How Bad Was The Younger Dryas? Causes-Megafauna-Civilization

What caused the younger dryas? Did it kill the megafauna? How did humans react? Are archaeologists hiding the truth? (No)
All support appreciated:
/ stefanmilo
Thumbnail & Illustration: Ettore Mazza
/ ettore.mazza
Video from INAH TV on the mammoth excavation:
• Hallazgo de 14 mamuts ...
Disclaimer: Use my videos as a rough guide to a topic. I am not an expert, I may get things wrong. This is why I always post my sources so you can critique my work and verify things for yourselves. Of course I aim to be as accurate as possible which is why you will only find reputable sources in my videos. Secondly, information is always subject to changes as new information is uncovered by archaeologists.
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www.stefanmilo.com
Historysmilo
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Sources:
1 - Milosavljevich, S. “Pointing to the wrong corner of the screen”. Stefan Milo KZbin Channel. 2019.
2 - Carlson, A.e. “PALEOCLIMATE | The Younger Dryas Climate Event.” Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, 2013, pp. 126-134., doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53643-3.00029-7.
3 - Schenk, Frederik, et al. “Warm Summers during the Younger Dryas Cold Reversal.” Nature Communications, vol. 9, no. 1, 2018, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04071-5.
4 - Reeves, Jessica M., et al. “Climate Variability over the Last 35,000 Years Recorded in Marine and Terrestrial Archives in the Australian Region: an OZ-INTIMATE Compilation.” Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 74, 2013, pp. 21-34., doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.001.
5 - Condron, A., and P. Winsor. “Meltwater Routing and the Younger Dryas.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 109, no. 49, 2012, pp. 19928-19933., doi:10.1073/pnas.1207381109.
6 - Carlson, A. E., et al. “Geochemical Proxies of North American Freshwater Routing during the Younger Dryas Cold Event.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 104, no. 16, 2007, pp. 6556-6561., doi:10.1073/pnas.0611313104.
7 - Tarasov, Lev, and W.r. Peltier. “Arctic Freshwater Forcing of the Younger Dryas Cold Reversal.” Nature, vol. 435, no. 7042, 2005, pp. 662-665., doi:10.1038/nature03617.
8 - Thiagarajan, Nivedita, et al. “Abrupt Pre-Bølling-Allerød Warming and Circulation Changes in the Deep Ocean.” Nature, vol. 511, no. 7507, 2014, pp. 75-78., doi:10.1038/nature13472.
9 - Manabe, Syukuro, and Ronald J. Stouffer. “Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model Response to Freshwater Input: Comparison to Younger Dryas Event.” Paleoceanography, vol. 12, no. 2, 1997, pp. 321-336., doi:10.1029/96pa03932.
10 - Teller, J. T. “Importance of Freshwater Injections into the Arctic Ocean in Triggering the Younger Dryas Cooling.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 109, no. 49, 2012, pp. 19880-19881., doi:10.1073/pnas.1218344109.
11 - Renssen, Hans, et al. “Multiple Causes of the Younger Dryas Cold Period.” Nature Geoscience, vol. 8, no. 12, 2015, pp. 946-949., doi:10.1038/ngeo2557.
12 - Lynch‐Stieglitz, J., M. W. Schmidt, and W. B. Curry (2011), Evidence from the Florida Straits for Younger Dryas ocean circulation changes, Paleoceanography, 26, PA1205, doi:10.1029/2010PA002032.
13 - Firestone, R. B., et al. “Evidence for an Extraterrestrial Impact 12,900 Years Ago That Contributed to the Megafaunal Extinctions and the Younger Dryas Cooling.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 104, no. 41, 2007, pp. 16016-16021., doi:10.1073/pnas.0706977104.
14 - Israde-Alcantara, I., et al. “Evidence from Central Mexico Supporting the Younger Dryas Extraterrestrial Impact Hypothesis.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 109, no. 13, 2012, doi:10.1073/pnas.1110614109.
15 - Petaev, M. I., et al. “Large Pt Anomaly in the Greenland Ice Core Points to a Cataclysm at the Onset of Younger Dryas.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 110, no. 32, 2013, pp. 12917-12920., doi:10.1073/pnas.1303924110.
16 - Thackeray, J. Francis; Scott, Louis; Pieterse, P. The Younger Dryas interval at Wonderkrater (South Africa) in the context of a platinum anomaly. Palaeontologia Africana, 2019
17 - Holliday, Vance T. “Problematic Dating of Claimed Younger Dryas Boundary Impact Proxies.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 112, no. 49, 2015, doi:10.1073/pnas.1518945112.
18 - Meltzer, D. J., et al. “Chronological Evidence Fails to Support Claim of an Isochronous Widespread Layer of Cosmic Impact Indicators Dated to 12,800 Years Ago.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 111, no. 21, 2014, doi:10.1073/pnas.1401150111.
19 - Holliday, Vance, et al. “A Blind Test of the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis.” Plos One, vol. 11, no. 7, 2016, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155470.
Sources didn't all fit, here's the rest - / 32019867

[@StefanMilo]

Just in case I was not clear in the video. This is not an attack on the impact hypothesis. It may well be true and serious scientists are investigating the idea. However, I do strongly object to the accusation that archaeologists and scientists are hiding the truth from the public. I often find that those who suggest this idea are more than happy to cite scientists that agree with them but disparage and attack those who do not. I hope I showed that these issues are very complicated and that any disagreements exist for good reason. As always there is far more to this debate than any one video can show. Thousands of archaeologists, geologists and scientists of all shapes and sizes are trying hard to understand the ancient history of our planet. If the evidence shows that an asteroid struck, or we find cultures we did not know about before, then it is because of their hard work that we will know that. Thank you for watching.

[@erezaghion138]

Good job man, you have a very serious and interesting channel

[@LyubomirIko]

We have like 20+ very similar so called Dansgaard-Oeschger events in the near 120 000 years, some colder and with more wild fluctuations. I really want to know more about them. The Younger Dryas however gets all the love. Good job Younger Dryas getting all the attention and a cool name :/

[@TheCompleteGuitarist]

@ben nichols It is an enticing theory, hoping for another.

[@Nmethyltransferase]

Your mustache looks lonely. Either get rid of it, or have your beard accompany it.

[@alphalunamare]

@@Nmethyltransferase That is so Chinist!

[@stevewiles7132]

I have heard that the younger dryas was very bad, mostly because the older dryas wasn't around enough to give it a proper upbringing.

[@benjeffrey7577]

Classic dad joke

[@Ididntaskforahandleyoutube]

Top marks, champ.

[@Chancer]

Lololo

[@jlexstheself-proclaimedart2056]

lol

[@Hollylivengood]

For the win.

[@dannydandaniel8040]

This is the best execution of the "just some dudes opinion on science" genre of KZbin videos I've seen.

[@HoraceTheClown]

@Nick Nack no

[@HoraceTheClown]

@Nick Nack I definitely thought you were endorsing that dipshit, my bad lol

[@Able_Are]

This is the best execution of the "just some dudes opinion on science" genre of KZbin videos I've seen, too.

[@deepquake9]

And he has a great since of humor.

[@umarabdullah5510]

@@HoraceTheClown Grahm Hancock is a wonderful human being, right or wrong, and he does have some compelling evidence so he's not a "dipshit"

[@rexmagi4606]

I know I'm a bit late to the show on this video, but while ancient aliens and other kinds of Atlantean civilization theories might be wacky, Gobekli Tepe and Nevali Cori provide staunch evidence that architecture was at least somewhat advanced in the younger dryas beyond what most people thought ten years ago.

[@grimalteruism8641]

hard to get the good local or national news how can I trust information from 100 yrs ago or more lmao

[@Nullius_in_verba]

Using the common sense and Okham's razor, if it was an alien construction it would have been appeared much more "hight tech"..in the end they were simply stone alligned with constellations.

[@Chris.Davies]

Gobekli Tepe was excavated more than 10 years ago.

[@combatflowarts]

@@Nullius_in_verba Hes saying that Humans were more advanced than we thought for the time period. Im another to believe humans were more advanced in Knowledge & application far further back than what is generally accepted. Hallmarks of Human-kind are consistently found pushing back dates, that show a high level of articulation at increasing scales. Though ill toy with the idea that Aliens may have visited & parted Knowledge to us.

