Transcription & Translation | From DNA to RNA to Protein

Ace your next test: bit.ly/2VAnjTb
--RECOMMENDED STUDY RESOURCES--
Genetics: amzn.to/2BzK1S2
Biology I: amzn.to/2SasaIl
Biology terminology: amzn.to/2BBHuXo
How to Become a Straight-A Student: amzn.to/2VCfWdG
--DIVE IN--
Follow me on Twitter: / 2minuteclasroom
Get Involved with the 2 Minute Classroom Community: bit.ly/2QvgbYy
Find more at www.2minutecla...
--MY GEAR--
Blue Yeti Microphone: amzn.to/2Q6PoCc
Blue Yeti Microphone kit: amzn.to/2Q1lM9o
GTX Graphics Card: amzn.to/2Pcygpp
Animation Software: www.videoscrib...
DISCLAIMER: This video and description contain affiliate links, which means that if you click on some of the product links, I’ll receive a small commission. This helps support the channel and allows us to continue to make videos like this. Thank you for your support!
--TRANSCRIPT--
Thanks for stopping by, this is 2 Minute Classroom and today we are going to learn all about transcription and translation. You’ll learn everything you need to know about how DNA serves as a template for RNA and how that RNA leads to protein production in eukaryotes.
Transcription is the process of taking a section of DNA and copying or transcribing it into RNA. It’s similar to you taking a picture of the page of a recipe book with your phone for example. You don’t have the whole recipe book in that picture, but you do have the information from that page. The RNA is a “picture” of a small section of DNA, but not the whole strand of DNA.
Let’s look at how the process of transcription occurs. There are 3 main steps, initiation, elongation, and termination.
During initiation, A section of DNA called the “promoter” signals where and when transcription takes place. The protein RNA Polymerase finds this promoter and separates the double stranded DNA. Once separated, the RNA polymerase binds to the DNA and begins transcribing a section on one strand (the template strand) of the DNA into RNA. The promoter identifies the section to be copied, but is not copied itself.
Elongation occurs as the RNA polymerase reads the template strand and builds a complementary RNA strand by bringing the appropriate nucleotides together. This RNA strand is almost identical to the non-template DNA strand, except that the Thymine in DNA are replaced with Uracil in the RNA strand.
To complete the process, we have termination. Just as there is a section of DNA to signal where transcription starts, there is a section of DNA that signals where transcription stops. This section of DNA is called the terminator sequence. Once RNA polymerase reaches the terminator sequence, the RNA strand separates from the template DNA.
After termination, the newly constructed RNA strand undergoes some moderations to remove sections that will not be translated. The RNA then leaves the nucleus to be translated into a protein. This signifies the end of transcription and brings us to translation.
Translation is the process of building a protein-based on an RNA blueprint. This process takes place on ribosomes, which are either embedded in the Rough ER or free floating in the cell. If you are unfamiliar with ribosomes or just want a refresher, I will link an excellent video here and in the description below. Using the example of a picture of a recipe from a cookbook, translation would be like the process of making the cookies using the image of the recipe on your phone. The RNA just contains information used to build the final product.
Before we dive further into translation though, we need a crash course in codons. Codons are a sequence of three nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid, the building blocks of proteins. Remember, RNA has the nucleotides U, C, A, and G. Any pairing of three RNA nucleotides will code for a specific amino acid. There are 61 codons that each code for one of 20 amino acids. These codons are well documented, making your life much easier.
Once the RNA leaves the nucleus, it attaches to a ribosome and translation begins. The ribosome “reads” the RNA strand until it finds the nucleotides A-U-G, this is the “start” codon and that signals for protein synthesis to begin.
The amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNA and linked together to form the polypeptide chain that will become a functioning protein. Each tRNA has a specific section called the anti-codon which matches up with the codon on the RNA being translated.
This process continues with the ribosome reading three nucleotides at a time and bringing in the appropriate tRNA with its associated amino acid. The process stops when the ribosome reaches one of three “Stop” codons: U-A-A, U-A-G or U-G-A. The stop codons do not code for an amino acid, instead, they signal to the ribosome to stop translation the release the polypeptide chain for further modification prior to becoming a functioning protein.

