The Truth About JWST Detecting Alien Life...

JWST is the pinnacle of our astronomical aspirations, the most sensitive telescope ever built by human hands. But can this feat of engineering resolve a question which has haunted us since the dawn of civilization - are we alone? So let's explore whether JWST could detect signatures of biology on another world, and if so under what conditions? Sponsored by Ground News, head to ground.news/coolworlds
Written and presented by Prof David Kipping, edited by Jorge Casas. Thanks to Ryan MacDonald ( / @martiancolonist ) for checking over some technical points.
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THANK-YOU to our supporters D. Smith, M. Sloan, C. Bottaccini, D. Daughaday, A. Jones, S. Brownlee, N. Kildal, Z. Star, E. West, T. Zajonc, C. Wolfred, L. Skov, G. Benson, A. De Vaal, M. Elliott, B. Daniluk, M. Forbes, S. Vystoropskyi, S. Lee, Z. Danielson, C. Fitzgerald, C. Souter, M. Gillette, T. Jeffcoat, J. Rockett, D. Murphree, S. Hannum, T. Donkin, K. Myers, A. Schoen, K. Dabrowski, J. Black, R. Ramezankhani, J. Armstrong, K. Weber, S. Marks, L. Robinson, S. Roulier, B. Smith, G. Canterbury, J. Cassese, J. Kruger, S. Way, P. Finch, S. Applegate, L. Watson, E. Zahnle, N. Gebben, J. Bergman, E. Dessoi, J. Alexander, C. Macdonald, M. Hedlund, P. Kaup, C. Hays, W. Evans, D. Bansal, J. Curtin, J. Sturm, RAND Corp., M. Donovan, N. Corwin, M. Mangione, K. Howard, L. Deacon, G. Metts, G. Genova, R. Provost, B. Sigurjonsson, G. Fullwood, B. Walford, J. Boyd, N. De Haan, J. Gillmer, R. Williams, E. Garland, A. Leishman, A. Phan Le, R. Lovely, M. Spoto, A. Steele, M. Varenka, K. Yarbrough & F. Demopoulos.
::References::
► Schwieterman et al., 2018, Exoplanet Biosignatures: A Review of Remotely Detectable Signs of Life, Astrobiology, 18, 6: arxiv.org/abs/1705.05791
► Kozakis et al. 2022, Is ozone a reliable proxy for molecular oxygen? I. The O2-O3 relationship for Earth-like atmospheres, A&A, 665, 156: arxiv.org/abs/2208.09415
► Leung et al. 2022, Alternative Methylated Biosignatures I: Methyl Bromide, A Capstone Biosignature, ApJ, 938, 6: arxiv.org/abs/2208.07393
► Lin et al. 2021, Differentiating Modern and Prebiotic Earth Scenarios for TRAPPIST-1e: High-resolution Transmission Spectra and Predictions for JWST, MNRAS, 505, 3562: arxiv.org/abs/2105.09319
► Fauchez et al. 2019, Impact of Clouds and Hazes on the Simulated JWST Transmission Spectra of Habitable Zone Planets in the TRAPPIST-1 System, ApJ, 887, 194: arxiv.org/abs/1911.08596
► Kaltenegger et al. 2020, The White Dwarf Opportunity: Robust Detections of Molecules in Earth-like Exoplanet Atmospheres with the James Webb Space Telescope, ApJ, 901, 1: arxiv.org/abs/2009.07274
► Limbach et al. 2022, A New Method for Finding Nearby White Dwarf Exoplanets and Detecting Biosignatures, MNRAS, 517, 2622: arxiv.org/abs/2209.12914
::Music::
Music licensed by SoundStripe.com (SS) [shorturl.at/ptBHI], Artlist.io, via Creative Commons (CC) Attribution License (creativecommons.org/licenses/..., or with permission from the artist
► 00:00 Hill - All Flesh Is as the Grass [open.spotify.com/track/1WuMK4...]
► 03:57 & 14:59 Hill - The Great Alchemist [open.spotify.com/track/3PAx36...]
► 08:01 & 18:50 Outside the Sky - Trillions
► 11:57 Hill - We Are Unceasing Beings [open.spotify.com/track/3Tnhaw...]
► 25:18 Joachim Heinrich - Stjärna
::Chapters::
00:00 Introduction
01:00 A Biosignature Primer
11:00 Sponsorship
12:21 TRAPPIST-1e
19:12 White Dwarfs
25:29 A Fool's Hope
27:05 Outro and credits
#JWST #AlienLife #Astrobiology

[@CoolWorldsLab]

Thanks for watching everyone and thanks to Ground News for sponsoring this video. Head over to ground.news/coolworlds to give it a try for yourself and get some transparency with where your news is coming from. So do you feel optimistic/pessimistic that JWST could detect biosignatures? How important do you think this question should be for NASA/ESA/JAXA/etc?

