Transistor capacitor circuit design guide

[@EngineeringMindset]

*These videos take a long time to make* if you would like to buy Paul a coffee to say thanks, link below: ☕ PayPal: www.paypal.me/TheEngineerinMindset Channel membership: kzbin.info/door/k0fGHsCEzGig-rSzkfCjMwjoin Patreon: www.patreon.com/theengineeringmindset

[@VariantAEC]

Merry Christmas!

[@elcheapo9444]

Is there a software simulator for such circuits that I can play around with?

[@EngineeringMindset]

Merry Christmas

[@Govnoo365]

Where ca i get pcb file??

[@leonardoislas2743]

P

[@fouziboumaraf2888]

Thank you very much. Your efforts are helping a lot lot of folks world wide. Thank you again from north Africa

[@tinytonymaloney7832]

Wow, what a brilliant video. I wish I had had a teacher like you when I was at school in the 70s. Anybody remember the flashing roadworks beacons? , Had a few of them in my younger days, took out the pcb and put the beacon back so it just stayed on permanent. Made many flashing gadgets with this pcb, even stepping up to flashing a 240v for a mates party. Didn't have a lot but we enjoyed what we had.

[@EngineeringMindset]

I think there's a lot of engineering minded people out there who are guilty of stealing those roadwork beacons to see how they work. Personally I was surprised to find a giant battery inside, that was simply made of multiple small batteries linked together.

[@hollytimlick9470]

The road work flashers are nothing new. My man has made his own flasher without stealing one off of a construction cone. His own design fully on his own.

[@vguido0757]

This is the best description and demonstration of capacitors I’ve seen. Everyone explains how they are built but no one provides concrete examples. Thank you so much.

[@harrytraskos5964]

Thank you for this video. I have this components on university, but without your videos and real life examples and projects, I would only forget all what I was teached. You are making a difference in understanding and learning. Thank you very much for your dedicated work.

[@hightech-yt]

This is the most comprehensive explanation of how transistors work on the internet. And I hope even beginners would easily get it.

[@BartdeBoisblanc]

Great tutorial of an LED light chaser. I have made this circuit before, you can use 2n3904's too. Also with a large number of LEDS in the chain you can experiment with connecting a wire across several LED to send a signal to another transistor not in following the main loop. It creates interesting chase patterns depending on where you connect it.

[@EngineeringMindset]

Seen the new LED explained video? so much detail covered! kzbin.info/www/bejne/hWmwY61ona6Vl8k

[@atexnik]

2:45 why will it flow thru resistor 3, not 2? This needs longer explanation.

[@EngineeringMindset]

It can flow through either and they will both actually get some power as soon as the battery is connected, I just had to choose a way to visually explain the circuit so I went with this route. The resistor values will never be exactly the same, whichever one has the slightly lower resistance will get slightly more electrons and that will start the process

[@TheSimoc]

@@EngineeringMindset Yeah, that was an important thing that should have been mentioned in video, and yet even that answer wasn't complete. To be complete for that question, you should have also mentioned that as soon as the transistor which *happens* to open first (due to the mentioned dissimilarities between components), it immediately pulls down the base voltage of the other transistor, keeping it shut until the capacitor charge has been built up to open it, in turn pulling down the base voltage of the first one, and cycle repeats. While this video is a very respectable attempt to make a good explanation, it also contains other errors, omissions, and inconsistencies causing a lot of headaches for the target audience - unfamiliar on electronics: - 0:55 you should have said "in series" instead of "across", which is inaccurate expression and tends to imply rather an led connected in parallel with the transistor. I see, you said "led circuit", by which you thought about the circuit of led, resistor, battery, and their wires, which as a "circuit unit" is indeed connected across - alas.. essentially parallel - with the transistor. But beginners cannot get that, they don't differentiate the meaning of your "led circuit" from led, and they intuitively think the "across" just as "in parallel with". - You are showing demo videos on transistor operation, in which you are feeding base current directly with a battery. You may not do that! Transistor BE junction always needs a current limiting resistor if fed by constant voltage! Otherwise it gets destroyed, ie. very same applies there than you mentioned with leds! - 2:57 You omitted very relevant "also" word before the word "causes". Such omission causes incorrect implication that it would be the current through the led and its series resistor which causes the "electrons to be pulled into capacitor". But it is not, the capacitor "pulling" is caused directly by the previously mentioned opening of the transistor, to which you could have referred by a word "also". Ie. it is the very same cause which also(!) causes the led and resistor current to flow. The same word omission was when explaining the other side when its time came. - When driving several discrete leds from same source, you should never connect them directly parallel, because very slight differences between their forward voltage characteristics may cause huge imbalance in distribution of the current between leds, possibly destroying one and after it the rest will have yet hugely more current and be certain to be destroyed. This is actually quite a common cause for premature failures of cheapo led lighting products. Every parallel-connected discrete led should each have a separate current limiting resistor.

