What Are Scientists Trying to Find Lurking Below the Antarctic Ice?

As Antarctic ice melts, the ancient substances within are slowly being released. What will happen to our planet once it's all gone? Visit brilliant.org/astrum to sample their courses in a 30-day free trial. You’ll also get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
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References:
Naughten, K.A., Holland, P.R. & De Rydt, J. Unavoidable future increase in West Antarctic ice-shelf melting over the twenty-first century. Nat. Clim. Chang. 13, 1222-1228 (2023). doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01...
Stips, A., Macias, D., Coughlan, C. et al. On the causal structure between CO2 and global temperature. Sci Rep 6, 21691 (2016). doi.org/10.1038/srep21691
Baldovin, M., Cecconi, F., Provenzale, A. et al. Extracting causation from millennial-scale climate fluctuations in the last 800 kyr. Sci Rep 12, 15320 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18...
Hodnebrog, Ø., Myhre, G., Jouan, C. et al. Recent reductions in aerosol emissions have increased Earth’s energy imbalance. Commun Earth Environ 5, 166 (2024). doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01...
Hao, D., Bisht, G., Wang, H. et al. A cleaner snow future mitigates Northern Hemisphere snowpack loss from warming. Nat Commun 14, 6074 (2023). doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41...
Caesar, L., McCarthy, G.D., Thornalley, D.J.R. et al. Current Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation weakest in last millennium. Nat. Geosci. 14, 118-120 (2021). doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00...
Jackson, L.C., Biastoch, A., Buckley, M.W. et al. The evolution of the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation since 1980. Nat Rev Earth Environ 3, 241-254 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00...
Ditlevsen, P., Ditlevsen, S. Warning of a forthcoming collapse of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Nat Commun 14, 4254 (2023). doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39...
René M. van Westen et al. ,Physics-based early warning signal shows that AMOC is on tipping course.Sci. Adv.10,eadk1189(2024).DOI:10.1126/sciadv.adk1189
Giuliana Viglione. Ozone-depleting gases might have driven extreme Arctic warming. Nature News (2020) www.nature.com/articles/d4158...
Credits:
Writer(s): Chris Bartlett
Editor/Animator: Pavel Allsi
Narrator: Alex McColgan
Producer(s): Alex McColgan/ Raquel Taylor
Thumbnail Design: Peter Sheppard
#astrum #astronomy #earth #enviroment #climatechange

[@1three7]

I don't get what is going on in all your videos comment sections lately. Everyone is so bitter and angry. I just want to say there's definitely plenty of us out here who love your approach to these videos. You're willing to cover topics that upset all political ideologies and just focus on accuracy as it should be. I'm happy every time i see a new video from you

[@pa5287]

BECAUSE PEOPLE ARE GETTING PEED OFF WITH THIS SO CALLED CLIMATE CHANGE CAUSED BY HUMANS

[@bobsterclause342]

Probably deceptive titles

[@gayprepperz6862]

The contentious attitude you find here is going on everywhere. Everyone is so volatile and aggressive, The legacy and social media platforms are pushing with great gusto, it ups their viewership.

[@BufordTGleason]

@@gayprepperz6862the truth is very unpleasant that some are not willing to accept

[@BufordTGleason]

Entropy is something, unfortunately that is not well understood by the majority of people otherwise they would understand that the heat being used to convert the ice to water will heat the water rapidly once the ice is gone

[@Liam25433]

great video! I’m used to astrum doing vids abt space, but a video about earth itself is a nice change

[@interstellarsurfer]

It's pandering.

[@Ezekiel903]

If we compare the rapid melting of the ice from 12'000 years with today, they should know that half of Northern Europe was under a kilometer-thick layer of ice, and North America too. Today, most of the ice is already on the sea, only in Antarctica is it relatively balanced, but the masses of ice that are now over Greenland are no longer comparable to the kilometer-thick layers that existed in the past. The sea level will not rise much as a result. And the previous model predicted a rise of 2.5°C, we "only" achieved 1.5°C. So they were already 1°C too high! Most civilisations had a flowering period in warmer times, there were safe harvests. No reason to spread panic!

[@Ezekiel903]

especially that example from 2020, a human made virus, yeah great. At least don't use a man made virus as example ASTRUM!

[@iHeartOiSkanks]

@@interstellarsurferpandering to who? Sounds like he made up his mind due to the evidence

[@brianshissler3263]

Dude, earth is IN space

[@jobamer7684]

What a day. A new Astrum, PBS Spacetime and Veritasium video 👏🏻

[@dramlamb5196]

Nice channels

[@phizzle24]

2 out of 3 are Aussie ❤

[@ZMAN_420]

Great Channel!👍🏻🇺🇲

[@JustinWestbrook-be1mp]

Yes those are quality and entertaining channels.

[@PabloBatistaArq]

Lot of people here saying personal opinions like it was scientific evidence 😞 I blame politics. And money

[@themollerz]

Morons are a dime a dozen, and the internet was made easily and affordably accessible. Instead of learning from that pipe line of information, they went the wrong way down stupidity holes.

[@MichaelHarto]

I blame dunning kruger effect

[@onlyonewhyphy]

@@MichaelHarto you should blame the ever changing story, the highly questionable record gathering, the experts with stock in "eco" companies and far more than anyone has to type out. I blame willful ignorance.

[@MantisMaestro]

@@onlyonewhyphy Hardly an ever-changing story. Sure, new measurements come along, and models are adjusted, but they've all be saying broadly the same thing for decades. It would be more suspicious if it didn't ever change and all new data perfectly conformed. Sure, some people might be in line to make a profit from new Green tech companies, but that pales in comparison to the trillions of vested interests in Oil, Gas, Coal and the status quo in general.

[@stevebloom5606]

@@onlyonewhyphy In your case, blaming yourself might be helpful.

