The Action Potential

In this video Paul Andersen details the action potential in neurons. The resting potential of a neuron (-70mV) is maintained through differences in concentration and permeability of Na, K, and Cl ions. A graded potential is created as neurotransmitters from adjacent cells that are either excitatory or inhibitory. If the neuron reaches the threshold of -55mV an opening of voltage-gated sodium channels triggers an action potential that may affect other connected neurons.
PhET neuron simulation - phet.colorado.edu/en/simulati...
Music Attribution
Intro
Title: I4dsong_loop_main.wav
Artist: CosmicD
Link to sound: www.freesound.org/people/Cosmi...
Creative Commons Atribution License
Outro
Title: String Theory
Artist: Herman Jolly
sunsetvalley.bandcamp.com/trac...
All of the images are licensed under creative commons and public domain licensing:
1280px-Muscle_Tissue_(1).svg.png (1280×960). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2016, from upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...
Dirgxtreme. (2015). English: reflex loop signal. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
Helixitta. (2015). Українська: Переклад англійською File:Propagation of action potential along myelinated nerve fiber.png. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
holder, L. (2011). English: A 9V, AA, AAA, AAAA battery in close proximity for comparisisation porpoises. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
Indolences. (2007). Image:Traffic lights 3 states.png. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
Jana, D. (2016). English: Myelinated neurons are faster than unmyelinated neurons because of Saltatory motion. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
LadyofHats. (2007). English: Complete neuron cell diagram. Neurons (also known as neurones and nerve cells) are electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that process and transmit information. In vertebrate animals, neurons are the core components of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
OpenStax. (2016a). Version 8.25 from the Textbook. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
OpenStax. (2016b). Version 8.25 from the Textbook. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
OpenStax. (2016c). Version 8.25 from the Textbook. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
section, S. user in the "File history". (See the date of the upload in the “File history” section.). This image (basic representation of banana) has been created as part of the WikiVoc Project and released under Public Domain license. These illustrations can be used for various purposes, such as language dictionaries, flash cards, etc. Other such images can be found in the WikiVoc images category. Anyone can assist us in this project, so please help us out. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
Wikipedia, Q. J. at E. (2009). English: Recreated :File:Neuron-no labels2.png in Inkscape and hand-tuned to reduce filesize. Created by Quasar (talk) 19:59, 11 August 2009 (UTC). Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...

[@gfgit6148]

Whenever this man needs a kidney, I am there for him.

[@jeaninemiller4207]

I spent hours with multiple lecture notes and reference books trying to understand what this man made clear in 14 minutes!

[@carolinaamador179]

Ahahahahahahaha!! Same here!!

[@gfgit6148]

im not sure but i think this man is some kind of jesus

[@carolinaamador179]

@@gfgit6148 you are a funny man!! Thanks for the chuckles!

[@joshuajose2745]

@@carolinaamador179 idk abt him being funny, but I do know he's the best escape artist... 😂💯 #prisonbreak

[@TimothySpokes]

Bro this guy literally taught 6 lectures in 14 minutes. What are my profs doing??!?!

[@Mike-dc2cn]

ikr crazy dude, hs teacher give mega long notes lol

[@am.d7512]

They're stuck in resting potential mode.

[@TimothySpokes]

@@am.d7512 I'm crying 😂😂😂 you're so right!

[@pavitrapadmanathan5637]

@@am.d7512 HAHAHA VERY TRUE

[@rabelaniramulumisi4417]

Hectic😂

[@williamnavarro5526]

Bozeman out here saving lives

[@vicneshwaranair1482]

true

[@floga10]

Father Boze

[@tsuki1840]

same

[@shaneguico2917]

honestly

[@amandahernandez6117]

Yes

[@SS8styles]

as a medstudent I've "learned" this so many times but wow, this is the first time where I feel like I've gone beyond memorizing and actually own this material. The meaningful use of images, animations, and timely explanations really reminds me that the rest of them are taking our cash & killing us with powerpoint out here...what is education

[@jelly_belly101_2]

fr whats a powerpoint finna do

[@tasbarnes6230]

@@briancheong2087 hilarious... people thinking they know it all by watching a few videos. Can't count the number of times I've seen people make these claims and then look like deer in the headlights when asked about related concepts. Sort of like anti-vaxxers...