[@Nullius_in_verba]

@@combatflowarts Yep, the fact that humans were more advanced than we thought is well demonstrated today. Yes, sometimes I toy with that idea too, I really love Assassin's Creed..still I cant accept the idea of trasmitting knowledge because all the findings say that was a slowly and realy imperfect learning curve.

[@dansanders9121]

As a fellow archaeologist, I loved your intro "$50k a year job"' comment. That's what gets me the most. Like, my guy, I make 55k a year, you really think I have the time, energy, or resources to participate in this supposedlly vast conspiracy???

[@BurnedSpace]

No, but you ARE too stupid to contest main stream archaeological theories (that have been proven wrong again and again with more discoveries).

[@RecoveringAhole]

If it’s not a conspiracy then it’s negligence and incompetence.. personally I would of went with the conspiracy angle, at least then you were competent. 😅

[@stuffinsthegreat]

Fellow archaeologist! I let out a little laugh/sob at the accuracy of that comment--I love telling people why no, we don't find gold, and even if we did, we couldn't keep it

[@TybudX]

@@stuffinsthegreat It's the same with lots of things. Like, you're a Dr and you make a couple hundred grand a year, doesn't mean you get to keep a couple hundred grand a year. You had a number one hit? You madfe it! They gave you a record deal. You don't get to keep millions of dollars. You got paid millions of dollars to make a movie? You're lucky if your take home is a couple % of that when all is said and done. You're a business. And research grants? For scientific discovery? Oh, you don't have to pay that back! But you don't get to keep it. lol. Like the people you rely on for researach money aren't asking questions about where every penny is going.

[@Benjamin-mh8ei]

Along with half of Canadians.

[@maxworth4687]

Will you talk about the paleolithic human impact on the amazon basin one day? Most people think the jungle was a wild land without any cultivation or human impact, a view that doesn't stand up well. Domestication of Thoebroma Cacao and other crops occurred in the upper amazonian basin around 5,300 years ago and many of the foodstuffs we find in the amazon today are in fact cultivars.

[@StefanMilo]

Yeah I'd love to someday, it's just a matter of time. Thanks for watching.

[@jerrylong381]

If you haven't read it yet, I recommend Charlea Mann's, "1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus" He has a very interesting section on the Amazon basin.

[@RaeMachiavelli]

@@StefanMilo I would also find it interesting if you were to cover the possibility of ancient Mediterranean basin civilizations, back when the straight of Gibraltar was perhaps a massive waterfall.

[@longbowarcher100]

sorry but there was no Palaeolithic in the amazon basin. no humans in the amazon at this time

[@maxworth4687]

@@BaltimoresBerzerker I am not a archeologist and my use of the word paleolithic might be mistaken, from a cursory glance at the wiki it seems that the pleo/meso/neo lithic ages depend on regional advances so maybe I wasn't using the correct term for that time period in that region of the world. However yes people were here at the end of the paleolithic period. I realise that there is a lot of controversy over when humans first got here but the selection of crops and improvement of their yields that occurred in the amazon has some decent evidence for it. Wild cocoa pods yield very little and have thick walls, cultivars produce more juice and more beans and we have found ceramic fermentation vessels throughout the amazon/Andean foothills. www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0697-x

[@PlainsPup]

Well done as usual, but you neglected to mention why the Younger Dryas (and the Older Dryas) have that name. It’s because during those times, a small, cold-adapted flower in the genus Dryas became much more abundant. The genus is named after dryads, which are a kind of wood nymph in Greek mythology.

[@Q_QQ_Q]

everyone knows this

[@chadatchison145]

@@Q_QQ_Q I didn't and i'm old lol.

[@slavensimic9544]

Cool story bro but but it's because the are 1000 years apart

[@ws2228]

@@slavensimic9544 How can flowers be 1000 years apart?😉

[@nmarbletoe8210]

@@ws2228 They are forget-me-nots

[@rustycaplinger8036]

Hi the other Milo recommended you on his channel so i figured i would check it out. Ill be honest i believed Graham Hancocks claim about the Young dryas but after doing my own research on it im starting to see how much is misinformation and this video also helped so thank you for posting the real truth cause we people really need more of it these days. Great video, hope you are doing well.

[@jacquesstrapp3219]

Hancock is not spreading misinformation. Some of his speculations are weakly supported by facts, but the facts he does give are accurate. His antagonism towards mainstream archaeology is unfortunate but understandable when you view the patronizing reactions to his ideas.

[@buzhichun]

​@@jacquesstrapp3219 I have no idea how you could've interacted with any criticism of Hancock's work (or just the info in the video above!!!) and still come away with the idea that "the facts [Hancock] does give are accurate". The man lies constantly, e.g. by misrepresentating what are demonstrably natural formations as man-made, using soil carbon datings as dates of human activity, presenting Younger Dryas sea level rise as a cataclysmic flood,... He's absolutely spreading misinformation, and the fact that he does regularly interact with actual scientists makes it almost impossible for him not to be aware of it.

[@jacquesstrapp3219]

@buzhichun You just did what you claim Hancock does. You misrepresented what he says to suit your agenda. The epitome of hypocrisy. Since I am familiar with his work, I instantly recognize when you lie about what he said. For example, you said he misrepresents "demonstrably natural formations as man made." Two things are false about that statement. There is disagreement about whether features like the Bimini Road are man-made, and Hancock says so. He states his opinion that they are man-made but nowhere does he claim this as fact. You claiming he did is a lie. On closer examination, the only one misrepresenting anything here is you.

[@cgirl111]

If you meet a man who sells real estate for a living he's going to try to sell you real estate. If you meet a man who makes his living selling 12k old pyramids in egypt and lost tech cultures he's going to try to sell you that. He's not some university researcher living on salary and grant money. He is in the book selling and lecture business. His degree is in sociology.

[@JB-jm6lo]

​@@jacquesstrapp3219 on the first episode of ancient architects he lies about some coral structures at nan madol. Says they're man-made, but it was proven years before they are coral

[@101xaplax101]

The claim that that is a wicked hat is the most controversial aspect of this video

[@HistoryTime]

Only just got round to watching this one but was well worth the wait. Superb stuff

[@fwcolb]

I agree. For those who wish to explore the science, this Wiki entry provides an overview. "The Younger Dryas event, notably its sudden end. It is the most recent of the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles and began 12,900 years ago and moved back into a warm-and-wet climate regime about 11,600 years ago. It has been suggested that: "The extreme rapidity of these changes in a variable that directly represents regional climate implies that the events at the end of the last glaciation may have been responses to some kind of threshold or trigger in the North Atlantic climate system." A model for this event based on disruption to the thermohaline circulation has been supported by other studies. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change Willi Dansgaard bio: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Dansgaard Papers: scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=willi+Dansgaard&btnG= Many other scientific papers listed here: scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Dansgaard&btnG=

[@fgcbrooklyn]

You guys, don't be fooled by the British accent. It's always used in youtube video to establish higher credibility and impress the audience. Nice intimidating tactic, and it seems to be working, at least by the number of people who do use it (or fake it).

[@ryanwilson8323]

This guy is a kiwi

[@fgcbrooklyn]

@@ryanwilson8323 I am a parsimmon.

[@susansinclair3650]

@@fwcolb THANKS FOR THESE REFERENCES

[@altervita4249]

Missing shoulder blades on the mamooths. Shows they were righthanded and they needed those for making (probably) digging tools. Check out the prehistoric channel of Will Lord. Particulary the one episode where he shows the prehistoric flint mine in england and points out that fact that all the tools were using the left sided bone. tools like mining pick etc.

[@StefanMilo]

That's an interesting idea, I hadn't thought of that.

[@yeetghostrat]

That was my first thought, that it was probably for right handed tools. Thanks for recommending that channel!

[@tohaason]

Digging tools aren't particularly right-handed or left-handed. I use shovels right- or left-handed depending on my body position relative to what I'm digging. And that's what you'll see if you observe people doing a lot of digging.

[@daveslow84]

@@tohaason absolutely not! People have a preferred side to use things such as shovels or brooms and other such tools and will switch to a less preferred side when tired. If you don't have a tool like a shovel that can be used either left or right handed and are reliant on a shoulder blade bone you would of course choose one that fits your preferred side and just stop to rest as switching sides isn't an option...

