The Pugio: Combat Knife of a Roman Soldier

In ancient Rome the equipment of the Roman soldier - both the legionary and the auxilia - encompassed more than a gladius, scutum and body armour; strung from their side was a war dagger called the pugio. This weapon was first adopted as a foreign invention during the times of the Roman republic, but like so many things in the Roman army, the pugio evolved into a typically Roman piece of equipment during the times of the Roman empire.
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[@ivankavrakov9272]

I've been obsessed with the Roman empire since I was a small child, but that's the first time I've actually seen such a good explanation for the use of the pugio, superb job .

[@TheDocLamkin]

Same

[@larrysingleton2864]

Roman and Greek History, Etc. (My Library) If you're into “Roman” stuff Michael Curtis Ford's “Gods and Legions is the book to read. If you're into history I suggest you get Ammianus Marcellinus' History. The ass kicker here is that Marcellinus actually went to battle with Emperor Julian. The Loeb Classic is almost an adventure novel all by itself. As far as Gladiators, a couple of “definitive” books are The Way of the Gladiator by Daniel P. Mannix and Spartacus by Howard Fast. Here are books from my library. Ass kickers every one. Ammianus Marcellinus History Loeb Classical Library The Battle for Gaul by Julius Caesar Illustrated edition by Anne & Peter Wiseman. Caesar: The Civil War by Jane F. Gardner Suetonius: The Twelve Caesars by Robert Graves The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon The Way of the Gladiator by Daniel P. Mannix Spartacus by Howard Fast Julian by Gore Vidal Gods and Legions by Michael Curtis Ford The Ten Thousand by Michael Curtis Ford The Sword of Attila by Michael Curtis Ford The Fall of Rome by Michael Curtis Ford The Last King by Michael Curtis Ford Gates of Fire by Steven Pressfield Tides of War by Steven Pressfield The Virtues of War by Steven Pressfield Last of the Amazons by Steven Pressfield Thucydides: History of the Peloponesian War. Alexander the Great by Paul Cartledge The Spartans by Paul Cartledge Eagle in the Snow by Wallace Breem The Eagle and the Raven by Pauline Gedge The Last Legionary: Life as a Roman Soldier in Britain AD 400 by Paul Elliott Gladiator: The Roman Fighter's (Unofficial) Manual by Philip Matyzak Legionary: the Roman Soldier's Manual by Philip Matyszak On Roman Military Matters (De Re Militari) by Flavius Vegetius Renatus Marius had long ago showed us that the legionary has a weapon that is the bane of the civilized world, one more formidable than the dual-edged Roman short sword, more effective than the bronze-headed javelin, of greater defensive strength than the concave bronze-sheathed shields. It is a weapon in which the legionary is trained from his first day of induction and which he uses daily, in peacetime or in war, on the march or hunkered in camp under siege from flaming missiles. And upon their arrival at The miscyra, every able-bodied Roman immediately whipped out this most fearsome of all weapons: The Legionary's shovel. Before even breaking to rest or scouting for supplies, the Roman troops had unpacked their shovels and commenced digging, and the dirt flew, and the dust rose. In the space of an afternoon, a Roman camp for thirty thousand men had been constructed just beyond range of our catapults. Before dark it had been ringed on all sides with a trench twelve feet deep and three feet across, the dirt thrown up into an embankment ten feet high inside the ring. Topped with a thick palisade of sharpened stakes. Inside, four sturdy walls were constructed of felled trees, guarded by squat log towers twenty feet high, stationed every fifty feet and surmounted by bolt-hurling field catapults. Inside, a space of a full two hundred feet was left between the walls and the tent line, a distance calculated to prevent our missiles and burning arrows from reaching the tents. This space was occupied by prisoners, cattle, plunder and supplies. Within a few hours, the Romans had constructed a stronghold that would be the envy of a lifetime's work of many civilizations poorer then theirs. A fortress impregnable. Yet this was not a permanent stronghold they had built. This was the Roman's usual daily campsite, Every day of a legionary's working life he would dig such a trench, construct such an embankment, hew trees, and build such palisade. All to be torched at sunrise, when the legions marched off to their next encampment. Javelins, when thrown, may miss their mark entirely. Shields may cave upon impact with a Scythian battle-ax; and a sword, though reliable at close quarters, still dulled, broke upon ribs. Or shivered if struck upon armor. But the shovel...the shovel was the legionary's best friend, his most faithful protector, the one weapon that allowed him to sleep soundly at night, behind his magnificent trenches and embankments. The shovel could stop a cavalry charge cold, stymie hordes of barbarians. Rome conquered not with its brutal leaders, not with the strength of its soldiers, not with the ingeniousness of its weapons...but with the most rustic, pigheaded, inglorious, gods-bedamned tool of them all...the shovel. Michael Curtis Ford “The Last King”

