The Synapse

In this video Paul Andersen explains how the synapse allows information to travel from one axon to the next. He starts by differentiating between electrical and chemical synapses. He then details the action of the chemical synapse whereby an incoming action potential triggers the opening of voltage-gate Ca2+ channels that trigger the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft. These neurotransmitters dock with receptors and can send either excitatory or inhibitory messages onward. He also explains how long term potentiation can lead to memory formation.
Music Attribution
Intro
Title: I4dsong_loop_main.wav
Artist: CosmicD
Link to sound: www.freesound.org/people/Cosmi...
Creative Commons Atribution License
Outro
Title: String Theory
Artist: Herman Jolly
sunsetvalley.bandcamp.com/trac...
All of the images are licensed under creative commons and public domain licensing:
LadyofHats. (2007). English: Complete neuron cell diagram. Neurons (also known as neurones and nerve cells) are electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that process and transmit information. In vertebrate animals, neurons are the core components of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
Tsukanov, K. (2012). English: Frog dissection during practical work at Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
USA, J. G. Neuroimaging Department, National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889. (2010). English: FMRI scan during working memory tasks. Working memory tasks typically show activation in the bilateral and superior frontal cortex as well as in parts of the superior bilateral parietal cortex. The highlighted regions showed significantly different activation between an individual performing a 1-Back task versus a 2-Back task.(Graner J, Oakes TR, French LM and Riedy G 2013). Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...

[@ImOnly1Person]

I personally just want to take the time to thank Paul Anderson for all the time and energy he has put into this. Educating the minds of people across the world, and might I add, for free. All these diagrams, illustrations and presentations in general would take a fair bit of work. Thank you Paul and thanks to your team helping you as-well if there is one.

[@SuperMagicManiac]

preach

[@myshittylifeonfilm]

I literally have never added a comment to any videos in my 5+ years on youtube but I feel Paul Anderson is more than deserving of it. You really have helped me get through so much of my bio journey and schooling. I appreciate everything you and your team have done and would like to take the time and say thank you. You are by far my most favorite teach that I never had. Hope you're doing well.

[@mimiboobies]

@@myshittylifeonfilm I never do, but in my college journey I've been so grateful for all the professors who invest their time and money to do a video. Since I can't afford to donate money, I take the time to watch some of the ads, as well as I always "like" and Subscribe.

[@MrFamousperson101]

This dude literally helped me ace AP bio back in high school without even touching the textbook, and do well on the ap test. Now I get help again in Anatomy and physiology in University.

[@tylermacdonald8924]

I really appreciate this mans dedication to education, you can see in his eyes how hard he must work. Poor man, hopefully he gets some rest. And some recognition for this work

[@rosikarai3353]

Thanks Bozeman you absolute LEGEND STAY BLESSED

[@netzanetmengestu2074]

That was very very helpful, and I would like to thank you on behalf of every viewers for taking the time to help us gain a better understanding. Teachers are the true stars of the world!!!

[@KenBraverman]

I felt like learning something in under 10 minutes and you provide such an invaluable service and reduce the complexity you are a true treasure fantastic work

[@teneilreddy3422]

Paul Andersen, I have thank you for making these animated videos, you just make everything much easier to understand. You are a life saver.

[@tehreemirfan1244]

I can not appreciate your hard work enough for this wonderful lecture! Thank you Mr. Paul for helping all of us with your knowledge!

[@shannonhatch7]

Thank you so much for taking the time to put these videos together! You're my go-to when I need to clarify concepts or study for exams. Your explanations are invaluable. Thank you.

[@mackenzieleaper8661]

You're videos are so clear and concise!!! Thank you so much for making all of them!

[@mangoman60123]

Right in time for my animal physiology exam. You're a life saver Mr. Andersen, keep up the great work

[@yuleisylanns409]

I love your videos. They have all the relevant info without extra confusing jargon

[@creativelifewithgrace994]

aha! 💡💡💡 no wonder i can sense that my memory is getting better and expanding!and the more i get excited about what I have learned (reading books) and being able to connect the dots (perception and experience), the more i feel strong vibrations on top of my head as my whole brain is turned on (literally vibrating) yet, I want to know more! 😆😆😆😆

[@marilyntanwl]

SO useful!!! Thank you Paul for creating this channel and putting up these videos! I really appreciate it!

[@firstreviewer8966]

What a Video. I cannot believe that he said all of that much-needed information with such a nice smile on his face. Well Done. FR

[@amnaazim9788]

THIS IS A REALLY HELPFUL VIDEO I HAVE EVER ACROSS. GREAT APPLAUSE FOR YOU MAN. GOOD JOB. BUNDLE OF THANKS

[@nokukhanyabrightness4121]

I appreciate your work you simplify everything in physiology and make it comprehendible, thank you.