[@wooddogg8]

I'm still optimistic that bio signatures can be detected if they're out there , but I guess it is unlikely they'll be confirmed with JWST, with so many transits being necessary. Still we can learn from whatever the results are. I would consider bio/technical signatures to be very important and I hope the space agencies do as well. Thanks for the videos!! I thoroughly enjoy them all!

[@kubexiu]

I think that everyone should focus on technosignatures or something that indicates inteligent life. There is so much more options to look at. More possibilities. I know that probability get lower,but we have to look for something we don't know rather than things we know and can be everywhere .

[@kubexiu]

@Random Guy how will you make a "contact" with simple life? It doesn't give us anything. More interesting for me is, if advanced life can survive for longer or even make interstellar trips.13bln years is enought, to breed more such a "species"like us.Even if we find some kind of life on Mars, what does it changes? Copernicus principle is still in tact.Simple life can be everywhere. The biggest problem with our egzistation is, if we can actually move through the cosmos.If not, what's the point of looking?

[@Sajuuk]

Based on what you said, no. An Earthlike planet around a white dwarf supporting life must be as rare as Larry Niven's "smoke ring", a gas torus, a ring of air around a neutron star where life exists. Maybe we should look for a smoke ring instead? 😉

[@GigiM_winx]

I think the previous thumbnail was better tbh, it was so colorful and captivating, just an opinion

[@Guitarist4Life89]

Love your channel man. Makes me happy knowing there are people like you in the world pursuing things like this.

[@CoolWorldsLab]

It's a joy to get to work on things like this!

[@Guitarist4Life89]

@Cool Worlds i look forward to hearing more discoveries by you and your team

[@prototropo]

I agree! It's always a joy, in a world of Trumps and Putins, with their vulgar narcissism and sheer, selfish contempt for the rest of the world, to be reassured by the humanity and intelligence of intrepid people like David Kipping, and the science that they advance.

[@chandrasekharlimit4547]

We are all just curious humans looking to admire the beauty of the world we live in, it’s easy to forget how rare and beautiful it truly is, that we exist- and that’s why we study Astronomy, astrophysics, astrobiology, astrochemistry etc… we want to share its beauty :) anybody in science would love to explain anything you ask them about their field, just ask, and ANYONE can do this, If you desire to, I highly recommend it :D

[@theplatypusofconsciousness1367]

Ssriously

[@paganlark7037]

We have encountered technological challenges for our entire history that many believed were insurmountable, only to eventually advance through the challenge and unlock the technology. Since we can't know right now, it's most useful to just proceed ahead and assume we can detect life and traverse the stars to meet it. There is insufficient evidence to conclude otherwise and accept the defeat of our dreams.

[@dancingwiththedogsdj]

I think you described that extremely well.... I think to just add on something else to keep in mind is how much the crazy universe has been able to show us things we couldn't have ever even dreamt of and yet "mother nature" can teach us things beyond our wildest dreams, or knock us down a few pegs if needed and not even break a sweat! 💦 🤯 But also gave us tacos 🌮, so I think we should listen and pay attention! ❤️🤗👍

[@lionelmessisburner7393]

Agree. I like the optimism. And honestly, I don’t even mind if I never live to see aliens, but if jwst helps future generations find aliens sooner I’m completely happy with that.