[@furkano8574]

Netherlands war against the sea continues

[@darthsnarf]

Submarine colony

[@BarryRijkse]

My house is at -3m below current sea level 😳

[@Malsgebakkengroenteburger]

Indeed, and most dutch people dont even care these days. You can tell them all this stuff, they will still vote for rightist parties that deny climate change... its maddening

[@dtibor5903]

Netherlands took away what belonged to the sea. It's just matter of time and it will claim back.

[@thegreenxeno9430]

The Dutch get too much credit for coming up with the brilliant idea of digging a trench. And not enough credit for the effort they put into it.

[@januaryramadhan7765]

Short answer: Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC)

[@stemartin6671]

What a-mock 😅

[@theMosen]

Only if east coast American sea levels are all you care about. Globally (which I assume is what is implied in the title), the short answer is thermal expansion.

[@JonnoPlays]

AMOC is very important. I just spent a few days watching KZbin videos about it. Unfortunately we have absolutely no data as to what would happen if the AMOC did change in some way so there's no way to say it would be catastrophic, but all signs are pointing that direction such as Europe becoming as cold as Canada for example. AMOC is a good subject to explore for sure. Understanding how el niño and el niña are related to sea temperatures is important too. We're finding out more and more how the sun cycle effects our day to day weather so that's another subject of interest worth investigating more here on KZbin. Lots to learn about for those willing to take the time.

[@richardvanderwerff7264]

@@JonnoPlays A kindred soul ! Also , the fresh ice melt water is going to contribute to the AMOC to turn over .ICE BOMB !! Going to get fucken chilly.

[@thanosbustedinyourmum]

Another short answer nothing because there is no Antarctica that would be the ice wall

[@jamesgrover2005]

What refutes science: • Better science What DOESN'T refute science: • Your feelings • Your favorite politician • Your religion • Your half-baked opinion after watching two KZbin videos

[@mr.honeybee7661]

Rubbish

[@1986tessie]

​@mr.honeybee7661 yeah... my religion DOES REFUTE SCIENCE. Lol good 1.

[@m1keway266]

Best comment I've seen. Some real mouth breathers in this comment section for some odd reason. Yikes.

[@onlyonewhyphy]

_"Trust the Science"_ ✝️

[@TheAlex29494]

​@@onlyonewhyphy no, you don't blindly trust the science. You strive to come up with a better explanation and prove it so that others get same results as you. Can't do it? then shut up

[@truckwrecker6822]

One fact I believe you got wrong.. Man does not learn from his mistakes.

[@dsmccolgan]

😢

[@benjamintherogue2421]

If that was true, misanthrope, humanity would have gone extinct hundreds of thousands of years ago. As it stands, humanity conquered nature.

[@user-qm4mz6du2i]

Yeah mom has to always clean up after them.

[@Kodiak42]

edge. If true, we wouldn't be on youtube.

[@jancurtis7827]

History always repeats itself.

[@Markfr0mCanada]

Can't say that I've ever licked a ski lift pole, but I skill get your point.

[@ifell3]

Looking on the bright side we might get a nuclear winter, that should help out the poles 😬

[@interstellarsurfer]

The Poles will likely have a hard time of it, though.

[@luizdevil6855]

How many poles do we have ? like 3 ?

[@interstellarsurfer]

@@luizdevil6855 A whole land full of them.

[@Scaliad]

​@@interstellarsurferThey make the best jokes... well, except for those aliens...

[@audioaddict5279]

I think the Poles are more concerned with what Russia is up to.

[@AndTecks]

I knew we were doomed. if I start having a tiny bit of optimism, I make sure I read the diahreah that is the youtube comments section.

[@luizdevil6855]

We are not doomed, we're just going to be forced to adapt in what seems thousands of years of complacency. I liked this video because it didn't have a doom tone, which is always present on climate change videos, which I hate. I don't believe climate change is a catastrophe, its something to be managed, a problem we could fix if we decided it was important and invested effort. It doesn't even need to be a lot, 15% of the GDP over decades might do it. What's dooming us is our inaction.

[@rr-zb3rh]

​@@luizdevil685515% of countries GDP isn't a lot?😂

[@mikelong5207]

You can tell us how doomed we all are when you retire from work and get your pension, because unlike the crisis alarmist nonsense, that is going to happen!

[@michaelt1775]

​@rr-zb3rh not if you live in africa or the middle east or south America 😂

[@jsonjsoff]

​@@rr-zb3rhUS politicians launder that amount in 6 months easy

[@helmann9265]

Thanks!👑 fantastic as always 🌟

[@astrumspace]

Want to adopt a star? Not a real one, just the one at the end of our videos - they’re lonely and could use a Patron’s name next to them 🙂 Sign-up here: bit.ly/4anEb5u

[@mugennojin3513]

Not the own a star thing from three bodies problem 😂

[@daMillenialTrucker]

@@mugennojin3513 y do you love me for

[@phlezktravels]

Want to free Palestinians from colonial settler apartheid war crimes? ISISsrael created and supports Hamas. Zionism is antisemitism and terrorism ❤️🍉🇵🇸🍉❤️

[@themollerz]

Dude your last couple videos are pretty lame and ignore a boatload of science on the matter.

[@paperandpavement]

​@@themollerzlol yeah you nailed it. Im about to unsub🙃

[@claypoole702]

You forgot to mention the contribution of the connection between the Axial Procession and the Equatorial Bulge/tides influenced by the moon. And we have yet to see if the migrating Magnetic Poles have a major effect to the ice caps. And if we actually have a long over due Magnetic Flip, what that will contribute to the overall change.

[@gartenstuhl2396]

Great video as always, I have learned things :) Thanks!

