Transition States - Why Chemists Care So Much.

What ARE transition states and intermediates? And why are they SO important in chemistry? In this video, we explore the science of transition state theory to see how catalysts change the activation energy of the rate determining step and make the whole reaction faster.
This video was made at Kyushu University in Japan. It’s one of Japan’s top universities and we have courses on science and engineering in English. Click the link for more information:
www.eng.kyushu...
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Three Twentysix Project Leader, Writer, Producer etc: Dr Andrew Robertson
3D animations: Es Hiranpakorn and Siwat Pogboon
Graphic Design: Maria Sucianto
Production assistant: Pupe Pimchanok
This video was produced at Kyushu University and supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP21K02904. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Kyushu University, JSPS or MEXT.

[@tapiomakinen]

In the category of science videos, I give this one an Oscar for screenplay and production. I also nominate the team for Noble price in education-

[@shartokfancader8750]

You are the best chemistry teacher...

[@zyleafpunch5684]

Facts

[@DanteGabriel-lx9bq]

This channel is so underrated! I was blown away from the animation of 3d Molecules down the 2D drawing of the same Molecules. This is genius!

[@maciejjakubiak2828]

You never fail to provide (in my opinion) the best kind of education on general chemistry, so a thousand times thank you for that! At 2:11 there is a slight error: this molecule is called "acetyl chloride", not "acyl chloride". "Acyl chloride" is a type of compound, whereas acetyl chloride is this specific compound. Acetyl chloride is a kind of acyl chloride. It's like with squares and rectangles: a square is a kind of rectangle.

[@ThreeTwentysix]

Dammit - you're right of course. My modelling software automatically labelled it as [an] acyl chloride and that went into the script. I kept thinking there was something odd about it. It's not like I spent years using the stuff, though.* * I spent years using the stuff. Should have known better.

[@jamesmnguyen]

I love how detailed you go into these topics.

[@ulysses4536]

I’ve watched a few of your videos recently, and I think that this one is a masterpiece which manages to touch so many points in sufficient details, despite that they all have their dedicated videos.

[@andreamolia9325]

I understand almost nothing about chemistry, but I love your videos! Just a suggestion... could you keep the inline text for longer? I always have to pause the video to read them fully 😅

[@ThreeTwentysix]

That's kind of deliberate. They're always a side comment so I don't want to distract from the main discussion, but if anyone really wants to know, they can pause the video.

[@MarianLuca-rz5kk]

​@@ThreeTwentysix Dear Professor , thank you for the clear explanation of the chemical process. For me it is the first time when I get an idea of how a catalyzed reaction works. Could you please make a video about the electrolysis of a water solution with acetate ions, where two CH3 radicals unite to form ethane ?

[@jerrycornelius5986]

When I studied chemistry we learned about electronegativity, bond energy, equilibrium ratios and the rules for bonding. But these were all just numbers and it was left to us if we wanted to try to visualise and understand the physical processes behind chemical reactions. This channel makes it all clear.

[@calcium_addict]

This is insane content, I'm so happy to have discovered this at the exact right time when this channel is active.

[@adamindra5102]

I have found your channel recently. And as a chemistry student i can say with certainty that you're channel is absolutely great

[@wack1305]

Your videos have amazing info density while still being very digestable

[@abdulsalamyusuf9732]

It's always interesting to visualize how molecules form and the transition state. you made it easy to understand. I've always loved your videos. Thanks

[@nathanflowers7364]

PLEASE make a video about pyroelectric and thermoelectric materials you can also talk about piezoelectric materials but I’m specifically interested in pyro and thermo

[@LiborTinka]