[@Prosper661]

​@@larrysingleton2864wow. Admire your passion and effort put into this post. Still not sure about logistical reality of building fortified camp every afternoon to specs described above. Surely some of it must have been roman propaganda

[@larrysingleton2864]

@@Prosper661Good point. It reminds me of the "bias" that might be said of people like Josephus or Caesar in his book The Battle for Gaul. (And weren't a lot of these writings by Caesar and others political speeches?) But the Romans did build those forts, as can be seen in archaeology, and there's a good argument that the Roman soldier's primary weapon was one of "prevention"; The Legionary's shovel. Also I seem to remember in the book The Battle for Gaul(?) Caesar's emphasis on keeping the soldiers busy. Thanks for the response. Surprised you got through the censors. I get almost ZERO replies in comparison to the dozens and dozens of comments I submit.

[@b.h.abbott-motley2427]

The dagger was important in medieval & Renaissance warfare, so it's not surprising it was a serious weapon in the Roman military. One late-16th-century treatises mentions how pikers often lacked the space to use their swords effectively in the press of battle & had to employ their daggers. Roman formations may not have been as tight, but I suspect the same situations still came up from time to time.

[@ImperiumRomanumYT]

What a great example indeed, it indeed demonstrates perfectly how even a relatively short thing like a sword can be too unwieldy in (super) close combat. Very interesting! Thanks for sharing :)

[@EllieMaes-Grandad]

English archers in the middle ages used knives, to kill downed horsemen, who could not rise from the ground when in heavy armour.

[@skaldlouiscyphre2453]

@@EllieMaes-Grandad The idea of downed horsemen not being able to get back up is greatly exaggerated, unless they're exhausted, suffering from heat exhaustion or already wounded.

[@TheJarric]

@@skaldlouiscyphre2453 yes you can do back flips with knight armor

[@mathiasbartl903]

You also need a weapon, in case you've fallen to the ground.

[@samwill7259]

It says a lot about how narrow visions of popular history can be that I never thought about the soldiers of the greatest empire of their era keeping something as simple and universal as KNIVES around before now.

[@e4566547]

Really love this episode, never heard anyone else talk about Pugio so deeply. thank you.

[@ImperiumRomanumYT]

Thank you, these kind of comments motivate us to continue our work.

[@laisphinto6372]

maybe not too deeply senators like it probably too. ouch...

[@thediscernist1606]

Excellent work. The extra flourishes in post-production are appreciated, but I think they are fine at the current quality. Don't fall into the trap of incorporating ever more time-consuming details post-production, as this quickly leads to burnout! If the videos remain like this going forward, we will all be plenty happy.

[@DG-dy4tv]

Agreed!

[@3stone1]

Agreed.

[@elissitdesign]

As someone who knows this field well… I agree!

[@70agrr]

Incredibly professional, entertaining and detailed historic channel about Roman militrary history, keep it up

[@ImperiumRomanumYT]

Much appreciated Andy, the best is still to come:)

[@renatoricci2010]

Very good!

[@sovietonion9542]

@@renatoricci2010 best

[@MintyLime703]

Always interesting to draw parallels throughout history and just how little some things change. A Roman soldier had his gladius and pugio just as the soldiers of recent history have rifles and handguns. A Roman officer may own a decorated ivory handle pugio just as a high ranking officer in say WW2 may have owned an ivory gripped 1911. A status symbol that also acts as a backup.

[@akejohansson2860]

Unlike some daggers, The pugios broad blade would clearly make good size wound. Interesting with combat blades like seax, bowie, dirk, baselard, kukris etc. Good video! Thanks👍

[@Oblivisci........]