[@hermancharlesserrano1489]

Did I miss the thermal expansion of the oceans? …now I’ll have to go back and properly listen instead of multitasking

[@emceeboogieboots1608]

11:35

[@im_giogaudet]

Thank you for your absolutely amazing work.

[@NICOLAI_VET]

Will the thermal expansion of the Earth be a catalyst for earthquakes?

[@10kmilesy]

I've learned in lectures that the land ice in Greenland are big enough to attract ocean water in that region; the loss of Greenland ices could mean less water around Greenland and more water elsewhere

[@KT-pv3kl]

we are talking about a few mm at best over the entirety of the planet here.

[@user-iv7us4gp4l]

@@KT-pv3kl What ? Try differences of over 15 feet over the planet...it's called gravity and density !

[@michaelwilson8856]

These videos are great. Thanks for your time and effort.

[@ianlawrie919]

Astounding as always 👏👍👌

[@Cheka__]

It's rising because people are pouring their unfinished drinks into it.

[@MiroslawHorbal]

Not only that. Every time I go swimming in the sea, I go pee.

[@redfields5070]

No, it's coming from people flushing toilets.

[@markrix]

I was just gonna say because the rivers keep flowing, duh!

[@Unmannedair]

It's rising because the core has reversed direction.... 😆

[@TDurden527]

All possibly right . . . maybe. Although I did spit into the sewer today.

[@ZBB0001]

I really had to go. I mean I REALLY had to go....

[@brown2889]

I really enjoy Astrum. I’m of the mind that if it weren’t for the Moon the Earth would not have such a balance in the ocean. Of course with the exception of when our orbit takes the higher plane and everything gets icy.

[@rps1689]

As a sea farer you shoulld know sea levels are unevenly distributed around the planet due to local terrain, distance from the equator, and uneven patterns of ocean expanding. Obviously where you anchor often, the land is rising at the same rate as the ocean.

[@rastrisfrustreslosgomez544]

And the earth is expanding like an inflating Baloon as concecuence.. . 😐

[@JB52520]

​@@rastrisfrustreslosgomez544 As the ice melts from the poles, it changes Earth's mass distribution, making it more spherical. This results in more sea level rise at the equator. So for now there actually are some places that stay roughly the same because the ground is moving up.

[@rastrisfrustreslosgomez544]

@@JB52520 that is just not true. All the water mass in the world is neglible to the overall mass of the earth. Even if all the poles were to melt away earth Will remain largely the same shape since it's such a neglible mass by comparison. We call it planet earth but I think planet iron is way more appropiate

[@rastrisfrustreslosgomez544]

@@JB52520 that is not true. All the water mass on the whole world is neglible when compared to the overall mass of the earth. That means that a change in water distribution is neglible to the overall shape of the earth

[@emceeboogieboots1608]

​@@rastrisfrustreslosgomez544 We don't need to think of the mass of the planet, only the crust, as it is floating itself. Any land that has been covered in thousands of metres of ice, has enough mass on it to be depressed downward, and consequently return upwards when the ice retreats. I believe there is a lot of land still rebounding from the last ice age.

[@Transmissiondude]

Some of the issues in sea level rising. Is the sand that is used for construction. If you dig into this subject you’ll understand why we’re running out of building sand. And you’ll see how it affects the beach’s. It’s an open market with little to no oversight.

[@Ricardofromage]

Same with drainage gravel and ballast mix, the ton bags turn up smelling of brine...... wonder where they're getting all of that..

[@dsmccolgan]

I have never heard this aspect been mentioned before

[@jaejonmalloy1341]

Pulling sand further inland would have the opposite effect. Much of that sand is pulled from the edges of the shores and just beyond it, for that exact reason. It doesn't matter how much you look into something, if you're looking in the wrong places.

[@michaelotoole1807]

beach sand is not suitable for construction.

[@Transmissiondude]

@@michaelotoole1807 you are wrong. It’s beach sand that’s is the only sand useable in construction. Its shape is why that is. It’s also why you can build sand castles. Go look into it. Sand mafia is a good video.

[@user-dn9bu2qj1j]

Alex, you have a wonderful voice that adds another layer to your presentations. I think all of your videos are outstanding, intelligent and chalked full of information. If people choose to live under a rock and pretend our world isn't changing dramatically, so be it.

[@Didymus20X6]

1. A shape-shifting alien intent on conquering the earth. 2. Intelligent winged starfish people.

[@thealterego1777]

What can you profit off a hot planet? Probably the women will be carried away *shrug*

[@user-jp7df6th4l]

The map at 4:09 is wrong. It shows a 6 meter sealevel rise, not 70 meters!

[@roevhaal578]

The map shows wildly inconsistent sea level rise, it is around 6m in Southern Vietnam, in Florida it's about 25m and the Alaskan panhandle is around 700m. I tried to do Cuba but it didn't line up closely no matter what height I used. Just look at it, in what world would the Norwegian west coast be more affected than the Swedish and Finnish coast?

[@user-jp7df6th4l]

@@roevhaal578 The map is on the wikipedia page of "Sea level rise"

[@roevhaal578]

@@user-jp7df6th4l Well it's still an incorrect map. Wikipedia can't change geography.

[@stanm4601]

..and what do YOU base that comment on?..?? IF you want to call someone wrong. How about some facts, proof. !

[@KT-pv3kl]

@@stanm4601 go to google maps look at the coastline of the Wikipedia map and check the altitude of the new coastline in google maps you will see vastly different values when the sea level should always have a consistent value and not vary by more than a few meters as water finds its level and cant be at 6m higher in one spot and 70m higher in another.

[@TerribleMuriel]

Oh no a typo - Antarctic*

[@paulendry6398]

AntARTic means… against art?