[@soumilim4689]

@@briancheong2087 Yes 💗

[@alessandromanno6029]

You can literally tell the difference between someone who is actually passionate about their field and wants to educate others with their knowledge, compared to someone who uses their success to boost their ego and collect a check. From the 2 videos I saw, Bozeman actually made me genuinely excited and interested in learning these topics. If I had a prof like him, I would constantly be engaged in my learning!

[@owenallen4863]

I wanna shake this guy's hand. He's taught me more than my actual teacher

[@chicagogirl4everanda]

I started watching this channel as a high school freshman in 2015. It's now 2022 and I'm a first year medical student who always comes back to Mr. Anderson to refresh my knowledge. Beyond thankful for his help!!

[@isinsuu]

aww that’s so cute actually

[@ddfamf88]

How I wish these videos were available 35 years ago when I was in college.

[@Nitro0xide]

thanks daddy anderson

[@PearlSmileyFacee]

dis made me laugh so hard

[@cindyyahia869]

The doctor that gave us this lesson tried explaining it in an hour and we still didn't understand a single word while you here explained it in 14 minutes and I was able to understand it completely. You're the best!!

[@elafalasadi7308]

MCAT gang here! Thank you so much for making these amazing videos!

[@Galyte]

I've been an avid watchers since high school, and as a current college student taking on a physiology course, this video has saved me from a rough night of studying. I hope you know how much your videos help students. Thank you!

[@drakerohithdrizzysr]

Could you start making an organic chemistry video series -sincerely, struggling premed

[@IndraSchrage]

also strongly supported by pharmaceutical sciences student

[@yeremyrus4056]

@@IndraSchrage ditto

[@mikehunt3688]

How's school going?

[@henry2335]

How’s it going? Made it in?

[@aloovertheworld4948]

OMG YESS PLEASE!!

[@amylouise5885]

I'm a second year university student and unfortunately, my lecture on this was very rushed and sadly the lecturer's first language is not English, so we struggled a bit to understand him. This video was clear, well-spoken and illustrated, and I can finally understand what is going on in my physiology class. Thank you so much!

[@ZahidNeem]

do you go to york? Cause I feel your pain if so lol

[@natemcgregor8171]

Zahid Neemuchwala nah we just hold forks

[@makyronkingoferidu3016]

Most people can’t understand English very well in the first place. It was just you who couldn’t understand the lecturer. You should have opened your mouth and ask them to repeat themselves. Instead you allowed them to continue talking as if nobody had an issue understanding them.

[@jatinthakur7887]

@@makyronkingoferidu3016 some people are not as rude as you so you are the one who is dumb and need to shutup

[@aloovertheworld4948]

I'm on the same boat!

[@rldrummer40]

Salty "effin" Bananas! You guys will never understand how long I've been trying to remember which side starts off positive and negative. I learn it, then after a test, forget it. I relearn it, then after a test forget it again. It was a vicious, tiring, annoying cycle. In fact, I'm watching this video (3rd video I might add) because I couldn't remember and the other videos didn't explain clearly enough for this brain. Again, repeating the cycle. All it took was Salty Bananas. Are you freaking kidding me??? God bless you and salty bananas. In honor of this clever memory technique, I will eat a salty banana.

[@hellokitty-lw2mb]

You've got a nice sense of humor, young man!

[@FeyTheBin]

I'm eating banana chips while watching this video; it's literally a salty banana.

[@HowniGzu]

i wish i had you as my professor in all of my college courses, you're seriously such a huge help and the way you portray the information in such a way that makes it understandable is awesome.

[@crystalurbina8075]

This was the most helpful, thank you sooo much! I caught myself going "OHHHH" so many times because I finally understood everything thoroughly.

[@OasisMilo]

My god you are a good teacher. Very calm and clear. Love it!

[@ZantherStone]

How is he able to explain this just SO clearly!? Every word is precise. He has no extra, but also not missing anything essential. Just gives you a SOLID understanding on basics. Wow. I think hit's b/c he really listens to his students and what they need and how they think.

[@shahadhz5805]

Mr. Bozeman, I want to thank you alot, alot ! I passed my Bachelor’s ( 3 years ago) because of you! Literarily, when I was struggeling with something I was just searching for that in your page ! And I finished my Master’s 2 years ago because of you ! And now I am doing my MD and I cannot skip your channel at all! Your videos are always there when I feel lost ! Thanks alot !

