The Rise & Fall of Europe's First Longhouse Builders - European Prehistory

Signup for your FREE trial to The Great Courses Plus here: ow.ly/89ne30pZpDm
7000 years ago the rivers of central Europe were lined with timber long houses. The builders of these spread rapidly across the continent before declining in dramatic fashion. What can archaeology tell us about the causes behind this expansion and contraction?
The Great Courses Plus: www.thegreatcoursesplus.com/Stefan
The Great Courses Plus is currently available to watch through a
web browser to almost anyone in the world and optimized for the US, UK
and Australian market. The Great Courses Plus is currently working to
both optimize the product globally and accept credit card payments
globally.
Support my channel:
/ stefanmilo
Disclaimer: Use my videos as a rough guide to a topic. I am not an expert, I may get things wrong. This is why I always post my sources so you can critique my work and verify things for yourselves. Of course I aim to be as accurate as possible which is why you will only find reputable sources in my videos. Secondly, information is always subject to changes as new information is uncovered by archaeologists.
Thumbnail by Ettore Mazza: / ettore.mazza
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
www.stefanmilo.com
Historysmilo
historysmilo
----------------------------
Sources:
1. “Chapter 4: The Spread of Farming into Central Europe.” The First Farmers of Europe an Evolutionary Perspective, by Stephen Shennan, Cambridge University Press, 2018, pp. 79-105.
2. Last, Jonathan. “Longhouse Lifestyles In The Central European Neolithic.” The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe, by Chris Fowler et al., Oxford University Press, 2019, pp. 273-289.
3. Bentley, R. A., et al. “Community Differentiation and Kinship among Europe's First Farmers.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 109, no. 24, 2012, pp. 9326-9330., doi:10.1073/pnas.1113710109.
4. Meyer, Christian, et al. “The Massacre Mass Grave of Schöneck-Kilianstädten Reveals New Insights into Collective Violence in Early Neolithic Central Europe.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 112, no. 36, 2015, pp. 11217-11222., doi:10.1073/pnas.1504365112.
5. Boulestin, Bruno, et al. “Mass Cannibalism in the Linear Pottery Culture at Herxheim (Palatinate, Germany).” Antiquity, vol. 83, no. 322, 2009, pp. 968-982., doi:10.1017/s0003598x00099282.
6. Bramanti, B., et al. “Genetic Discontinuity Between Local Hunter-Gatherers and Central Europe's First Farmers.” Science, vol. 326, no. 5949, 2009, pp. 137-140., doi:10.1126/science.1176869.

[@vcuheel1464]

Have you ever thought about using a fork? The audio might be easier to pick up.

[@StefanMilo]

Too much reverb between the prongs

[@ThatTaRaGiRL]

@@StefanMilo 😅👍❤

[@ronjayrose9706]

Badum Tch

[@gelgamath_9903]

The spork as always is the better tool for the job

[@orsonzedd]

Like a tuning fork

[@MrBottlecapBill]

They stuck to the rivers because that's the only practical mode of transport in a heavily forested world. Much like Native peoples in the Americas stuck to waterways. More specifically rivers that were navigable by boat.

[@jwenting]

and they were their only source of clean water in quantity. They didn't have the skills or tools to strike wells.

[@stefanfranke5651]

​@@jwenting Actually the opposite is true. We have many examples of well preserved well-constructions across Europe beginning in the oldest neolithic period of the Balkans. Mostly they are of a sophisticated log-building-techniqe made from skillfully shaped and joined oak-planks. Some of the best researched examples were found in quite recent years in Germany, see: www.researchgate.net/publication/233946066_Early_Neolithic_Water_Wells_Reveal_the_World's_Oldest_Wood_Architecture Beneath groundwater level, segregated from oxygen the wood and all what's thrown into resisted decay until today. In fact, all oganic artifacts Stefan shows in his video, like the beautyfully ornamented jug with inlaid birchbark-snippets, the treebast-'shoppig-bag' or the broken adze-handle along with cereal-grains, pollen and plant fibre are from these wells. Unfortunatly the excavation and konservation of these archeological objects is quite laborious so we learn slow but steady. On the other hand, the sheer variance and elaboration of these findings add to a more lively picture but remind us as well, that most material goods of ancient cultures are lost forever and most times we only get a glimpse of the material culture of a certain period.

