T. rex Breathed Like Birds! | TYRANT FILES

Birds are weird. They are what happens when you force a dinosaur to fly after all. As a consequence of evolving to fly in a completely different way to the skin and muscle flying pterosaurs, the skeleton of the avian dinosaur has been altered in bizarre and often disgusting ways. One of those ways are little itty-bitty spikes that protrude from their ribs. What are they, why are they there, and how far back in their family tree do they go? A brand-new study tried to tackle these questions and more and found something more far reaching than initially intended.
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Art in Thumbnail belongs to - Hank Sharpe
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RESEARCH
Wang, Yy., Claessens, L.P.A.M. & Sullivan, C. Deep reptilian evolutionary roots of a major avian respiratory adaptation. Commun Biol 6, 3 (2023). doi.org/10.103...
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Hashtags - #dinosaur #trex #science
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[@personwholikesdinosaurs3183]

I like bird

[@danktorvosaurus]

No way same!

[@StyleshStorm]

this gon get weird

[@lolgansbizarrechannel2744]

Pin this

[@PastaCool]

Pin-worthy

[@theaveragecomment1014]

Pin worthy

[@PaleoAnalysis]

I see 'cooking with testosterone' has been working well for you! 💪🦖 Or you just make great videos as always! 👀👍

[@agaimless3724]

What's up can't wait for your new video

[@jakthebean9989]

Hey EDGE, I have really been loving your most recent vids. You are killing it! Thanks for all the great content.

[@Infernoraptor]

I know/assume that this is unrelated, but "spiky ribbed archosaurs" reminded me of spikomellus. I'd be curious if those ribs have uncinate processes as well as spikes or if processes were part of a specialized uncinate system of some sort. Regardless, excellent video as always, E.D.G.E.!

[@parakeetbudgie]

spicomellus cool

[@charlesmartin1121]

Interesting. Tyrannosurus was not included on the list. Of course, if it's earlier close relatives had the feature in question, then it stands to reason Tyrannosaurus also had it. However, it is strange they did not confirm it in the most famous Dinosaur of them all.

[@brianedwards7142]

They've all been sold as up market dust catchers in billionaire's mansions.

[@wolfofdiscord7092]

when several closely related species have a feature its probable that the more derived species has it too

[@BCLischan]

@@wolfofdiscord7092 1

[@charlesmartin1121]

@@brianedwards7142 There are far more specimens in scientific institutions than private hands to date.

[@dragonfox2.058]

Great video. I read somewhere that Tyrannosaurs had a breathing mechanisms so that, they may not have been all that fast but their stamina for running down prey was exceptional I bet this contributed to that, really cool stuff

[@KurNorock]

T-rex had many adaptations for extreme endurance. My money is on them having been a persistence hunter, much like us humans.

[@dragonfox2.058]

@@KurNorock only far better...we pale in comparison IMO

[@KurNorock]

@@dragonfox2.058 I don't know about that. T-rex could clearly maintain a much higher speed than a human simply because of the much longer legs. But in terms of sheer amount of time and distance covered, I think humans win in that regard. Humans are literally the best endurance runners on the planet. Nothing else even comes close with the only two exceptions being certain breeds of domesticated dogs and horses. No "natural" wild animal can run for as long and far as humans can.

[@hamstsorkxxor]

@@dragonfox2.058 T-rex could definitely have been a good persistence hunter, but probably very much less so than humans and canines. This is so due to the spoiler of many spectacular ideas, the square cube law. Basically, volume scales to the 3rd power (like a cube), while surface area scales like a square. Heat is produced in the volume of an animal, but still has to dissipate through the skin (surface,) of the animal. So large animals will overheat quickly, if exerting themselves hard. The square cube law also dictates that animals become weaker relative their own body weight with increasing size (because muscle strength scales with muscle cross section, not volume). This is why ants can lift like 50x their bodyweight. Animals also become more fragile relative their weight, because material tensile and compressive strength also scales with cross section, not volume. Which is why T-rex sized animals could not ever jump, or even sprint. So a T-rex probably couldn't actually run, and would have maintain one foot at the ground at all times. As opposed to a smaller animal, which is completely airborne between strides while running hard. This also prevents kaijus like King Kong or Godzilla from ever being possible. So while T-rex probably had very good endurance compared to its prey, it would not stand a chance against humans in an endurance race.

