The Synapse

In this video Paul Andersen explains how the synapse allows information to travel from one axon to the next. He starts by differentiating between electrical and chemical synapses. He then details the action of the chemical synapse whereby an incoming action potential triggers the opening of voltage-gate Ca2+ channels that trigger the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft. These neurotransmitters dock with receptors and can send either excitatory or inhibitory messages onward. He also explains how long term potentiation can lead to memory formation.
Music Attribution
Intro
Title: I4dsong_loop_main.wav
Artist: CosmicD
Link to sound: www.freesound.o...
Creative Commons Atribution License
Outro
Title: String Theory
Artist: Herman Jolly
sunsetvalley.ba...
All of the images are licensed under creative commons and public domain licensing:
LadyofHats. (2007). English: Complete neuron cell diagram. Neurons (also known as neurones and nerve cells) are electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that process and transmit information. In vertebrate animals, neurons are the core components of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. Retrieved from commons.wikime...
Tsukanov, K. (2012). English: Frog dissection during practical work at Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University. Retrieved from commons.wikime...
USA, J. G. Neuroimaging Department, National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889. (2010). English: FMRI scan during working memory tasks. Working memory tasks typically show activation in the bilateral and superior frontal cortex as well as in parts of the superior bilateral parietal cortex. The highlighted regions showed significantly different activation between an individual performing a 1-Back task versus a 2-Back task.(Graner J, Oakes TR, French LM and Riedy G 2013). Retrieved from commons.wikime...

[@ImOnly1Person]

I personally just want to take the time to thank Paul Anderson for all the time and energy he has put into this. Educating the minds of people across the world, and might I add, for free. All these diagrams, illustrations and presentations in general would take a fair bit of work. Thank you Paul and thanks to your team helping you as-well if there is one.

[@SuperMagicManiac]

preach

[@myshittylifeonfilm]

I literally have never added a comment to any videos in my 5+ years on youtube but I feel Paul Anderson is more than deserving of it. You really have helped me get through so much of my bio journey and schooling. I appreciate everything you and your team have done and would like to take the time and say thank you. You are by far my most favorite teach that I never had. Hope you're doing well.

[@mimiboobies]

@@myshittylifeonfilm I never do, but in my college journey I've been so grateful for all the professors who invest their time and money to do a video. Since I can't afford to donate money, I take the time to watch some of the ads, as well as I always "like" and Subscribe.

[@MrFamousperson101]

This dude literally helped me ace AP bio back in high school without even touching the textbook, and do well on the ap test. Now I get help again in Anatomy and physiology in University.

[@tylermacdonald8924]

I really appreciate this mans dedication to education, you can see in his eyes how hard he must work. Poor man, hopefully he gets some rest. And some recognition for this work

[@netzanetmengestu2074]

That was very very helpful, and I would like to thank you on behalf of every viewers for taking the time to help us gain a better understanding. Teachers are the true stars of the world!!!

[@rosikarai3353]

Thanks Bozeman you absolute LEGEND STAY BLESSED

[@teneilreddy3422]

Paul Andersen, I have thank you for making these animated videos, you just make everything much easier to understand. You are a life saver.

[@tehreemirfan1244]

I can not appreciate your hard work enough for this wonderful lecture! Thank you Mr. Paul for helping all of us with your knowledge!

[@KenBraverman]

I felt like learning something in under 10 minutes and you provide such an invaluable service and reduce the complexity you are a true treasure fantastic work

[@mangoman60123]

Right in time for my animal physiology exam. You're a life saver Mr. Andersen, keep up the great work

[@firstreviewer8966]

What a Video. I cannot believe that he said all of that much-needed information with such a nice smile on his face. Well Done. FR

[@danimari516]

You helped my freshman year of college and now as I prepare for dental school, God bless your heart sir!!!😊

[@NaughtyNinjaBears]

The timing of this video though!! This is the exact lecture I just had

[@user-jt6zz6pt9j]

i can’t put into words how much i appreciate your work

[@shannonhatch7]

Thank you so much for taking the time to put these videos together! You're my go-to when I need to clarify concepts or study for exams. Your explanations are invaluable. Thank you.