[@danimari516]

You helped my freshman year of college and now as I prepare for dental school, God bless your heart sir!!!😊

[@rachelhubbard3494]

This is really helpful. The explanation alongside the animation was brilliant. Going to watch it a few more times!

[@NaughtyNinjaBears]

The timing of this video though!! This is the exact lecture I just had

[@fisherguy7260]

Thank you very much!.. taking Psychology class right now and your video helped me piece different parts of a neuron together.

[@user-jt6zz6pt9j]

i can’t put into words how much i appreciate your work

[@violeta96helen]

Thank you 100 times Paul Anderson, you are amazing.

[@ANQIHO]

Love this video. So helpful. You are the best. Please please keep doing the A&P videos.

[@polandharr]

Splendidly done, with excellent animation to augment comprehension. Thank you!

[@xLeiin]

Thank you so much for posting this! I got this link from my professor (teaching brain&behavior) Starting my major cognitive neuropsychology next year!

[@saintz2k7]

One of the best vids on this topic. thank you

[@dingas5632]

PoV you were looking for the Synapse league channel and misclicked

[@remingtonturner3010]

We should've studied earlier....

[@michaelonyemenam258]

Fuck, how did you know?

[@Joy-1164]

22 minutes before my unit test ☺️

[@satanggukie3456]

@@Joy-1164 i guess its too late but good luck xd mine is tomorrow

[@Joy-1164]

@@satanggukie3456 haha it’s okay! i think i did well:) good luck ☺️☺️

[@amgadmedhat6211]

Yea.....

[@bahahos7426]

Thank You Mr. Paul Anderson for your great work

[@yosssisss]

Your videos are timeless!!

[@maryanabardina6348]

Genius! Thank you so much for explaining complicated things so easy!

[@annacristine8155]

Than you for sharing and taking the time to teach us out here. I really enjoyed your videos.

[@telefon9171]

Thank you. I watched many video about synapses but this is the best. You explained so clearly

[@flynnkrohne7497]

You are alongside PBS and Crash course my favorite educational youtube channel! The other channels help me with my personal interests, you with that and school. I just wanted to say thanks!

[@mariaschingeck7209]

You are soooooo great. Please do not stop your videos.

[@cristi8995]

These videos are linked into the learning plans for my anatomy college course. Great videos! 🙋🏼👍🤝

[@jenborisov782]

Paul, you are an absolute perfection. Thank you very much !!!

[@nazeelahhendricks4105]

Thank you for a most informative video. It helps me so much with studying.

[@deathofbarney]

This was supplementary material for coursera, very good video thank you!

[@scorpearth3242]

great video! You improved my memory )) thank you !

[@sheamussweeney7668]

These videos are always so helpful, thank you so much!!!

[@dylanfletcher6514]

Thank you Paul for passing the information down. Your sacrifice will be celebrated

[@pennyremollino1500]

Amazing, better than my lectures and textbook combined.

[@ecs5749]

Super clear videos - Thank you for your work.

[@1234piano]

Thank you, Dr Andersen - outstanding!

[@harshitanarayanan851]

When you watch Bozeman right before your AP Biology Exam. Literally the best!

[@lutfunnahar2180]

thanks so much,your explanation is very clear and understandable ,I love all of your video....thanks again.

[@jennycane-oneill1083]

thank you, this video helps a lot on my studying you explain it well and made it easy.

[@bobfloss4179]

this is absolutey poggers bro

[@bassamobied5495]

keep going man, youre very helpful and smooth teaching

[@duceyque]

Great video. We enjoyed your presentation.

[@rosa273]

omg thank you for simplifying this for me, im ready for my midterm tommorow yasss

[@mimireyes04]

You are Awesome! I always use your videos for exam revision! :D

[@PNWMan]

love your videos, I've got quite a few pages of notes on your videos just for fun!

[@toristoddard3831]

thank you wonderful, intelligent paul!

[@meonibergara369]

Dear Mr. Anderson, I think this “thank you” is way overdue. Five years ago, your videos helped me get into my dream university. Last year, I watched more of your videos to review for the medical school admissions test. I am back again for your help as I review for my first exam in the top medical school in the country. Thank you for your selfless guidance in my journey to be a doctor and serve the people. Thank you for helping all of us get the education and love for learning that we deserve :)

[@agustinanini]

Great video, it was really helpful. It would be better if the proteins that are activated by the inflow of Calcium were mentioned, but it was just a detail. Thank you Paul.

[@humma91]

Thank you Paul. 🙌🏽

[@georgegreen3672]

You are an excellent naturalist.

[@kat928]

I love the explanation in the video. My only issue is that the video is not showing, so only audio.