[@dragonfox2.058]

@@hamstsorkxxor very interesting. Thank you

[@jordanrobinson690]

The intro to this video unlocked a very deep part of my childhood. That's the soundtrack for the Universal studios promo from the 90s. it was on the Jurassic Park VHS at my grandparents house so it's seared into my brain. I probably haven't heard that in close to 20 years!! I need to know where to find this. Also you're awesome and I love your videos.

[@CephaloPunk03]

Man same here, that intro played and my brain started flaring up, like this was somewhat familiar...

[@WobblesandBean]

I'm not surprised. We ducks are dinosaurs!

[@TheAnimalKingdom-tq3sz]

Actually, This makes sense since T. Rex is always depicted with chickenlike features

[@TutankhamaruCapac]

Which it didn't have given that they have already found found the patches of petrified Tyrannosaurus skin on different occasions that never seem to show any trace of feathers nor is there a single T. Rex fossils showing any feather prints anywhere which would overheat it anyway at its size in its warm habitat

[@LizemPool]

What's happening? Every time the videos about T-Rex get more crazy 🤣

[@hamstsorkxxor]

Actually, less crazy, and more like it's living relatives, birds and crocodilians!

[@hectorvizsla87]

A very interesting take, I’ve never realized before of the birds special ribcage, and also other dinosaurs of course. But I have to adress an error at the minute 3:45 where you state that pelicanimimus is italian, where if I don’t remember badly he is from Spain. Otherwise I really liked it, and already want more. Take care!

[@julianaxihluke3748]

New drinking game: take a shot every time EDGE says "uncinate processes" XDD

[@Ceranyx]

That’s one way to get tipsy

[@Alberad08]

Thank you very much for creating & sharing this - highly appreciated! Especially interesting that Phytosauri were already members of that club.

[@ogrejd]

@2:40 - Wait... You're saying that the Canada Goose has been useful for something other than crapping all over the place? I find that hard to believe. :P

[@davidedens6353]

It is my personal hypothesis that the Avian respiratory system that sets Archosauria apart from other reptiles is a byproduct of the selection pressures caused by the exceptionally high levels of CO2 present during and after the Great Dying. This is why Archosaurs in general become the dominate vertebrates in the early and mid Triassic.

[@davidedens6353]

@@Dr.IanPlect and your counter argument is what exactly?

[@Tmanw8898]

Just want to say that the new intro is an absolute banger!

[@TheHobgoblyn]

I recall in college one of my professors said that his colleague was studying pterosaurs and one of the mysteries about them is that their chest cavity seemed too small to house lungs large enough for their bodies. Perhaps this explains that.

[@wafikiri_]

A few years ago, I was interested in the avian respiratory system. I could find much information on air sacks and their role in avian respiration. But when I tried to learn of avian rib cage respiratory movements and muscles, I found nothing. As birds, reptiles and amphibians lack a diaphragm, I knew it had to be the ribs. This video, at least, provides a bit of data on that. I'd like to know what the muscular equipment of birds' ribs is, and how it acts during the different phases of respiration, in order to inhale air and exhale it in lungs and air sacks and between both.

[@vinny184]

the air sacs act as bellows to their lungs. air moves through lungs to the posterior air sacs when inhaled. then they exhale and air moves through the lungs again. they reinhale waste air again and it moves to anterior air sacs. then they exhale and air leaves the body.

[@wafikiri_]

@@vinny184 Thank you. That much, I already knew. What remains to know is the muscular set involved and their staged cycle of operations. I know air sacks are filled and emptied, I don't know how: air sacks inside bones won't have muscles acting on them, will they? They may fill when pressurized, may empty if elastic (are they?) or under greater pressure than lungs. I ignore how lungs are pressurized or depressurized.