[@EngineeringMindset]

Check out NEW resistor video, everything covered! ➡️ kzbin.info/www/bejne/eorGfXl-nLt2pJI

[@sgwrist]

This is the only channel resource that does amazing work at explaining what components are used and why. This channel has helped me in my guitar amp circuit design project.

[@EngineeringMindset]

Great to hear!

[@ursa0607]

I wanted to get into circuit building but never knew where and how to start. Although big books on these matters are valuable, your easy to process and do format fits my short attention span so much more :) Thank you for this!

[@jaredfoley4758]

Check Amazon or other retailer for a breadboard starter kit; there are tons of options out there, anywhere from $20 on up. There are some excellent books for self-teaching as well, but realistically it's easier to follow along with a good instructor on KZbin.

[@sclm55]

HOLLY COW! So much info for a guy who has been fascinated with electronics, but never really took any in-depth courses on it (just come fundamentals long, long ago). I really appreciate your videos. I will be going back over this video; and also find the one that precedes this one. Thank you.

[@mikechiodetti4482]

It's been a long time since I did the circuit building. It's fun to do this and you can build some interesting projects. The math for the circuit components is what I forgot from long ago. Thank you for this.

[@EngineeringMindset]

Time you got back into making hobby circuits I think. Great fun. I tried to go lightly on the math in this video, replacing the parts with trial and error to make it more visual

[@01Hudesohn]

Some Websites have an LED Resistor Calculator that do that for you. I also use one of these although I can use the (R = U / I) Formula. It's just as fast as calculating yourself.😄😄😁😁

[@Y2Kvids]

There are apps now that you can design circuits and Blow Virtual LEDs and Capacitors . Trial and Error way .

[@hollytimlick9470]

It is very simple, and no math is needed to figure it out. 3v 100ohm 5v 330ohm 7v 470ohm 9v 620ohm 12v 1.5kohm And so on. Just remember voltage vs current is all you need. First rull of thumb is, always find the l.e.d specks when you purchase, forward voltage, and current. You will find that what I said is approximately to the correct value to a standard, 2.8v 15 to 20 ma l.e.d

[@01Hudesohn]

@@hollytimlick9470 3V 100 Ohm @ 2,8V 20mA ???? Wrong Value!!! right one for 1,5V 20mA LED 3V 10 Ohm @ 2,8V 20mA LED 5V 120 Ohm @ 2,8V 20mA LED 7V 220 Ohm @ 2,8V 20mA LED 9V 330 Ohm @ 2,8V 20mA LED 12V 470 Ohm @ 2,8V 20mA LED

[@Ameebros]

Thank you sir from Malaysia for sharing your wonderful knowledge.

[@BlackDidThis]

This is surely the best explanation to anyone of pretty much any level of knowledge in electronics to correctly grasp the major components of what such circuitry is actually meant for and how you can benefit from the properties of these components. Thank you so much good sir.

[@ericbarber3420]

Giving me that Christmas spirit with this design, very inspiring too.thank you

[@lowkey87685]

I'm moving in. This channel is my new home. All my electrical engineering lectures combined got nothing on these guys.

[@joshuacaylor3447]

This is one of the best circuit videos I have ever watched!! I wish I had this while I was in school. Everything is very well explained!!!

[@losperritosbuenitos]

esto es mil veces mejor que una clase de instituto o universidad, y me deja sin preguntas porque me aclaran todas para el circuito , muchas gracias .

[@EngineeringMindset]

Gracias. muy pronto la versión en español. Enlace kzbin.info/door/tfhmY_sWRukJl5CAgsqV0A

[@01Hudesohn]

So long ago that I have built and or seen such great Flip-Flop Circuits. Video explains everything around it very well, that's why I give a LIKE😄😄

[@photophone5574]

This circuit kinda makes me think of siblings fighting over whether the lights should be on or off.