[@joshuasnore3600]

“Don’t go chasing waterfalls, please stick to the rivers and the lakes that your used to..”

[@lucidx2907]

Clean drinking water, transport, bathing and fishing also right? Plus they could more easily water crops in the summer and draw water for their livestock.

[@rosescott9299]

Native Americans had many many footpaths traversing all of North, Central and South America. Rivers are only navigable one way, since you can't very easily row back up them. Native Americans generally crossed rivers in canoes and left the canoe at the fording site and continued on foot by way of a footpath that originally started as an animal trail . As far as Natives digging wells, in America in most places there are plenty of freshwater springs. Many are still named Indian names, such as warriors spring, buffalos spring, and maidens spring. Why dig a well when you have a good supply of freshwater available?

[@HistoryTime]

YES. Excited to watch this tomorrow as a hungover mess

[@StefanMilo]

It's what our neolithic ancestors would have wanted

[@petercarioscia9189]

@@StefanMilo ugh this made me belly laugh, then almost vomit....happy New year

[@jessewilson8676]

Watching this with a pre-hangover

[@HUNdAntae]

Funfact: a traditional village farmhouse in Hungary, the "porta" still has a linear structure, tipically the house being perpendicular to the street and usually built on the border of one's plot, with an attached veranda along the whole house, overlooking the "side"yard, where the dogs and poultry are let to roam free or cars/carriages are stored (or various junk of the "we'll use it later" kind 😂). Workshops, stables, storehouses may be attached to the Greathouse or built on the opposite side of the yard. Behind all of this depending of the size of the land may be veg garden, fruittree orchard, grapewine or even extensive shrubbery of various berry fruits (Knights of Ni had to be hired separately).

[@piperar2014]

The Knights were the customers, Roger is the shrubber.

[@YamiKisara]

That style house is normal/traditional pretty much anywhere in Europe, for obvious reasons.

[@malegria9641]

The

[@cecileroy557]

So interesting - thanks for your comment!!

[@stephencarlsbad]

@@malegria9641 Why doesnt this comment have more thumbs up?

[@surfk9836]

Longhouses were no different than other houses. It was location, location, location. LHRA - LongHouse Realators Association

[@piperar2014]

@@i-never-look-at-replies-lol have you considered building a new longhouse rather than purchasing an existing one? They only last a generation you know. How long do you expect to live, and do you plan to stay in this village or colonize a new one?

[@gorymarty56]

Lol

[@grantkruse1812]

REALTORS

[@woodspirit98]

@@grantkruse1812 I think he called himself a realator. Totally different from a realtor.

[@whyareusobad3528]

@@woodspirit98 wth is a realtor if a realator is something else

[@Vismondo]

This is right now one of the best channels on historical youtube.

[@MH-tn3pp]

I totally agree

[@bredmond812]

I once heard that the expansion by the Norse was also driven in part by a similar "less-established younger sibling" mechanism. I bought into it. It was good to see that illustrated here.

[@YorkistRaven]

Researching my family tree I found out how many early American settlers were aristocrats. Only the eldest son inherited land, so the younger sons had to find a way to survive. Some of them went to America and grabbed land on rivers there. These plantations in some cases still exist. I reckon inheritance of this stolen land was the basis of wealth in the Americas into modern times. The concept of primogeniture obviously goes back a long, long way, and still exists to this day. Great video!

[@dianegaus3561]

@@YorkistRaven Many brothers in my past great grandparents day in Germany. Most of them came to America/Wisconsin.

[@ThatTaRaGiRL]

May your plastic spoon using , knowledgeable, and incredibly self see it into the new year in good health and happiness! 🙂

[@StefanMilo]

Thank you!

[@HistoryTime]

Just ordered The First Farmers of Europe. Looks awesome.

