The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald: A Meteorological Breakdown

[@jimmyseaver3647]

You don't grow up in this neck of the woods without hearing about the _Edmund Fitzgerald_ and her loss. It was an absolute shocker for the region and continues to haunt Great Lakes mariners to this day.

[@BonnieDragonKat]

Amen!!!!

[@tomchidwick]

This was so well done Trey. Thank you for your diligent, respectful, and honoring work on this.

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you very much!

[@64BBernard]

Just south of where the Fitzgerald sank, at Vermillion, Michigan, a large number of trees were blown down by a downburst. In fact, there several reports of thunderstorms by mariners on Lake Superior that day. When a thunderstorm cluster moves at the same speed as the waves on the lake, the result can be rogue waves.

[@858Bill]

My father worked on the boats as a cook for many years.....including the Fitz.... I've been aboard her a few times myself.... We knew many of the men personally...... Rest in Peace.... Michael Armagost- 37- Third Mate- Iron River, Wisconsin Fred Beetcher- 56- Porter- Superior, Wisconsin Thomas Bentsen- 23- Oiler- St. Joseph, Michigan Edward Bindon -47- First Asst. Engineer- Fairport Harbor, Ohio Thomas Borgeson -41- Maintenance Man- Duluth, Minnesota Oliver Champeau- 41-Third Asst. Engineer- Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin Nolan Church -55 -Porter -Silver Bay, Minnesota Ransom Cundy- 53- Watchman- Superior, Wisconsin Thomas Edwards-50- Second Asst. Engineer- Oregon, Ohio Russell Haskell -40- Second Asst. Engineer- Millbury, Ohio George Holl -60- Chief Engineer- Cabot, Pennsylvania Bruce Hudson- 22- Deck Hand -North Olmsted, Ohio Allen Kalmon -43- Second Cook- Washburn, Wisconsin Gordon MacLellan- 30- Wiper- Clearwater, Florida Joseph Mazes- 59- Special Maintenance Man -Ashland, Wisconsin John McCarthy -62-First Mate -Bay Village, Ohio Ernest McSorley -63 -Captain -Toledo, Ohio Eugene O'Brien- 50- Wheelsman -Toledo, Ohio Karl Peckol -20- Watchman -Ashtabula, Ohio John Poviach -59- Wheelsman- Bradenton, Florida James Pratt -44- Second Mate- Lakewood, Ohio Robert Rafferty -62 -Steward -Toledo, Ohio Paul Riippa -22 -Deck Hand -Ashtabula, Ohio John Simmons -63 -Wheelsman -Ashland, Wisconsin William Spengler -59- Watchman- Toledo, Ohio Mark Thomas -21- Deck Hand- Richmond Heights, Ohio Ralph Walton -58- Oiler- Fremont, Ohio David Weiss -22 -Cadet -Agoura, California Blaine Wilhelm -52- Oiler- Moquah, Wisconsin

[@scottmcnally]

Trey, this was outstanding! I was at Split Rock Lighthouse last year for the ceremonial lighting in memory of the Edmund Fitzgerald. There was a pretty good storm last year as well. I made a KZbin video about the lighting and tried to compare the two storms at a very high level. This was just so well put together. I know there are dozens of weather events you could review, but another interesting one is the Armistice Day Blizzard of 1940. What captivates me is that 100s of duck hunters on the Mississippi went out that afternoon in light clothing with no clue of the impending storm. Dozens died as the blizzard trapped them on islands and the water began freezing. Survivors recall the best hunting they've ever seen as ducks were migrating ahead of the storm. The speed of the weather change from sunny and 70s, to the fight for life and death in hours, has always fascinated me as a duck hunter and weather enthusiast.

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you so much, Scott; I really appreciate it! Just watched your video from last year; really nicely done. I'll have to check out the 1940 event; very interesting that nobody had much of a clue of what was to come.

[@benwalters8301]

I really enjoyed this one great work as always. A breakdown of another Great Lakes cyclone: the 1996 Lake Huron Cyclone could also be interesting for future historical breakdowns.

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you! I will keep that event in mind.