[@kevinjacobson969]

I wish this was available 30 years ago. Had to do stuff like this by hand.

[@EngineeringMindset]

I had to make them by hand at college too, it was fun though.

[@hollytimlick9470]

It was, just lost in time. This was easy for me, and I can do more complex circuits than this with no college education required.

[@ravitej6901]

the only thing i can't understand is how the current delay occurs when the circuit is ideal, please clarify this one thing all of your videos were perfect❤ , this is the only doubt which have been in my mind

[@diggocombs4548]

Everytime I start understanding the circuit design a little bit. My mind sees the resistors and goes blank again 🤣😤

[@EngineeringMindset]

Stop resisting. But seriously, they are just limiting how many electrons can flow through the branch of the circuit. That makes the capacitor charge slower and also stops too many electrons passing through the LED and burning it out

[@EngineeringMindset]

Check out NEW resistor video, everything covered! ➡️ kzbin.info/www/bejne/eorGfXl-nLt2pJI

[@JGambrosia]

Stop focusing too much on the tiny details. The bigger picture is more important.

[@mannyg747]

Very Cool. I used to do this as a teenager.

[@EngineeringMindset]

Now is a great time to get back into electronics, it's a fun little circuit

[@rael5469]

1:00 Wow, what a beautiful illustration. Sure wish we had the Internet when I went through electronics classes.

[@mcc0733]

This video has gave me such a good understanding of electronic circuits. Knowing how each component works is cool but seeing how they can be cleverly arranged to do what you want is really amazing to me. You explain everything very well. Excellent video

[@TheDandyPandyAndy]

Crazy that this is a completely analog circuit; no controllers or computers operating the lights. The capacitors act as delay sensors in this configuration. Makes one wonder if this is how old neon lights worked in the early part of the 20th century. Very fascinating circuit.

[@Bazarack]

3:08 I do not fully understand why the current flows to the transistor number 2 base only when the capacitor 1 is charged it could flow there immediately. Can someone explain it to me? :)

[@nathanaelrenaud6004]

Maybe I'm wrong but here is what I understood after a first view of the video : The current is not going through the first capacitor because the first loop is open by the first transistor, so it goes to directly to the second loop, and this will power the second LED while charging the second capacitor. Once the second capacitor is fully charged the current will flow to the first transistor which will close the first loop and turn on the first LED while charging the first capacitor. Once the first capacitor is fully charged it will active the second transistor and then it cycle like this again an again.

[@bornach]

The base-emitter junction of the NPN transistor acts like a diode. Significant current will not flow across it until the forward voltage of 0.7V has been reached. When transistor 1 is fully switched on, its collector is pulled close to ground voltage. If capacitor 1 is in a fully discharged state, then base of transistor 2 is also close to ground. But notice the orientation of those capacitors? Why is the negative side connected to the bases of the transistors? This explanation has actually been simplified. What really happens during the charge/discharge cycle is that the base of the transistor in an astable multivibrator will sometimes go below ground voltage. For a more complete explanation of this circuit see RSD Academy's channel

[@EngineeringMindset]

Seen the new LED explained video? so much detail covered! kzbin.info/www/bejne/hWmwY61ona6Vl8k

[@alindaderick814]

Thanks for the Christmas gift 🤝🤝☺️☺️ Greetings from Uganda 🇺🇬🇺🇬

[@daebongeng]

Thank you for the good information. It was very helpful.

[@vijayramachandran2943]

Thanks for nice explanation from India. I wish you to continue this service for ever.

[@EngineeringMindset]

Thank you, do you know we also have a Hindi channel? kzbin.info/door/g4k338hz9U8jnD5SXPO5jQ

[@Necris94]

Few years ago I have purchased on aliexpress a soldering training pcb in the shape of small flashing led Christmas tree, and i have always wondered how it works. Guess I learned it today. Thanks!

[@EngineeringMindset]

Seen the new LED explained video? so much detail covered! kzbin.info/www/bejne/hWmwY61ona6Vl8k

[@siahklig8279]

This helps me a lot thank you!!!!

