invention ! Aerotrain could have continue, but the target customers was mostly businessmen or rich people. It was like a concorde train somehow !

[@BenForGame]

I saw the french test track each time i go visit my parents and it fascinates me, i already knew the french history of aerotrain but not the hovertrain in general, it's awesome ! And kudo to you for the visuals specially the one at the end. Looks really good and realistic and recognizable as your work.

[@m.naufalhafizh8750]

Dear Mustard. Continue to be passionate about creating content like this, i'm an Transportation Enthusias from Indonesia and i really enjoy your content. Really good content quality and increasing knowladge.

[@GiniLeeRedSquirel]

thank you very much for this quality documentary! concerning the remains of the Aerotrain, you can see the abandoned test ramps on a departmental road towards Orléans and a sculpture in memory of Jean Bertin, the model of prototype 01, on a roundabout in Gometz La Ville.

[@yurisuika]

Hyperloop: A literal pipe dream.

[@yurisuika]

So very dangerous and very expensive? Sounds like the Hyperloop.

[@yurisuika]

At least when a single airplane crashes it doesn't stop the entire fleet. When a vactrain-type implodes then the entire system is down. The track is extremely prone to wear and risk of sabotage. The public doesn't realise how expensive the actual implementation of a track would be, as they just get fanciful talk from Musk and gobble up his words; in reality they've only seen slow RC cars going down a short length. A real line of track would not only take an enormous effort and cost to build as to minimise risk of death and failure, but to be constantly maintained with a one millibar pressurisation throughout the system is a whole additional cost that people never hear Musk mention. The risk of failure is no joke. If we do get a safe vactrain to be commercially viable, it isn't going to be a cheap ticket. Musk is great at stirring public interest; the reality of his "ideas" are less grounded in viability than the public perceives them to be.

[@markharmon4963]

yurisuika How is a pipe/track that has zero contact with the cabin supposed to be high maintenance?

[@yurisuika]

Well Mark, the tube has to withstand pressure from the exterior, and thus any dynamics like thermal expansion/contraction are going to be tricky to handle on such a vast length of track. Chemical weathering also would be trouble; the tube is composed of many sections, and the joints are going to be the areas most prone to oxidsation and thus failure. Materials that do not oxidise would be preferable in this case, albeit that of course would be a major aspect of a high initial cost. The low pressure system inside is key to the effectiveness of the system, so it would have to always be preventively maintained. I would not imagine the vehicles themselves would require nearly as much maintenance as the tube itself. Remember, this first proposed track plans to run from Los Angeles to the Bay Area, going though both altitude and climate changes on its path. This means there are a lot of variables that the system would experience. Remember, it is sealed in its entirety, meaning that you can't stop anywhere but the stations unless you want to wait for an emergency rescue operation to occur. That would require shutting down the entire pipe to slowly pressurise it to get to a downed vehicle, for whatever cause. And, if there is more than one vehicle in the system at the same time (which you'd expect for this to be anywhere near economical), then you'd have to have all vehicles in the track stop. So, maintenance would be of the utmost importance so that no vehicle ever stops in the system. I'd also imagine freight would come as a method of recouping costs, like how airlines do it.

[@sulthonalaufa3882]

dangerous??? nAhhh

[@AManWith_NoName]

"Mustard just posted a video 3 minutes ago" time to sit back and relax, nothing matters more than finishing this video

[@victorpelini5995]

Relatable

[@dam_well4308]

Couldn't have said it better myself!

[@ZalVIIzero]

"Mustard just posted a video 3 min-" Say no more. Hey guys! I'm taking my fifteen-minute break right now. What do you mean already...?

[@vejet]

2:27 I like that idea! It's so crazy and out of the box. Wish it worked out, would've been cool to see at least a few hover train lines around the world.

[@mylifesstory6588]

I had a REALLY good laugh when you introduced the hyperloop and then cut it off with the music :D Was like "oh yeah i heard that before"

[@S3thc0n]

i love how you use music to evoke moods in your videos. every time '80s' or in this case 'Retro' starts playing along with some awe-inspiring technology on screen i feel a rush of euphoria

[@rafaleetleclerc9445]

I watch this channel since the TU-144 video and i still enjoy watch your job! I'm french, i'm an engineering fan and i very proud when you speak about french engineering because we have a rich history of engineering in France! If one day, you don't have inspiration, you can speak about the Dassault Mirage Balzac and the history of VTOL. Thank you for your smart videos ! Alain

[@MustardChannel]

I learn a lot each time I make a video. I never realized how much of a rich innovative engineering history the French have.. hats off to you guys!