[@vinny184]

@@wafikiri_ A bird lowers and raises the ribs and sternum alternately, by the action of the intercostal muscles. The lowering of the sternum and ribs enlarges the thoracic region of the body cavity, creating a negative pressure in it. This causes the fresh air to be sucked through the respiratory tract into the lungs. Some of the incoming fresh air passes directly into the air sacs, which expand, and some goes into the air capillaries, where exchange of gases takes place. Rising of the sternum and ribs reduces the body cavity and causes the pressure over the air sacs. This pressure forces the air from the air sacs into the air capillaries where the exchange of gases takes place and then the air (de-oxygenated) passes out through the respiratory tract to the exterior.

[@littleninjavangchhia9099]

Imagine T-rex bobbing their heads while moving like chickens 😂

[@widodoakrom3938]

Lol

[@MsTenseiga]

as a biologist I gotta say... when you mentioned R, I got legit Vietnam flashbacks.

[@WillieWillious]

Hey when is the paleo rewind 2022 compilation coming out?

[@thedoruk6324]

I still cannot think tyrannosaurus snoring like a cuckoo birb lol!

[@popeyethepirate5473]

That song in the background at the end..... Fever dreams of my first grade teacher rolling out the TV and VHS.....

[@blobbertmcblob4888]

They were bird-like! Imagine! I think it is widely accepted at this point that theropod dinosaurs acted more like birds than they did reptiles.

[@lucasart328]

@@Dr.IanPlect well theyre closer related to racher other than theyre to mammaks

[@lucasart328]

@@Dr.IanPlect i forgot what i was trying to say

[@lucasart328]

@@Dr.IanPlect 😖

[@marxtheenigma873]

1:43 south American screamers of the ANIME sub order? Did I hear that right??

[@EDGEscience]

Anhimae

[@hatsudopia5085]

Those birds do look like they would be anime sub elitists.

[@alfonsmarklen1345]

I feel a little bit lost, what did the spikes on the ribs do and why are some of the "spikes" plates?

[@dragonfox2.058]

seems like a particular muscle attachment to the tabs helping the ribs push out air esp

[@ThePipemiker]

That was a tremendous amount of anatomical information. Well done. I’m still bewildered by the physiology of bird/dinosaur/crocodilian respiration. From what little I can comprehend, their ribcage expanded during exhalation and contracted during inhalation? Anyway, it certainty was no accident that the birds survived the K-T extinction to become the most diverse vertebrates today, outnumbering us mammals by almost 2:1. I think that we know who is most likely to survive the current, ongoing mass extinction.

[@jamesowens7148]

Nice video. KZbin decided to show it to me 8 days after you uploaded it...

[@EDGEscience]

Great. Why does it hate me.

[@Jdne199311]

I mean, i dont want to sound like a dick, but birds are dinosaurs, wouldnt they breath like ones?

[@EDGEscience]

But most dinos weren't birds, so to find that they breathed liked birds is new.

[@barrybarlowe5640]

Now that I think about it the unsunate processes may be used by songbirds to help modulate and project their songs as well.

[@Vince-cuh-but-SpongeBob]

This will be an interesting one

[@manzac112]

Dear goodness, can we go one prehistoric animal video/documentary and not mention T-Rex at any point? And I'm asking this as a guy who studies this stuff and works at a museum.

[@minutemansam1214]

If you study it you should know it's T. rex, not T-Rex.

[@samwill7259]

This is the most I've thought about dinosaur ribs since the first time I watched the Flintstones intro.

[@leftrightandcentre833]

Or do birds breathe like T. rex did?

[@SarastistheSerpent]

True birds first evolved in the mid-late Jurassic, while TRex only stepped onto the scene in the late, late, LATE Cretaceous. So Trex’s breath like birds since birds came first.

[@ronniepatterson2827]

Ah Hahh! I always knew my Safari Ltd Feathered T- rex was the most accurate of all my Theropod figures! What a shame feathers get washed away, leaving only bones to study.

[@Supiragon1998]

Lol, no. Not even Trey thinks T. rex was that feathered anymore.

[@andrewsuryali8540]

The consensus right now is that T-rex was naked, but nanos might have been feathered.