[@ellidominusser1138]

dude release them back into their natural habitat

[@rayzorrayzor9000]

I love watching these vids and learning about how our ancestors survived day to day living . Many years ago after finishing schooling and before I joined the workforce I wanted to see what it would be like “living off the land” and having only myself to rely on. I took with me everything that the twentieth century had , tools, shelter, clothing, medicine etc and WOW was it hard work just to stay alive, even with all my gear I still wasn’t properly equipped knowledge wise (so be warned), my only saving grace was that I knew when to quit. Even though my parents choose to call the experience a positive influence on my life I saw the whole thing as a complete failure cos I spent nearly a month recovering and building my strength and weight back up. Now though after many years have passed and I sit in my nice big centrally heated home watching these vids I realise something I had forgotten about for many years and thought it worth sharing with you all. You show on yr vids many different landscapes and sceneries when talking about our ancestors and I look at these scenes with a slightly different take than most of yr viewers cos I remember what it was like having to rely totally on oneself and one of the main things is that it’s sooo important not to injure yourself and I can imagine our ancestors thought the same . When I see these landscapes I immediately look at how tricky the terrain is underfoot , a twisted ankle could be fatal, so one tends to pick a route out with ones eyes (this often isn’t a simple straight line) and one tends to scan the area directly infront of yourself and also pick out your next 20paces or so . This became second nature to me even whilst hunting I was always watching my step. I would try and keep well clear of grasses more than ankle high as it wasn’t worth the risk of twisting your ankle in an animals burrow etc. I can imagine my ancestors doing the same as me (looking at the floor 90% of the time), but also having to deal with ambush animals that saw Them as dinner . A couple more things that are relevant , I soon learned to get a fire going long before dark, Always have a stash of dry wood , it’s better to keep some food and discard it when you make a fresh kill rather than go without, you will be surprised how long that you can keep yr meat edible . Trust me you burn a lot, a very lot of calories just surviving and lastly look after yr feet, they can be yr best friend or worst enemy, let them dry out, rub them, pamper them, take care of them or you will pay a price and that price could be extreme . Anyway these are just a few things that I came across, just imagine what else our ancestors also had to endure , not just to survive like me but to also prosper, my hat goes off to our ancestors, they put up with and overcome many obstacles that I simply couldn’t even with all my 20th century equipment , oops one thing I forgott to mention was that when I went to bed at night I cannot portray the joy I felt if I wasn’t hungry, if I was dry, and if I was warm then I was ecstatic , it is so surprising that when you have nothing then the smallest joys turn into the biggest grin you’ve ever had. Take Care . R .

[@TukozAki]

Great share, thx! If you'd allow me to ask a question: can you please imagine how much your average day would have been easier if there had been a few of you working, watching, boiling water first in the morning and so on -- together?

[@rayzorrayzor9000]

@@TukozAki Hi, Yeah you touched on a good point , surviving by oneself is hard , extremely hard , working together as a group would have been so much easier . I must admit though when I did it all alone it was something I felt I just had to do alone , I needed to prove to myself that I could do it . The older wiser me now realises that it wasn’t worth risking my life over (I think I mentioned it took a long time for me to recover), and although I always looked apon my exploits as a failure , the older me again now realises that my experience moulded me from a boy in to a man , a man that would never take anything for granted , “life” could turn on you/anyone in an instant , so I always made sure to step back and just enjoy “the moment”. Take Care . R .

[@frankjacob1729]

Well said. Not too many people know what it takes to survive and prosper.....

[@frankjacob1729]

But we can still experience it today on a different level. Is it worth the effort?... Our world is complicated with serfdom and money.... True freedom is a state of mind.

[@frankjacob1729]

I have no regrets for moving on raw land with a wife and three young kids some twenty years ago. No! You fight on and build a nest. And live in it. The journey adds meaning to existance.

[@KSharpei]

Time travel hit list jokes got me good! Literally lol’ed! And now for some reason, any time I see a person with a microphone clipped to a plastic spoon I think “yes, this is correct. Clearly this is a man of culture.” THANK YOU FOR THE NEW VID ON THE NEW YEAR!!! Here’s to your channel blowing up to the degree it deserves in 2020!!!

[@fleetskipper1810]

This reminds me of what’s happening to Amish people today. The elder son gets the farm. The other sons have to figure something else out. If they want to maintain an agrarian lifestyle, they need land. That’s why a lot of Amish are moving from the Midwest into areas in the American West. They can’t do as much farming there, but they can still raise animals and sell them. Particularly, they have found a niche market for breeding and selling saddle horses. However, if they were restricted to raising crops only, they would be out of luck. Before anyone jumps all over me, I am in no way suggesting that Amish people would become cannibals.😉

[@thhseeking]

Of course not, they're "Living in an Amish Paradise" :P

[@peterkratoska3681]

The eldest son getting the farm was pretty common in most of Europe. My dad traced our family back to the 1660s when they bought a farm. The "Grunt" or ground as it was called always went to the eldest son and he typically didn't get married until then (usually in late 30s early 40s). The father and mother were then called "vyminkari" which in Czech meant something like "exchangers" so they still got to live on in the estate and were given a portion of meat, butter etc including whitewashing of their house or rooms once a year. The other sons would either continue to work on the farm as labourers, learn a trade, or joing the clergy or the military. I understand some regions like Scotland the land was divided among the sons but the drawback here was the portions got smaller and smaller.