I just wanna say how your ancestors would are rolling in their graves right now seeing their future men wearing Roman armor! You guys make amazing content and I look forward to new videos every time.

[@roffels11-gamingandhistory69]

Let them roll. Rome, despite being brutal like any other society of the time, brought at least some peace and lots of trade connections to southern and western Germany, so this is a perfect way to show our gratitude. ;D

[@kimashitawa8113]

To be fair didn't a lot of Germanic tribes in the what is now current-day Netherlands wear Roman armour too? Like the Batavians?

[@randomobserver8168]

Interesting- and a convincing set of arguments for why more pugio could have been used in the northern regions, and/or be more likely to be buried there. Also solid reasoning on the greater value of the pugio in defense against ambush- I admit I was familiar with all the tropes about the superiority of the gladius itself in close combat especially formation combat, over longer swords. Although it makes much sense, I hadn't really thought through that the gladius itself would be too long and awkward a weapon under many conditions.

[@ImperiumRomanumYT]

Hello Random observer, we are glad you learned from our video, thanks for sharing your experience.

[@j.f.fisher5318]

Sounds like the shorter swords or long knives that were shorter than other greeks' swords adopted by the Spartans for very closely packed presses between formations. In that context moving away from the gladius to a longer sword could be seen as moving from a sword that was a compromise in both close and more open formations to a longer sword for more open fighting and a long dagger for closely packed fighting.

[@Lintary]

Once again a wonderful piece of work, glad to support.

[@ImperiumRomanumYT]

Thanks Carde!

[@TheElitemarketing]

This channel is the best kept secret on KZbin. Amazing work guys.

[@ImperiumRomanumYT]

Keeping it a secret won't help us much though haha ;)

[@TheElitemarketing]

@@ImperiumRomanumYT Agreed we must share.

[@serennity0906]

Wow ... I've learned about Roman Empire militaries these recent times, but it first time I found out details of Pugio. I'm really glad to watch this awesome video.

[@FelixstoweFoamForge]

Given that the PUGIO is about the same blade size as the Spartan ZIPHOS, it does seem that when two Shield Walls crash , a shorter weapon is a very practical thing. Good video.

[@fortunato4998]

Great Episode! Never knew how vital the Pugio was in adapting to local Germanic fighting styles. Truly interesting and the application of how it was used otherwise was something I’d never head before. Props to everyone who worked on this episode!

[@randomthoughts9276]

I love how you tackled the pugio. The thing of the pugio being used in replacement of the gladius was very interesting. I'm also surprised it was mainly for military use. I thought for sure that a notable number of citizens would carry it around for protection.

[@stevenscott2136]

I suppose many citizens would have used household knives or hefty sticks for cost reasons. Or maybe it was simply unfashionable to carry a military knife -- considered pretentious, disrespectful, etc.

[@mikara518]

I absolutely love your style of telling Roman history and the amazing realistic scenes!

[@ImperiumRomanumYT]

Thank you Milush, we are glad you like it:)

[@CousinJesse1]

24.1 thousand subscribers.. that means every video should have 24.1 thousand well earned and deserved likes. This content is great and not as appreciated as it should be.

[@ImperiumRomanumYT]

Thanks Jesse, we really hope to hit the 100K again, lets see how far we get!

[@NathanDudani]

@@ImperiumRomanumYT hear, hear

[@CasparMinning]

Yes that's exactly why I started supporting you via Patreon, great content!

[@ImperiumRomanumYT]

Great to see you again Caspar:)

[@Rymontp]

Great video. The acting in full gear really makes it come alive. Your videos always sound like they are very well researched. Well done & thanks!

[@ImperiumRomanumYT]

Cheers Ryan!

[@ClassicalNumismatics]

What a spectacular little documentary!

[@ImperiumRomanumYT]

Thanks!

[@Angusticlavius]

"Pugio gladius brevis est" is an excellent book on Roman pugios.

[@Legionary512]

I can already tell this is-going to be one of my favorite historical channels on KZbin.

[@Psittacus_erithacus]

A very interesting argument! I'm not savvy enough to weigh in myself, but I very much appreciate the high-quality production and excellent information offered.

[@thcdreams654]

Love the content so far. Excited to see what else is coming in the pipeline. Thank you.