[@dylanfletcher6514]

Thank you Paul for passing the information down. Your sacrifice will be celebrated

[@meonibergara369]

Dear Mr. Anderson, I think this “thank you” is way overdue. Five years ago, your videos helped me get into my dream university. Last year, I watched more of your videos to review for the medical school admissions test. I am back again for your help as I review for my first exam in the top medical school in the country. Thank you for your selfless guidance in my journey to be a doctor and serve the people. Thank you for helping all of us get the education and love for learning that we deserve :)

[@remingtonturner3010]

We should've studied earlier....

[@michaelonyemenam258]

Fuck, how did you know?

[@Joy-1164]

22 minutes before my unit test ☺️

[@satanggukie3456]

@@Joy-1164 i guess its too late but good luck xd mine is tomorrow

[@Joy-1164]

@@satanggukie3456 haha it’s okay! i think i did well:) good luck ☺️☺️

[@amgadmedhat6211]

Yea.....

[@violeta96helen]

Thank you 100 times Paul Anderson, you are amazing.

[@nokukhanyabrightness4121]

I appreciate your work you simplify everything in physiology and make it comprehendible, thank you.

[@mackenzieleaper8661]

You're videos are so clear and concise!!! Thank you so much for making all of them!

[@yuleisylanns409]

I love your videos. They have all the relevant info without extra confusing jargon

[@amnaazim9788]

THIS IS A REALLY HELPFUL VIDEO I HAVE EVER ACROSS. GREAT APPLAUSE FOR YOU MAN. GOOD JOB. BUNDLE OF THANKS

[@bahahos7426]

Thank You Mr. Paul Anderson for your great work

[@fisherguy7260]

Thank you very much!.. taking Psychology class right now and your video helped me piece different parts of a neuron together.

[@marilyntanwl]

SO useful!!! Thank you Paul for creating this channel and putting up these videos! I really appreciate it!

[@rachelhubbard3494]

This is really helpful. The explanation alongside the animation was brilliant. Going to watch it a few more times!

[@flynnkrohne7497]

You are alongside PBS and Crash course my favorite educational youtube channel! The other channels help me with my personal interests, you with that and school. I just wanted to say thanks!

[@xLeiin]

Thank you so much for posting this! I got this link from my professor (teaching brain&behavior) Starting my major cognitive neuropsychology next year!

[@polandharr]

Splendidly done, with excellent animation to augment comprehension. Thank you!

[@forecast3317]

My teacher was lecturing this for 2 hrs. And this dude do it in 7 mins LOL good job

[@安妮花花AH]

Love this video. So helpful. You are the best. Please please keep doing the A&P videos.

[@creativelifewithgrace994]

aha! 💡💡💡 no wonder i can sense that my memory is getting better and expanding!and the more i get excited about what I have learned (reading books) and being able to connect the dots (perception and experience), the more i feel strong vibrations on top of my head as my whole brain is turned on (literally vibrating) yet, I want to know more! 😆😆😆😆

[@saintz2k7]

One of the best vids on this topic. thank you

[@elisangelalofrano7170]

Thank you so much! I think I finally grasped this. I’ve watched so many other videos…only to be more confused. I think I finally got it. Thank you very much!

[@jenborisov782]

Paul, you are an absolute perfection. Thank you very much !!!

[@maryanabardina6348]

Genius! Thank you so much for explaining complicated things so easy!

[@harshitanarayanan851]

When you watch Bozeman right before your AP Biology Exam. Literally the best!

[@pennyremollino1500]

Amazing, better than my lectures and textbook combined.

[@mariaschingeck7209]

You are soooooo great. Please do not stop your videos.

[@cristi8995]

These videos are linked into the learning plans for my anatomy college course. Great videos! 🙋🏼👍🤝

[@caribaez5711]

1:11 why was he dreaming these things? xD

[@carolinewithers1647]

Because his mind was so occupied with how these things work, he had an epiphany while his brain was sort of relaxed. Happens to me all the time - working things out, not making important discoveries!