[@KevinMaloneysmilingthrutherain]

Hi Stefan, Just so you know, I am a member of the Comet Research Group who purposed the YDIH, and I will be the first one to tell you that the Younger dryas period is probably the most complicated example of Climate change ever experienced by Humans and the puzzle still has many missing components to fully understand what actually happened. But we have 65 PhD's from nearly every discipline of the Earth Science's and many many other highly educated people working diligently on scientifically locating and finding the evidence that will answer the most complex event in human history. Having said that, I am convinced beyond any doubt, and from personal boots on the ground research all across North America. 12900 years BP, a Cosmic Comet or other extraterrestrial Object's Impacted on the North American Ice Sheets and accelerrated the melting and massive melt water floods poured into the oceans raising the oceans by 400 feet. The rapid floodingof cold fresh water shut down the Oceans Thermohaline currents. This completely shut down ocean currents carrying warm water to the North like the Gulf Stream. This is the onset of the YD. It took 1400 years for the planet to recover at 11,500 years BP. We will be publishing on a new crater discovery within the year. Stay tuned.

[@nmarbletoe8210]

Interesting! I'm curious why the GISP2 found the platinum spike at 12,895 BP but the ammonium spike 30 years later. Why the delay? And was the burning regional or global? It is a fantastic puzzle because we have so many pieces, but the total picture is still unknown!

[@jeremywilliams5107]

Therefore, if you have an opinion on this, and you do not have a PhD in the subject and work in this group, you're probably best not commenting.

[@venusi4n766]

The Lubbock Lake site mentioned is known to most Lubbockites at the Lubbock Lake Landmark. That very place sparked my love for everything ancient and before us, and seeing it referenced in these videos really makes me smile. I'm very proud to know that place, and I've been able to take my favorite people there. Thanks for the video!

[@cholulahotsauce6166]

What's a lubbockite?

[@strawberryseed1886]

@@cholulahotsauce6166 people who live in the city of Lubbock.

[@rizkyadiyanto7922]

​@@strawberryseed1886lubbockians.

[@johng4093]

​@@strawberryseed1886And here I was thinking it was "Lubbockians."

[@neckreth]

These scientists are not archaeologists, but paleoecologists. Source: I am one.

[@r.williamcomm7693]

Fabivs Agree. I don’t see this subject as being as contested as it’s made out to be by either side. It appears that in the past ppl simply didn’t dig beyond a certain point & dates as to when things were possibly built might have been assigned to incorrect periods. The entire process of what we believe about humanity & civilization also contains facts that may have been misinterpreted. I believe that in time ppl like you will find other sites & better interpret existing sites. Do you have any theories about Gobekli Tepe? I believe that even with that “groundbreaking” (pun intended) site that it’s real use & significance was missed at first but that some are realizing how it was truly linked to civilization.

[@JASmith-oy8db]

If I may make an attempt: Archaeology, traditionally defined or conceived, is concerned more specifically with the human past, however ancient (hence the root "paleo-", as in paleoanthropology). Paleoecology is thus more general, since it is the ancient history of climates or ecologies, which includes the human place in the environment, e.g. as subsistence evidence or causal factors. But there is certainly overlap between the two disciplines, for example, dating methods and intertwined scientific narratives. The original post or video presenter are welcome to nuance my response or to correct me. Hope my attempt to answer helps!

[@r.williamcomm7693]

J. A. Smith I’m just a fly on a wall here but that’s impressive. I’ve found it interesting that some on each side misrepresent the arguments of the other side. This video isn’t the first to allege that the other side claims some vast advanced civilization connected across the globe when in reality some are just saying that there might have been a few tightly centered cultures that had contact with one another or that spread. At the same time, although I respect Graham Hancock, he seems to be saying that those opposing his ideas are dogmatic in refusing to evaluate new information instead of recognizing that these “fields” change slowly through a peer reviewed research. In other words, if a 20,000 year old civilization was unearthed today, although it might not be recognized as such immediately, as evidence mounted & was subject to peer review, it would eventually be accepted. I honestly believe that Gobekli Tepe is linked to other settlements that have yet to be discovered & that it’s purpose was much more practical than current theory. Although we acquired wisdom as we age, the worst part about realizing that our lives our relatively short is knowing that we won’t live long enough to gain the knowledge of major discoveries in the future. Someday we may find even single cell life exists elsewhere in our solar system or we may find an archeological site that rewrites everything we know today. That’s why the work that you & others do regarding this & other subjects is so fascinating to me & more importantly, of great significance to all of humanity.

[@Bitchslapper316]

@@r.williamcomm7693 Yeah, a global civilization doesn't have to have billions of people crossing the globe on airplanes. It could have easily been a civilization like the macedonian empire or the Roman republic that crossed the sea and setup outposts and trade with other cultures. I'm not sure why this theory is so far fetched. If someone like Alexander the great knew about continents on the other side of the atlantic he would have tried to explore it. People often forget that ancient humans have the same brains and minds we do, they weren't primates living in caves and worshiping snakes.

[@r.williamcomm7693]

@Bitchslapper316 Agree 100%. There’s a great documentary style film here on KZbin about the Egyptians, how they built the pyramids & how they they are proposed to have traveled to South America, India, & even Australia. Let me know if you need the link.

[@ladyofthemasque]

It annoys me to no end that people keep insisting it had to be "One OR the other, but NOT multiple causes!!" for stuff like this. Dudes, real life doesn't play one card at a time. It's several cards at a time, some malignant, some benign...and sometimes it's more heavily drawn to one side or the other. Personally, I think it was several things that happened over a span of a few hundred years, some of it clustered tightly, some of it spread out, but all of it enough in combination to tip things the wrong way. Did the North American ice sheets melting around Hudson Bay drain along the northwest, east, or southern routes? ...Why not more than one? Maybe one direction drained more than the others, but more than one is absolutely possible. Landscape isn't like the absolutely smooth, level rim of a pot, so it could've poured off in more than one direction. (Also, the whole Columbia Basin has been proved to be a massive flood zone, contributing further to freshwater desalination of the Pacific, though not quite at the same time as the Hudson Bay area draining.) Based on the unusual minerals found I think one or more meteors may have been involved, possibly meteorites whose impacts were blunted by the ice so there would be little evidence on the land deep underneath. (A mile or two of compacted snow & ice makes a great catcher's mitt, wouldn't you think?) And volcanoes? Absolutely realistic! Fire storms? Sure! If weather was disrupted so severely by something that there was a lengthy drought in the summer season, with little snow for a few years to soak into the soil and thus into the plants, forest fires could spread for thousands of miles unchecked! Any single one of these things might not be enough, but more than one? It's almost never one thing alone. Assuming just one catastrophic event alone caused a massive worldwide change like the YD means that one thing would have to be truly, immensely catastrophic to affect the whole world. It'd be like a tank versus guns, knives, and matches. The evidence for its impact would be as undeniable as the KT-Boundary that ended the last age of the dinosaurs. But since we DON'T have a metaphoric smoking Howitzer barrel in the geologic record, then it had to have been a "perfect storm" of MULTIPLE different things that occurred closely enough together to cause an add-on effect.

[@megadawg342]

That is certainly what the Ice cores reveal. It's not steady and linear, like the Uniformitarianists insist it was/is. Even coming out of the last Ice Age the weather was swinging wildly every few hundred years. And there are dramatic spikes that look like outside forces impact the weather. We are spoiled. It's been nice weather for hundreds of years, allowing crops and technology, good health, science,... allowing us to believe this is the way it should always be. We couldn't be more wrong about that. WHAM! It could change everything,..overnight. It has in the past, many times.

[@Andy-1234]

ladyofthemasque you make a great point and I think you're right. I think what happens is scientists look at their area of expertise. So someone researching ocean currents looks at some parts, then geologists look at their area. When these scientists all get together on everything then there's varying opinions on what happened overall.

[@Andy-1234]

MegaDawg342 yes! We have been living in a docile time overall. Doesn't give us much perspective. Thank u and great point

[@daos3300]

@@Andy-1234 arguably our geologically calm period gives us very good perspective since we aren't struggling with survival against a harsh climate. though we will very likely be all too soon.. also, looking at things in terms of a lifetime or two doesn't say much. if there's anyone to look back in 5-10k years, they will have proper perspective on our time.

[@daos3300]

@John Barber LOL

[@lexshaw5691]

This is a great presentation. Don’t sell yourself short - you may not be a research scientist in this field, but you are well informed. Plus, by NOT being a scientist in this field, you can look at this subject objectively, unlike those who are married to a single hypothesis. Thank you for a job well done.