[@wfcoaker1398]

@@peterkratoska3681 Where I'm from, a small North American culture with roots in the English West Country, it was the youngest son that inherited usually, not the oldest. His family then took care of the parents when they were elderly. The older siblings married and moved out while the parents were younger and healthy, by the time the youngest grew to marriagable age, the parents were getting in years and the older brothers would have already started families. That's how it worked in my family.

[@peterkratoska3681]

@@wfcoaker1398 Thanks for that. It is not unlike Chinese families whereby the youngest son takes care of the parents and inherits the house. (This is very common here in Vancouver) Also the parents help watch the kids.

[@jwolf5977]

Interesting, wondered why I’ve been seeing them in Montana.

[@chopin65]

You are the nice man who talks into plastic spoons! Happy New Year.

[@StefanMilo]

Happy new year to you too!

[@ep3632]

Hey man I stumbled across your channel a couple days ago and I’ve been watching your videos non stop!! So educational and I love all the effort and care that goes into your videos. Keep up the great work

[@nannyoggsally]

Glad to see you got a sponsor! And I wish you a happy new year!

[@penguinpolo]

Great video Stefan, love how you put personality and little funny quirks into your work. Really interesting and fun to watch. Keep it up! :)

[@LuisAldamiz]

Very cool but I have some caveats: 1. While iconic, the longhouse was not the typical house in Western LBK (Germany, Belgium, North France, even offshoots to Britain) but smaller semi-buried houses were the most common, also, unlike their Middle Danube precursors they were since the beginning buried with weapons (bow and arrows, arguably for hunting) and one of their most characteristic crops was opium (and you probably need to be very high on opium to practice mass cannibalism indeed, much like Romans were all into opium in order to put up with slavery and gladiator blodshed, except your usual psycho, of course). 2. You focus on the massacres that happened in this Western branch of the LBK, which was certainly the first one to fall (Michelsberg culture expansion and related stuff) but Middle Danube's LBK (Baden) and SE LBK (Cucuteni and Boian-Maritza, and descendants) persisted in time until the Indoeuropean invasions, the same is probably true for the groups in the NE (East Germany, certainly in Poland). I think this is very important because it underlines how different populations stemming from the same origin can evolve very differently: after LBK had collapsed in most of Germany and nearby areas, LBK descendants in Bulgaria were making the first European civilization (or something like that, proto-writing included) and pioneering bronze smelting worldwide, a thousand years before any other Bronze Age and contemporary with the the earliest Egypt and IVC (later than Sumerians of course).

[@thedwightguy]

half buried houses are great in winter and very cold, perma-frost areas. I have photos of grandads' trappers cabin in NW Ontario, and it gets so cold the C. And F. are the same. I was on Eagle Lake at Vermillion Bay on the Reserve, jutting out into the lake, and their two room cabins were set up the same. If it was minus 45 below for 2 weeks on end where I was, ABOVE the lake, it HAD to be minus 55 where they were. 12 volt lights and start stacking firewood.......now.

[@HerrGesetz]

Well done. Really watchable stuff, definitely some of the best content on the tube.

[@jjduncan4285]

I'm very new to your videos, but I have really enjoyed them over the last couple of months. Keep up the good work and I hope you have a happy New Years!

[@caesumcrimson6381]

Watched a couple of your videos now. You have a natural pace and delivery which is relaxed and not overly dramatic and exaggerated like many KZbinrs. It's really refreshing and kind of reminds me of early History/ Discovery / Nat Geo doco presenters before those channels got ridiculous and conspiracy theory / dramatised. Keep it up, interesting topics too that I've never thought of !