[@KJKP]

+Cari, Many great influences in science and culture were derived from dreams. I have a massive collection on my blog: ‘Inventions that Came in Dreams: Largest Collection on the Internet.” Many inventions, applications of technology, manufacturing processes, songs, books... came in dreams. Harry Potter came as a vision to JK Rowling, an unrepentant witch. The song “Yesterday” was not written by Paul McCartney... he saw it in a vision and only wrote down what he saw. The stabilizer that was used to finally shoot down Hitler’s V2 rockets... was given to the military by a dentist who invented it... after he saw how it would help the AA guns in a dream. God influences the world through dreams. So does the devil (e.g. Harry Potter and the Yesterday song.)

[@hummingbird1432]

bc his work was his real passion

[@yeseniasplace]

0:46 🙃

[@annacristine8155]

Than you for sharing and taking the time to teach us out here. I really enjoyed your videos.

[@telefon9171]

Thank you. I watched many video about synapses but this is the best. You explained so clearly

[@bobfloss4179]

this is absolutey poggers bro

[@deathofbarney]

This was supplementary material for coursera, very good video thank you!

[@1234piano]

Thank you, Dr Andersen - outstanding!

[@elijaheugene5727]

You’ve been my online teacher for forever

[@rosa273]

omg thank you for simplifying this for me, im ready for my midterm tommorow yasss

[@99.99]

My family doctor gave me my marijuana exemption 9 years ago because he said that the indo-cannabinoid molecule turned off the CB1 or CB2 during the synapse which neutralized the pain that was sent from my spinal cord to my brain. Imagine, such a molecule that relieves me of my suffering due to a blockage on the synapse! 💓 Science

[@dingas5632]

PoV you were looking for the Synapse league channel and misclicked

[@nazeelahhendricks4105]

Thank you for a most informative video. It helps me so much with studying.

[@samiesamie7619]

Some people are really mean and so negative They watch this awesome video without liking it Come on human-being, you can be better

[@jennycane-oneill1083]

thank you, this video helps a lot on my studying you explain it well and made it easy.

[@haroldbowles5308]

Pual iam an older blackman who went back to school thanks for your free videos education for all.

[@kat928]

I love the explanation in the video. My only issue is that the video is not showing, so only audio.

[@amylouise5885]

Came for the science, stayed for the awesome facts

[@thenemoshow1]

paul, dude youre going to heaven

[@mynamo12]

TheNemoShow Haha 1 hour ago, I’m here too, studying for my exam.

[@thenemoshow1]

Violet Nugget bro I have 90 slides covering this material, my man Paul hooked it up in seven min

[@ERASTIN]

Bruh nice outplayed

[@lutfunnahar2180]

thanks so much,your explanation is very clear and understandable ,I love all of your video....thanks again.

[@yosssisss]

Your videos are timeless!!

[@sheamussweeney7668]

These videos are always so helpful, thank you so much!!!

[@agustinanini]

Great video, it was really helpful. It would be better if the proteins that are activated by the inflow of Calcium were mentioned, but it was just a detail. Thank you Paul.

[@shreerachitasatish7844]

Rip I'm not sure if you mentioned this in the video (and I just missed it), but do synapses have only one type of neurotransmitter in them? And if they do not, what determines which neurotransmitters are released at a time? Or are all of them released at once?

[@maliksajid2344]

@@josephoneil7436 neurons create different types of neurotransmitters like acetylecholine, camp.etc aproximately 50 types

[@tylermacdonald8924]

The type of neurotransmitter that is released binds to receptors beside the ion gates on the axon terminals in the post synaptic cleft and then either inhibits or enables the stimulation of that nerve

[@rishabpatil9375]

sir i had a doubt ..how does vesicles get atttached to presynaptic membrane ? will the contraction of tufts due to ca influx causes attachment or docking of vesicles to membrane or ca binds to proteins on surface of vesicles which causes them to attach to proteins present on membrane (and then neurotransmitters get released)?