[@latoshiawilliams296]

Wow! I learned so much from this guy. I had trouble with this topic in Psychology class but now I understand it better.

[@raduantoniu]

Excellent explanation!

[@user-bw6yt7og1f]

He will never know that there is small villages in the world. And there is a student of his lives in it. He teaches me almost all the basics of life sciences in simplest possible way. He is ...❤

[@nikkihuang7635]

That answered soo many of the questions I had and even ones that I wasn't able to articulate! Thank you so much

[@ayemanmahbub371]

God bless this man. You just taught me 10 lecture videos and 50 pages under 15 minutes.

[@sanaalsarayreh]

I can't memorize this for the life of me! And it doesn't help that I'm taking this class during the summer and I am the mother of a 16 month old baby. Ugggh! Good luck to all! Send positive energy my wayyy

[@JoshB-zc5jb]

Wait.....omg best of luck for that!

[@MrValkyr1e]

More power to you, lady

[@MMJ243]

I relate.... good luck hope you did great

[@beyondhope4humanity]

May Allah make it easy upon you sister💖 Aameen

[@Paprikaah]

Taniza Tasnim shut up already

[@pyrogirl55]

How is it that I've gone through years of physiology, psychology, kinesiology, and biology and no one has ever mentioned the salty banana? Only helpful mnemonic I've ever gotten for this

[@gheedomar2170]

The fact that everything clicked when I watched this vid is amazing.. we need more people like you in universities👏🏻

[@yakarotsennin3115]

Woah!!! You explained so much in depth in such a short period!! Also love the simulation, they are very helpful for envisioning the influx of Na and Exflux of K as well as the movement of the impulse down the axon. Best video i’ve seen on the topic so far.

[@Tommykee999]

so salty bananas are what's letting me type this message cool

[@Bozemanscience1]

very cool

[@TheAbele992]

Does the undershoot returning to its resting potential refer to the refractory period.

[@jackbillington2124]

yeah also known as hyperpolarization

[@hisxmark]

We ("I" am three billion cells and three hundred billion synapses.) are chemistry chemical aware of hundreds of billions of galaxies. Not to put too fine an edge on it, that makes "me" AWESOME! (You too, but who cares?)

[@jarodjohnson8415]

Mr. Anderson, you are far and away the best teacher I have ever had the pleasure of learning from.

[@mohammedalsikafi8238]

you are the real OG. My professor spend a whole lecture explaining this and took hours. You did it in 14 minutes. Thank you sir.

[@RonShenkar]

This was extremely comprehensive, thorough and all-around well-explained! Thank you so much!

[@konsteemeli]

These videos contain everything essential in exactly the right order. You really have thought it through. Best youtube teacher.

[@lindseymarshall3191]

I literally made a youtube account so that I could comment on this. Thank you for doing what you do!! This video was SO helpful

[@kyannedavis2803]

He has such an excellent way of explaining things, it's incredible. Whenever I'm stuck on a concept after my professor teaches it and I've studied the textbook, I watch Mr. Anderson explain it and it becomes clear as day. What a phenomenal teacher.

[@yashmhase3212]

My professor taught us this for 3 hours and nothing got in my brain....this guy explained in 14 minutes and I understood the whole concept!

[@mertc1529]

man that is so inspirational. you literally explain tons of informations fluently and densely, and , of course, understandably

[@anniemckenzie13]

Paul Andersen does it again! My teacher in high school and I am still learning from you in college :) Thank you for all you do! Hope all is well, Mr. Andersen!

[@timothyvanpelt_cyclist]

Thank you, one of the best explanations. At 9:12 you say the signal won't move to the left due to repolarization of the segment to the left, opening up the potassium channels, resulting in an outflow of K+. But I think it's also due to the Na+ channels being in an inactive state, requiring a few ms to become closed (and they can only open up again from the closed state).

[@WitchSmeller74]

Thank you so much for these videos. I'm sure it took a lot of effort on your part, but you have blessed so many students with your ability to explain seemingly complex concepts in an easy to understand way. Easily one of the most useful channels on KZbin.