[@StormsandSaugeye]

Ah, Hurricane Huron as we call it. One of the only known sub tropical storms over the great lakes to develop warm core cyclone characteristics

[@kay.elizabeth]

I’m from Michigan and I was born on November 10th (though many years after the sinking). Growing up, my mom always said “happy birthday, and remember the Edmund Fitzgerald.” Thank you for this video!

[@runt9]

Man what an absolutely incredible breakdown, Trey! You know I always talk about how much I enjoy learning the 1 or 2 new things each video, but virtually this entire video was learning. I can't imagine how hard this video would have been to do without the script, either, there's so many things to look at and so many details you have to hit. This wreck really is the perfect definition of "wrong place wrong time". The wave height map with the Blue X is literally an "X marks the spot" moment. Rolling waves against the side of a boat that have travelled across the entirety of the lake that also happen to be some of the largest ever seen in the history of the lake is unfathomably bad luck. How many times had they taken that route, even through some stormy weather, and prevailed unscathed? Also that surface low was an absolute monster. The pressure gradient on the back side as it came through was so tight and powerful. If they were seeing that kind of sustained winds, I have to wonder what some of the gusts got up to. I mean that thing was literally a land hurricane as far as pressure and wind speed is concerned. Lots I could talk about with this one, I love seeing you branch out into more forms of significant weather events, and can't wait for more!

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you so much! Yeah, it was just a wrong place/wrong time scenario. It’s not uncommon for Great Lakes freighters to experience rough weather, in November especially, but the Fitzgerald was just in a really bad spot at a really bad time.

[@SylvieJ47]

Upper Peninsula Mentioned!! But seriously this is a fantastic breakdown, your videos get better everytime I swear. Fantastic work Trey! Very glad for this one as someone who has always loved the great lakes and now lives near Superior. im fairly certain I used to have a wooden model of the Edmund Fitzgerald as a kid.

[@SylvieJ47]

also I'd be remiss to say the Gordon Lightfoot song is a masterpiece of songwriting, it really gets you in the feelings to listen to it, especially in the right environment.

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you so much for the kind words! I agree about Lightfoot’s song, such a well-written tribute to this event.

[@metallikat05]

Oh, how utterly fascinating! Thank you, that was really amazing to watch.

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you!

[@SIGINT007]

The inconvenient truth of the Fitz is the ship was ridden hard and put away wet it’s whole service life. It was a tired, fatigued boat and this storm just finished the job…whether or not it bottomed out. Rest easy, men.

[@bdunk914]

It takes time but this channel will definitely take off eventually. I thought you already had way more subscibers because of the quality and knowledge you share! Keep up the great work

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you so much for the kind words!

[@greenshoesguy1]

I’ve been interested in the story of the Edmund Fitzgerald since I first heard the story when I was in elementary school 25 years ago, and I’ve tried to learn as much as I can since. This is one of the best videos I’ve seen about the loss of the Fitzgerald. Well done!

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you so much!

[@64BBernard]

The meteorologists had to play catch-up with this storm. Back in 1975, weather models were quite primitive when compared with today's high resolution models. The LFM model, had a resolution of 190.5 km, meaning that there were only a couple of grid points over Lake Superior. Temporal resolution was every twelve hours, so woeful in providing guidance to mariners. As a result, the NWS updated their forecast and warnings, based on on-scene weather observations by mariners. The NWS had 26 cooperating weather observation vessels on the Great Lakes in 1975, one of which was the Edmund Fitzgerald.

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank goodness for the improvement in forecasting since then; I can't imagine how tough it was to forecast these kinds of storms with intricate detail back then.

[@clnhunter9137]

I grew up in NJ, and was 15 when the Fitz was lost. I remember it being all over the news for over a week, then in the spring the song came out and the ship and crew truly became legend…

[@gianlucagasparis4506]

This video as well as the maritime horrors episode on this accident are now my evening plans

[@dmeemd7787]

This is really really cool stuff man, just another reason why I really love this channel!!

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you so much!

[@thebroderickhoward]

Crazy how everything came together perfectly for this to happen! Another great video, I learned a ton about how weather affects the lakes!