[@scorpearth3242]

great video! You improved my memory )) thank you !

[@decryptthestory861]

I can't believe this Otto Loewi chap managed to achieve all that he did in his field of study without eyes.

[@toristoddard3831]

thank you wonderful, intelligent paul!

[@ecs5749]

Super clear videos - Thank you for your work.

[@bassamobied5495]

keep going man, youre very helpful and smooth teaching

[@georgegreen3672]

You are an excellent naturalist.

[@PNWMan]

love your videos, I've got quite a few pages of notes on your videos just for fun!

[@RB-tn4xj]

why the fuck these videos r not having million views ....I mean ...U r best

[@harrypotteravenclaw]

Cos they're brand new lol, they'll get there

[@arsalanshah106]

Nice it helped me alot from Pakistan🇵🇰

[@jrhg2739]

This guy should run for the POTUS

[@mimireyes04]

You are Awesome! I always use your videos for exam revision! :D

[@humma91]

Thank you Paul. 🙌🏽

[@catherinevarner3778]

thank you for your videos!! you help to explain them so much better than my teacher lol

[@RaimbekRakhimbekov]

Hello! Thank you for your lectures If I understand it right neuron can take signal from another neuron directly from it's body via dendrite-based-synapse So why there is a thing like an 'axion' at all?

[@gurukulgyan6599]

Is there gap(synapse) in all kind of neurons? What is importance of these gaps? Can transmission be better with direct contact of neurons?

[@Nicholaskcl]

THANK YOU BOZEMAN YOU LEGEND!!!

[@krmaheshvit]

Thank you dear sir

[@marihanbadr1271]

YOU'RE STELLAR THANK YOUUUUUUU

[@heidiburke5386]

Brilliant !! Thank you so much :D

[@angelidez13]

EXTREMELY helpful! The only thing I'm having trouble finding an answer for is how the proper neurotransmitters are organized into the vesicles to be sent across the synapse, and where do these neurotransmitters come from...I know it's a pretty stupid question to ask, and I'm probably not going to even need to know that stuff, but I'm really bent on knowing more about how those two things come to be. Any help from anyone would be greatly appreciated.

[@loretteduverna3802]

Wish you were my professor your awesome keep doing what your doing ❤️❤️❤️

[@duceyque]

Great video. We enjoyed your presentation.

[@rgudduu]

Excellent explanation

[@spacecaratz]

After the neurotransmitters bind to the post synaptic cleft and open the channels, if an excitatory synaptic potential occurs wouldn't that create a graded potential in the the soma or dendrite and not an action potential?

[@wizard4203]

synaptic science will become the predominant field of research in the world soon, because of it's central role concerning psychedelics.

[@doa1054]

Thank you so much sir .

[@likezoangelmulenga8645]

It was very helpful. Thanks a lot.

[@syrellee]

It is helpful. I don't have any confusion at all (which is by the way rare).

[@e-vidia]

Do you already have a translation in German for this great explanation? I am interested to do that!

[@hanasmith3871]

You are the best! Thank you x

[@ZWGames]

so if i try to remember your video after 10 years and i couldn't but if i keep trying would i do ?

[@louismassari8072]

super clear and helpful, thanks

[@athulvinayak3328]

Thnx for the video SIR, it is very helpful

[@purplesass_5219]

Thanks man!

[@hwayoon2737]

Really it helps me a lot. thank you so much.

[@dannichols6261]

I wonder if you could describe or show what a synapse to a *capillary* looks like? (Like in both parts of the pituitary, the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis.) What I'm looking for is the *structure* of that kind of synapse. I have a rudimentary idea of how SAMs (synaptic adhesion molecules, maybe more often today known as synaptic cell adhesion molecules) hold the parts of a chemical *neural* synapse together (which is often left out of diagrams of synapses), so I'm trying to visualize what happens inside the pituitary parts with regard to neurons connecting to the capillaries there.