[@dancingwiththedogsdj]

@@lionelmessisburner7393I hope you have a few good tunes to share with us and all.... I gotta say heck yeah, but geeeeeez, what are we going to learn by next week?!? Throw in the AI chat stuff, a crap load of smart and curious people with a good head on their shoulders and OMG! What will we know when JWST is getting approval to try to extend it's life like Hubble is now.... Do you have your seatbelt fastened securely? Gimme a tug on that overhead harness too.... Now, DJ, can you crank up some good tunes and hit your launch button.... I'm ready for the ride!!! 🎢

[@dancingwiththedogsdj]

@@lionelmessisburner7393 I hope it was clear I meant no harm or anything other than agreeing and throwing in my own silly thoughts and best wishes to you or anyone else who stumbles across this... We may be wrong, we might be right, but either way it should be interesting and hopefully fun too! You take care wherever you are and I love yapping back and forth anytime with anyone who is interested just so both parties are enjoying themselves 🎉❤️🌎🎶🤯

[@nuance9000]

And yet... We still can't talk to whales

[@Outist]

it's always a wonderful day when cool worlds upload a video ❤️ thank you sir, for sharing your great work with us.

[@CoolWorldsLab]

My pleasure!

[@robotaholic]

There is something special and magnetic about this channel and Dr. Kipping! Just can't get enough. Thank you so much for another video

[@nic1208]

Nothing like a new Cool World's video! I just love how he mixes scientific information with the philosophic ramifications to make it truly thought provoking.

[@singingsam40]

Added to this, the creative videography, editing and beautiful soundtracks, make these videos and their content into works of art.

[@Nobody-df4is]

Absolutely. Astronomy is a mix of science and philosophy. And it is kind of funny, we do have a good understanding of how the universe works and yet we don't. There is so much we do not know and probably never will. But it is nice to use common sense.

[@Obsidian762]

I must admit that I misunderstood JWST's ability to detect bio signatures, pretty much due to excitement as well as ignorance. Thank you for the thorough explanation of what is actually possible and realistic. Stay curious!

[@lightyagami3492]

I think JWST just isn't large enough of a telescope to be able to do this reliably. It can in theory but space is just so vast that it's more likely that ill win the lottery in my lifetime than discover life around another world.

[@nh41]

@@lightyagami3492 We need a new folding space telescope, to be launched on the 9 meters diameter, Starship

[@cipi432]

@@nh41 It would take another 30 years.

[@lightyagami3492]

@@nh41 I don't even think the Louvoir telescope in development would be able to detect life around another world. The telescope needs to be many many times larger than even the 15 meter design.

[@nordthernlights6559]

It's one of the best content on KZbin. No click bait shite. Just pure , well explained science.

[@HeWhoRoamsAimlessly]

Is a great channel. So many other none sensical hyperbolic garbage channels. So glad to have Dr Kipling. Event horizon is also great. As well as Sean carrol channel

[@brandonmtb3767]

This is by far the best atronomy channel on KZbin. I love space but most channels just cover the same old basic stuff with clickbait titles and thumbnails. You are honest about all your data and calculations and honest when something is nearly impossible but still give hope that it could happen. You also are just a really great video editor (or have a good editor) and make the content emotionally engaging (which is better than the average movie these days sadly). Keep up the great work!

[@davide.2349]

I love your videos David, great work at Cool Worlds lab team!!

[@knifetex]

Looking forward to this one! Thanks for making these high quality and thought provoking videos. 👍👍

[@igortumbas2769]

You have no idea how much I appreciate and enjoy watching your videos. I love the passion for exploring subjects that are on the edge of science and yet a balanced approach to examining them. I will continue to stay curious! Keep going!

[@thelaughinghyenas8465]

Beautiful and mind expanding, as always. I so look forward to these.

[@NLSkeletor]

I've always been fascinated by your videos and your (relatively) easy way of explaining very complex theories! Thank you for expanding my knowledge about the universe even though I'm a simple cook!

[@brettpaynter]

Don't know if its just me, but every time I watch a new video from Professor Kipping, I get very emotional. I don't know if its the way he explains it, his voice, the material he covers, or just that I am really into what he is talking about. This video made me choke up and I had to wipe my eyes. I think any time talk of life and the survival of life on earth is brought up it hits a cord with me. The shear crazy fact that the Earth and all life on it even exists at all in a Universe that more and more seems to be hostile to said life really is a "Fools Hope" indeed. We are Star Stuff, the Universe trying to understand itself....

[@Gary-Seven-and-Isis-in-1968]

As the Professor has stated.. We have been here for less than 1% of 1% of Earths history. What have we done in our short time here.. We red flagged ourselves as being an evolutionary dead end. Endless wars and destruction of the nature that created us. We will have to evolve or go extinct. The latter is most probable.

[@Ryouski]

So glad I recently found this channel. I’ve binged your videos and it’s so good!