[@gilbertg7]

Interesting. Although I find a contradiction between the « older brother » hypothesis and the fact that the houses lasted only one generation. In any case, I feel archeologists jump very quickly on explanations that include class war. Everywhere agriculture developed, it needed a high dose of collaboration and the long houses were usually extended family. As for the massacres, it could be that desperate hunters discovered them and realized what an easy booty they made

[@peterfireflylund]

@@nickd.b7505 climate change is also fashionable.

[@robertfletcher3421]

Thanks, that has given us something to think about. I think there is so much to learn about the Neolithic which in some instances could explain our behavior today. Happy New Year.

[@rati0cination]

Awesome! I love learning from your research and hard work. Thanks, Stefan.

[@jeanettewaverly2590]

Thanks for ringing in the New Year with another of your superb videos! I worked in cultural resources in the American Southwest for many years, but I know very little about European prehistory - So your vids are especially I interesting and informative to me.

[@hhwippedcream]

Pretty cool. Almost a techno-cultural Leigh Van Valen notch in the hilt. Thanks for sharing your research, insight, time in creating this content!

[@antivalidisme5669]

Happy New Year Stefan, so glad I discovered your chan months ago thanks to a collaboration series you did. Love these kinds of in-depth looks. Though I guess I could give a hand with French localities names. Not with the Hungarian ones unfortunately I must admit ;) Take care, cheers!

[@TheArmchairHistorian]

Love your drawings for those thumbnails, do you make them yourself?

[@StefanMilo]

I wish, the artists name is Ettore, his Instagram is in the description.

[@bulletsfordinner8307]

@@StefanMilo Wow thank you!

[@DeHeld8]

@@StefanMilo Is the image in this one based on the pesse canoe?

[@benpebbles4111]

@@DeHeld8 think so

[@barirwin8559]

Thanks Stefan , great job . Good luck with the channel this year !

[@anthonyromero3470]

You're really improving the quality of your videos, keep it up! I learn so much from your channel :)

[@visionplant]

Thank you for taping into the severely underrated and underrepresented niche of prehistory content!

[@RufusDinaricus]

Great as usual. Thank you for this video and have yourself a Happy New Year! Велики поздрав Стефане!

[@paul6925]

Really interesting stuff. Hard to find decent info on this time in Europe. Ever since I saw the reconstructed Crannogs in Scotland I’ve loved this period of history

[@adamroodog1718]

When you showed the broken legs, i thought i wonder if they were eaten? I had just been (the other month) watching an account of Maori in either the chatham islands or maybe the musket wars. Anyway they had something like 2,000 casualtys laying around after a battle. They broke the legs of the walking/surviving wounded so they would still be fresh and to hand when dinner time came around again. No fridges you see. Two weeks they feasted, till the smell drove them away. A good idea is still a good idea 6,000 years later it would seem. Happy new year mate

[@sylviajustice5013]

Like human veal.

[@thedwightguy]

if you have hundreds of prisoners it's one way to incapacitate them, keep them from getting up, or running away all right.

[@thedwightguy]

you'd have Victory but no prisons or means to disable the vanquished, so yes, breaking their legs means they can't move, can't fight against you, and as you said, will be FRESH, FRESH days later!!!!

[@davsalda]

Stefan Milo, love your content. Suggestion/request... always when people talk about early human history (Stone age and prior) in Europe or anywhere else, what is the context of the environment? Was there any mega fauna left during this period? Obviously Aurox and Euro bison, wolves and deer, but any mammoths? Cave Lions? Etc? Was this an interglacial period? We're Neanderthals already gone? For the layman of us that don't know all the dates of exictions and epocs, it's hard to thread this info into the bigger picture/time frame

[@stefansoder6903]

I like that you are honest about the lack of knowledge and that many things are only speculations. Too many people who discuss archeology and history act like every theory is solid.

[@simonward-horner7605]

Thanks for this excellent video, and happy New Year!

[@TheHistocrat]

Terrific stuff. I got the genetic origin of Europe's neolithic farmers completely wrong (thats what I get for using older sources) in my own History of Britain, guess I should do a correction video at some point.

[@StefanMilo]

Yeah, I mean the further away from Anatolia these groups got the more hunter gatherers played a role

[@briangarrow448]

That's why I enjoy watching KZbin. Information comes at such a quick pace, and print media can't keep up. I remember using textbooks that were 15 years old back when I was a kid in school. My son is a high school history teacher and his classes use pads and computers. BTW, I subscribe to your channel as well as this one. Keep up the good work.