[@obiwac]

imo generally europeen ideas are more interesting, and france is a driving motor in that

[@rafaleetleclerc9445]

Thank you guys! We just try to do something interesting with our little arms :)

[@emmanuelgarros9885]

Comme d'habitude en France on a d'excellents ingénieurs et technos, mais après on est incapable de les vendre. Le dernier échec en date sont les robots Nao et Pepper, dont nous avons revendu la société Aldebaran Robotics au japonais Softbank. Absolument scandaleux. As usual in France we have excellent engineers and technologies but we remain unable to sell them. The last failure is the Pepper and Nao robots whose company Aldebaran Robotics we had to sell to the Japanese Softbank. What a pity.

[@obiwac]

hmm je savais pas que nao ct francais

[@cadenschmidt6877]

i never knew trains were so interesting. i’m in love with your videos

[@rfvtgbzhn]

7:36 I think the main problem with maglev trains is not that the technology doesn't work better than normal rail-bound trains. The problem is that you need a lot of funds for development, as with any new technology and that development of really new technologies takes too long private investors. so they need government funding. But since the 70s the great post-war boom is over, so governments can't spend that much on research anymore. Because of this the development was just slow. But it might change in the foreseeable future, as China used it's post 2000 boom to develop a lot of new technologies and also greatly advance maglev and they might introduce it on large scale soon. They actually currently plan to open 2 tracks in 2030, one is Beijing-Guangzhou, which is about 2,000 km (1,200 miles).

[@selanryn5849]

"But since the 70s the great post-war boom is over, so governments can't spend that much on research anymore." Yeah, slashing the top tax rate from 91% to 39% definitely reduces research funding. But hey, now we have billionaires like Elon for that, so it'll be fine.

[@rfvtgbzhn]

@@selanryn5849 corporate research is generally more limited, both in time and in budget, than government research. Corporations don't do expensive basic research (except if it's basically paid by governments) as they don't plan ahead for more than 10 years. It's also not the same like building a new factors, the factors might run for up to 60 years before having to be completely rebuilt but point is that building it usually takes 3 years or less and as soon as it's finished it pays off as it's financed by credit so if they still have a profit after their credit payments the factory already pays off.

[@streamlined2]

marvelous! you turn history of engineering into poetry :) thank you.

[@hugo511]

So basically a jet powered passenger plane without wings

[@STho205]

Craigslist Assassin. Yes and thus in 1974 it was easier to build planes. Airports are expensive and rural, but air is free and in 1974, uncluttered.

[@Pernection]

Craigslist Assassin Jet Train!

[@withastickangrywhiteman2822]

Its novices would be huge!!!

[@graczmisiek]

without wings but with thousands of kilometres of tracks that would cost billions to build

[@withastickangrywhiteman2822]

graczmisiek It can transport more people or goods than planes! with much lessor usage of powers.

[@346UNCLEBOB]

Good video. Well made, informative and easy to understand. Make more.

[@ankit4747249]

"Incremental Improvement over time" thats the term that world needs to learn in this era of disruptive innovation. It rarely pays off in a long run.

[@mitsengupta8945]

Spot on! Our over obsession with tech bros like Elon Musk must stop. If Hyperloop was a good idea then I’d bet Japan would do it but it’s not.

[@KingThrillgore]

The Hyperloop was the beginning of the end of my respect for Elon. Pneumatic tubes have been tried before. They aren't efficient. Nothing beats steel wheels on iron rails for efficiency/cost per km. Nothing. Maglev is only really useful for high density areas.

[@khrapov]

Internet, Uber and AirBnB don't agree with you

[@TheNickhis]

@@khrapov Uber and AirBnb's trajectories aren't looking so great...

[@cinematix2988]

Dude... this is pure quality! I´d love to see a Maglev vid, but i keep recommending to check out the Ekranoplan! interesting af. Keep it up :P

[@MustardChannel]

Ekranoplan is on our list of future videos :)

[@cinematix2988]

Mustard Christmas came early this year :3

[@aaronmicalowe]

There are maglev type technologies that don't require an electric current. Maybe this is Ekranoplan? They've been built and proven to work. Basically, maglev without the energy bill.

[@thesupertendent8973]

One day, our imaginations will no longer be limited by tech in the way it is/was. Great video man, keep up this stellar content

[@AAhmou]

But it would still be limited by physics and potentially the profitability of the project.