What a treat, thanks. And again, I learned something new. I am solving a related mechanistic problem for months now... I've read in some old articles that oxalic acid can be reduced by active (dissolving) metals despite this is generally not possible with carboxylic acids. I've done the experiment using magnesium in cold saturated oxalic acid. Indeed it produced glyoxylic acid - an aldehyde! And virtually no glycolic acid, glycolaldehyde or ethylene glycol - which is even more puzzling. To this day however, I still struggle with explaining the reaction. Indeed the aldehyde exists as a hydrate, the very reduction is possible because of the unusual electrophilicity of oxalic acid, saturation of the solution and low temperature, further increasing the polarisation of the molecule. What further helps is the acidity of oxalic acid, so we probably have slightly soluble magnesium binoxalate intermediate rather than insoluble oxalate. And finally, the magnesium glyoxylate is a soluble complex! It allows simply filtering off any magnesium oxalate left over and the filtrate is indeed strongly acidic, more than acetic acid, suggesting glyoxylic has been produced. I have even prepared its bisulfite adduct, confirming there is an aldehyde group. I will probably prepare this delicate compound using periodate cleavage of tartaric acid or by ozonolysis of fumaric acid (maleic would be ideal though I don't have it at hand). The simple and cheap preparation with magnesium and oxalic acid intrigues me and I still don't have full explanation - even AI chatbot is confused, sometimes confirming and sometimes denying - but experiment is king and at least this is very practical to quickly prepare glyoxylic acid for e.g. Hopkins-Cole test for tryptophan. In early days, the reagent has been prepared by leaving a bottle of acetic acid sit on a window on sunlight for couple days. The UV rays did its work and the little glyoxylic acid produced in the acetic was enough for the test to work.

[@augustoneira980]

Brilliant and simply explained. Thank you for sharing your valuable time and knowledge.

[@studies3327]

Sir you are the best, I have hated chemistry then tried to understand it and now After learning from you, I love it.❤

[@Goettliches_Zebra]

I just wanted to thank you for your great Videos. I´m so glad i found this channel.

[@FredrikFFredriksen]

Always interesting trying to understand something this complex, watching it from Three Twentysix! Would love to watch a series on learning Chemistry from you. Really struggle with Le Chatlier's principle. Although I do understand it to some degree. Just started today Organic Chemistry, and will have my first exam maybe sometime during the next month. Things I find hard; Identifying the limited reagent Redox reactions and redox numbers to name a few. (Yes, I am very new to this).

[@ThreeTwentysix]

"Really struggle with Le Chatlier's principle." COMING SOON!

[@chaemistry]

WOOOOH!!! Thank you for another video!!

[@nevzatalperdinc]

As a computational chemist, this video hits hard

[@ivoivanov7407]

How so? After all our computations are in order to get that electron density "map", highlighted in this video with colors, and then to predict intermediate and transition states of a reaction.

[@Emguilla]

15:39 "*plus some minor details"... I spent probably a year getting through those "minor details" for my PhD thesis 😅. Have you ever considered making a video about TS as bottlenecks instead of active complexes? (to include reactions that happens without an energy barrier)

[@ThreeTwentysix]

Ah, yes. 'Minor details' are the very stuff of PhDs 😄. I considered including a section on the differences between transition states and active complexes but it didn't make the cut. I had to cut out over 7 minutes of me blathering on as it was.

[@ianriquito]

I can't wait for the enzymes video!!!

[@Ranchplaysgames]

CARBOCATION REARRANGEMENT MY BELOVED

[@AdityaYadav-fh9cm]

❤ I was waiting

[@Cs13762]

so basically they all stick together and twist around and contort and thats how catalysts make your products faster. neat.

[@Andre-Linoge]

Amazing! I never realized that chemistry is actually geopolitics.

[@philippmelchior7948]

I enjoyed your story telling. wonderful!

[@triple_gem_shining]

Love your videos!!

[@MukhtarMohamud-w3v]

My best chemistry teacher! Please make video about quantum chemistry

[@qzh00k]

Nuclear Chemistry first but not sure the difference

[@MukhtarMohamud-w3v]

@@qzh00k True teacher! It is nuclear chemistry

[@alexandervoytov4966]

Thanks for your presentation! IMHO, you are the best chemist at any public stream! I'd like to ask you to make some lecture about Chernobyl explosions. There are several presenters about Chernobyl disaster, including HBO movie Chernobyl. But noone explained the disaster from chemistry point of view. The only chemist to study the accident was my manager that time Academic Legasov. All other researcher working on site at that time or trying to research the accident are nuclear physicist. No professional chemists were involved. It is easy to explain because it was a nuclear reactor accident. Your view of professional chemistry researcher would find some issues what physicist didn't pay much attention. What do you think about Chernobyl accident?

[@ThreeTwentysix]

Chernobyl and Fukushima would be fascinating. Added to the list. (But it's a long list).