[@StefanMilo]

It's true, the pace of scientific discovery at the minute is astounding. Great time to be alive really.

[@skellagyook]

@@StefanMilo Also, it seems likely that one reason for the relative lack of hunter-gather dna in the neolithic south central Europesn farmers may be that the two groups did not mix much initially (there certainly is much more than 5% hunter-gatherer dna now in north Balkan/south central Europeans. And it seems likely that, when farmers arrived, the hunter-gatherers remained/were pushed to lands less suited for farming, and they and farmers may have lived seperately for a long time, only (partly) merging later. Many modern Europeans from that area do seem to have significant (albeit minority) European hunter-gatherer ancestry (and not only/all from from the Indo-European migrations of the Bronze Age): both in their autosomal dna and maternal lineages, and as evidenced by the fact that (pre-neolithic native European) paternal haplogroup I (i) is not uncommon in parts of the northern Balkans/Central Europe (such as in Serbia, Croatia, etc.). Also some remains from the Neolithic Balkan Cucuteni-Trypillia culture carried European hunter-gatherer matrilineages while others carried Anatolian farmer matrilineages, with the population seemingly having a significant rate of each/both.

[@koryos4401]

@@skellagyook Keep in mind though that haplogroup I was common with steppe peoples as well, Yamnaya in Bulgaria were predominantly I. So not all I haplogroups are indications of pre-Indo-European ancestry. I think much of the I2 in the Balkans comes from Slavic migrations actually.

[@parkersteib476]

Love this channel and awesome video! Keep up the great work Stefan. :)

[@thinktonka]

Another great video, thank you! Happy New Year to you and your family!!!

[@StefanMilo]

Thank you! Same to you!

[@oldseer6936]

Thank you Mr. Milo .. so many unanswered question share though not even asked .. shared with a great sense of caring.. and humor.. Again, thank you!

[@eliran9231]

I got really hyped up about this channel when I watched the Sumerian grave - human sacrifice video. Keep up the good work!!

[@StefanMilo]

Thanks!

[@qwertyuiopgarth]

I suspect that there was something more going on than just crowding in their preferred environment. They had been living in Europe for thousands of years when 'the Cannibalism Plague' hit them, if the cause of all that strife was crowding in riparian environments I would expect to see a lot of evidence of increased habitation along creeks and small streams in the uplands. So my guess is that either something was preventing them from using the uplands, or that there was an additional cause of the strife. (Probably more than one additional cause.)

[@eliad6543]

Maybe animal herding was harder when the ground was rocky and sloped, and had less grass? That does make me think though, why didn't some of them resort to a nomadic life, following herds of animals rather than settling down by a river? The only limitation I can see is access to drinking water, but I guess if they're nomads they could visit rivers quite often, and maybe use some of the animals to carry water, as long as they had good enough containers for it. Edit: People in the comments suggested a Little Ice Age or increased attacks from the hunter-gatherers (who according to that person, might have been the ones who did all the killing and mass graves, rather than other LBKs, or at least started a chain reaction of violence that would involve the LBK fighting each other eventually). I'm not sure if there's any evidence for that though.

[@mirandagoldstine8548]

@@eliad6543 Could be possible. Who knows. We need to find similar gravesites dating to the time of the LBK culture in order to figure out if this was an isolated incident or if it was widespread.

[@Aeyekay0]

Keep up the good work, always interesting to watch

[@gabor_kov]

i love your channel, very informative and it covers history that is little known of.

[@thylacinenv]

Happy New Year Stefan, excellent as always.

[@mussnasir8587]

How much of a Legend are you with the 'show must go on' spoon audio Magiver fix 😎👍 Love the Show Mate👍

[@colinp2238]

All the best for the New Year Stefan.

[@planegaper]

Sten, i did a paper on a post Processual study of linear bank Keramick culture , mostly Hobbs.. a lot of symbology and spiritual inferences, my Uncle curated in at the Nat museum in Budapest, my aunt basically ran Hungary's version of a historic village from the anthrpological side..even been to Lake Balaton and seen some of the sites .. Interesting how this culture paralleled the indigenous cultures I was studying her in Canada.. Though in terms of sanitation, probably due to the domestication of animals, and Aboriginal 's here, mostly Iriquois , and Huron being long house builders..some cree , and maze as the staple crop...a lot of customs and rituals , animistic worship, and use of medicinal herbs , make us think long ago these people may have had a common ancestry or customs had some how intersected through trade we never knew about.. the celts did explore far and wide..