[@I-need-a-hobby]

Would be cool to see you level some old ruins with a trebuchet. You have my full support ;). Jokes aside, great doc. again. Cant wait for the next one.

[@richardcimino1481]

Love your guy's commitment to historically accurate reenactment and bringing light to lesser-known aspects of Roman history!

[@larrysingleton2864]

Roman and Greek History, Etc. (My Library) If you're into “Roman” stuff Michael Curtis Ford's “Gods and Legions is the book to read. If you're into history I suggest you get Ammianus Marcellinus' History. The ass kicker here is that Marcellinus actually went to battle with Emperor Julian. The Loeb Classic is almost an adventure novel all by itself. As far as Gladiators, a couple of “definitive” books are The Way of the Gladiator by Daniel P. Mannix and Spartacus by Howard Fast. Here are books from my library. Ass kickers every one. Ammianus Marcellinus History Loeb Classical Library The Battle for Gaul by Julius Caesar Illustrated edition by Anne & Peter Wiseman. Caesar: The Civil War by Jane F. Gardner Suetonius: The Twelve Caesars by Robert Graves The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon The Way of the Gladiator by Daniel P. Mannix Spartacus by Howard Fast Julian by Gore Vidal Gods and Legions by Michael Curtis Ford The Ten Thousand by Michael Curtis Ford The Sword of Attila by Michael Curtis Ford The Fall of Rome by Michael Curtis Ford The Last King by Michael Curtis Ford Gates of Fire by Steven Pressfield Tides of War by Steven Pressfield The Virtues of War by Steven Pressfield Last of the Amazons by Steven Pressfield Thucydides: History of the Peloponesian War. Alexander the Great by Paul Cartledge The Spartans by Paul Cartledge Eagle in the Snow by Wallace Breem The Eagle and the Raven by Pauline Gedge The Last Legionary: Life as a Roman Soldier in Britain AD 400 by Paul Elliott Gladiator: The Roman Fighter's (Unofficial) Manual by Philip Matyzak Legionary: the Roman Soldier's Manual by Philip Matyszak On Roman Military Matters (De Re Militari) by Flavius Vegetius Renatus Marius had long ago showed us that the legionary has a weapon that is the bane of the civilized world, one more formidable than the dual-edged Roman short sword, more effective than the bronze-headed javelin, of greater defensive strength than the concave bronze-sheathed shields. It is a weapon in which the legionary is trained from his first day of induction and which he uses daily, in peacetime or in war, on the march or hunkered in camp under siege from flaming missiles. And upon their arrival at The miscyra, every able-bodied Roman immediately whipped out this most fearsome of all weapons: The Legionary's shovel. Before even breaking to rest or scouting for supplies, the Roman troops had unpacked their shovels and commenced digging, and the dirt flew, and the dust rose. In the space of an afternoon, a Roman camp for thirty thousand men had been constructed just beyond range of our catapults. Before dark it had been ringed on all sides with a trench twelve feet deep and three feet across, the dirt thrown up into an embankment ten feet high inside the ring. Topped with a thick palisade of sharpened stakes. Inside, four sturdy walls were constructed of felled trees, guarded by squat log towers twenty feet high, stationed every fifty feet and surmounted by bolt-hurling field catapults. Inside, a space of a full two hundred feet was left between the walls and the tent line, a distance calculated to prevent our missiles and burning arrows from reaching the tents. This space was occupied by prisoners, cattle, plunder and supplies. Within a few hours, the Romans had constructed a stronghold that would be the envy of a lifetime's work of many civilizations poorer then theirs. A fortress impregnable. Yet this was not a permanent stronghold they had built. This was the Roman's usual daily campsite, Every day of a legionary's working life he would dig such a trench, construct such an embankment, hew trees, and build such palisade. All to be torched at sunrise, when the legions marched off to their next encampment. Javelins, when thrown, may miss their mark entirely. Shields may cave upon impact with a Scythian battle-ax; and a sword, though reliable at close quarters, still dulled, broke upon ribs. Or shivered if struck upon armor. But the shovel...the shovel was the legionary's best friend, his most faithful protector, the one weapon that allowed him to sleep soundly at night, behind his magnificent trenches and embankments. The shovel could stop a cavalry charge cold, stymie hordes of barbarians. Rome conquered not with its brutal leaders, not with the strength of its soldiers, not with the ingeniousness of its weapons...but with the most rustic, pigheaded, inglorious, gods-bedamned tool of them all...the shovel. Michael Curtis Ford “The Last King”

[@genghiskhan6809]

I’d like to posit that the reason that pugio saw very little to no use further east may have been because of the cultural influence of the Greeks. Perhaps the reason that pugios were so uncommon was that a Greek or other eastern dagger may have been playing the role of the pugio.