[@unknowngod8221]

@@AAhmou unless you're a type 7 civilization

Oh! You have already talked about the Aérotrain ! I had watched your video about the Rotodyne and the story seemed to me very similar.

[@sheaandtesla4599]

Just stumbled upon your channel i love your content!

[@okrajoe]

I remember when growing up, all the kids magazines were filled with articles about these futuristic trains

[@Wallyworld30]

When you started talking about the hyper loop as a serious thing I was loosing respect for you so fast and then it faded out and you totally redeemed yourself!

[@SaHaRaSquad]

He could have talked longer about it but either way the video before that part showed enough that it's obvious how the hyperloop project will end, even if we ignore all the unsolved problems.

[@PotatoMC1]

Why?

[@CJCruiser]

oh yo I had no idea why sidewalks had cracks thank you

[@notdaveschannel9843]

+mPky1 Even if they could overcome all the technical hurdles, I still think it's a loser. On the plus side, you could get from SF to LA in 35 minutes. On the minus side, you're now in LA without a car.

[@DnBastard]

found the thundertards

[@EdgyShooter]

The CGI is always amazing on these!

[@alistairville9303]

I think I’ve watched a dozen of your videos. Excellent. I’m hoping you can do one on the Schienenzeppelin. Thanks for your great videos.

[@tf6252]

Congrats on 100k!

[@300-blkout]

TF BA oh yeah, just noticed. Been here since 25k

[@tf6252]

Record_Needle yeah been here since 20k too

[@hibye-ht1fr]

Record_Needle I was one of the 1st 1000 subscribers

[@onethirdmayo8556]

Even the design never been put into practice, I still have great respect to those engineers.

[@Boop__Doop]

i love the design of all the ground effect vehicles and anything that uses compressed air to fly just above the ground

[@ProXimaNewsVideos]

WOW. Didn't know any of this. Extremely good informative knowledge, extremely well made.

[@tjhub]

High quality content as always!

[@edouardb4134]

The Aerotrain 01, with engine propeller plane (from Jean Bertin 1966) The prototype was ready in December 1965, as well as 1 km of Di 9 track. In February 1966, it quickly reached a speed of 200 km / h.

[@rsinclair689]

Brilliant video, so appreciate the excellent presentation!

[@anshulthakur6719]

100k well deserved🤘.. 2019- 1 million

[@andyduhamel1925]

An early test example of Maglev was shown in the UK during the 70s after the technical problems were solved, a short test track was built but Government bottled it with added pressure from standard rail interests and airlines.

[@gsaarchitecturalmechanical5872]

Thank you very much for sharing this information. I have a passion for mechanical engineering

[@Saven_-oh8sc]

👍so much valuable information in a short video. ... great job...

[@connorfalcon7080]

Ahh the 70’s... why did we build this? Because its the future of course. We lost something in the 70’s. We lost our thrill, our bravado, and of course our flamboyance. There’s something beautiful about ideas like this, they just went for it. Designs were sleek and curvy. Engineering never looked so sexy. We need ideas like this again. We need to learn from the past and not be so afraid of the future.

[@MetalSandman999]

People look at how the great recession of 2008-2009 threw a whole generation into chaos, but they forget that the financial crisis of the late 1970's/early 1980's was in many ways even worse. That probably didn't help people's outlook.

[@ALEX9080]

I agree. no excuses. america has to take the financial risk. All these countries like japan and germany are ahead of us in technology as far as maglev trains. We as americans are too focused on propaganda and selling stupid things that aren't gonna be of use to anybody. aka cellphones and stupid apps like snapchat. We need to invest in important technology like this for our future. The problem is America thinks that by spending all of this money, they think they will not get a return investment. That is why they would rather spend it on gas & oil cuz that is the profit that will benefit them. We are still living in our old ways. It's time to think of the future.

[@Drunkenwoecat]

You forget lobbyist are a thing. The small guy doesn’t have an organized voice.

[@kyle857]

@@ALEX9080 Japan had a super high population density. You need that to make these trains economical.

[@massimobernardo-]

Concorde ,Shuttle , 50 years after Musk" I have ideas ...."

[@Chazz155511]

I love traveling on trains. It's so nice to bring extra luggage, hardly any security, its quiet, and you can sit back and enjoy the view. It's a shame every American has had it driven through their soul that they need to own a car, in particular a new car with a wonderful bank loan attached to it. Traveling from city to city on train in America would be spectacular!

[@brothergrimaldus3836]

The average age of a car on American roads is 12 years old. So no....

[@suntzu1409]

Thats 🦅🦅🦅🦅 freedom for you

[@Nyx_2142]

@@brothergrimaldus3836 Cope.