[@robertlivingston1634]

More importantly the lakes effect the weather.

[@SimonGruberSays]

Excellent video. I'll be visiting Detroit next week and I'll stop by the "musty (later rustic) old hall" to pay my respects.

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thanks so much! I've always wanted to take a trip up there to visit the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum and the "musty/rustic old hall" that Lightfoot mentions.

[@SkywarnMN97]

Nice work Trey !

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you!

[@theresemalmberg955]

I have heard that mariners consider storms on the Great Lakes to be even more dangerous than on the ocean because not only is there no place to run but the Lakes themselves slosh like a bathtub. All of the Lakes can turn deadly, not just Superior. By the way, the Huron Mountains are even higher than the famed Porcupines; the two highest peaks, Mt. Arvon and Mt. Curwood, are just under 2,000 feet in height. (In contrast, Tennessee's Monteagle Mountain, long the bain of truckers on I-24, is only around 1,800 feet high.) The Keweenaw Peninsula also has a prominent ridge running along its length. One of the reasons that the Portage Lake Ship Canal was built between Houghton and Hancock was to provide ships a shortcut to the safety of Keweenaw Bay during storms. I have often wondered why the Fitz and the Anderson did not go through the Canal and shelter in the Bay, but maybe they thought they were safer out on the open lake.

[@AndreWehrle]

Great meteorological analysis as always, Trey! Have you ever watched Historic Travels? He's another one of my favorite KZbinrs, a guy named Sam from (I think) West Virginia who started out doing videos on just the sinking of the _Titanic_ , exploring more technical and human aspects of the ship and the night she sank than I would have thought possible. He's since branched out into other historic shipwrecks (including a video on the _Fitz_ ) and just ships in general.

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you! Interesting, I’ll have to check his channel out!

[@XENONPLASMA]

I highly recommend watching the documentary that was on Discovery with Clive Cussler that went in depth on what might have caused the sinking of the Edmund Fitzgerald. They dove the wreck to bring up the ship's bell and were the last to be given permission to dive the wreck. It is illegal to dive the wreck as it is considered a burial site and is considered sancrosanct.

[@piconick79]

these videos are so interesting!!!

[@PFA...]

Interesting switch up! Looking forward to absorbing this one!

[@6thmichcav262]

With his course direction and the wind from his port rear, the helm had to correct starboard or the wind would have tended to blow him broadside. Then you get a starboard list and extra water in the hold sloshing around, with a cargo of loose taconite pellets. I’ve kayaked downwind in measly conditions of a 30mph tailwind, and the wind is pushing you in front of the waves, trying to turn you broadside. Any additional loss of critical buoyancy was obviously fatal in those conditions.

[@bdunk914]

Thanks man another great video!!

[@JustDante]

i didn't even know this happened, very interesting breakdown!

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you!

[@mistakenplane]

This is a brilliant video. So interesting!

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you so much!

[@LouisSpectorCMT]

Terrific work. Thank you for doing this.

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you!

[@alabamared2568]

I do remember an interview with captain from the Arthur m Anderson they reported wind gusts at caribou Island of over 90 mph from a lighthouse station!!!

[@myria9644]

Yes!!!! you gotta do more of these kind of videos. mixing two things i love to learn about in one video

[@danielwieten8617]

Super cool idea for a video. I knew it’d connect back to tornadoes somehow lol. This is like the Jarrell of marine tragedies.

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you! Haha yeah, had to connect it with tornadoes, if only briefly...

[@slayer18726]

Great work as always

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you!

[@brandonmayle5421]

This is great.

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you!