[@ronniepatterson2827]

Yeah, atm thats what the consensus says for sure lol. Give it a few weeks, they'll come around. They bad about flip flopping back & forth ya know : )@@andrewsuryali8540

[@Supiragon1998]

@@ronniepatterson2827 It's been the consesus for 5-6 years now (arguably there was about a year until a consesus formed around the Bell et al . 2017 paper)

[@ronniepatterson2827]

Yeah, I know they found a couple small skin impressions without feathers. My sweet Safari ltd feathered rex has alot of areas thats featherless as well. Thats what makes it so great imo. Have a good one Sir : )@@Supiragon1998

[@tricerachaidinomanv2]

2050: the Tyrannosaurus rex had the skeletal structure of a banana and in the family tree of the cucurbits

[@obambagaming1467]

It also lived in the outer atmosphere and used filter feeding to prey on bacteria living there

[@edgeofsanity9111]

Maybe make a Tyrant Files playlist?

[@EDGEscience]

There is

[@uledisuddie952]

The connection between avian and non-avian dinosaurs is getting stronger

[@qwertyyouiop8959]

When I hear your opening song I envision it being played and sung by a mearade of dinosaurs!!

[@artificercreator]

Nice jam!

[@sassa82]

Very interesting topic!

[@Hugweyn]

Pelecanimimus is spanish, not italian. It's from Las Hoyas site, in Cuenca.

[@themeekwarrior]

This means you should never grasp tyrannosaurus around the chest, but around the neck to gently restrain

[@Envy_May]

this is good to know

[@universodolucas6023]

Why are E.D.G.E videos getting so few views?

[@trafyknits9222]

"T. Rex Breathed with Its Ribs?" (FIFY)

[@daintybeigli]

This was a really interesting video! Something totally new to me.

[@barrybarlowe5640]

When an alligator rumbles, the same muscles contract rapidly and violently to produce those impressive vibratory cascades in bull alligators during mating season.

[@filonin2]

You shouldn't keep your keys in your toolbox lol.

[@VictorScrooge]

I looooove your intro. I feel young again!

[@rextheoldsoul7558]

Interesting video, although this seems more like a Paleo files video rather than a tyrant files video. But, I do understand the need for a more clickable title.

[@pjbth]

Holy shit! I live in Ottawa, no way was something as cool as this discovered here so recently! I gotta go find these for myself now!

[@JohnDrummondPhoto]

What about pterosaurs? Aren't they archosaurs also? If so, did anyone check if they also have uncinate processes?

[@Croationman]

No, no one checked unfortunately 😢

[@Kogasengaha_Hishoshi]

Wow... Didn't realize I needed my Ribs to breath XD

[@takenname8053]

VERY NICE

[@terrytheinsane]

BREAKING NEWS: Tyrannosaurus rex breathed oxygen

[@rogerdudra178]

A deer hunt in Hell Creek is like birdseed, it fills the bill.

[@diogohenriquemagal6960]

Best definition: "birds are weird"

[@joshuaW5621]

Dinosaurs are weird.

[@Neptoid]

1:57 you sounded like a bird at this point mate, it may be two sound clips merging

[@StyleshStorm]

18 minutes squadron

[@Galejro]

1:32 I suppose its indicative of me being an old fart nerd that I recognize this exact documentary soundtrack and the exact scenes it appears... Try guessing which one to joint the old fart nerd club :D

[@WileyCylas]

Yay university of Alberta woot woot I’m taking some of ur online classes

[@kuitaranheatmorus9932]

yet again another E.D.G.E W, love this video so much can;t wait to see more

[@raisnhed]

I can’t wait for 2031 when it’s finally confirmed that TRex was actually a dragon.

[@theblackknifemelee2320]

Imagine if we live in a irl Futurama and Chris Pratt is the new KFC guy and they serve Fried Rex bucket for $11.99

[@NathanTarantlawriter]

OK, so that means those ribs would have even MORE rich and chewy meat! I so wanna eat one.

[@lokitus]

I wonder if this affects their vocalization.

[@nucygnet5881]

Isn't that obvious tho?☠️ T.rex was a Coelurosaur.

[@garrettlich7140]

Not necessarily, I know I’ve never even herd of these structures

[@uledisuddie952]

Makes sense

[@4KGamingSMT]

Birds evolved from trex

[@Wonkothenormal]

No the birds are not the descendent of Tyrannosurids. Thet sharer a common ancestor and branched from eachother at an earlier point. Birds first came around sometime in the jurrasic and T. Rex lived at very end of cretaceous.

