The Rightly Guided Caliphs: Their Lives and Times | Uthman and Ali (رضي الله عنهما)

The first four caliphs of the Islamic empire - Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali are referred to as Rashidun [rightly guided] Caliphs (رضي الله عنهم).
Dr. Ovamir Anjum tried to cover the main political events of that Golden age by explaining their rulings and other details about Khulafa-e-Rashidun.

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Only khaleefah that is properly elected. Agreement of Muslims makes khaleefah legitimate. Ikhtiyaar dosen't have to be democratic one vote. Put people are not individualistic. That is new concept. Peoples identity were fused with family community. Opinions former together. Centre of Islam is Medina. They have sabaqa and excellence. Baby umayyah fifth cousins of prophet. 5th grandfather. Uthman was more agreeable to continue policies of Umar. First 6 years liked more than Umar. Allowed people to travel. Established their centres of influence. They are celebrities. Medina no longer brain and heart. Other centres getting benefit but some harm. 29-30 hijrah conquests slowing down, income less. New Arabs joining garrison town so middle income beaker have to share. Confusion among those who are soldiers. Warriors by day pray by night. Tarbiyyah and depth of understanding not like sahabah. Don't have as much knowledge for them Islam is jihad conquest. Soldiers known as ahlul ayyaam. Didn't know tafseer and Fiqh. Sahabah knew Islam wasn't Arab project. Arabs were enemies in beginning. Means if education not there. Uthman loved his family. Politics is about appearance. To appear to be unfair is also problem. Ummayyads were bestkeaders. Arabs hated state control Reorganising around try Al leaders. Another center if power emerging. Umar already realised this. Role models were becoming tribal leaders. Tribal hierarchy being re-established. Not piety and sahabah. Abdullah bin Saba wasn't solely responsible. 500 each from amsaar cities. Ali was right hand man defending him from critics like talha Zubair ayisha. Propaganda against Ali. Rebels elected Ali. He had to take charge. Ali knows what happened. Actual killers and supporters. Cant kill everyone. Went to Basrah to put pressure on Ali. Social, economic demographic problems. Ali grew up in Islam. Didn't understand Arab jahiliyyah culture diplomacy. Muawiyyah ruled like pious Arab chief. Allah tests those he loves. Sahabah dealing with sea of converts. Brought their own prejudice with them. No institutions to resolve.