[@WildernessGirl21]

Love how easy David explains all this. @CoolWorlds rocks!

[@theworldofayya]

Seriously love these videos! Thankyou yet again for filling me with awe and wonder

[@rickr7599]

David........ most informative....another superb professional presentation!......well researched & coordinated....thank you again!

[@ClosetDadd]

You have no idea how much I love watching your vids. It was one of the channels that inspired me to start this one. While I know my channel quality and content is no where near as yours, it still inspires me in every way. Thank you!

[@zimmy1958]

David the way you convey a story is is amazing , thanks for sharing.

[@tankej]

Wow, you really hit it out of the park with this video - thank you so much!

[@karldouglas9839]

Love this channel. Some of the best content in the Galaxy.

[@sachinpatwardhan629]

Correction Best content in UNIVERSE..!!

[@jameshoey303]

Thank you for your Cool Worlds channel....your gift is appreciated

[@talentluthuli]

Thank you for the final part of your video , I needed to hear that

[@callmebodhisattva]

A new video! I find myself waiting each month. Thank you for your sober, informative, thought provoking content! 🙏✨

[@sambamiam]

Top KZbin channel. The only notification I have ever turned on. Please discuss in depth the Miller-Urey experiment.

[@arunmoses2197]

This has got to be one of the best channels on KZbin. If not, the best Astronomy channel on KZbin. These videos are 10/10 and so great that I have to prepare myself to give a new upload my full attention.

[@1coleman8]

What a great video David, keep them coming!

[@Gary-Seven-and-Isis-in-1968]

The best channel of it's type on KZbin. I wait each new edition with great anticipation.👍

[@MCsCreations]

Fascinating subject indeed! Thanks for the breakdown of the possibilities! 😊 Stay safe there with your family! 🖖😊

[@freespirit995]

As always, a fascinating video- especially for a non-scientist like me. Your videos are excellent at actually explaining the technical difficulties of science!

[@Nikoraschannel]

Love this channel! I always listen to this channel while I'm at work,

[@analaurarodriguezgusta9028]

Prof. Kipping is so inspirational with his videos. I really like the work of Cool Worlds

[@englishiguana4304]

such an informative and simultaneously beautiful video, thank you so much. i also loved gandalf at the end about “a fool’s hope”… but of course that fools hope eventually panned out in LOTR, i hope we share the same fate in our search for alien life!!!

[@urnad12345]

So what you’re saying is we need to make 100 more James Webb space telescopes, with a lot being specially geared towards exoplanet studies, and then put them in a lot of different orbits. Solid, let’s do it.

[@EndlessPlaid]

Absolutely LOVE your videos! So well done.

[@ccgooser]

Thanks for another amazing video David. As always, I'm reminded of just how astoundingly lucky we are to have been gifted with life.

[@KingBritish]

I was asleep all day after a late one otherwise I'd of watched this straight away as usual. I was happy when I woke up to this notification. Thank you for the consistent in depth information you provide in your videos. Let's get that 1m subscribers before the end of the year 📈

[@CoolWorldsLab]

Who knows, maybe?! I'm trying to focus on just making videos I'm proud of rather than the numbers, I think the latter would drive me crazy

[@singingsam40]

​@@CoolWorldsLab Your videos are definitely something you can be proud of. I'm not much of a scientist (more of a philosopher) and often struggle with the more complex concepts, but have never failed to get something from your uploads. Your creative style reaches people on many levels.

[@flamethrower40]

Always enjoy your videos. You're brilliant!

[@mayna2083]

Really fantastic video cutting through a lot of the hype/clickbaity kind of information out there about this potential within JWST or more specifically radio astronomy in general, thanks a ton.

[@StevenWilliams66]

New to this channel. Blown away! Excellent content

[@moondogg_monte]

Loved your Interview with Lex! Can't wait for Round 2!

[@FrostW1nd]

Your videos are awesome, love your channel, thank you so much for putting them out !!! Is there any way that JWST can be used to detect techno signatures ??

[@Netvoxer]

An unmistakable techno signature would be detecting Pump Up The Jam - a Belgian techno anthem - in the signal.

[@elongatedmusk3132]

Thanks Mr. Kipping PS seen an interview recently where you said alien "life" could be an organism covering a planet...or something like that (I was tired but it was neat much like this video. Thanks for your hard work always, stay blessed

[@TheTank19881]

Awesome video! Keep up the good work!