[@rickwilliams967]

Right, because birds are dinosaurs.

[@_Dilov]

"birds are weird"💀

[@thisisbetterthanmyprevious6674]

Imagine being a human and saying that

[@_Dilov]

@@thisisbetterthanmyprevious6674 fr

[@nocturnalrecluse1216]

B-baba-Bird. Bird. Bird. Bird is the word.

[@michaelbarnes7351]

You're opening music sounds really familiar.

[@slipstreamxr3763]

Universal Studios

[@michaelbarnes7351]

@@slipstreamxr3763 That was a joke 😂.

[@jamesstader6650]

In conclusion repels, dinosaurs and dino reliteves the birds had this breathing method.

[@surplusking2425]

11:11 Zergling

[@garywheeler7039]

So these little "processes" or struts if I can call them that, stuck out from the ribs and were attached to muscles such that they helped the creatures to breathe. This also means the rib cages would have had muscles and cartilage outside the rib cage, which would alter the look. A whole band of muscles (iliocostalis) along their backs. Most of our models are wrong!

[@thongorshengar]

Extinct dinosaurs breath like extant dinosaurs, news at eleven

[@giovannia.casula2542]

Not to nitpick but Pelecanimimus is from Spain,not Italy

[@-fedgoy-3547]

wouldnt it be easier to breathe without ribs?

[@tyrannotherium7873]

Well it did act like a bird and it was bird like but it’s brain was more crocodilian the bird

[@josephiajanke9850]

Wow! Why don't Proto-Mammals and Mammals have them?

[@EDGEscience]

We have a diaphragm and different lungs!

[@blondbraid7986]

I thought there was a common theory that the archosaur ancestors survived the bad atmosphere during the Permian/Triassic extinction thanks to all their adaptions for making breathing easier, and the rib spikes would be a part of said adaptions.

[@jambec144]

The "E.D.G.E" acronym s agrammatical. It should be "E.D.G.E." with a final period to indicate abbreviation.

[@jacobguevara3708]

This was obvious. Even decades ago given even a little knowledge and logical deduction.

[@EDGEscience]

Why didn't you publish a paper on it then, genius?

[@jacobguevara3708]

@@EDGEscience oh yeah some random guy sends them a paper based on logical deduction. They wouldn't even read it.

[@jacobguevara3708]

@@EDGEscience Maybe if they just turn me down flat I can then just make my own Scientific Journal. Air tight plan.

[@thomassizemore5814]

Hahahahaha the old universal dvd 📀 theme

[@A.D.540]

I mean both t-rex and bird are the share family tree. Its like modern human and naderthal

[@Nmethyltransferase]

Anime sub-order?

[@obijuankenobi8932]

Burd

[@idencore6407]

Why modern birds have no teeth? And t rex teeth look like crocodile.

[@EDGEscience]

They do not look like crocodile teeth.

[@MrEnte3000]

0:28 u

[@JamesWilliams-dj2bp]

Birds are NOT dinosaurs.

[@EDGEscience]

Yes they are.

[@williamjordan5554]

ANnals, not anNALS.

[@rhadaghasttheenraged9627]

Or wouldn’t it be birds breathed like dinosaurs

[@alienmapping3536]

They still breathe

[@claudiaarjangi4914]

Aaahhh 🙉🙉🙉 I never ever want to hear the term 'uncinate processes' ever ever again.. 😶 Or 'uncinate scars' or 'uncinate' or 'processes'.. 🤣🤣🤣 I'm so sorry.. 🥲Usually with every video I find on a new subject, I totally want to go find out more.. This is the very first one which has made me Never want to research dinosaurs again.. Just in case I'll hear 'that' term again 🤦‍♀️..

[@evilcrashbandicootthetouho2753]

Did they shooting fire too

[@joema500]

Yes.

[@aug3842]

kronecker delta function

[@lorencalfe6446]

another creationist L theropods do breathe like birds!

[@hunterglaspell]

It’s only an L if you have a narrow minded idea of what people who believe in God believe.

[@williamjordan5554]

Do birds have diaphragm? I assume not based on the video.

[@EDGEscience]

No

[@macawism]

But did tyrannosauruses fight like fighting cocks?