[@meep2026]

SOOOO HELPFUL!! this is such a confusing topic but thanks for explaining it so well! I understand it now!!

[@donovanlucibello6420]

Thank you, Mr. Andersen, you have been helping me (and many others) for years now!

[@danielaromerovargas7241]

I don't think you understand how many times I've been taught/explained this and until watching your video I am finally able to get it. Thank you very much for creating such powerful graphics simple yet exactly what I needed to learn

[@deephillips875]

One 14 minute video gave me greater clarity than two chapters and a handful of Khan videos. Thank you!

[@Dani-ge1zw]

I was reading textbooks, searching for Crash Course and Khanacademy video and NONE were as helpful as this one. BELIEVE ME. Thank you so much for all that you've done to teach people like me.

[@emmanuelrodriguezsilva9613]

I don´t know how to use the appropiate words to describe how grateful I am for this tremendous effort you have made in all your videos. Thank you so much. You explain clearly. Greetings from Mexico

[@jessiegolden2088]

Thank you for your time and trying to help us succeed.

[@emmabarron3988]

This has really helped me remember neurons. And with the AP test right around the corner, that is a blessing. Thank you so much for this video! Salty Bananas makes it SO easy to remember. keep up the great work! :)

[@kolibril4265]

This is complex knowledge presented in an very dense, but at the same time comprehensive and visual way. Thanks a lot for this masterpiece of didactics!

[@anisfarhad1506]

You have no idea how thankful I am to you.

[@NikkiJohnsonFreeThinker]

Wow ... this is taught at just the perfect speed with exactly the right amount of information. Thank you for explaining not only what happens but WHY in such a crystal-clear way. High-five, Paul! 🙌

[@louislang3011]

best video about this subject! you explained many aspects that are important but aren't explained in other videos/books. the animation and fluidity make it easier to understand. thank you so much

[@sufia2151]

Thank you, this is the most clear, illustrative and complete explanation of the topic. Very grateful for your efforts.

[@andrewholton6585]

Top class, generous and unpatronising revision for Neurologists and Clinical Neurophysiologists trying to remember the scientific basis of their everyday clinical practice

[@msp.9780]

Best video for AP I have seen so far! If only someone in college had explained it to me that easily. Long live the salty banana.

[@brinbearable]

Best video on AP's so far, thank you for taking the time to share!!!

[@mg2172]

this was so helpful; I'm learning about this in my neuroscience class right now. thanks!

[@filippetrovic9823]

I honestly don't know what I would do without channels like this... like this guy is 5 times better than all of my professors combined :) I am so grateful

[@jekaterinaromanova6701]

Thank you for making complex information so easy to understand and more importantly - memorize and retain in a long term memory. Makes learning anatomy fun vs. stressful.

[@MinhTran-ep4ln]

Thank you so much. This is the most perfect lecture about neuron action I've ever listened to.

[@NiftyNooks]

Described in the best and most efficient way. Kudos.

[@michellecheng9425]

thanks a lot professor! I have been watching your videos for three years! From preparing for the listening test of TOEFL to AP till now in university! All of the videos are super helpful!

[@shaiktanveer]

Difficult topic to understand but you made it simple ... Hats off sir

[@alexisgjondrekaj2229]

I rarely comment on youtube videos but this video was amazing. This was the most clear explanation and over 2 weeks of lecture did not compare to this 14 minute video! You are awesome thank you so much for your videos you are a HUGE help to this pre med student.

[@ruthreinhold5645]

So, so helpful. I was so confused about this subject and you just completely cleared it up for me and gave a great overview afterwards too. Thank you!!

[@cait7140]

I’m doing a major in neuroscience and you’re still saving my butt. You are a god send. I’ve never found anyone that explains things and clearly and concisely as you. Also, salty banana? Perfect.

[@beyondhope4humanity]

Totally life saving video! I was absent throughout the class lessons on this topic! And boring notes wouldn't help visualizing the real situation that happens!

[@raaspider]

Very few people have this type of talent to present a complex topic in such a clear way...bravo...bravi...applauso...👏👏👏

[@membola]

Great presentation. Recent research suggests that the ball doesn't actually go inside the channel to block it, it pushes on the outside of the channel to close it.