[@metalhead3389]

Once again an awesome documantery. Thank you for such great and interesting videos!

[@l.p.8041]

The work these guys put into their content is amazing. Way better than most produced documentaries about Rome and you can really tell it’s a passion project. Really hope they get the 75. 000 views!

[@martene.5624]

Stunning quality. And super informative, as always.

[@fpena6038]

Off to a good start. A well-done and well-researched video, delivered in an entertaining and engaging way.

[@noskill_jeremy787]

Thanks for the awesome video once again :) It's interesting to know that such a small weapon could be effective in combat. I would've guessed the moment an opponent sees that you are using such a tiny weapon, he'd try and keep his distance. But I am no expert on ancient combat. Then again, in a way like it was recorded, where they got pierced when climbing onto the ramparts, might also show that it was more effective in that kind of combat, where the enemy climbing up might not have the ways to keep his distance if he wants to get into the camp. And a longer weapon might not be the most useful if you have limited space yourself. Gives one a lot to think about. ^^

[@ImperiumRomanumYT]

Great to see you again Jeremy! It was indeed highly practical in very close combat, like the situation on the ramparts. It was a secondary weapon, but a very effective one.

[@lupus_in_fabula]

Astounding analysis! The work you do and the revolutionary methods you use with in person acting and time related equipment is absolutely riveting, and more like this needs to be done in this field.

[@emmetpbyrne]

Loving this channel and how you are approaching the topic. Going to try forge one of these war daggers

[@blythewood111]

Really interesting deep dive into the roman dagger. I like how your channel focuses on topics not covered by other history youtubers

[@anselmdanker9519]

Thank you, the depth of analysis on the Roman Pugio, is great.

[@qwersad]

You guys showing real passion in these videos definitely more people need to see.

[@Sanakudou]

I love deep dives like this into single items, every little thing has such detailed histories. Absolutely love the visuals for this video too!

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Thank you for making great content over and over! Your dedication to history through re-enactment is really special!

[@erinmac4750]

Came here from M.Laser, definitely impressed by your detailed, insightful content. Although I'm unable to financially support your work, I will share your videos widely. Would love to see you succeed, as I've seen other channels do. Much luck! 🍀

[@Cusifaii]

Amazing work. So much production value. True professionals. Thank you.

[@pseudonym9599]

Love this channel. It is nice to see the little things in Roman history get covered. Keep up the awesome work, y'all.

[@vv8t9ttzvtvztvztvitv]

Amazing. Thank you for making such quality content

[@legateelizabeth]

Thank you for the subtitles, guys. It’s an overlooked part of videos like this.

[@brother_marzooq9097]

These videos are so well done and so insightful. The best Roman content on KZbin.

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Love your energy, your commitment, and the passion you put into your recreation of Ancient Rome. Your realness will pay off and be rewarded with increasing subscribers. It will take some time, however, quality+ niche content is usually rewarded. Just keep doing what you’re doing. Thumbs up.

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You guys create the most extraordinary content! Please keep it up. I'm always completely captivated by the videos you make. The way you guys dress up in the historical attire and address subjects that are often overlooked by others makes for unique, interesting videos. I know that this channel will explode once people start finding it. Please keep the content coming until they do.

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Remarkably professional, informative production. Absolutely evident that this is not only a labor of love but total commitment to produce a first rate documentary on the topic. Well done.

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I hope you keep posting more videos, I’ll stay tuned 😊

[@RWNetworkEX]

Good job as always. Historical reinactments are such a gift to have. Rather than trying to imagine, experts give is a proper visual in a way we could experience and enjoy

[@RENATVS_IV]

Thank you for the depth with which you explain and analyse this specific topic. You deserve to be in this platform for while, because Imperium Romanum is an extensive subject to talk about

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Impressive video! Reenactments like this are under-appreciated, but are SO valuable to give a visual image for people to learn from. Great job!