[@thegreatestyoutubeuser]

DNA -> RNA -> Protein Transcription Process of taking a section of DNA and copying/transcribing it into RNA 1. Initiation Promoter DNA signals when and where transcription takes place RNA polymerase finds this promoter and separates the double stranded DNA Once separated, the RNA polymerase binds to the DNA and starts transcribing a section on ONE strand into RNA TEMPLATE STRAND = the strand the RNA is copying 2. Elongation RNA polymerase reads the template strand and builds a complementary RNA STRAND by bringing the appropriate nucleotides together. The RNA strand is different because Adenine pairs with Uracil. A-U 3. Termination There is a section of DNA (terminator sequence) where transcription stops. Once the RNA Polymerase reaches the terminator sequence, the RNA strand separates from the DNA Translation Building a protein based on an RNA blueprint - RNA contains the info to build the final product Codons a sequence of 3 nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid note: any pairing of 3 RNA nucleotides will code for a specific amino acid Translation Process Once RNA leaves nucleus, it attaches to a ribosome and translation begins The ribosome reads the RNA strand until it finds the AUG (the start codon - signals for protein synthesis to begin) The amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNA and link together to form a polypeptide chain that will become a functioning protein. Each tRNA has an anticodon that matches w/ the codon on the RNA being translated. Continues with the ribosome reading 3 nucleotides at a time and bringing in the appropriate tRNA w/ it's associated amino acid The process starts when the ribosome reaches a stop codon. Stop codons signal to stop translation.

[@hannahbeere161]

I had no clue what translation/transcription was before watching but you just taught me everything with this video. Thank you so much! I love how you explain things clearly and use diagrams.

[@snerkberkeley5318]

This kind of content is a great example of what media should be doing. Thanks for your work, please add more!

[@2MC]

Thank you. Just trying to do my part.

[@muhannedalfakeeh1959]

Fax

[@katiehood5320]

Dude! I totally get it!! Light bulb moment! I have been trying to make sense of what we are learning in my biology class to no avail. I stumbled across this video and....... HA-ZA!! I get it!! Thank you so much!

[@francescauwu3374]

This is a brilliant idea to learn English and science at the same time :)

[@2MC]

Thank you!

[@zak042]

This is very helpful mostly during this quarintine time

[@2MC]

Glad to hear it.

[@supportivechannel1311]

Allah Almighty give you a lot of success ❤️❤️❤️❤️ say Ameen ❤️❤️

[@beatflyy]

I think if you improved your audio quality, you'd get way more views. But it was very helpful otherwise, thanks.

[@2MC]

Thanks for the advice. What specifically about the audio needs to be improved? Volume, my clarity in speaking, drop the background music, too much echo, or something else? If you can give some specifics I would greatly appreciate it 💯

[@Rani-ve5dg]

Hi! Great video! I think what BeatFly meant is literally just the quality of the audio. Your enunciation and everything else is fine, I think perhaps it's just the microphone? Once again thanks for the wonderful videos :)

[@fishmeat69]

@@Rani-ve5dg Hi! I completely agree with you :)

[@lovedove2661]

I don't see an issue with his audio or mic.

[@syedaafreen3635]

I have seen a lot of videos but trust me this one is the best..... I watch a lot of your other videos too. Great work and your videos are truly great help Keep it up :)

[@mindfulnesswithizzy4146]

on this 5 min video for like 20 mins taking notes 😂😂thank you

[@PhuongNguyen-os7ex]

Thank you for making this type of content

[@2MC]

You are welcome 😊

[@myaatabay1655]

Thank you so much!! I was struggling to understand until I watched this video. Great teacher!

[@valivetiyagnapriyabhavani5566]

Thanks sir , this was just crystal clear

[@2MC]

Glad I could help.

[@bellam1969]

This was so informative! Thank you.

[@2MC]

Glad it was helpful!

[@mohammedakrambaig6128]

Codons making our life much better😂😂😂😂😂👍👍😂😂😂😂😂😂😂👍👍👍 Jokes apart awesome explanation ❤️😜

[@2MC]

Thank you so much 😀

[@nadeemhabib2299]

amazing lecture ever, i cant understand this topic but after watching your video it is super dooper crystal clear, thank you. keep making good videos.

[@information3427]

Hello teacher i have a question which i am struggling at the question is why we need transcription and translation to get protein can't it be done just inside the nucleus with just dna And trna?