[@rogerjohnson2562]

Calling other non-scientist ideas 'whacky' is selling them short, so Milo can sell himself and his spoon short along with them. 'Just presenting the facts' would include the wonders of Gobekli, megalithic construction, unexplained uaps, and the unexplained exponential technology humans have recently achieved; take a hard look at us, we are just barely conscious, barely logical, clueless... Professional archeologists are as full of themselves as Milo is.

[@matthewtayloryowieresearch1912]

well informed, demon - what do you call genius? thick as a brick? dumber n dogsshit? arse like two ferrets fighting in a sack? get behind thee, satan - genius? I call it Stefan. If u believe in God I've got bridge in Sydney Harbour going cheap, mate?

[@historywatch4554]

@@rogerjohnson2562 "unexplained exponential technology" ... uh, what about the invention of the internet and relative world peace since 1945 making exchanging science and knowledge so much easier than the past?

[@Ericsaidful]

This has actually helped me with something. The Bolling-Allerod warming period was as abrupt as the Younger-Dryas; it’s all one event. The warming was triggered by warm water turning over in the ocean, warming the Earth. When the Feedback loop was complete and freshwater poured in, the cold began again. What we are going through now is probably the same thing. Air temperature isn’t causing the ocean to warm, the ocean turning over is causing the climate to warm. There is always a cause and effect debate within science but given this has become a political issue, people have seized it as a means of control so it’s “settled science”, which should alarm everyone. I think they have the cause and effect backward here and we are dealing with another abrupt warming period, not caused by humans but by Co2 being released by ocean turnover, the same as it was 15,000 or so years ago.

[@Deeplycloseted435]

Recently read a paper about the human genetic bottleneck around the Younger Dryas. They think that in particular, there was SEVERE contraction in male (y chromosome) diversity. Possibly leading to a F:M of 17:1. Their hypothesis was that during stressful times, male birth is less likely. They supported this by looking at Japan, and their three most recent disasters. In all cases, 9+ months later, there was statistically significant decline in male birth in the local areas following disaster. I find this really intriguing. Is there some kind of built in feedback system, in our genetic code, that controls our population????? This could be a potential Fermi Paradox solution. Life always balances things out, between all species.

[@Ava-cy6qw]

Fetuses are female during the first few weeks, later they developed further into different genders, since the male fetus is more vulnerable they say, the mother body would 'spare resources' during stressful times and thus more 'effortlessly' girls will be born.. After wars, more males are born because may be because life gets better and there is a boost to every thing and more 'resources' for the mother and less stress on the fetus.. And also, think of it, females are more needed during stressful times because children must be born to cope, thus 1 male can impregnate 17 women quickly, and so on and so on

[@john.premose]

@@Ava-cy6qw how can 1 male impregnate 17 females more quickly than 17 males can? I really don't get the logic in that

[@Ava-cy6qw]

@@john.premose if the ratio is changed 1 male impregnating 17 women is more efficient and likely than 17 men impregnating 1 woman

[@flyinlow7190]

They’re not saying this for the “speed” of reproduction but the efficiency from 17 females and 1 male other than 17 males and 1 female. Which do you think would populate quicker

[@john.premose]

@@flyinlow7190 i didn't say 17 males and 1 female i said 17 males and 17 females. Why are you people acting like this is a zero sum idea? My point is why would "nature" choose to make it this way because if you have only 1 male impregnating all those females that's going to mean all those offspring will be half siblings to each other and that is not gonna be good for the genepool

[@KipIngram]

Well done, Stefan. I didn't see it as an attack on the impact hypothesis - you were very clear on that and your position seems completely fair to me.

[@bart6901]

Besides the fact that if there was a comet the rise in sealevel would have been cataclysmic and not 4 cm a year

[@woodspirit98]

You mean something on the order of 300 to 400 feet very quickly?

[@nmarbletoe8210]

@@bart6901 Zamora estimates that his Carolina Bay impact would only melt one Missoula worth of water, directly. In fact there was 1200 years of cooling after the YD onset impact. The YD cold spell may have been the result of a missoula-scale (or 100x bigger, a Lake Aggasiz) drainage that disrupted the gulf stream. Most people getting confused that the impact was at the start of a melting period. It was the start of a cold period. The big melting was at the end YD not the beginning YD.

[@swirvinbirds1971]

​@@nmarbletoe8210And Zamora has zero evidence the Bay's were created by an impact. His whole hypothesis is 'it looks like this'.

[@nmarbletoe8210]

@@swirvinbirds1971 i agree, the impact idea needs confirmatory evidence. The Bays are one of the great unsolved mysteries of geography.

[@TheWinnipegredhead]

I had no idea the younger dryas was considered controversial. I thought Jim Teller’s work on a catastrophic release of glacial Lake Agassiz shutting down the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation was widely acknowledged as the mechanism for the cooling.

[@sumitshresth]

You can blame joe rogan for that. I came to know about younger dryas through him though

[@21LAZgoo]

its controversial because theres soo much mounting evidence over the decades that is supporting some sort of impacts

[@chrisinnes2128]

it could have been both an ast

[@nmarbletoe8210]

The Younger Dryas is not controversial, but the impact is. I think the impacts may have triggered that Lake Agassiz release.

[@ThePdog3k]

@@sumitshresth It's funny how people having a conversation can be so 'controversial' 🤣

[@Aussie00]

Hi Stefan, you are my definite go-to for all of my prehistory fix, l often get bogged down with other channel's delivery of the info but you have a knack for imparting knowledge in a very understandable way, a brilliant & necessary trait for a good teacher. Thanks mate, wishing you al the best for you & your lovely family from Australia 🇦🇺 😀

[@Ericsaidful]

This has actually helped me with something. The Bolling-Allerod warming period was as abrupt as the Younger-Dryas; it’s all one event. The warming was triggered by warm water turning over in the ocean, warming the Earth. When the Feedback loop was complete and freshwater poured in, the cold began again. What we are going through now is probably the same thing. Air temperature isn’t causing the ocean to warm, the ocean turning over is causing the climate to warm. There is always a cause and effect debate within science but given this has become a political issue, people have seized it as a means of control so it’s “settled science”, which should alarm everyone. I think they have the cause and effect backward here and we are dealing with another abrupt warming period, not caused by humans but by Co2 being released by ocean turnover, the same as it was 15,000 or so years ago.

[@Emymagdalena]

Such a good use of sources. I really appreciate the amount of research that had to go into making this video.

[@HeyHeyHarmonicaLuke]

Steps for plan 'improve video series': * Travel to Greenland and shoot outdoors in HD * Bring plastic spoon

[@colinp2238]

* Take a supply of extra plastic spoons (they get brittle in he cold).

[@wakcackle3555]

It really should be sporks.

[@IgenDeNem]

Your videos, with fact-based commentary and delightful quips of humor, sometimes overt sometimes subtle, are incredibly educational, thought-provoking, and entertaining. Thank you!! (Support to follow)

[@mv11000]

Thank you so much for all your time and effort, Stefan. This was a very well-constructed and informative video. Thanks again.

[@bobdylan3589]

This is the first video I’ve seen of yours; I just wanted to say this was great. Super informative. Keep up the good work!

[@SnagglieFang]

It good to hear a real person talking about his interests and research in his own way. It well done and interesting. Thanks!

[@raminagrobis6112]

I really really love Milo's total and genuine unpretentiousness. That trait is usually typical of the most brilliant humans. True geniuses rarely look the part, so to speak. Unassuming, making things seem easy, geniuses make topics seem matter-of-fact and easy. Milo is a YT treasure and one of its best secrets :)

[@freeman7079]

Lol you’ve got To be kidding me on the “unpretentious” description.

[@woodspirit98]

A you tube video makes someone a genius?

[@alexevans4877]

@@freeman7079 Legit was thinking that. His speech at the start, was so pretentious and wrong. The same guy 20 years ago giving that speech would be totally wrong today as he talks about the lack of water erosion around the pyramid, the "ridiculous" theory of a 40 000 year green cycle to the Sahara, and the discovery of geopolymers. How pretentious to think we have all the answers now, and diminish what he considers fake science when in our lifetimes "fake science" has become proven fact and in other cases equally plausible theories as science improves, and proven fact has fallen to faux science in other cases. Specifically when the theories are based on a lack of evidence rather than evidence.

[@svenwilliamson406]

@@woodspirit98 Stefan I'm sure would like to think so ;)

[@svenwilliamson406]

@@freeman7079 With you on this one. Anyone who says "I'm just a guy on a rock..." sets up his own fail.