[@Mike__B]

Excellent project, I think I would switch it up a bit and using a AC to DC wall wart as the power supply as it seems they come with anything electronic and I have a bunch of them of varying voltages lying around, and one of them would plug in directly to my tree lights and get it going without the need for a battery so I can feel more comfortable leaving it on all day long. As an aside, I do want to personally thank you for your videos, I teach an intro physics E&M lab class and have been doing so remotely for the past 2 years and for a few of the labs I do link directly to some of your videos (resistors, diodes, capacitors, etc) as part of the lecture (not done live) as I think the visuals that you have are absolutely perfect, and way better than what I could do, also a number of my students are EE students so I'm sure your other videos that are not related to what I'm doing are relevant to them as a nice way to teach them. So indirectly your work has helped me teach others (I hope), so thank you.

[@EngineeringMindset]

Check out NEW resistor video, everything covered! ➡️ kzbin.info/www/bejne/eorGfXl-nLt2pJI

[@fabianfenech5250]

If u label the diagram at 2:42: resistor 1, resistor 2 ..... It would help a ton. Great video !!

[@EngineeringMindset]

Check out NEW resistor video, everything covered! ➡️ kzbin.info/www/bejne/eorGfXl-nLt2pJI

[@hi_pat_trick]

I think the only change I'd make for the circuit board would be to round the edges of the star-shape to make it a bit friendlier for kids to be around (in case it falls off of the tree, you don't want a sharp projectile). Thank you for the great walkthrough, your videos have been extremely helpful in learning how to do electronics design!

[@summergram]

Amazingly detailed, well-paced, clear video THANKS SO MUCH

[@possibleplus2859]

Can't believe a lot of knowledge in a single video 🙌🙌🙌

[@TheDude0924]

You are the best, I am actually learning

[@rahuldhingra6711]

I watch most of your videos and helped a lot. If get time please make videos on types of AC DC generators and motors as well. Thanks

[@EngineeringMindset]

Great to hear. We have covered AC motors and also generator basics previously, but we'll be making more soon

[@paulwitulski1905]

Tip: Solder the (AE) aluminum electrolytic capacitors flush with the board. Per IPC-610, I recall if they have to be raised they need some kind of reinforced support on the leads. Whether by creating a spring kink or applying RTV under the leads. Sorry I see it so much as an EE on end product and it makes me want to head slap. Think about those tiny skinny leads holding that big belly cap. Makes it easier to accidentally bend a few times max and that’s it.

[@araragimakoto1415]

Merry Christmas☆ Thank you very much for your every video!!!

[@EngineeringMindset]

Merry Christmas, glad you enjoyed

[@yokeswarang8126]

What a elaborate explanation ❤️

[@EngineeringMindset]

Glad you liked it

[@ashrafkarjiker6888]

It’s nice how you show the resistor calculations for the LED. Please do the same for all other resistors and capacitor for the transistor

[@EngineeringMindset]

Check out NEW resistor video, everything covered! ➡️ kzbin.info/www/bejne/eorGfXl-nLt2pJI

[@Mikhael1313]

So, I can put two 3v cell in series, then can use other color LEDs as well. ok got it.

[@jakovvukosavljevic253]

I really like these in depth videos, it really helps a beginner like me! I hope you do more of these in the future!

[@nothingtoospecial777]

I really enjoy your videos, but can you please post a video on the joule thief? It's a simple circuit and I'd love to have it be explained. Thanks

[@Mariamgimiag]

How the electricomagnetic field is created and how the electromagnetic field push the piece of iron in solenoid please I need an answer

[@alexsmith-ob3lu]

Very beautiful!!! Well done!! I will someday try out the sponsors!

[@peacemac1992]

Can you please label your resistor and transistor numbers next time? Thank you! Overall a great video.

[@EngineeringMindset]

Check out NEW resistor video, everything covered! ➡️ kzbin.info/www/bejne/eorGfXl-nLt2pJI

[@MrBobWareham]

All good but I think you should have stuck to the AA batteries for longer battery life I don't think the button cell was a good choice, but the rest was very good, thanks haven joined your channel. Bob in the UK

[@Captain-Nostromo]

Thank you very much for your interesting videos. When I was a kid in the seventies I build a little FM transmitter that was fitted in a matchbox, it had a range about 200 meters, It was a building kit that I ordered from an ad in a hobby magasin. I would love to build a simulare kit again 😎 Do you have any sources?