[@kainhall]

i think they bottomed out.....which would explain why the railing went down railings going down is a VERY VERY VERY bad sign (it means your boat is trying to fold in half) . i think they were taking on a bit of water from this......but were able to "hold their own" until the waves became too tall.... and started to overwhelm the bulge pumps . eventually it got low enough in the water to start down-flooding..... a hatch might have caved in.... or a large wave put enough water on deck to cancel out the buoyancy..... and it went down like a rock . . they MUST have known they were in a bad situation..... as a door or 2 were open and LOCKED!!! in the open position what i make of this is.... "we want to be able to have a quick escape" . i think they knew they were taking on water..... and just like several airline crashes.... they didnt want to declare a mayday because they didnt know the full situation (and didnt want to cause risk to someone else), they were too confident (biggest ship, ship next to them is OK)...... or just wanted to get home after a long day at work or a mix of all 3, usually . . . either way...... that railing being down is NOT!!! a good sign they could have "bent" the ship when they bottomed.... (people also say she was getting old and rusted out.... which makes her even weaker, especially after a bottom) . . . i can see myself wanting to push home..... its so close, just a few more miles and ill be in a warm bed with my wife and dogs the damned ship will hold together.... like it has every other time . and then ya blow a tire.... or that tired old engine/trans gives out and now you are in the middle of nowhere and have to hike 5 miles to make a cell phone call (and hopefully its not -50F with a 60MPH wind... like is common in NE MT lol)

[@bettypierce552]

Gordon.lightfoot❤. Great song❤

[@michaelConner-e7s]

NICE

[@brt-jn7kg]

If she hadn't bottomed out she'd made it. Not dogging the hatches bite them too.

[@gregobern6084]

what possible better action could have saved the ship or crew such as cut power , drop an anchor or anchors, steer into the wind or waves, get in the lifeboats tie yourself to the lifeboat or raft. Loosen the lifeboat connection, hold life boat in place, till the water lifted the boat away.

[@gregobern6084]

Or anchor downwind of the island and wait or beach it on the island dead slow

[@kozytime3232]

Amazing work! Well explained, well produced, and perfect explanation of how fetch and the potential of the rogue waves played a part! Once again you knock it out of the park with this one.

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you so much!

[@atomicwedgie8176]

@@ConvectiveChronicles With the direction of the waves and the starboard list TOWARDS the full force of the waves, it truly excasperbated the total effect of the waves onto the, already vulnerable, stricken ship. Captain Cooper, had mentioned, that those 2 waves had, almost pushed their bow under, but they weren't suffering buoyancy problems, like the Fitz. I think it was the 1st Mate who, also stated, he didn't know at one point if their bow was going to come back up, or continue to the bottom. Scary! The Fitz

[@StormsandSaugeye]

Some of the terms he coined like the witch of November have absolutely become common parlance in great lakes states. Ohios own Lake erie is considered to be a witches child who fusses and rages seemingly at random. So the maritime tone and some of the parlance has become common and it's nice seeing you dedicate time to this tragedy.

[@NothingQuiteAsFly]

Well done. I am too young for the 75 storm, but was in the thick of the massive low that struck the central plains on Nov 10th-11th, 1998. That one bottomed out at 967 MB or so over Duluth on the 11th. On the 10th, we fought our way from Omaha out to central Nebraska through just awful wind and snow after a concert.

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you! I’m my research for this, I did come across the 1998 event. Definitely seemed like a doozy

[@MightyMuffins]