[@tylerlucius4001]

This was so well done. Appreciate your work on this! Glad I found your channel

[@evalopez1454]

The asteroid smashing the earth like a squeaky toy almost kill me. Thank you for that. Great edit jejej

[@7eVen.si62]

😂😂😂

[@JoePruessner1]

I certainly enjoy your videos, Stefan. Differing viewpoints and a wealth of ideas are critical to learning, and your ideas are really appreciated.

[@guibaterasoad]

" I am just a guy sitting on a rock". That is funny and philosophical at same time. - just a man sitting on a chair.

[@podfuk]

Also Younger Dryas was caused by one thing or another, and there are other possibilities. Not bad for guy sitting on a rock.

[@pasadenaphil8804]

And forced to use a cheap microphone lacking a wind screen because his cheap Patreon supporters won't cough up the money.

[@neatwheat]

@@pasadenaphil8804 Seems to be a bloody good microphone to me given the sound quality we got from a recording outside on a mountain. technology is getting better and better...

[@SofaKingShit]

I'm a guy relaxing on a bed who read your comment from a chair about the guy sitting on a rock. I think it's great how these videos bring such different people together.

[@frrrmphpoo1700]

I'm a potato lying on a coach. So happy Mr. Sitting on Rock didn't use me to shoot this sharp looking episode

[@robertguildford4793]

Got my exam on the Scandinavian stone age next week and it just feels so good to rewatch one of my favorite youtubers on my lunch break to recap what I just read :D

[@19ecoman46]

Super interesting and very well presented. I hope Stefan continues with his videos 👍

[@MrThatguyuknow]

Always learn something new, or in details I never considered. Your production value has really picked up greatly, and I am so happy that spoon is now a reoccurring thing. Good work!

[@ManicPandaz]

“It didn’t last very long. Just about a thousand years”... Archeologists have a weird sense of time lol

[@Archangelm127]

Time is relative. A second is a long time when your life is in danger.

[@fleetskipper1810]

I’ve been trying to figure out how many generations of human beings could be said to have lived in that 1000 year period. Assuming that the average adult Homo sapiens back then lived to age 25, that’s 4 generations every 100 years, for a total of 40 generations. The climate could’ve re-shaped the genetics of our species considerably during that time. And the forced movements of groups of people southward to avoid the intense cold could have accelerated the rate of interbreeding between different populations, including with Neanderthals and Denisovans. I can’t wait to see where the science leads us with regards to these issues.

[@Packless1]

...3°C warming in 100years IS very fast...! :-(

[@Packless1]

@@johnperic6860 ...global warming... ...it's in the news...! ;-)

[@shanemiller2046]

@@johnperic6860 It depends on which side of the fence you sit on. The Dems would have you believe otherwise.

[@EllaTheGreatest1]

Well said. I'm familiar with the theories you presented, and I think you did a masterful job presenting them. ✌️💫

[@stacie1595]

This might be slightly unrelated but I find it interesting how the melting of the giant ice sheets following the Younger Dryas may provide a more scientific explanation as to why so many cultures have flood myths. Besides the fact that most major civilizations formed on the banks of rivers and seas placing them in the path of regular floods, the fact that catastrophic glacial lakes would break through ice dams and flood massive areas more dramatically than any "bad season" on the Euphrates may help explain the prevalence of flood myths in religions across the world. If anyone managed to survive these glacial flood pulses, it would certainly be a story worth telling! Also, even if water rose slowly after these pulses, it would still cause bands of people to abandon their usual lands and move into places potentially occupied by other groups. The creation myths of places around the Persian gulf sometimes feature fish humans or creatures emerging from the water. This seems reasonable to me considering that part of the world was critical to homo sapiens and, during the ice age, would have been habitable land. However, once sea levels began to rise, the Persian gulf would have been slowly turned into wetlands, swamps and eventually a fully formed gulf. The people living there certainly would have been forced out at some point but not before their attempts at adapting were proven futile. They would then move into higher, dryer regions and encounter the people who would eventually write them into their stories. But these are just my theories.

[@nmarbletoe8210]

I think that is right

[@davidmc8478]

I don’t think you need a mass flooding event. Any seasonal flood could be the source of the story, a recurring event such as flooding would have great storytelling power.

[@steveaustin8817]

Thanks for being clear and open about your sources. I appreciate all the work that goes into these videos. I was planning to do some myself and you have raised the bar. Well done!

[@alexmacgregor9631]

I grew up in the basin left by Lake Agassiz, it's interesting to learn how much of an impact it might have had on the world!

[@Google_Does_Evil_Now]

I have a basin at home. But I didn't grow up in it. Are you part of the Monty Python sketch with 4 old guys trying to say each one had it harder than the other by making outrageous impossible hardship statements?

[@jabberwoke1]

@@Google_Does_Evil_Now what a weird comment.

[@erinmorash9334]

I live on the shores of ancient Lake Agassiz now. And it is definitely a basin. You can stand on the edge of massive escarpment and see the old lakebed stretch out in front of you, with the old sand beach under your feet, and there is no doubt what you are looking at.

[@ettinakitten5047]

I spent part of my childhood in Lake Agassiz's basin.

[@karenbenning2166]

I love your videos. I really get your humor plus I learn soooo much from them. I just do not get the plastic spoon? This is not one of your newest videos so probably will not get an answer from one of your other viewers but hope to find out about the reason/symbol of the spoon in the future. Maybe others also are curious. Please keep up the good work!!!

[@anna_in_aotearoa3166]

Absolutely fascinating, thank you!! I feel for archeologists & paleontologists have always had to spend such a frustrating amount of time combating non-evidence-based pseudo-theories, leaving less time for actively educating the public & potential future members of these fields... Want to thank you AND them for your patience, humour and persistence in that!

[@bullyakker]

Except much "pseudo-science" has been proven more and more to be..."Science".

[@260Torrent]

@@bullyakker Examples?

[@bullyakker]

@@260Torrent Geezus kid, do a little research. Ask your mom.

[@insanepickleboy]

The isostatic adjustment of Earth's crust after the melting of thick continental glaciers (3.2 km thick at its largest) is something else to consider. Post glacial rebound isn't discussed enough and can have peculiar effects for life on Earth. Top notch video by the way.

[@grindupBaker]

I've a picture now of mammoths trampolining on the rebounding crust & doing Hot Dog flips. I can see how injury & death might result.

[@markrenzella2825]

The ice retreated and the oceans rose , but so did the land....

[@6point8esspcee68]

Hey Milo.... The mammoths and mastadons living on islands have neither the territory nor the numbers to maintain a population in the face of both changing climate and human predation. It is logical to surmise that once humans came to these islands, it was simply a matter of time before the population of mammoths became unable to sustain itself. Unlike the plains of North America where there were millions of animals roaming millions of square miles of territory with the time and numbers to maintain a healthy population. And you have to remember, it was not only the mammoths and ground sloths that took a hit.....there were dozens of other massive species that all disappeared at the same time. Attributing the extinction of millions of animals, strictly to a relatively small population of humans doen not make sense.

[@LyubomirIko]

Their extinction is definitely not a human activity. Recently we have similar event involving Reindeers; Search: Over 200 Reindeer Have Been Found Dead in Svalbard, Because of Climate Change The clues are in the article: The food shortage, the ecologists believe, was brought about by temperatures in the Arctic. This results in higher rainfall during Winter, which freezes on the ground, producing a hard, thick layer of ice. Usually, the reindeer can dig through the snow to reach the vegetation underneath, but the ice layer is impenetrable, so the reindeer starve. In addition, warmer weather can result in a longer breeding season. That sounds good, but in Winter that results in greater competition for food, and taking greater risks for food, climbing the sides of mountains to reach higher vegetation. And the weakest animals are less likely to survive. That means the older ones die first, but so do the very young. This mean Mammoths might be vulnerable to the same rain-ice forming process. Remember the release of excessive water pour into the ocean? This might mean a lot of rain, sudden humid climate in one day- but because the process of the End of the glacial is not finished - in the next day - very abrupt cold changes that freeze all of that moisture - making the land impenetrable ice field. And the YD boundary is black. Meaning this indeed may be a layer left of rotting vegetation - a humid condition can attribute to rotting, but also if it rains and all of a sudden waves of cold weather freeze that vegetation - it can preserve it even green for the next spring, where it will rot - again in humid conditions.

[@2011RGM]

Finally, thank you. People seem to forget half of the world’s megafauna went extinct, not just a couple of mammoths. That’s millions ad millions of individual animals!