[@eternalstudent7461]

​@@paulendry6398That would be Antiartic.. LoL

[@kentroglobalinvestmentllc8921]

15:50 “ the lower our ecosystems readiness for it”. Stems from a misunderstanding of evolutionary biology. In fact, the longer back it’s from, the less it’s ready for Our ecosystems, the less chance it could be that black swan microbe as the further back it is the less of its host species would be available for it to mutate in. It’s just not accurate to state that the inverse is true.

[@441rider]

Ice in water things get colder, Ice sliding of rock your in for a shock.

[@alanmassoli5989]

I've been a subscriber to your KZbin channel for a couple years now. So, I just wanted to say to you that I'm grateful that a bright young person such as yourself takes the time and effort to produce such quality content that is easily understandable for so many to learn from and enjoy as much as I do. So, thank you Alex. And everyone that is part of helping you produce these videos. Alan Massoli United States

[@Satire-Gaming]

I thought sea level rise was caused by the tears of haters.

[@TheEddgreen]

Tears of global warming haters, right? :)

[@justadildeau]

😂 I thought it was from carbon taxes flowing out into the deep blue

[@CrimsonLegacy]

We have enough haters in the comment section on this video to do it all ourselves! Haha

[@SnappyWasHere]

It’s tears of laughter from the boomers. They caused this and got all the benefits and are laughing at us left to deal with it.

[@Danger_Dee]

@Astrum Question: when we talk about 70m of ocean level rise, does that take into account thermal expansion, or is that purely the amount of water released by the ice caps and glaciers?

[@TheSolidSnakeOil]

I just came of the comments. I'll watch later but the civil war is far more interesting right now.

[@johnrichardson8606]

please explain?

[@TheSolidSnakeOil]

@@johnrichardson8606 I'm going to need you to use your words.

[@RPLAsmodeus]

TRUMP 2024 👊

[@onlyonewhyphy]

@@TheSolidSnakeOil 😂 you couldn't have been clearer

[@Scaliad]

It's hard to care much about oceans rising just now...

[@SuperVlerik]

Not just black swan coastal flooding events, but also the increasing intrusion of seawater into formerly fresh water coastal aquifers. So even if your Florida property is (for now) above flood levels, it doesn't mean you'll be able to drink the water.

[@ClyDIley]

Thats what wells are for

[@ClyDIley]

And filtration devices, they got plenty of sand

[@SuperVlerik]

@@ClyDIley Ummmmm, not sure we're one the same page with this. Putting a well into salt water only brings up....salt water.

[@SuperVlerik]

@@ClyDIley Sand doesn't filter out salt.

[@TheStephaneAdam]

@@ClyDIley ... You know, wilful ignorance won't change reality. Plug your ears al you want, your won't magivally stop being under water.

[@ianfowler2652]

I love your videos and am very impressed. Your slow and excellent narration allows me to get my head around what you are saying. I have a Bsc so am not a thicko but need time to understand a new concept. Well done. I am from Wales in the UK and think that you must hail from around the valleys in south Wales.

[@robbierobinson8819]

First off, Alex, please don't ever consider not presenting and narrating yourself - you are at the top. Next, congratulations on another episode with amazing animated and still graphics and images. While still a lecturer at a university, I have presented some of the things you covered today in ecology lectures, but this would have blown the student away. Finally, I cannot understand the amount of negativity in many comment. Presumably you have spoiled them - they should try watching some channels supposedly covering science topics, and at least one that shall remain nameless, does not allow comments despite totally click-bait titles and low level research narrated by an AI that is still at Fourth Grade level.

[@Mia_linking]

Land is sinking in some areas, rising in others. Shift happens

[@user-rl6wr2ny7f]

shhhhhh... carbon

[@cocacola4blood365]

🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣

[@hannajarvenpaa5079]

Rising here in Scandinavia, but little use for that if it gets too cold...

[@pellestorck3776]

The rising sea levels discussed here is due to human activity.

[@ooberholzer]

@@user-rl6wr2ny7f Yeah... sentences... hard for you... we know...

[@Kim_Jong-un1356]

Change is the only constant. We'll adapt.

[@thealterego1777]

Here's a toast to the sunny future!

[@werneryc]

Great visuals in this presentation and nuannced overview

[@turtletom8383]

Sea level is actually almost topped out, relatively

[@tedbomba6631]

Alex, another great offering by you and your very accomplished colleagues ! This quality of work keeps me coming back to your site when I want a dependable source for such information.

[@stevebloom5606]

Excellent episode, thanks!

[@ericdanielski4802]

Interesting video.

[@Space30MINUTES]

Very interesting video! 😲 But does anyone else think that there are many factors other than melting ice that contribute to sea level rise?

[@altvamp]

I've noticed the total lack of wildlife in the last 30+ years, we used to hear birds every morning, woods were filled with birdsong, if you went for a walk in the evening you'd see hundreds of hares and rabbits, now it's quite everywhere, the numbers are pretty low now and seeing any of the above is rare.

[@playerroku4412]

Where? What are you talking about?

[@kcflick6132]

This year there were more birds recorded during migration in the Great Lakes then ever before :)

[@Squintz45]

Hundreds of hares and rabbits? The hare and rabbit farm must have closed some time in the last 30+ years.

[@markluxton3402]

Not enough CO2. Levels are dangerously low on Earth. We need more CO2 plant food to make more plant growth to enrich soils, to feed more animals. CO2 is NOT pollution and not a cause of imagined global warming.

[@altvamp]

@@Squintz45 You've obviously never lived in the countryside, never gone on an evening walk in it and maybe too young to ever see it, which judging by your childish comment is probably about 15.

[@notfunny3397]

Sorry guys, its my fault. I left the tap on.