[@alexandervoytov4966]

@@ThreeTwentysix IMHO, Chernobyl is more in your professional interest vs Fucusima. Chernobyl get 2 sequential explosions vs Fucusima get mechanical reactors distortion. My personal opinion about Chernobyl is Chernobyl 1st explosion has chemical nature, the 2nd one was nuclear. Fucusima disaster had have a very different nature. I used to work for Kurchatov IAE in Moscow as a engineer-researcher that time and accident had changed a lot in my country that time and in my professional work as an engineer at field of chemical physics. Respect your choice. Thanks

[@dear_imran]

Amazing video sir, Can you make the textbook educational videos like this a little slower these videos need a time to process Thanks and love

[@saamady]

Great video! All the subtitles are a little bit ahead though, its a bit distracting 😅

[@isaaclearningtominecraft4751]

I'm just wondering how hard it is to find the amount of energy, at least theoretically, for a particular arrangement of atoms in a molecule, and to find the lowest energy path to do a step of the reaction.

[@mismail4965]

My suggestion is that before jumping to explain the topic diagrammatically you must write the simple equations stepwise and then explain the video .make it easy and systematic

[@itIsMePeople]

My takeaway from this video is, my shocking grade in Chemistry was down to my textbooks.

[@masuterukasu]

another LIFE video, yay

[@davidmurphy563]

We probably need to dissect one to find out. Or waterboarding might work.

[@Habi-kd3vl]

A video on spontaneous and non spontaneous reaction

[@shivanshchaurasia-dv8yc]

Sir i love how you present your videos, in a simple way with great facts and funny line. Love from India

[@ShaurySingh001]

Kindly make the detailed video of why nitrogen so stable as you promised

[@ThreeTwentysix]

I did promise that, and it's on the list. But it's a very long list!

[@ShaurySingh001]

@@ThreeTwentysix hmm Sounds Good long list more videos directly proportional to more knowledge

[@waelfadlallah8939]

I hold much intrest regarding this topic

[@miladeskandari7]

Please do a video on enzymes eventually

[@mismail4965]

I could not find clear differences between activated complexes, intermediates and transition state

[@alexandervoytov4966]

Thanks!

[@MisbahUlHaque-bh4cr]

Please make video on Aromaticity please

[@Zrelodrvo]

Can you explain electron spins please? 😅

[@michaelbayley9432]

Weirdly relevant to what I’m studying right now although enzymes in this case but they act as catalysts so close enough.

[@petevenuti7355]

You Just got a haircut, so in a transition state back to your classic look.

[@petevenuti7355]

Seriously though, I see this as a step to explain how a catalyst works, and a lot more satisfying answer then "it's complicated" . Thank you and I'm looking forward to the next several videos! And being a bit scruffy looks more natural on you...

[@82Cik82]

Can you synchronize the subtitles?

[@JackBerringer-ig1ct]

Biological transmutations -Louis Kervran Read it.

[@pranaybehera_b9240]

just a thought even though alot of concept of chemistry a lot of time our concepts do not align with what actually happens Pka values of Methanol and water HCOOH, C6H5COOH acidic strendth starting with the concept of resonance as presence of parallel p orbital and then saying resonance occuring in sulphonium ion

[@davidwright5719]

In your electrostatic potential plots, what determines the 2d surface that you colorize? It doesn’t appear to just be a constant distance from the nearest nucleus.

[@danieladams4097]

Could be wrong but I think it's a computer program that generates the ground state molecular orbital shape by approximating an answer to the (time independent?) Schrodinger equation that describes that molecule.

[@davidwright5719]

@@danieladams4097So it’s a surface of constant electron density (ie equal |Ψ|^2)? That’s plausible.

[@beginnereasy]

Ask the supreme being to help you BEND THEM TO OUR WILL.

[@Sugar3Glider]

Florite is when the dog catches its tail, then explodes.

[@shanathered5910]

*Acetyl-Chloride?

[@tomarmadiyer2698]

Someone could do a video on textbook errors and easily burn 2 hours on the intro.

[@abrikos1100]

Me in the beginning: why not use NaOH

[@friedrichfreigeist3292]

based

[@zyleafpunch5684]

BEND IT

[@waelfadlallah8939]

Fiiiiiiiiiiiiiirst❤

[@Habi-kd3vl]

Please