[@markgelbart5889]

Overhunting by human is the only explanation that does make sense for the extinction of Pleistocene megafauna. Even low levels of human hunting would have had catastrophic impacts on slowly reproducing large mammals. Migration routes would have been disrupted because humans would be ambushing whole herds. Evidence suggests extinctions occurred at different times at different sites, indicating humans and no other variables were wiping megafauna populations out.

[@6point8esspcee68]

@@markgelbart5889 Highly unlikely, sir.

[@2011RGM]

Mark Gelbart 75% of all mammals died during that time. No thanks

[@alistairlawrie6831]

Thanks for a sane, well sourced video about the Younger Dryas.

[@talpomeroy5808]

I really love your discussion of the quality of the data. as a psychologist and oncologist (cancer dock) the quality of the data has vastly changed my opinion of many topics . is it better to deal with fate which is unchangeable or to struggle against it even if the way with blind faith? I think this is an important question in view of the current fascist current, threatening to drown the United States and the environmental catastrophe, which is already underway.

[@captntorthenaer-do-wellcad3191]

Another thoughtful balanced perspective. I really enjoy you being a sceptic and being willing to follow the science even when it questions conventional wisdom. I shall contue to enjoy your videos!

[@omni_0101]

I do appreciate the sober take. There is a newly found impact crater in Greenland. I know it hasn't been fully dated, but due to lack of erosion it can be young enough to fit the bill. Should have at least been mentioned as a possible candidate as it is.

[@chromberries7329]

This video was posted before then.

[@mikelrobles6106]

The Scab lands of Eastern WA State are A amazing example of Immense scale&size of glacial cataclysms caused. Believing to have been formed near the end of the younger Dryas and helping to form breathtaking natural design in the basins,valleys and gorges caused by the aftermath of these massive glacier flows that helped in carving the surrounding & breathtaking landscape found there today!

[@dalelambert1266]

No, they did not form near the end of the Younger Dryas. They started forming 2 million years ago. And the LGM floods took place from 18-13k years bp, ending just before the Younger Dryas.

[@BobboB-jb6yr]

@@dalelambert1266 No they formed 18,000 to 20,000 years ago from the USGS

[@sampanvikingonchina2613]

Presumably, the simple effect of the crust rebounding as the Ice is lost could also produce enough geo instability to produce the same overall effects as would be caused by an impact?

[@thesjkexperience]

Thanks! Very well explained. I need to see what happened with the 22,000 year old footprints in Texas. It’s great to have so much information.

[@StelleenBlack]

White Sands New Mexico, but a camp was found from that time in Texas down near Austin.

[@sunwhisperer2070]

*As soon as I saw that 12.9k I immediately thought of Milankovitch Cycles (obliquity, eccentricity and precession). Another factor could be the Grand Solar Cycles which caused the Maunder Minimum and contributed to the end of the Bronze Age.*

[@crhu319]

Not like the Thera eruption did much huh

[@1Meter]

sssssshhhh!!! Don't let anyone know it's the sun that influences our climate! And please don't mention CO2 being the life-giving gas on this planet! PLEASE!!!

[@sunwhisperer2070]

@@crhu319 *The Sun can cause both volcanism and tectonism.*

[@petrfedor1851]

Stefan and Trey the Explainer release video at same day. What a wonderfull time to be alive. I really like art used in your excelent video.

[@StefanMilo]

Thanks, it's by Ettore Mazza. Link to his Instagram is in the description.

[@Geeserunner]

So cool to see you in the PNW.. that's my neck of the woods! I love listening to your videos during my walks through the high desert:)

[@philswede]

Greetings from Sweden! You got a bunch of great videos! Maybe one day you sort them in playlists..? 😊 Keep up the great work with this channel!

[@DonnaGisellaTranchel]

🇸🇪🥂

[@hahnilso3187]

The sea levels on the entire planet coming up 450 ft during the younger dryas is kind of significant I wonder what kind of heat source it takes to melt that volume of ice in that short period of time

[@bonnieagliata4780]

Humidity levels.I grew in the prairies, dust bowl. It was so dry & hot in the Dakota's the top soil ended up in NY .When permafrost gets dried out...💥🔥🔥🔥🔥🌋⭐💣

[@hahnilso3187]

@@bonnieagliata4780 2/3 of the laurentide ice sheet melts at 11,800 years ago in very short order raises the sea level between 250 and 300 ft covers the entire United States in a fireball look up the black mat, and creates over 100000 craters on the east coast and Southwest from secondary impacts,9600 years ago a second ocean impact melts out the rest of it and creates meltwater pulse 1B both cataclysmic events both responsible exclusively for the melting of the ice sheets destruction of most northern hemisphere megafauna. Zero to do with climate change everything to do with a celestial impact. All of this information is out there corroborated and substantiated. An excellent documentary to watch on a more current subject would be the cloud mystery about heinrich svensmarks work

[@SW-cu7sh]

Hard to fathom when human industry isn't there to blame...

[@ErgoCogita]

Do you have a citation for that figure? Ive only ever found estimates of 200 feet rise during the Younger Dryas and that was over many hundreds of years. Either way, the heat source would simply be a slight rise in average global temperatures causing a slow and steady melting of the ice sheets.

[@ErgoCogita]

@@SW-cu7sh not hard to imagine at all. It was caused by Earths Milankovitch cycle in relation to the Sun. As for the current warming trend of Earth, the rapidity and timing cannot be attributed to said cycle. Therefore it has to be from some other process. Since the Suns total solar irradiance isnt increasing and is in fact decreasing somewhat, then that leaves the other driver of climate... CO2 levels. Since Humans are, in fact, producing magnitudes more CO2 than any other known geologic process then it starts to become clear that our activities are indeed the cause of recent warming trends.

[@davidianhowe]

As an archaeologist who specializes in the Pleistocene Americas, this is easily one of the best synopses of this complex topic I've ever seen! It's also very well-said and sensitive to both sides of the debate. Well done, Stefan!

[@StefanMilo]

Thanks man! Everyone check out "a life in ruins" podcast hosted by david here. If you like my vids, you'll love it.

[@rabbamonkey]

I’m new to your channel and really enjoying the content and your delivery!

[@alexgee3762]

I really like your approach to laying out the information! I would like to know your thoughts on Gunung Padang, Gobekli Tepi, and some of the fluvial erosion that shows up on some of these megaliths all over the world?

[@Michael-du2fv]

No one wants to talk about that. It's not an accusation that people are 'hiding the truth' which is just inflammatory headlines to grab peoples attention. It's just human nature to become ingrained in an iidea, much like how Milo here immediately dismisses the idea that humans had a civilization before the Younger Dryas with no viable sources but other then to say It seems Silly to him, despite physical evidence in many fields of archeology showing that is not only highly likely but almost probable as more evidence is discovered. Human's become ingrained into a way of thinking through repetition, we base our identity of Self on what we know, if you are raised all your life being told all Dinosaurs were scaly and then in your 70's someone is telling you that was wrong, dinosaurs actually had feathers and we have evidence now they still won't believe it, because in their mind they already think they know the truth, same thing for archeologists, people are ingrained to believe hominids where stupid hunter gatherers until the start of civilization in the middle east. But now we have evidence all over that this isn't the case and people just reject it out of hand because acknowledging this evidence puts their entire identity of what they think they know into question and some people just aren't ready to question everything they thought they knew.

[@zackbleus9709]

Your production skills are really top-notch this time around.

[@fakshen1973]

I know this is an older video. But it's the third I've watched in two days. Your lectures are nice. They are college professor level lectures... just well presented and based on research. Very nice, sir; a new subscriber for you. :)

[@jakeco438]

I know this video is three years old. But I just came across it. This is a great video! Very well put together.

[@backalleycqc4790]

1. We're in an interglacial period of ice retreat: The last ice age hasn't ended, we're still in it. 2. St. Lawrence*

[@mitseraffej5812]

If this is the case bring carbon credits is a waste of money

[@paulhaslinger8994]

The same thought crosses my mind everytime I hear somebody say "the end of the last ice age". I'm glad I'm not the only one.

[@mitseraffej5812]

Chas Maravel . End time are definitely more fun than singing “ How great thou art” with glazed eyes and idiot grins.

[@michaels4255]

@Chas Maravel The Pleistocene/Quarternary will not end until earth emerges from the a splinter arm of the Milky Way through which we have been passing for the last 2.8 million years. So, roughly a million years to go.