[@Shaden0040]

what are you referring to in 2020 the Black Swan I don't recognize the reference can you please explain that further? Thanks

[@jadeed14]

Haven't watched the entire video yet, but could they mean "black swan theory"? Basically an event that is extremely rare (so it is not taken into account when making preparations, creating policies, etc.) but has colossal consequences once it eventually occurs

[@DesertSessions93]

The water can come up out of the giant sponge we live on that we call the Earth

[@aadixum]

For all those thinking that ice melting in a cup of water does not raise the level, there are 2 things: 1. Greenland and Antarctica are landmasses. Any ice being added to water can raise the level. 2. As the video mentioned, plate tectonics plays a role here. As the weight a plate bears decreases, the plate will rise, and some other plate will sink. Though this is not enough to trigger earthquakes, it is enough to rise/lower the sea level significantly. 3. Even in the ideal case where all ice would be present only in the water, and plates would not exist, the melting of ice would still release prehistoric organisms and chemicals trapped in it over many years. So yes, melting of ice is a big concern, as it is currently accelerated by humans. People saying that 'government' is trying to control us are just fear-mongering (though greenwashing is still equally deadly, and ruins the reputation of actual environment conservation efforts).

[@Sir_Loin_]

Pseudo

[@EnsignRedshirtRicky]

Let me start with #2 - Plate tectonics take hundreds of thousands of years to notice. #1 Yay-saying. You list the fact that two areas are landmasses, then just claim that adding ice to water raises the the water level. Yet the "ice" is already in the water, it is not magically spawning as if in a video game. Finally #3 those organisms are long dead. The only accurate thing you did post is the chemical would be released, but of course YOU have no idea what those chemicals are, or in what concentration since actual scientists can only predict both of those variable. So please stop pretending you understand these topics because you read a wiki page. The melting of ice has been going on for four decades and has yet to raise the water level AT ALL. Beach front property along the East and West coast of N. America, on average (some areas do fluctuate, but they average out over the entire continent) has not been disappearing or else the communities would be moving inland.

[@lynnebalzer5520]

The sea level stays the same. It is only the rising and falling land masses that change.

[@RandomTorok]

A paper from the University of Toronto several years ago showed that the Antarctic ice shelves have a gravitational pull. That means when they disappear the water currently being pulled to the southern hemisphere will move north. Sea levels will recede in the southern hemisphere and rise in the northern. I've been wondering what effect all this shifting water will have on tectonic plates. Or is the water like the arms of a figure skater, she pulls them in close to spin faster and spreads them out to spin slower? Will the water concentrate at the equator slowing the earth's rotation?

[@Pax.Alotin]

Ice is less dense than water. The difference in relation to 'gravity' effect between the attraction of 'Ice' compared to liquid water is almost immeasurable.

[@KT-pv3kl]

the arctic ice shelves have the same gravitational pull so why do you think it will move north?

[@weissfox5857]

@@Pax.Alotin I think the point he was making is that liquid water would start mostly evenly distributing itself and its gravitational pull across all the world's ocean, whereas solid ice can pile up in huge mountains over antarctica, locally increasing gravity in that area relative to the rest of the planet.

[@weissfox5857]

@@KT-pv3kl There is far less arctic ice than antarctic ice and that gap is widening since the arctic ice is melting faster than the antarctic ice. Ice is more resilient over land than over water, and the arctic has a lot less land than the antarctic. Ice melting doesn't make the gravity of the water molecules go away of course, but mountains exert a locally elevated amount of gravity because the mass is piled up in one place. The same is presumably true for massive sheets of ice relative to the lower and flatter ocean.

[@Pax.Alotin]

@@weissfox5857 Weissfox -- Thankyou for your reply. The Earth's crust is less than 1/10th of 1% of the Earth's Diameter. It also represents 0.5 of 1% of the Earth's Mass. There is no doubt our oceans are 'lumpy' with significant variations in height from once region to another. These variations are due to a number of factors - including wind - current's - ocean temperature - etc. There are areas where Earth's gravity is slightly different. But overall the effect is minimal..So - I think that those claiming the melting Ice will have a profound effect on the Ocean's gravity are being taken for a ride.

[@maxnaz47]

Something i've never heard anyone discuss or even mention when it comes to sea level changes is under water volcanism. We know it takes place in many places around the globe and is evident through new islands being created, tectonic plate movement and sea bed eruptions... I'd be very interested to see a detailed video about it's effects, if at all...

[@dilwich]

''How dare you'' . . . Doom Goblin 2024.

[@eliinthewolverinestate6729]

In 1990, the IPCC First Assessment Report acknowledged that "Human-made aerosols, from sulphur emitted largely in fossil fuel combustion can modify clouds and this may act to lower temperatures", while "a decrease in emissions of sulphur might be expected to increase global temperatures".Since the 1980s, a decrease in air pollution has led to a partial reversal of the dimming trend, sometimes referred to as global brightening. This global brightening had contributed to the acceleration of global warming, which began in the 1990s. In 2020, COVID-19 lockdowns provided a notable "natural experiment", as there had been a marked decline in sulfate and black carbon emissions caused by the curtailed road traffic and industrial output. That decline did have a detectable warming impact: it was estimated to have increased global temperatures by 0.01-0.02 °C (0.018-0.036 °F) initially and up to 0.03 °C (0.054 °F) by 2023, before disappearing. Regionally, the lockdowns were estimated to increase temperatures by 0.05-0.15 °C (0.090-0.270 °F) in eastern China over January-March, and then by 0.04-0.07 °C (0.072-0.126 °F) over Europe, eastern United States, and South Asia in March-May, with the peak impact of 0.3 °C (0.54 °F) in some regions of the United States and Russia.

[@PhilThurston64]

One comment... if every single cubic cm of sea ice melted, then the sea level would not alter by so much as a single mm. The sea ice is already part of the ocean. Land-based ice on the other hand is a real danger.