[@EngineeringMindset]

No, but that does sound fun. Maybe I'll look to cover this in 2022

[@CheffBryan]

Check on amazon, there are simple solder kits that are just like this and fantastic for kids! Did a few in high-school, some 15 years ago. Had a Christmas tree shaped one that did all the lights

[@nk4j272]

Awesome video. Thank you

[@femboyelectronics6441]

I ve predicted how it works by just thinking about it I ve learned important stuff from your videos thx for doing em you really helped me *sadly I can't support u with money but I hope my words make u feel good you do rlly good content*

[@shundhem_electrick]

Amazing project

[@EasyOne]

Very well explained

[@carloslugo4600]

Happy new year

[@iliapopovich]

Really good channel. One Espresso for Paul, please.

[@leozendo3500]

Well explained. Simple circuit but shows good background

[@krishnamohan6062]

You R really a great teacher. I am lamen, but still able to grasp .

[@desktopantec2290]

please make more easy to understand projects like these this is awesome

[@ruimvp]

The analogic magic... Great video. Thank you

[@AjinkyaMahajan]

In digital terms, it is Ring Counter, multiple odd numbers of inverters are connected in a loop to drive LEDs. Also, the circuit has very poor thermally stable timing.

[@Enigma758]

Technically, it's a "ring oscillator", a "ring counter" is entirely different.

[@AjinkyaMahajan]

@@Enigma758 correct, sorry my typo

[@jjohn1234]

Really epic!

[@CommercialGasEngineerVideos]

Merry Christmas engineers and engineering mindset team

[@EngineeringMindset]

Merry Christmas

[@aatifshah8476]

Very informative as i am starting circuit building...with altium

[@sky-son]

3:17 Which resister is R1, and which resister is R2, and which resister is R3, and which resister is R4? But, thanks for identifying the values of said components.

[@JGambrosia]

Key notes for me: when one capacitor is charging, the other is discharging. The direction of the discharge follows the direction of the flow of current towards the (- side) of battery.

[@erdemsalgn321]

Thanks for the video. I didnt understand sth. In 2:42 why current flows from BC547 on the left? Why not both transistors at the same time?

[@bryandowdey1779]

Very well explained. Easy to follow with useful links. Many thanks!

[@dragoslavmitrovic5847]

where I can got pcb file?

[@EngineeringMindset]

Link in now in video description

[@PABeaulieu]

Good job Buddy, your channel is very interesting. I don't think I'll be able to create your star, however, but I at least learn some basics in electronics. Thanks to you! :)

[@EngineeringMindset]

You can try on a breadboard or you can download the circuitboard design and have it posted to you. Just need to solder it.

[@Govnoo365]

@@EngineeringMindset i do not see the file of your circuit board

[@BartdeBoisblanc]

1:00 That is an example of how a switching power regulator works. Just substitute your hand for a timer circuit like a 555.

[@anontoakanda5847]

Second from Bangladesh

[@EdsilCleverOnline]

very nice tutorial..now i am going to do this project...thanks engineer

[@EngineeringMindset]

Have fun

[@hd-mv5401]

congrats for 2m subscribers

[@ambulet]

Your videos are the coolest and most informative. enjoy the coffee

[@EngineeringMindset]

Thanks, Jeffry. Much appreciated.

[@martinromeo1006]

Great 👍 job my friend 👏 👍 well done

[@rael5469]

In school we used a circuit designer called Ultiboard, which worked along with Multisim.

[@MichaelLove83]

Im currently building a Velleman riding santa kit which has this circuit in it .

[@cormando11]

Suggestion: label the caps and transistors in the circuit demonstration with the same names as your narration. Capacitor 1, transistor 1, etc. Nice work though.

[@Listener970]

Informative video as always. I want to suggest a video idea, industrial dryers. I like your work on HVAC systems, helped me so much.