[@mitseraffej5812]

James Stripling . There is one surety in life, everyone’s always trying to get your money.

[@joehaas3322]

@Stefan Milo Great video! Had one question after watching, what was the cause for the melt water pulses? If scientists agree that they occurred, why is there no explanation for their melting in the first place?

[@wanwaric]

Amazing! Very thoughtful coverage of how science treats uncertainty and competing hypotheses

[@whynottalklikeapirat]

More to the point - how dry was the younger badass

[@lakrids-pibe]

The Bølling-Allerød warming is named after to places in Denmark: *Bølling Sø* is a lake in Jutland that was drained in 1870 and used for peat. The *Tollund Man* , a bog man, was found there. *Allerød* is a small town on Zealand, north of Copenhagen, where there used to be a brickyard that used clay from a nearby claypit, a the pit whith deposits from the period . Denmark was partly coveret by the ice sheet 20 000 years ago, but was ice free tundra and park tundra during the Bølling-Allerød and younger dryas.

[@AmericanCock]

Thank you for spreading this information

[@dariustiapula]

Everyone knows the Goa'uld did it. Or maybe the ancients.

[@Archangelm127]

ancient_aliens.jpg

[@jeffreyroot7346]

Snaky little buggers! Death to the Goa'uld!

[@Football__Junkie]

Or the Germans would have us believe

[@stollinroned5090]

I see you are a man of culture as well

[@rooseveltbrentwood9654]

kree shok shova!

[@Emiko0807]

The Wrangle Island mammoth population seems to be poster child for the isolated population of large animals you've mentioned. They were apparently suffering from heavy in breeding which seemed to have cause a loss in hearing and other stuff. And around 2000 BC the population succumbed to their genetic problems.

[@ettinakitten5047]

Regarding megafauna extinction and the hunting hypothesis: The only megafauna to survive into modern times (elephants, rhinos, etc) are located in Africa and Asia, which are also the regions that had large populations of early hominids. One theory I've heard is that long periods of exposure to hominids that were hunters but less adept than homo sapiens, such as homo erectus, selected for animals that can handle coexistance with hunter-gatherer humans. They kinda coevolved with us, like cheetahs and gazelles coevolved. Whereas, once we spread enough to find megafauna who hadn't evolved to withstand hunting from homo erectus etc, they struggled to deal with the skilled, efficient hunting patterns of homo sapiens. (Neanderthals and Denisovans also were probably too skilled for many megafauna, too.) There's an optimal challenge level that causes natural selection, if the challenge is too great, none of the individuals are able to handle it so there's no one to select for. Kind of like if you have a plague that wipes out 60% of the population, the survivors will be more resistant to that disease, but if it wipes out 100% of the population, then they just go extinct. (Even if it left a few survivors, they could easily wind up dying out from challenges that normally aren't a major threat to the species, or fail to find mates when reproductively ready, or have severe enough inbreeding suppression that they die out.)

[@nmarbletoe8210]

I worked with endangered birds in Hawaii, and my overall impression is that the Pacific islands are great evidence for the ability of humans to cause extinctions; however, many extinctions were probably due to rats that people brought, rather than over hunting. Lowland clearing was another major cause (the land became very highly populated -- most islands in Hawaii have fewer people now than 800 years ago). For the megafauna puzzle, this all argues that overhunting is too simplistic. In the Americas, many species went extinct that probably were not hunted at all (e.g., cormorants, rails, pygmy owls). I do not think that Clovis Man can be convicted on the available evidence. He probably should be out on bail, as he's not a flight risk or a threat to the community. However I'm sure he knows more than he has revealed.

[@johnpetrakis379]

Rats did not kill Mammoths

[@21LAZgoo]

​@@johnpetrakis379 lmaoooo

[@jutjubow]

Cats killed off bird species, not rats!

[@tiredoldmechanic1791]

If I was hunting for food, I would likely have gone after smaller animals first. That would mean young mammoths. If they had the almost 2 year gestation period like elephants, killing the young would certainly result in decreased populations.

[@Rhaenarys]

I would say though you wouldn't be hunting for just yourself, but for a large group, so you'd go for an adult that can feed more. Unless you have a taste for baby elephants, but practically wise, you'd go for a bigger one to feed a group of people. But...that still hinders the young that are still feeding from mom, or alone, as in the last few.

[@gwenjackson8583]

@@Rhaenarys I think it is a more practical issue. Wouldn’t it be easier to kill, say, 3 baby mammoths as opposed to 1 large mammoth? Do they know how large the groups were? Because a baby mammoth was still quite large and could feed a good amount of people. You could be right…I’m just thinking out loud.

[@fitchikalina7507]

Makes sense to me & something I had not considered, thanks. The smaller animals breed more often & mature earlier.

[@jonathansturm4163]

Animal remains in middens show that larger fauna were killed first and the size gradually reduces over time. When the tribe gets to the bunny soup stage, they move on to a new site where there’s more big game to hunt.

[@alexlancaster7681]

Yeah if you think about, wolf's, big cats and orca all go for young, weak and old pray. It's easier to get the kill, not a 100% success rate but still a higher chance of success.

[@alexbowman7582]

Previous extreme climate events would presumably have reduced animal populations especially the megafauna ones but the widespread Sapiens would have made the animal population reductions far worse.

[@ancientplayground]

I find your channel to be extremely engaging and educational!! Subbed!!

[@kari7403]

In so glad that I fell asleep with my phone in my hand. Because I did so, I woke up to this video and have now found this amazing channel! I've found some of my favorite channels by pressing random videos in my sleep. Great way to find exceptional ones, like this one! Lol. I'm excited to get watching all the previous videos, and to see what a coming next. Also, I just had to point out that I pressed, Subscribe, as soon as I heard the view point on "evil archeologists" supposedly hiding evidence of our past, to supposedly protect their thesis and $50,000 salary. Lol. It's incredibly sad how far and few in between it is to find any logic on this subject, anymore. Thank you for being one of the sane ones.

[@bartdebondt8663]

www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-38089-y cosmictusk.com/younger-dryas-impact-hypothesis-bibliography-and-paper-archive/ have fun catching up!

[@williamkirk7781]

I just did this same exact thing! Badass

[@decanusseverus8773]

It took me the whole video to realize the relevance of the mountain maybe I’m still wrong but I never even stopped to think how cold it is in the mountains. This man just perpetuated himself getting colder just to teach us bout the younger drias respect.

[@denizmetint.462]

"Trade with Canyon Runner if you like. Make trouble and things won't go well for you."

[@trolltracker]

Words are tough, eh?

[@trolltracker]

Oh, another Russian troll! Literally! Wtf youtube

[@bkf8166]

The tundra and windswept pines indicate that he's just at tree level. Probably about 10,000-11,000 feet ASL.

[@judycasley108]

This is fascinating. I didn’t want it to end.

[@dennistinucci5735]

I commend your deep probing of issues and coherent synthesis of evidence, all of which takes our research view to the next level. Well done and thanks for making such a significant contribution to such a challenging discipline as anthropology.

[@chizpa305]

Wasn't there a huge crater found under the ice in Greenland, that scientists say it must have occurred relatively recently? and if it did happen, judging by the diameter of the crater, it much have been a fairly catastrophic impact.

[@daledrinnon7307]

Actual large chunks of meteorite from "the largest meteorite fall in history" were found there, dating from about the right time In other words, some scientists deny there is any good evidence of a strike and we have pieces of the meteorite already in hand as proof. basically a case of the one hand not knowing what the other one was doing. one video on the crater is Massive crater under Greenland's ice points to climate-altering impact in the time of humans - kzbin.info/www/bejne/nZiTnnSfncega5o

[@forestdweller5581]

2 craters were found.

[@woodspirit98]

There's also an 18 Mile crater in the Indian ocean under 12,000 feet of water from 6000 years ago.

[@swirvinbirds1971]

12k-3 million years old do not place it's creation to the Younger Dryas.

[@21LAZgoo]

hiawatha crater has been accurately dated to 58 million years ago, theres been some sites in north america 1 example being a feature in the quebecia terrain that have been proposed as impact sites

[@JaiUneGuruDeja]

Stefan: have you considered the alignment of the many oval-shaped scallops that are referred to as the Carolina Bays? They all seem to point to a location that was covered by ice at the time they were formed. The earth is also raised around their boundaries indicating impact.