[@rastrisfrustreslosgomez544]

Damn thats dumb. Go half fill a glass with water and add a vive of ice. Use a Sharpie to mark the waterlevel. Then leave for a while and come BACK after the ice has melted away. Use the Sharpie to mark a new water level. Compare and contrast the levels before and after melting and draw conclutions from there

[@Pax.Alotin]

Not so. If every bit of Ice on the Earth - covering the Antarctic - - as well as Green-Land - Iceland - plus all the glaciers - were to melt tomorrow --- the total rise in the ocean would be about 3 inches.

[@adamhercik581]

Did you forget about the thermal expansion of matter that was also mentioned here in the video? Yeah, warmer water than 4°C expands the warmer it gets.

[@rastrisfrustreslosgomez544]

@@Pax.Alotin sources: *trust me bro*

[@KT-pv3kl]

@@rastrisfrustreslosgomez544 from what i can see ice melting would increase the sea level by 60-70m according to various sources from NASA and the us government. what many people don't consider however is that this change will happen within 5000+ years if we continue the trend of carbon emissions and the climate models are accurate. that's longer than recorded human history and the average rise per century would be 1,2m even in the most pessimistic case rising sea levels wont be much of an issue for us humans.

[@jerryhadler8835]

Just like us our floating sphere is a miracle in its existance with no other examples in the entire visible universe.

[@ebtsoby]

apart from the 100s of Earth-like exoplanets discovered

[@Super5.08]

ONE PIECE FANS! Vegapunk:- "The World is Sinking"😬

[@Yuki_Ika7]

True! We must stop the world government from raising the water any higher!

[@danielandrassy407]

Thanks for the video brother Alex

[@mrmine307]

Exactly!

[@jarirantonen3939]

arctic circle is moving to north all time... so is it means that more and more sun energy comes to nothern area by year...

[@stevek9793]

SOON???? Sea Level has risen 390' in the last 13,000 years.

[@EnsignRedshirtRicky]

Please link to your sources. I know for a fact that Manhattan Island has not seen ANY loss of beachfront since they claim back in the 90's that by 2000 the whole island would be under water.

[@tbabbittt]

I have seen nobody do any studies about the sea weight causing see floor sinkage. We are just supposed to believe that ocean basins are juat like a bath tub.

[@justarandomname420]

Everything we take as 'fact' is really just best guess repeated by enough flesh monkies. Humans have just begun to open their flawed eyes.

[@stevebloom5606]

It's been studied (of course). Over a very long time period the ocean basins are getting deeper.

[@tbabbittt]

@@stevebloom5606 Do you have any links to studies that contemplate ocean basin debth.and global worming? I don't find the general panic for the future to be very productive. I live miles from any roadway. I have all solar, cookin, water heating, electricity. I do not buy new clothes and grow most of my own food. I have gotten rid of gas powerd vehicals and have a couple of golf carts that can be solar charrged. i've eliminated entertainment and travel from my life. Dispite all my efferts my fellow humans are still demanding somthing from me. my problem is they refuse to define what that demand is.

[@Zaihanisme]

You represent every human? No?

[@pellestorck3776]

Well in oceans with an average depth of thousands of meters a couple of decimeters isn't much of a change in volume.

[@zerochance8581]

Excellent!

[@matusknives]

Just a little typo correction at 6:46 - water heat capacity is not 4.18 kJ/m3/C but 4.18 kJ/l/C or 4.18 MJ/m3/C Disregarding this little detail, this is a fantastic video, thank you.

[@JeffHoldenWS-NC]

Weird... If you look at an interglacial chart we haven't crested the top yet of the current warming cycle. We have a few degrees higher to go and a couple hundred years to get there before we start down the other side towards a new ice age. For those of you in The peanut gallery. And ice age is a bad thing. That's when extinction events happen. There ain't no deserts around the equator and generally the world likes heat

[@thealterego1777]

"The world likes heat" - well said. We have temperatures going above fifty degrees in the capital, so the problem is that most people aren't equipped with acs. Cemented infrastructures and pitch roads are probably not deserts but the heat generated - wuff! "Other side of new ice age" - Nice, I like how you made a quick leap there. This guy in the video found it hard to predict what would happen in 2100 and you were able to determine nevertheless about the next ice age. I like your style of looking at things, you give me hope in humanity's sensibility.

[@jsonjsoff]

Ice ages have been cyclical for millenia. Are you suggesting we intervene in the natural cycle to prevent ice ages? Something like... anthropogenic global warming?

[@thealterego1777]

@@jsonjsoff "Cyclical for millenia" - Proof beyond reasonable doubt based on observable trends is one way of looking at large time scales, but the interpolation is a long shot. Didn't say it wouldn't happen, but there is a possibility where the atmosphere heats up too much for ice to form. Or say the atmospheric layer runs haywire and the Earth's water is flung into space. These are some of the catastrophes that you may consider before coming to a conclusion that "what's bound to happen will happen" based on your deduction of "what's bound to happen".

[@raybeauvais296]

It's rather tragic how many 'can't be bothered' if they don't receive affirmation within the first 5 minutes.

[@valeriehenschel1590]

So, do cell phones melt glaciers? (What really happens to spent broadcast waves?).

[@henryfleischer404]

They are insignificant. Far less energy per second than a match, which if you've ever held up to an ice cube, you can see has surprisingly little effect.

[@megret1808]

At the end of the Younger Dryus, the sea level ultimately rose 130 meters

[@grindupBaker]

Stupid lying. The actual infomation is all over the internet so REALLY Stupid lying.

[@Blackzero1z]

VEGAPUNK WAS RIGHT THE WORLD IS SINKING

[@katesmiles4208]

😂😂😂

[@jockyoung4491]

Sea level rise is due to both ice melt and the expansion of water as it warms. The sea level on the East coast has risen only about a foot so far, so it wouldn't be very noticeable. But that will accelerate.