Arguably the most infamous disaster on the Great Lakes. The storm was basically just so strong and one of the more perfect storms you could get for the Great Lakes and it's basically legendary at this point and you really just don't see a set up like this for the Great Lakes hardly ever. I agree with one of the comments in here that the NWS and agencies were playing catch up with this storm but at the same time, even in the 70s a lot of weather aspects that we knows now were still in their infancy or rather our understanding was still rather iffy. That and also the fact with Captains still on the Great Lakes and Oceans even at this time were known to be stubborn and these big ships almost felt like bricks and they could handle any storm thrown at them. Though, this was just a crazy storm and today, ships will anchor up close to shore or behind one of the many islands till the worst of the weather passes. I think there actually thresholds that ships will not venture out on too these days and the Fitzgerald disaster helped with that. One thing people sometimes forget with the disaster is that Fitzgerald and Anderson captains were good friends and spent nearly their entire careers on the Great Lakes so they did have experience with big storms but this was just a insane beast more than even they were expecting. Even the SS Arthur M. Anderson Captain Mr. Cooper said they didn't think they would make it at times cause it was the worst storm they ever seen or experienced. This is a Captain that has been on the lakes for DECADES so they know what they were talking about. Fitzgerald though, did have a lot of issues with it as a ship that made it a little more sketchy to handle this storm than the Anderson did and so that likely did have some impact. Still, this was a combination of factors and Fitzgerald just had hours of issues and hence why the Anderson was concerned with them. As you said it was the perfect storm of wrong place at the wrong time. They just fell behind the Anderson with all the problems they were dealing with and that 3 Sisters Wave likely was the kicker of this and new simulations Trey and new research shows that that the flooding and hatch cover damage and stuff was showing that the Fitzgerald was sitting INSANELY low in the water. Like the water line was potentially only about 5-10 Ft below the deck but because it was pretty dark out still at the time the crew had no clue and likely all the crew at the time were on the bridge or below in the engine rooms. There's an amazing interview with Captain Cooper of the Anderson "Through the eyes of Capt. Cooper: The night the Edmund Fitzgerald went down" but what he believes how the ship ended is pretty current with new data that she likely had broken her keel under the waterline around the bow 1/2 of the ship and flooding was impossible for the crew to see and likely got hit with the first wave of the 3 Sisters and she never surfaced and the bow basically went on a one way trip to the bottom. The ship was longer than the depth of the water so the stern stayed on the surface and corkscrewed off with the metal bending and battering it took before it snapped and sank too. Since there was no mayday or transmition it's now believe that the Fitz crew on the bridge only realized they were screwed was when they didn't feel the rocking of the waves and pressure increasing as they were way underwater the time and the bridge flooded out rapidly. Remember too it was near dark and near whiteout outside too in that storm so knowing if you were on the surface or underwater would only be subtle too given how low they were riding in the water already with the ore and flooding. Likely rolling of the boat would be less and give a sense that stuff was ok and hence they radioed in "We're holding out own".....a false sense of security but not knowing how screwed they were. They would have gone from surface to the bottom of the Lake in under 14 seconds. Truly terrifying to feel like you are on the surface and then you don't feel the waves anymore and it's pitch darkness like they would be seeing outside. Just infamous disaster but one that we likely should never see again given all the technology and satellite monitoring of the lakes and how most captains know to usually play it safe. Also of note, the Anderson is still on the lakes today and give Mr. Cooper credit cause he went back out there to go find the Fitz and his friend and that crew. They made it to safety and Whitefish Bay but they went back out there at the discretion of the Coast Guard cause for the Coast Guard the conditions were too insane for them to conduct a search and rescue till the storm let up. Google "Arthur M Anderson Master Salute to the Edmund Fitzgerald" and it's from 2020 on the Duluth Harbor Cam on a very snowy night and the near whiteout conditions would almost be like what it was out on that night but far worse. Still it gives a taste of what it was like out there at the time and she is the lasting legacy of her sister ship she was lost on that morning.

[@TRGTornado]

Great video!

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you!

[@epilepticsquid6314]

Duluthian here. Excellent work, as always. I grew up loving both weather and ships, and I remember frequently hearing about this event, but I've never seen anyone properly describe the meteorology behind it. I'd love to see some case studies of some little known Minnesota/Wisconsin tornado events - a supercell partially influenced by Lake Superior produced a damaging EF3 tornado in Siren, Wisconsin, back in 2001 that might be worth a look. Additionally, the tornado outbreak of June 17th, 2010 was notable as being the largest in recorded history in the state of Minnesota, producing a couple of EF4s. Anyways - I love your videos, and this is one of my all time favorite channels. Thanks for all you do!

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you so much! The June 17, 2010 outbreak has been on my list for awhile; that day was pretty incredible. I’ll have to check out the 2001 case.

[@georgeolson3996]

I was living in Duluth that night. As a TV News photographer I was aware a STORM was brewing. Please note Duluth experienced freezing rain with strong winds from the west first that night . Then the temperature dropped well below freezing and finally we had snow that drifted leaving some streets bare and others 3 feet deep the next morning. NOTE this COLD air at high winds would warm and pick up water spray which release latent heat of freezing boosting the energy in the air mass as it turns to snow. The same as humid air over the Caribbean rising and releasing heat of condensation when it turns into rain . The effect was a COLD Hurricane over Lake Superior.