[@stephanieparker1250]

Oh THATS why you have the spoon in layer videos 😅 I love it! And I love how you visit places around where I live (Portland) 🎉🎉🎉🎉

[@leonelmanzanares7044]

There could also be a climate threat involved. Usually, demographic tensions exacerbate because of drought, floods, frosts, and other phenomena.

[@StefanMilo]

Yeah that's a big area of current research. Who knows what we'll discover in another few years

[@Mrdoriancourtney]

Loved the spoon... and of course the video! Thanks!

[@eliscanfield3913]

"clear cut evidence of cannibalism" is one hellava pun. My mom would've told you to go sit in the bad boy chair.

[@StefanMilo]

You might not believe me, but that was totally by accident lol.

[@eliscanfield3913]

@@StefanMilo The best ones often are, lol

[@lewisw3436]

I dont see the pun

[@eliscanfield3913]

@@lewisw3436 One of the ways they can infer cannibalism is by the particular pattern of cut marks on bones. The cut marks are fairly clear cut evidence, as far as archeology goes, anyway.

[@lewisw3436]

@@eliscanfield3913 the more you know

[@marktwist1495]

Superb work Stefan.

[@empathematics8928]

This is so informative. Thank you!

[@Nyctophora]

Yessss one of my favourite Neolithic groups! Happy New Year to you!

[@barbarastanwyck4288]

that moment when you click bc of the title and then it turns out to be your fave stefan!

[@marier7336]

Really good and well made, as always 👏 😍

[@thisisnotanick]

The Great Courses Plus is the only ad I dont skip past if I can skip past it, and I have a subscription :D No Im not sponsored and no I dont work there!

[@Haru23a]

Very interesting and clear presentation. Thank you!

[@teeo615]

Really enjoyed learning from your video. I started thinking of the Wendol at the end of it :)

[@kristianjocsik7534]

As a student of Archeology I find this video really professional and highly informative, amazing!

[@richard66754]

Excellent channel, with excellent content! Subscription earned!👍🏻

[@TheRickfire]

Instant Subscribed, Great video and great content!

[@Sarah-hc3wn]

Love the spoon! Bloody brilliant!

[@anno5936]

Heck.... Kilianstädten, the village next door. You learn something new (or old) each day. Thank you :)

[@monsieurlaguillotine3481]

It's so very fascinating. I wish we had written documentation of *some* kind from this era.

[@Microtonal_Cats]

The spoon as a lavaliere handle is brilliant. I dig it. I'll bet you do it because that mic would pickup every movement of that jacket.

[@karasusu786]

Nice work, am excited to see what happens after the lbk

[@Odonanmarg]

Just discovered this channel. I’ve been on KZbin for 5+ yrs. Studied this in university. Subscribed with bells 🔔. WoW‼️ Hmm.

[@Henrikbuitenhuis]

Thanks so much and Happy New Year

[@StefanMilo]

Thanks! Happy new year!

[@hypergiant1990]

Ooh I'm happy I found a quality youtuber. Subbed!

[@SuperMrHiggins]

As always, love the content Stefan.

[@CubicSpline7713]

Very interested, even though I only watch 20% of your video. Your presentation style is very good,.... so far

[@johnhess351]

Damn, you have cultivated a great, relaxed delivery! Get a PM Boris wig and The History Channel will be calling.

[@TheAwillz]

Great video, you clearly have a very sharp mind. Well done

[@shaynefowley5689]

Excellent and informative video. I can compare and contrast the Anasazi culture and collapse associated with a warm period. The anthropophagy correlates with drought conditions.

[@UpcycleElectronics]

Thanks for spooning. You're the best traffic cone cosplay historian on KZbin!

[@altair458]

Thank you for another great post.👍👍👍👍👍

[@sizanogreen9900]

is it just me or is the humor-level of these videos getting higher? great video:)

[@marius1004]

Superb videos Stefan. Perhaps if you have the time you could go more in depth into these Mass grave discoveries throughout northern Europe and possibly explore the demographic of the deceased. That I think is fascinating. I believe there has been speculation that Otzi was fleeing to escape Raiders when he was killed. Cheers from Pennsylvania.