[@captainwin6333]

Half the rise is thermal expansion of water, a fraction will also be less weight at the poles deforming this largely spherical planet.

[@KT-pv3kl]

what the hell do you mean by "so far"? based on what timeframe? and by how much will it accelerate?

[@andreassarnberger2619]

Is the picture at 6.45 correct? Havent done thermodynamics in many years.. but the units seem mixed up? 4.18kJ to heat 1m3 water 1C sounds.. low?

[@KT-pv3kl]

4.2 kJ/kg is usally used as baseline. i guess somebody at astrum doesn't understand quadratic equations.

[@karlkennedy4083]

The heat capacity of water is 4.2kj/kg/°c not per cubic Meter

[@thevoiceharmonic]

The rate of sea level rise has doubled in the past 2 decades. Now it is a bit more than 5mm a year.

[@EnthusiasticTent-xt8fh]

There's no way to measure it.

[@jockyoung4491]

@@EnthusiasticTent-xt8fh Yes there is. They do it very precisely from satellites using laser technology.

[@EnthusiasticTent-xt8fh]

@@jockyoung4491 No, they don't.

[@thevoiceharmonic]

@@EnthusiasticTent-xt8fh Satellites do the measuring

[@thevoiceharmonic]

@@EnthusiasticTent-xt8fh Why do they say they are measuring sea levels and present their measurements on graphs going back decades now? Do you think it is all a big con? Do you doubt the science of satellite measurement. At Greenhouse 87 in Melbourne satellites were good enough to do a lot of measurement but in those days there were issues with 'ground truth' to calibrate what was being seen.

[@katesmiles4208]

I'm so glad i live on an inland mountain 🤣

[@axle.student]

I'm coming for a coffee or three in a few decades :P

[@binkwillans5138]

Can we come visit? We're hiring some coaches.

[@ooberholzer]

Maybe don't give people ideas please... Let them in their crowded cities please. We don't need more trucks, SUV and other calamities on our mountains. Keep us safe, stay silent about mountains please

[@axle.student]

@@ooberholzer A high rise or skyscraper is kind of like a mountain. All works just fine for the people in Venice :)

[@icegold4461]

Sea levels are rising because some of us speak to the sea! 😢

[@davidelliott5843]

Water expands when it warms. Areas held down by mile thick ice sheets spring back causing adjacent areas to sink. (It’s happening in UK. That rebound takes thousands of years. The ice sheet rapidly melted 12000 years ago. An event that could not be caused by human CO2. So what did cause the sudden and very rapid melting of ice?

[@NexusGamingRadical]

sauce? sorce? sawce?

[@rps1689]

To puts things in perspective; it took tens of thousands of years for the Laurentide Ice Sheet to be completely melted because that warming was a hundred times slower than what's happening now. The remains of that ice pack are now on Greenland, but it will take another 1500 years or more to melt; that is very quick in geological time, but the concern now is, the first 5% of that ice melting.

[@klokskap_]

We also have LAND RISE in many parts of the world.

[@stevebloom5606]

And land fall. Adjustment to the absent glaciers is still going on. It nets out to zero.

[@BillGreenAZ]

I'm wondering if Kodiak Island, Alaska is one of those places. The sea level is falling almost 10 mm per year according to the NOAA Sea Level Trends website.

[@KT-pv3kl]

@@stevebloom5606 why would it net out to zero if a great mass of ice has just recently melted off after the last glacial maximum. shouldn't it be a net rise if the crust is still adjusting to the loss of ice over the last 100k years?

[@stevebloom5606]

@@KT-pv3kl I meant in the present. Of course the deglaciation raised sea level by a lot, everywhere. For every low spot in the ocean there's a high spot, even if they're all getting higher when averaged together. The point is that our hardheaded friend's personal ocean experience or indeed the actual measurements at Kodiak (or any specific location) don't represent the global picture.

[@KT-pv3kl]

@@stevebloom5606 you said the adjustment to the deglaciation is still ongoing which implies that the land should be rising now that billions of tons of weight was removed from them. Hence my question why is amounts to zero.

[@mateobravo9212]

Fear not, engineers beat scientists all day long. Innovate.

[@rick49]

Yes! Lower the sea floor!

[@jockyoung4491]

Engineering can be expensive.

[@charlesdorval394]

@@rick49 loll

[@thevoiceharmonic]

Engineering is only possible using science

[@tusse67]

engineering is application of science. Thus your statement is an oxymoron

[@JohnnyNiteTrain]

4:28 that's insane wow

[@aelihin3216]

@astrumspace Seems the units are screwed up a little on the heat capacity screen.. 4.18MJ instead 4.18kJ would make more sense

[@JonnoPlays]

It's all about the sun cycles and the earth's magnetic field. The recent solar storm was smaller than previous storms, yet it produced record breaking auroras reaching further around the earth than ever recorded previously. As the magnetic field is disrupted by repeated solar storms it's ability to resist those storms is degraded. We are one big CME away from a serious outage and I'm afraid world governments are not prepared for this disaster scenario. We should be burying electric lines and other cables underground. Makes you wonder why that hasn't happened despite the fact that power lines get blown down over and over by hurricanes and rebuilt just to blow over again.

[@ooberholzer]

The cost of burying is way higher that build lines. That's why they don't do it... Like for almost everything that is a problem, the answer is "financial benefits" which mostly profits to the ones that could make things right if their own financial interest didn't blind them complitely.

[@rps1689]

You overestimate these magnetic forces, which are far less than changes in solar irradiation and the Milankovitch cycles (both of which are in cooling phases) and the long-term carbon cycle as reflected in changes in the greenhouse composition of the atmosphere. In addition, those magnetic forces are relatively constant, so while they might impact the fluid dynamics of the atmosphere, it would only be in terms of short-term fluctuations working out to zero over the long-term.