[@ElectroProjects]

Nice circuit I also put a variable resistor or potentiometer between the all the resistors going to the negative of the capacitor and the power rail and made its speed variable

[@EngineeringMindset]

Check out NEW resistor video, everything covered! ➡️ kzbin.info/www/bejne/eorGfXl-nLt2pJI

[@EngineeringMindset]

Seen our new Potentiometer Explained video? ➡️ kzbin.info/www/bejne/jpOQfo2DpLqnmbM

[@anthonycompare4896]

Not sure if you have already made a video on Crankcase pressure regulators (CPR) and evaporator pressure regulators (EPR) within a refrigeration system if not, could you kindly. Thank you for your content it’s been a huge help in learning about HVAC

[@marlzrussell7178]

Just in time for Christmas 🙃🙃🙃

[@TheMovieCreator]

Nice video, but I have to stress that an astable multivibrator is NOT a flip-flop. A key aspect of a flip-flop is that it can be flipped to one state and holds this state until you deliberately flip it to another state. It is right that a flip-flop is a multivibrator, but a bistable or n-stable multivibrator (where n is the total number of states). An astable multivibrator is usually described as a relaxation-oscillator.

[@EngineeringMindset]

We could simply place 2 switches into the circuit and make it a real flip flip,

[@TheMovieCreator]

@@EngineeringMindset They are very similar circuits yes, but for a flip-flop you also have to replace the capacitors with resistors and remove the corresponding pull-ups that no longer has a purpose. This will keep it stable, even if none of the set-switches are closed.

[@EngineeringMindset]

Check out NEW resistor video, everything covered! ➡️ kzbin.info/www/bejne/eorGfXl-nLt2pJI

[@Ruoppo]

Hello mate, do more of these kind of quides ty :)

[@EngineeringMindset]

More to come!

[@shivaschimera6101]

Minecraft redstone! Visualizing the oscillation of current in these circuit's help's me to understand the math. Visualization in the mind's eye is extremely important to learning.

[@bertbrecht7540]

Beautiful yet simple circuit. I have to wonder how long that button cell will last. I'm guessing less than an hour.

[@EngineeringMindset]

It is rated for 550mAh and the circuit draws around 50mA by design so it could last around 11 hours. Although I think the current is probably lower than this so it could be longer.

[@hollytimlick9470]

A button cell like the cr2025? Try 36 hours with a bit higher value of led current limit resistor, and the resistor on the base of the transistor. I have worked on more complex circuits then this, with longer battery life of 13 hours. I have gone pass the 18 hour time, with some of the circuits I have done. The current draw approximately 28mah! With the same results......

[@EngineeringMindset]

Check out NEW resistor video, everything covered! ➡️ kzbin.info/www/bejne/eorGfXl-nLt2pJI

[@EngineeringMindset]

Seen the new LED explained video? so much detail covered! kzbin.info/www/bejne/hWmwY61ona6Vl8k

[@sidduporandla5202]

Please make a video on single transistor osilator 🥺🥺

[@shrikantsawant4624]

I have liked this video very much easy to understand i want to learn altium i have worked on tango pcad

[@ashrafkarjiker6888]

In the next video show one with calculating the resistor and capacitor values for the transistor. How do engineer’s usually do it

[@EngineeringMindset]

Check out NEW resistor video, everything covered! ➡️ kzbin.info/www/bejne/eorGfXl-nLt2pJI

[@winstonedwards8466]

Like your content each time?? I have a unit nothing from the evaporator

[@zeroskull_rc]

Hey, I wanted to transmit a single and also received it, just to control rc motors can u make a video, and i would like to learn basic of electrical circuit. Please make a series 🙏🙂🙂

[@mylestechnological7031]

You can still use PNP transistors I normally use them for high level output oscillators

[@rameshwarshelke4633]

Pls make video on op amp comparator with example...

[@gpTeacher]

Great project and lesson on caps, resistors and transistors! You provide really fantastic content. Many thanks and Merry Xmas!😊

[@EngineeringMindset]

Check out NEW resistor video, everything covered! ➡️ kzbin.info/www/bejne/eorGfXl-nLt2pJI

[@kimberlyjacobsen4148]

Transistors are dope!

[@91Jawad]

Awesome work man. Really inspired me.

[@user-dw6fj1py1o]

Merry christmas!!

[@user-zn2vv5kh3v]

2:45 Why the current flow only to the resistor 3 and no to the resistor 2 ?

[@EngineeringMindset]

Check out NEW resistor video, everything covered! ➡️ kzbin.info/www/bejne/eorGfXl-nLt2pJI

[@user-zn2vv5kh3v]

@@EngineeringMindset thank you