[@miramajdan9160]

Oh my god, another great work of yours and it deals with my homeland! Don't be sorry that you cannot pronounce Hungarian names - that particular settlement name is hard (and very funny) even for native speakers. Keep up the good work, love from Hungary!

[@logansmith2703]

Found this channel with one of the Neanderthal videos. Been addicted with the chill tone

[@evananderson1455]

Great video, you fit iin with Invicta and other great KZbin channels. You earned another sub. Keep it up

[@evananderson1455]

I know, right? Expressing gratitude and encouragement towards someone when they obviously worked hard to create something, and I genuinely enjoyed what they created?!? So fucking cringe. Or maybe there's something fucked up with you for feeling so uncomfortable when a person expresses gratitude and encouragement. Maybe you had shitty parents, maybe your a closet homosexual who's afraid of being found out. Idgaf either way, get your insecure ass outta here ;)

[@daniel8444]

Ha! I was visiting my mother and sister up in Vancouver, and we visited this spot the week after you did.

[@darth_dub_]

4:10 "orientated" I totally thought you made that word up until I googled it. Never expected a lesson in vocab and grammar. Excellent content to boot.

[@StefanMilo]

Another person commented on this. It might be a UK vs USA thing. Me, as a Brit, didn't think twice about saying it like that. Though I do live in the USA so my English is getting very confused.

[@darth_dub_]

@@StefanMilo that's exactly what it is. My wife lived in the UK for six years, I'm surprised that's the first I've heard it.

[@ilkerylmaz5662]

Orient +ated. Facing Orient. Loking eastward, because this is the primary direction, this is where the life is born. Nice topic for another video.

[@lecrampierre1421]

Just discovered these videos....enjoy them emmensly..wish they could be longer.

[@ColleenJousma]

You got a like for that double scribbling out the LBK from the board. :D

[@lamolambda8349]

Nice video bro you're a very good presenter very likebale and at ease

[@mzleveli]

Thanks for this great educational video! Please make one about the awesome Cucuteni-Trypillian culture! ^^

[@strafrag1]

Excellent video, Stefan. Thanks.

[@erintreez]

Informative and enjoyable, except that last bit about the cannibalism...does make one wonder what prompted that macabre event..... Nevertheless, the LBK period is fascinating. Thank you for sharing your knowledge in your unique style. "Happy New Year!" to you and your family!!!

[@ws2228]

Our ancestors were really tough people.

[@neilshannon9930]

Admiral Crunch they didn't have a choice.

[@sylviajustice5013]

So question. If the Anatolians mostly replaced the WHG, and the Anatolians were dark eyed, and the later Yamnayas were also dark eyed according to what I read, where did the later day, common European blue eyes come from? I guess from the early WHGs, but if they were mostly replaced, how did their blue eyes survive?

[@algonzalez6853]

The yamnayas were blonde, gingers and had blue and green eyes, where did u read they were dark eyed?

[@sylviajustice5013]

Saw it lot of places, like here. medicalxpress.com/news/2019-11-vitamin-d-skin-revisited-student.html

[@timl3000]

An interesting archaeologist on KZbin who likes to discuss historical migration and who isn't also raging crypto-racialist. Welcome and becoming rare. Keep up the good work Stefan!

[@iamcleaver6854]

What? What is "crypto-racialist"?

[@HardscrabbleBlake1968]

I've watched this video a few times and read the First Farmers book, the LBK is very interesting. I think they were more interested in livestock than farming, and that was a reason they spread so fast. They may have looked on cattle as wealth and needed more and more land to feed their herds and keep them from intermingling with the herds of other families or clans.

[@ChasOnErie]

BERY GOOD LECTURE YOURSELF .. this was a very good summary of just a moment ago ..interesting that OTZI IS FROM THIS TIME !!!

[@Jacob-yg7lz]

I really like interpreting history through a Georgist lense: He who controls the land, controls the world [literally].

[@christophercousins184]

Awesome, as usual!

[@pjp271]

Love your videos man!

[@altair458]

You have a very good channel. Please keep up the good work. 👌👌👌👌👌👍