[@sarahadam703]

Best ever action potentials explanation I have ever came across in my whole life ... thank you very much. We see your greate effort and hard work

[@kpezo]

Thank you for this wonderful neurophysiology video!!! You made it so much easier to understand and explained it very well!!!

[@TheMegaKidBoy]

Absolutely amazing explanation and really clear illustrations. Thank you so much!

[@tehreemirfan1244]

Thank you so much for such a detailed yet precise lecture!!! Appreciate the hard work, Sir!

[@sukhmanisidhujakhar184]

Best Vedio on KZbin which explains Action potential concept crystal clear. Thank you so much. I have watched I don't know how many vedios before, read text but was confused till date. U did amazing job.

[@maddypeikin6928]

wow. this is the first time I've ever understood this whole process! you are incredible!!! amazing explanation. sooo helpful!

[@elizabethterrazas707]

Beautiful explanation. I appreciate all of the visuals and simulations. Very clear and helpful :)

[@AliBaba-di8jn]

Can my tuition funds go towards this hero? He's helped me get A's in neurobiology, biochemistry and genetics. Greatly appreciate these videos.

[@robertorrave976]

Superb explanation. Thank you very much Mr. Anderson

[@benwillard6751]

The animations are amazing and have been a long time coming. Watching the action is the ONLY way to understand this!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Insurmountable kudos to the animator!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

[@sovereignyashub3878]

LITERALLY TAKING BIO 2 BY A NEUROLOGIST AND HE MAKES THE COURSE SO DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND! THANKS FOR THE UNDERSTANDING AS ALWAYS!!! YOU ROCK! 🔥🔥🔥💥💥💥🤙🏿

[@shyladavis5066]

Super helpful video, I appreciate the use of animation in addition to explaining the topic (Especially how you have mini recaps throughout video!) thank you!

[@sarahgraham1121]

Thanks so much for this video! It made my 100+ powerpoint lecture slides on this subject all come together & make sense.

[@kouroshparastesh5069]

You are amazing sir! Your videos helped me a lot with studying for my MCAT!

[@LisaSimpson2]

Hey Bozeman Science! Another great lesson (I remember this one well!). I haven't watched one of your videos in aaaages, just been refreshing my memory, but I used to watch them all the time back when I was studying Human Biology at college. Just thought I'd say a big thank you! Without you and your amazing lessons I would never have gotten a B for biology! The teacher was great but didn't teach us that much really but I'd go home and study using your videos and I learnt soooo much! I knew absolutely nothing about biology before your videos now I remember all of this stuff (even now years later). Please keep up the great work you do! Your lessons are really well explained and easy to understand, thanks so much for the amazing knowledge and good grade as I have you to thank partly for that :-)

[@susannalung3150]

Feeling ready for my BIO 162 exam today thanks to you!

[@XTheSpartanX7]

This is great. I have a week until my exam. Been typing each main topic from my physiology class into youtube then watching the videos and taking serious notes. Much better job than my professor because I can rewind you !!!!

[@majdmohamad30]

That was the best explanation i have heard everrrr, thank you.

[@kelseycrumrine9060]

This guy is awesome!! Taught in 15 min what my professor taught in like 5 hours. 10/10 recommend for people who have zero background in phys and need a generic breakdown.

[@k_hopeee]

Thanks for this! It cleared some things up for me that I was confused about! I found your animations most helpful!

[@maricarmen8776]

Very well explanatory and great dynamic. Thank you!

[@miri5516]

This is the best educational video I've seen today, and I've seen many.

[@lindahagenmaier6501]

I have watched so many...THIS video was basic and clear! Thank you!!!

[@ryancarter4334]

Thank you so much! I've watched several videos on Action Potentials but this one really made it click with me.

[@shazwanabdullah9276]

That was an amazing video! Please make more, I'll definitely watch them

[@siddhirao8328]

This is the only video explaining start to finish ......Awesome thank you !!

[@jamesnunns9909]

You have been so much help through my Biology class and now psychology. Thanks, james.

[@najeena7762]

These are of a bit high level. But still I understood it after watching Ur video , Sir. My high school zoology teacher took 3 classes of 1 hour each day to make us understand,still no effect. But u r awesome. Thanks a lot🤗

[@isabellarussell4407]

Thank you for actually explaining it with the visuals that you included, it finally actually clicked and i actually understand what is going on. I have been so confused!!!