[@TJFREE]

"I'll BE BACK" - Terminator

[@kentrolaltdel]

About to take a huge bio test tmrw. I’ll come back and let you know how it went!

[@2MC]

Can't wait to hear how it went. Good luck!

[@Endotlyeet]

How did it go?

[@seshachary5580]

THANK YOU VERY EDUCATIVE.

[@2MC]

You are welcome.

[@maamesarpomah9665]

Wow! This was so helpful. Thanks so much!

[@sikfreeze]

Very clear explanation. Thank you

[@akhilaitha7337]

thank you so much this was very helpful

[@nouralasady1964]

this helped sooooo muchhhhhhh thankkkk youuuuuu

[@2MC]

You are welcome!

[@ibawanhunlytan8606]

Deserve more subs 💪

[@2MC]

I appreciate that

[@caga4113]

amazing, so helpful

[@aasthaashi0500]

Hi. Thanks for your video. It was very helpful. I would like to ask that how the genes of one organism is expressed well in a different kind of organism? For example, the genes of a glowing jellyfish being inserted into mice which makes the mice glow too. Is it because the nucleotide sequence is same in all kinds of organisms thats why its expressed successfully?

[@2MC]

Animal cells are very similar at the cellular level. And although the make up of their DNA may differ, how the DNA functions is the same. It's definitely a complicated process, but the cells of a mice are going to read the jellyfish DNA like their own because DNA is DNA.

[@aasthaashi0500]

@@2MC Thanks a lot.

[@KiranKhan-kz2dp]

Despite spending 3 hrs in watching it in slow motion repeatedly I have not understood a single word of it

[@sarwin5102]

I love this. Thank you

[@entropyfun]

So who or what controls this manufacturing process? Where is the force that drives this?

[@2MC]

The cell itself controls this process. Signals within the cell determine what genes are transcribed and when they are transcribed.

[@entropyfun]

@@2MC That is super weird to me.

[@valivetiyagnapriyabhavani5566]

Sir , please explain the partial double bond character of peptide bond

[@SaifAli-zx2kv]

Why so late? Hope You are alright & happy in your life.

[@2MC]

Busy life, busy work. I'm hopping to put out more videos more frequently.

[@milishamehra875]

You're great!!!!!

[@2MC]

Thanksss

[@alfredomarcosdesouzaamaral1243]

Alfredo Marcos de Souza Amaral

[@mohwerr]

I can say now, I know how protein is made, thanks

[@arghyachakraborty1374]

The way of explanation is good and the cookies example is perfect. I request you to make a deep vedio on Human Genome Project.

[@renubose4191]

Amazing really....😍

[@rambunctiousrebel6504]

helpful, im not mad, but this is more than two mins. but stil REALLY GOOD.

[@2MC]

Consider it a bonus 🎉

[@hyelaidatiwilberforce6757]

I thought there were 64 codons?

[@sciencenerd7639]

Yes. There are 64 codons. Three of them are stop codons and 61 of them code for an amino acid. So, he wasn't wrong, but he should have been more clear.

[@noshinminhaj5081]

Can u make a video on *ecological niche* and *heterosis*

[@2MC]

I'll look into those topics.

[@jiteshkumawat7636]

Ooo neet student.!! 😅😏

[@archvillorquita7798]

Can translation proceed without transcription?

[@theperplexchild2078]

i believe it cannot. it has to undergo transcription first

[@rocksofoffence.righteousam2422]

"New Carriers"? 🤔

[@thequetzalcoatl2287]

Great fucking vid thanks man

[@2MC]

You are welcome.

[@younis3355]

love you sir from pakistan

[@ModernEducationYt]

What grade is this ?

[@ModernEducationYt]

anyne has idea ???

[@2MC]

That all depends on who is watching and benefiting. I make most of my videos with High School students in mind, but they certainly benefit others.

[@ModernEducationYt]

What grade particularly..

[@bluezz5002]

@@ModernEducationYt it depends on what grade they start learning stuff like this

[@AJ-rd6ez]

for some reason the background music was rly distracting to me :( couldnt concentrate

[@ARTDEVGRU247]

this was a lot longer than 2 mins. haha

[@megachad7050]

Bobo talaga ako Wala Ako naintindihan