[@swirvinbirds1971]

Let me help you. Once again dating work done on the Carolina Bays tell us they were not formed during the Younger Dryas, they do not align as claimed and are in fact aligned with local wind patterns. Antonio Zamora only places it with the proposed Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis as he needs it to further his frankly insane hypothesis. Nothing, literally nothing places their formation to the time frame of the Younger Dryas.

[@dartmart9263]

If the Younger Dryas were happening today, with several degrees difference each year (not our pathetic one degree in a century), the powers that be would be going ballistic. It’s clear that our planet and our species has survived and thrived with much greater temperature and humidity variations in the past. And yet we lived through it all, more or less just fine.

[@christophermckay7082]

Good video. Such a relief to watch a video where the presenter isn't shoving his personality in your face.

[@RobertWF42]

So did the Hyborian Age (as depicted in the docudrama "Conan the Barbarian") precede the Younger Dryas? I think some more work needs to be done in this area. ;-)

[@YellowKing1986]

For sure.

[@Football__Junkie]

Was that between the time the oceans drank Atlantis and the rise of the sons of Aryas?

[@Kenshiroit]

Its just fiction

[@IrritatorXleXretour]

Well, judging by the time we've been on Earth as a species it could have happened at least 3 times and we would have almost no evidence depending on how far into the past it occured (the Hyborian Age is typically placed sometimes around 30k BC if I'm not too mistaken).

[@thorlivingstone6873]

@@IrritatorXleXretour Its called Gravettien already,no need for new names.And they worshipped steroids and crom.

[@rayzorrayzor9000]

23.02 , lmao 😂 6 . “None of them died and there still living amongst us “ I really wasn’t expecting that , thanks for the laugh 😂

[@Vulcano7965]

A very overlooked hypothesis. These old crusty professors are just not open to new ideas amirite? ;)

[@rnnyhoff]

Superb scholarship on topics and terms that are new to me ... you have a pedagogical ability and a modesty that speaks of a professorial status. Your video is fascinating and amazingly instructive. Thank you.

[@megret1808]

The Willamette Valley in central Oregon State is dotted with huge erratics that may have traveled hundreds of miles

[@jefferywise1906]

Look up island gigantism. Moa were large land birds with only the eagles as prey animals. They also lasted until humans showed up. The same is true of Madagascar with the giant lemur and Elephant bird. (Jason and the Argonauts) it’s thought that the egg of the elephant bird inspired the story of the giant bird that they had to fight off.

[@harrymills2770]

Maybe it's not only humans, but also the evolution of other species that were quicker, faster, smarter or just had more endurance than the megafauna. In our legends and myths of the past, the "giants" and megafauna are always tougher than puny species of the current day, but if you look at the kinematics of some of those bigger predators and prey, they're just not as maneuverable as the species dominating, today. I wouldn't be at all surprised to learn, for certain, that humans had a big impact on the extinction of megafauna, but those species are also slower and less agile than the species that replaced them. Maybe the giant sloths were JUST quick enough to give a giant cave bear or dire wolf or smilodon a bad time, but were no match for a pack of more modern wolves. Just making up examples, here. But I'm just a guy sitting in a La-Z-Boy.

[@trolltracker]

I think he knows what is island gigantism lmao

[@nmarbletoe8210]

Just read an article about Madagascar: the first people on the island lived along side the megafauna for 2,000 years, but then agriculture started and it went extinct.

[@jefferywise1906]

@@nmarbletoe8210 Paradise Lost is habitat lost. Not only was over hunting a cause leading to the extinction of the passenger pidgin it occurred simultaneously with the felling of the forest that they depended upon. Clear cutting for farms felled their nesting and feeding grounds. Well people will always do what they must to survive. In ever increasing numbers more wild lands fall to the plow the mines the cities… it seems paradise is outnumbered.

[@mocarp60]

400 feet is the numbers I find for the sea lvl rise since the last ice age....as far as megafauna what happened to the animals man did not kill? was like 40 species? and why did animals like the muskox and pronghorn survive?.....

[@stripeytawney822]

mocarp60 aliens right? gotta be aliens.

[@WTFisDrifting]

stripey tawney he’s saying it was a asteroid but ok

[@jonous2001]

Randomness? Why didn't the tree branch fall where it did 'until' I parked under it.

[@The_Dudester]

I live in a city that frequently floods. So, the scientists say "okay, there was sea rise, but that would only affect the coasts." Consider that rivers would be stopped up as in, not just water flowing into an accepting sea but stop flowing water and see what happens. What I mean by this is that the storm drains flow into the bayou, but fill the bayou and what happens to the storm drains? They fill, then back up. So, the Mississippi stops flowing and floods. The St. Laurence backs up. Where is that water from melting ice caps to go? Basins and other rivers. Ever heard of the Grand Canyon? How about Palo Duro canyon? As an earlier poster said elsewhere in the thread, it wasn't just one thing-it was a chain of things. Comet impact. Melt off of ice caps. Floods, volcanoes, fire, disease, famine.

[@grindupBaker]

​ @Nick Nack Yes but it really ramped up at 14,400 years, not just the MP-1A, MP-1B but the whole next 7,000 years. Which makes sense because +ve feedbacks. Like: 20,000 - 14,400: 3.9 mm / year 14,400 - 7,000: 13.6 mm / year So the essense of de-glaciation was 13.6 mm / year (which is your "about 1cm per year").

[@ReinoudAlbrecht]

I really like your videos. Keep up the excellent work.

[@lindsayheyes925]

Thanks for a really good resume of the Younger Dryas, and for giving the UK a mention... most don't.

[@AndyCutright]

This is a great channel. Mazza's artwork is great, and brings your discourse to life. Excellent collaboration.

[@michaelcollins7958]

Admittedly I only learned about the term Younger Dryas from reading Graham Hancock. I really enjoy all of his books. I also really enjoyed your video and I will look forward to other videos you make.

[@Benjamin-mh8ei]

So what's the chance some large regional culture was wiped away by the outpouring of the super-lakes? They would be along rivers to begin with, so when the river widens and deepens 100x, that should wipe everything, correct?

[@stevenmesser3747]

Yooooooo Milo from miniminuteman just shouted u out. Never fanned over anyone on the internet but u said it best and first about the younger dryas and with this graham Hancock Netflix shat out now more ppl will look this up so Hopefully ppl will see past the billshat and find you for some knowledge

[@ws2228]

I think a caveman or bigfoot left the refrigerator door open.

[@bremdamiller3629]

I really enjoyed the longer video and I learned something new because I had never heard of the younger dryas.

[@StefanMilo]

Thanks! There are corners of the internet that are obsessed with this time period. They believe, despite the evidence, that this was the time of Atlantis.

[@LyubomirIko]

​@Andrew Cannon I think what you are more interested in - is the psyche of those ancient people. Those people have shaped even through the distance of that much time - our worldview, our thinking, our imagination. They sure build out of stone - for you to get in touch with them in a sense. And through psyche - we can travel in time.

[@Q_QQ_Q]

@Stefan Milo What everyone refers to Atlantis was Indonesian Plateau which if you look was above sea water level during YD and not chain of islands like today . Atlantis stories as told by egptians are not make up stories af .

[@brucetucker4847]

@@Q_QQ_Q There is zero evidence that anyone in Egypt ever told stories about Atlantis. As far as anyone knows it was just a parable made up by Plato.

[@Q_QQ_Q]

@@brucetucker4847 twisted , politicized but not entirely false .

[@kairon156]

Thank you!! I've heard about earth going through older climate change events but it's unreasonably tough to find a video accurately talking about it.

[@johngidman4574]

OMG, the weather changed in a few decades. It must have been all the campfires!

[@siriusfun]

Interestingly, Michael Shermer recently conceded that Graham Hancock was correct about some of his assertions.

[@phillywister9957]

well he had to, it was finally proven after impact remnants were found in syria and thousands of rogan-people were probably bombarding him with that when it first came out.

[@ZringMalti]

what he said was that he hadn't given the man a fair shot, not that he was/is correct.

[@maisondusuave]

So glad you're not promoting the nonsense. I enjoy your vids, thanks.

[@percivalvillacampa7860]

Well researched and an objective presentation of the younger dryas phenomenon.

[@justaguy6100]

You're always one of my trusted sources. Any time I hear someone making claims about paleo history that he can't seem to get past peer review, it seems they start complaining about conspiracies to "suppress the truth" because it would somehow mess with their careers if they admitted their "truth." That's when I check to see if my boots are tall enough for the BS I'm being given.