[@NicWalker627]

I love love love LOVE the fact you add Imperial and Meteric Units. Mustard is another fantastic channel!

[@deepakpatil6021]

Quite a good explanation, thanks for sharing.

[@sonofgodsdad3227]

Your videos are so well made 👍

[@Zagizone]

Monorail...monorail...monorail... I hear those things are awfully loud. It glides as softly as a cloud.

[@sweed6487]

But it's impractical as its too expensive to build even a station. And think about the awkward placement of depots and actually track .

[@thinkaboutit4715]

Sweeseed-of-doom// Pranz What are you talking about

[@combinationpizzahutandtaco3782]

It’s an old simpsons reference

[@thinkaboutit4715]

Eamon Murtaugh I know that, its from "Marge vs. the monorail".

[@adz500]

Monorail are more futuristic than today’s trains

[@seththebeatmxchine]

The way Mustard transitioned into the final ad was just...*kisses fingers* mwah! Belisimo!

[@papalegba4449]

The animations on your videos are so good.

[@piranha031091]

Hey! Just noticed you had a Patreon! I'm now supporting you. ^^ Maybe you should mention it in a video rather than hide it at the bottom of the description?

[@MustardChannel]

Really appreciate your support!

[@khalidkhan-zl4ee]

piranha031091 m. Nkkksososisiwwo we all need one of jká lo ip

[@jacobgault5491]

This channel is one off the best I've seen in a while.

[@hernanpatricioorellanaalar3473]

Thanks for this great video! Maybe you can take a look to the New York Central Jet RDC...

[@ElephantSoul]

Good video thanks for sharing

[@blackshadow7192]

The TGV was chosen over the Aerotrain mostly because of the gas crisis. And the government was also putting a lot of money into nuclear powerplants

[@BlackSharkfr]

The 1st oil crisis ended the Aerotrain development, but the choice of TGV was made a few years before. It was a joint lobbying effort of the French steel industry who wanted steel rail (special high quality steel for TGV, which only they could produce, instead of the very common concrete track of the Aerotrain any small business can mix), and the french national railway company SNCF who wanted a backwards compatible train that could extend journeys on conventional tracks.

[@ufoengines]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/d2aoaXp-l8qLrZo

[@PistonAvatarGuy]

It was a good choice on their part, now they have nuclear powered trains.

[@blackshadow7192]

The TGV isn't nuclear powered but the electricity that it uses is very likely to be produced by one of the nuclear power plants France has

[@PistonAvatarGuy]

Yeah, nuclear powered via the electric grid.

[@Beverstoncastle5068]

One of the RTV 31 prototypes is in the Railworld museum in Peterborough along with a single segment of its concrete track. its location on google maps is 52.567984, -0.247613

[@wesjones6370]

Interestingly, the reason most tracks are so winding, is because government funding to build tracks was typically paid per km/mile of track laid. So crews would wind the tracks around bends in order to increase the amount of track laid so they could make more. This became most evident during the US Civil War, when the Union Pacific spent 2 and a half years building the transcontinental railroad that spanned from Omaha, Nebraska to....40 miles outside of Omaha, Nebraska.

[@thezman350]

Hands down this is your best video IMO, you take historical data but also realistically tie in the realities of the world... As much as I wish you were wrong about the failed tech I also wonder what the world would be if economic where different at there moment of potential success.

[@ethanpham5624]

Lowkey forgot that this channel existed. I’m so glad it does though.

[@tuggspeedman822]

SO HIGH QUALITY VIDEO, LOVE THIS CHANNEL!!!!!!

[@BandanRRChannel]

Do you think you could do a video on the (completely different conventional rail) American Aerotrain? It seems like something that matches most of these videos--a promising look at the future that fell FLAT. (But both of them survive) Alternately, a video on the American/Canadian TurboTrain. Be sure to talk to Jason Shron!

[@amymason156]

Hey, vacuum tube maglev trains will work great... on a world with little or no atmosphere.

[@hans-joachimbierwirth4727]

Why would anybody want to build tubes where there is no atmosphere?

[@erojerisiz1571]

@@hans-joachimbierwirth4727 space trains to link planets

[@deptusmechanikus7362]

Nice jab at Hyper/f/loop at the end there. Made me chuckle 😁

[@tilemacro]

The idea of a hyperloop is so idiotic that the vast majority of scientists and engeneers wont even talk about it. Its like being in a Anthropology lecture and demand to know why they dont mention bigfoot.