[@juscelino8078]

Love the passion you have to solve this question!!!

[@marshalljordan5956]

Channel is one of the best on KZbin. Gonna go out on a limb here and say you're up there with Cox as far as tranquilly listening to accurate, informative, and universally (pun intended and I hate myself for it) interesting science. You've got your finger on the pulse of the best topics to cover. ALWAYS entertaining and close to that ASMR feel. Thanks a million!!!

[@HeWhoRoamsAimlessly]

Let's get a cox and Kipling team up pod 🎉

[@134StormShadow]

As expected from Dr. Kipping and all the team, yet another great thought provoking video. His last comments mean I'm going to bed happy but with thoughts that will keep me awake for hours. 😊🥰😊

[@MadCityBells]

I’ve been waiting & waiting & waiting for this!

[@diaryofacrankykid7270]

Your videos are a gift to the world. What a pleasure to watch and learn. Thank you wonderful human being for sacrificing your precious time for the sake of the rest of us.

[@matthewfraser8645]

Great closing statement! I learned quite a lot from your video. Thx!

[@floridaman5654]

God the beauty of your work. Thank you so much. The love and heart put into your pieces are mind-blowing. Thank you. 🙏

[@mrsteve4514]

Love watching your vids in the dark at night, it hits different

[@CoolWorldsLab]

That's how I imagine folks watching them...

[@jeffreyneedle2191]

Great video. Keep posting on transmission spectroscopy.

[@ivogrobler797]

“It’s possible.” Wow man, I came to watch an interesting space video and instead I got a much needed pick up while wading through a dark part of my life. Thanks for that.

[@apexazimuth]

Never stop! I love this channel.

[@halometroid]

The surface of earth was also cover by metals in its early days. Radiation cased it to create oxidation which only grew exponentially by causing the oxidization of the metals.

[@rabidrabbit4495]

You thank us for watching..we thank you for creating intellectual content...your teachings have taken my knowledge of the cosmos to another level...shout out from Ecuador

[@mitchellanderson3068]

Nice job on the Lex Friedman podcast. Hope to see you guys together again in the future!

[@WildernessGirl21]

I just caught that earlier! Great stuff for sure!

[@Top_Weeb]

It's such a joy to learn new things watching your videos.

[@BigDsGaming2022]

Excellent lecture Dr. Kipping !

[@wedge_one]

Amazing video as always! Also loved the idea of Ground.News!

[@nyanko2077]

Always nice to watch one of your videos at night before going to bed. A pleasant way to prepare for galactic dreams. Thank you.

[@blitzmotorscooters1635]

Great channel. We love ya man

[@bastiaanwilliams8398]

Your voice is pleasant, I almost fell asleep were it not for the subject being so interesting. Thank you.

[@AceSpadeThePikachu]

What we really need are telescopes (space and ground-based, maybe even moon-based) that ARE specifically designed to detect atmospheric bio-signatures, in much the same way Keplar was designed to detect exoplanet transits. I'd also love to see a video from you discussing what it would actually take to send a direct mission to our closest neighboring star, Proxima Centari, and if it could be done within our lifetimes with plausible technology.

[@markturner34]

These kind of videos are hypnotic . And very relaxing.

[@garyrichardson794]

Love your channel bc you always remain factual, provide/explain requisite biases, and don’t hype!

[@sciamachy9838]

Never opened a video this fast

[@CarlosAM1]

ye pretty much

[@michaelrutherford8154]

Ditto

[@sherifyacoub6862]

Another thought provoking video that makes me so happy to have found the Cool Worlds channel. These biosignatures are based on Earth-based biology, not necessarily how other forms of life may work in conditions different to ours (different temperatures, UV and gravity values for example). Do we know of and can look for any hypothetical biosignatures for other kinds of biology?

[@purecountry6672]

Your voice is truly soothing. Thank you for sharing

[@The_Primary_Axiom]

Can you do a video on time paradox at light speed? Like why you age slow and other time paradoxes like why colors change or Doppler effect. I love your videos.