[@kainhall]

22:00 ive seen this effect here on Fort Peck Lake Montana....... . when that wind can blow down the whole length of the lake.... you can leave a bay with 1 or 2 foot waves.... then in the middle of the lake.... you are hitting 5 or 6 foot waves..... . near the dam, the lake "widens"..... and ive seen a "column" of LARGE waves just marching down to the dams toe the lake might be like 3 miles wide at that point..... with a 1/2 mile or so of MASSIVE waves . . crossing the middle can become impossible at times one day the winds went from 5MPH max..... to about 55 sustained, gusts to 70...... in about 30 seconds (it was WILD!!!!) several boats got swamped or pushed into the dam that day..... with 1 sinking . . . fort peck may be small next to a great lake...... but its still a pretty large lake!!! 1500 miles of shoreline.... ~220 feet deep . it has its own lake effect snow..... at least till it freezes over it messes with storms.... sometimes making them stronger, sometimes making them fall apart

[@anthonywhavers8232]

This is awesome!! Your severe weather event studies are my favorite but this is refreshing. I'd love more of this especially with one of my other interests, aircraft.

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you! Researching this video has somewhat sparked an interest in doing more non-tornadic natural disaster case studies in the future, including shipwrecks and airplane crashes due to weather.

[@sonicblackhole3559]

🍁

[@swelch2661]

I really liked this! Since I'm from Michigan it was cool to see something local. Great Job!!

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you!

[@TheLycanStrain]

Brilliant Trey! Love these types of explanations. I figure I understand tornadoes pretty well now, I can look at a hodograph and mumble "oh yeah look at that EML" and I'd be right, but hurricanes and extratropical cyclones/snow and I'm helpless. Keep doing more of these! Edit: wintertime Skew-Ts are kinda an unexplored country for me. The best I can do is to look at a Skew-T near home and see if it'll snow or rain, but I can't predict anything like I can with severe weather. Any help you can give would be very appreciated! Maybe case studies of the 1977-78 winter blizzards?

[@64BBernard]

Several meteorologists I know and who grew up in the 1970s, refer to those severe winters around the Great Lakes at that time, the Disco Winters!

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you so much! I will say, winter weather is certainly not my forte. I did touch on winter weather soundings in my Skew-T and Hodograph series, Part 5.

[@ottosaxo]

Given that the last synoptic chart shows the situation some hours later, it seems like the accident happened in that small sector of the surface low that is prone to so-called sting jets.

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

True, although this cyclone does not appear to have produced a sting jet.

[@dmmchugh3714]

Thanks for a very well organized video. The points and relevance to the sinking were clearly presented. On 11/10/23, I watched the livestreamed memorials at Split Rock Lighthouse and the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum. Both were incredibly moving and dignified. RIP Edmund Fitzgerald crew; never forgotten.

[@mburmester719]

Man this is the weather nerds dream. Thanks a lot!❤

[@gregobern6084]

Ship n e r d eds too

[@aaronjones1469]

Nice meteorological breakdown.

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you!

[@aaronjones1469]

@@ConvectiveChronicles Your welcome.

[@Rhi_wx]

Awesome stuff Trey! You know how much I love the song so hearing the meterology behind the tragedy was fascinating!

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thanks so much, Rhi!

[@ryguy9664]

Truly incredible work. I've grown up hearing my dad sing this song my entire life and never knew. Thank you so much for this!

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Thank you!!

[@therealpatriarchy]

Explain the bent canopy.

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Not here to argue about causes; the focus of this video was to explain the meteorology behind the event.

[@therealpatriarchy]

@@ConvectiveChronicles Okay.

[@constance5894]

This is fascinating! What a great idea. I'm turning into quite the stan.😅

[@ConvectiveChronicles]

Haha thank you!!

[@dragnflei]

A “perfect storm” scenario. Also a good illustration that disasters are never single-point failures. This was really fascinating! (Also, I was 15 in 1975 and, yikes 🫤)

[@670HP-Package-NOW]

Lake Superior is a vicious one