[@rgudduu]

Excellent explanation

[@elijaheugene5727]

You’ve been my online teacher for forever

[@louismassari8072]

super clear and helpful, thanks

[@likezoangelmulenga8645]

It was very helpful. Thanks a lot.

[@forecast3317]

My teacher was lecturing this for 2 hrs. And this dude do it in 7 mins LOL good job

[@hanasmith3871]

You are the best! Thank you x

[@heidiburke5386]

Brilliant !! Thank you so much :D

[@Nicholaskcl]

THANK YOU BOZEMAN YOU LEGEND!!!

[@athulvinayak3328]

Thnx for the video SIR, it is very helpful

[@99.99]

My family doctor gave me my marijuana exemption 9 years ago because he said that the indo-cannabinoid molecule turned off the CB1 or CB2 during the synapse which neutralized the pain that was sent from my spinal cord to my brain. Imagine, such a molecule that relieves me of my suffering due to a blockage on the synapse! 💓 Science

[@kellyxie4426]

you are a gem! thank you

[@hwayoon2737]

Really it helps me a lot. thank you so much.

[@catherinevarner3778]

thank you for your videos!! you help to explain them so much better than my teacher lol

[@mschoplos]

Very excellent video! Can you do one on cholinergic, adregenic and muscarinic receptors please!

[@loretteduverna3802]

Wish you were my professor your awesome keep doing what your doing ❤️❤️❤️

[@denariuswright8284]

very helpful. thanks a million

[@doa1054]

Thank you so much sir .

[@omrmls]

Thank you sir!

[@purplesass_5219]

Thanks man!

[@caribaez5711]

1:11 why was he dreaming these things? xD

[@carolinewithers1647]

Because his mind was so occupied with how these things work, he had an epiphany while his brain was sort of relaxed. Happens to me all the time - working things out, not making important discoveries!

[@KJKP]

+Cari, Many great influences in science and culture were derived from dreams. I have a massive collection on my blog: ‘Inventions that Came in Dreams: Largest Collection on the Internet.” Many inventions, applications of technology, manufacturing processes, songs, books... came in dreams. Harry Potter came as a vision to JK Rowling, an unrepentant witch. The song “Yesterday” was not written by Paul McCartney... he saw it in a vision and only wrote down what he saw. The stabilizer that was used to finally shoot down Hitler’s V2 rockets... was given to the military by a dentist who invented it... after he saw how it would help the AA guns in a dream. God influences the world through dreams. So does the devil (e.g. Harry Potter and the Yesterday song.)

[@hummingbird1432]

bc his work was his real passion

[@yeseniasplace]

0:46 🙃

[@RaimbekRakhimbekov]

Hello! Thank you for your lectures If I understand it right neuron can take signal from another neuron directly from it's body via dendrite-based-synapse So why there is a thing like an 'axion' at all?

[@shellitdown]

Thank you 😊 so much. God bless

[@valeryrai2341]

AMAZINGGG!!!!

[@shaiktanveer]

Thanks a lot sir 🙂

[@krmaheshvit]

Thank you dear sir

[@nesrinisli872]

Thank you!

[@RB-tn4xj]

why the fuck these videos r not having million views ....I mean ...U r best

[@harrypotteravenclaw]

Cos they're brand new lol, they'll get there

[@pikaxhuboi7222]

THANK YOU VERY MUCH SIR

[@hummingbird1432]

thank you kind sir!

[@wily_nilly4286]

wow this was just helpful........thank u

[@amylouise5885]

Came for the science, stayed for the awesome facts

[@decryptthestory861]

I can't believe this Otto Loewi chap managed to achieve all that he did in his field of study without eyes.

[@angelidez13]

EXTREMELY helpful! The only thing I'm having trouble finding an answer for is how the proper neurotransmitters are organized into the vesicles to be sent across the synapse, and where do these neurotransmitters come from...I know it's a pretty stupid question to ask, and I'm probably not going to even need to know that stuff, but I'm really bent on knowing more about how those two things come to be. Any help from anyone would be greatly appreciated.

[@syrellee]

It is helpful. I don't have any confusion at all (which is by the way rare).

[@dannichols6261]

I wonder if you could describe or show what a synapse to a *capillary* looks like? (Like in both parts of the pituitary, the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis.) What I'm looking for is the *structure* of that kind of synapse. I have a rudimentary idea of how SAMs (synaptic adhesion molecules, maybe more often today known as synaptic cell adhesion molecules) hold the parts of a chemical *neural* synapse together (which is often left out of diagrams of synapses), so I'm trying to visualize what happens inside the pituitary parts with regard to neurons connecting to the capillaries there.

[@anikatasnim8012]

bless you

[@samiesamie7619]

Some people are really mean and so negative They watch this awesome video without liking it Come on human-being, you can be better

[@noanir1722]

that was very helpful

[@oluwanifemikim1996]

Ofc that was helpful!!