[@bealesdoteth]

I'm always passionate about the prospect of life other than ours, despite issues like the Fermi paradox & our current inability to send signals to most parts of space without being in direct line of sight etc. Where channels like Kurzgesagt (understandably by design) dumb the concepts down & Melodydheep also have to gloss over the science, your channel really helps me to understand the science behind the issues. Thanks for making it relatively easy for someone without a background in science to understand. 🙏

[@SubZ3ro907]

Thanks for the interesting and fun video. Salute!

[@genexu520]

Such an amazing video. Astronomy could be so much fun.

[@rayoflight62]

Have my compliments for this greatly explanatory video essay. Data patterns recognition may well be the future for finding life on exoplanets. Thank you! Anthony

[@pumelelabanca1442]

Love your vids man.

[@peterkelley6344]

It is good to hear you be optimistic again. Keep finding those optimistic moments!!

[@char_lene_]

I get soo excited whenever I see you post a new video. It makes my day 💙💜

[@markholmes5695]

Damn it, I’m out for dinner…. Will have to watch later.

[@CoolWorldsLab]

I'll be waiting... ;-)

[@mr.Raymond1842]

Please slow down your speech just a bit as I hang tight to everything you say. I have lived for many years and hang onto life as long as I am able to learn something new about the cosmos. That has always been my reason for living. Your mind and gift for sharing your knowledge and visions is nothing short of astounding. I try very hard to remember and concentrate on everything you say. Many years ago I incurred a serious head injury in the service. I’m proud to be a disabled NAVY Seal and my love in life now is the very thing you talk about. Thank you for illuminating my cosmos!

[@Flowmystic]

Love you and your content you share.

[@jlsh2009]

Excellent Presentation made simple!

[@jtully79]

Another great piece of content thanks. I love the scientific rigour of your videos. A question about possible targets… what about the 4 Galilean moons of Jupiter or the other moons Titan (Saturn), Titania (Uranus) and Triton (Neptune)?

[@CoolWorldsLab]

If life is on those moons, it's probably beneath the surface. So the only way to get at that would be to physically visit and drill down, a telescope won't work.

[@jtully79]

@@CoolWorldsLab so presumably no atmospheres on them to do spectral analysis?

[@johnratcliffe6438]

I could listen to this chap read anything. Awesome narration voice.

[@BigDsGaming2022]

it is a College Lecture voice

[@Darren-jo4if]

Amazing.... Truely awesomely researched

[@harmonyx_official]

another fantastic video!

[@zepmarq]

"it's possible." Hell yes! Another cool and inspiring video. 😎👍

[@cuzzinpaulie]

more content please. great work

[@mikefinn]

Great episode Dr. Kipping. Good luck on JWST time. Maybe you should be part of the scheduling committee. But, I guess that would mean you couldn't get anytime for your cool worlds projects. Moons?

[@timothywood166]

I’m obsessed with your videos man, thank you! I love pondering about intelligent life in the cosmos.

[@alejandroandresberman8781]

man, I really like your videos! it is so overwhelming to know that I have so much to learn that if some day I go to US again I will go to your university and buy you a coffee. and just seat across the table, keep quiet and learn more

[@nickbaspaly6239]

I watch these videos with my daughter and we absolutely love them . We learn a ton and really really enjoy them , great work!

[@calliope68]

"It's possible!". This channel is so interesting & uplifting. Thank you!

[@faaustad]

Hello @CoolWorldsLab, is there any chance you could tell me something more about the picture of a blue/green planet that appears in the video at 4:51 min? I would love to print that picture in a big format on ChromaLux and hang it in my living room. What a beautiful picture it is!

[@imsen_Ao534]

When I feel small and insignificant I watch cool videos like cool worlds and i feel grateful to be alive again

[@rvoros]

@CoolWorldsLab (sorry for off-topic but it could make your gravitational telescope idea closer to be realized) It just came to my mind how we could avoid the waste of deceleration in space. Bring a lot of probes, use them as propellant by shooting them the opposite direction you want to accelerate. Use: say we want to plant a lot of mini probes that stay in place at the gravitational focal point of the Sun 1000's of AUs away. 1) the probes will be shot backwards at the current speed of the spaceship so they will stay relative to Sun 2) our spaceship gets extra speed going towards another star 3) when we arrive at the target system we may want to shoot the remaining probes at much higher speeds away so we slow down and the probes can continue their journey at a much higher speed. Result: much less fuel is wasted on acceleration phases

[@n.4238]

That was a great episode 👏

[@pedrogiro837]

Love the content!