[@ateondeder5725]

This quickly became a must-watch channel. Amazing work!

[@ChIGuY-town22_]

Good research on one of the most used weapons in history. I'm sure it's use on the battle field decreased due to improvements, an use of armor. Nice video, thanks for your hard work.

[@skepticscircle1497]

What a really fantastic experience with you. I’m happy to have this channel. You guys really give it 100% and I hope that this channel grows!

[@XxLIVRAxX]

This channel is an absolute gem. More power to the team behind it!

[@tonybutara9173]

Great information and a great channel. I love your dedication to detail and also the way you debunk stereotypes about the Roman military! I’ve been showing your videos to my son to help give him a more accurate idea of what it meant to be a Roman soldier.

[@corvusboreus2072]

Excellent presentation, I learned lots of new info concerning the pugio. Your crew have very good quality reenactment kit, and you present very interesting info in a logical way. Top notch channel.

[@klara5735]

Another great video. This is an excellent Roman history channel. Thank you for these documentaries.

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Best Roman focused channel I've ever seen!!!! You guys have my "like" as soon as i open the videos, no need to watch first!

[@sunriselady2716]

Your video on the plug-in was very educational and entertaining. Very well produced and edited.

[@kafon6368]

Amazing video. Loved the historical analysis of this Roman weapon.

[@luisaceves9709]

I loved this video! Great insight on the pugio. You guys make incredible videos!!

[@CZuskia]

Amazing work, as always! Loved the video. Incredibly informative, but not confusing (unlike many other videos from other channels can be).

[@robertvermaat8949]

Yet another great short doc from this team. Impressed.

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These are some of the best documentaries out there these days, please keep up the good work!

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Its great how you are teaching history arround this channel keep up the great work.

[@carlaolivo6144]

Very very good video , you can tell all the effort on this production. Keep up the good work guys 👍🏻

[@book3100]

That's the best look at the pugio I've ever seen

[@johnspizziri1919]

Wonderful video. Production value is A1. Information even better. Keep up the good work!!

[@LindaInpijn]

Amazing work Imperium Romanum! Can’t wait ‘till the next one.

[@ImperiumRomanumYT]

Thanks Linda!

[@yannick6389]

Awesome video once again guys! I really like the detailed comparison between the three types of pugios. Can't wait for the next video; keep up the great work!

[@ImperiumRomanumYT]

Cheers Yannick!

[@claytonpotter7585]

Live this episode! The footage is amazing!

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Excellent video, supreme quality.

[@nnud0143]

Loved the video! Hope to keep seeing more content of this kind!

[@morgan97475]

Great info. Looking forward to seeing your channel expand. An episode about the Siege of Masada onsite would be fantastic. Even today, that place is quite magnificent & sad.

[@aardsnark940]

The leaf shape is very difficult to forge, but so iconic looking. I intend to make one this summer. Great video!

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Love this content. Can't wait to see your video about the late Roman Empire.

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This is an awesome video!! The new wave of historical knowledge

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Love video, thanks for all you are doing to bring us this living history

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I started folowing your channel because I live near Heilig Landstichting. This is for sure the best way to excperience it.

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Keep up the good work! Interesting to see the development of the design.

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[@RENATVS_IV]

It's very cool to watch your videos a second time, because I refresh all I've learned with you, but also I see the details and explanations I missed. You deserve your spot here in YT lads. Thank you for your videos.

[@ImperiumRomanumYT]

And thanks again René. Since I'm quite the perfectionist I often can't help myself and go all out on my research and even though I try to present it as clearly and simple as possible, there's still a LOT of info being condensed into a single video. So it's good to hear it adds some replay-value haha

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[@francois6335]

Awesome work. Keep it up guys!

[@astahfirula]

Great job bringing us more info on the roman arsenal. Many channels focus only on the gladius and scutum, there are so many more weapons that together made the roman war machine the powerhouse that it was.

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Love your videos, really educational. Keep it up

[@alexflynn4963]

One of the best channels on ancient Rome out there

[@am30769]

Beautiful video, as always!

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[@opaio9]

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[@maglicairsoft4183]

Very good video! Never herd of the pugio until now, very educational content!