[@Tinil0]

Where are you getting that the recent solar storm was smaller than previous storms? As far as I am aware it was the single largest since the Carrington event. Being smaller than the biggest ever isn't unimpressive. Our systems held up perfectly, and while that doesn't necissarily mean anything for even larger storms, this storm was bigger than expected, not smaller. It was impressive what we just handled.

[@nnonotnow]

Another very well made video. Kind of an introduction to global warming and sea level rise 101. I was not aware of thermal expansion as a major contributing factor to sea level rise. Very interesting. Keep up the good work!

[@nuriqbal5163]

I live near coast line and yes i can see water getting closer to our roads 😢

[@tacticalFPV]

Another person made the exact opposite comment and was dog piled by angry people saying it was impossible to notice the difference in sea level rise in their lifetime. I’m sure they would have jumped all over this comment as well but their internet must have been severed by rising sea levels before they got here.

[@johnd.5601]

Wouldn't the senerio that happened in 536 ad be more realistic?

[@azizzorba5930]

3:45 the last ice age isn´t over yet so we can not enter the next ice age. you messed up something.

[@jockyoung4491]

The last ice age ended over 8000 years ago, and the climate has been fluctuating slightly ever since. Right now we are accelerating the rate of change.

[@johnrichardson8606]

Ice Age 7 is still in production so both of you stfu and be patient. it will be arriving in your favourite streaming service soon xx

[@rudolfsykora3505]

​@@jockyoung4491nope, current state of our planet is ending ice age

[@jockyoung4491]

@@rudolfsykora3505 Look at a graph. The temperature coming out of the last ice age peaked over 8000 years ago and has not gone significantly above that since. Until now.

[@user-zc5ft9nw9b]

@@jockyoung4491 Not much actually, non anthropogenic global warming accounts for 90%(but this is never reported) as the figures are being massaged into a narrative to sell electric cars. The truth is that the 90% is us leaving the ice age(we didn't leave it 8000 years ago), so what we are experiencing is basically entirely natural and some scientists believe we are going to go straight back into another ice age anyway.

[@eSKAone-]

We don't have to live at the coasts.

[@hoi-polloi1863]

Well apparently the coasts will come to us... ;D

[@Pax.Alotin]

Please explain why all our leaders have recently bought Beach-front properties -- Like Obama - Biden - Trump - the Clintons etc ---

[@weissfox5857]

We live there because it's advantageous to do so, huge numbers of people suddenly having to move away from the coast towards inferior inland areas would massively hinder quality of life and economic functioning globally.

[@Perceptious37]

too fast of a polar collapse will have a rebound of snowball earth, but dont mind me.

[@MiyabiJNEP]

"Those given Life by their roots, are held to perish by them." Excellent phrasing.

[@rick49]

Sea levels are rising. Reason: Aliens are raising the ocean floor.

[@Kindertautenleider]

as water warms up it expands...there is a lot of water...

[@nghiado9895]

@11:46 - what was the delta T that caused the thermal expansion resulting in sea lever rise of 2 cm between 2011-2018? And if global warming had been occurring for a long time, then how come the thermal expansion only started around 2011?

[@FredF78]

Did Kevin Costner already know back when he did Waterworld?

[@Dave-ww5tl]

Someone left the hose running

[@Paul-kp1tu]

The trouble with this knowledge is that it is terrifying to the extent that I cease to function. It’s just too much for my mental health to deal with. It’s too complicated for my simple brain and I feel that I can do little to change the course.

[@MiroslawHorbal]

You can't do anything. Let go. You'll be happier for it. The best thing you can do is when you realize you can't do anything, accept it and move on. That helped me from being depressed and suicidal to actually enjoying my life. Write down your worries and put them into 2 piles. The things you can and can't control. Accept what you can't control. Take action on the things you can. Keep doing it, and in time, it'll become an automatic process in your mind. Keep your head up, it gets easier.

[@onelongwordable]

If more people (specifically people in government) had your same anxiety we would actually be compelled to do something, it's there for a reason. As it stands the people capable or enacting change are indifferent to the destruction of our planet. All we can do is continue to spread the knowledge and try to reach people who will actually help

[@wudduprizz]

The climate alarmists have been wrong about everything for decades now. They try to scare people to justify higher taxes and greater control. It's a grift. You would have stopped believing anyone else by now with that kind of track record.

[@m1keway266]

​@@onelongwordabletotally agree.

[@GenericCat]

@@onelongwordable advocating for anxiety is exactly what we do not need ... please tell me you do not hold any positions of power

[@JeffWok]

great episode!

[@stephennelmes4557]

6:58 What sort of man takes his phone into a sauna?

[@TiagoTiagoT]

I wonder how many fractions of a millimeter can be attributed to the volume of microplastics...

[@varana]

This comment section is depressing.

[@CC8771]

Keep in mind ever since GPT based apis became widely available in late 2022, much of the internet has been bot-ified. Vast majority of the time in social media you're not talking to a real person.

[@KutWrite]

Only if you think commenters are representative of humanity as a whole.

[@Knight_Kin]

@@CC8771 Nah, that's not it at all. There have always been bots, there were bots back in the early 90's when I was on the internet. You're assuming AI has anything to do with it when it doesn't. The difference is that the comment section is now extremely censored, that's the only thing that changed. You're confusing AI with selection bias, not at all the same and often times not even related.

[@Deletirium]

​​@@Knight_Kin It's insane how stifled it's gotten. Like a preschool in China...

[@CC8771]

@@Knight_Kin Bots have been around for a long time, but the ones who can reasonably pass as a human through text have only been around for 2 years. Many uninformed people are actually getting enraged/depressed/etc arguing with bots on social media these days, which wasn't the case in the past.