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Enzymes- Almost all biological reaction are carried out under the influence of enzymes and this is the reason why enzymes are a very useful target for drug action. Drugs can either increase or decrease the rate of enzymatically mediated reactions. However, in physiological system enzyme activities are in optimum condition and amount.
Receptors are the macromolecule or binding site located on the surface or inside the effector cell that serves to recognize the signal molecule or drug and initiate the response to it, but they don’t have other functions.
The largest number of drug that does not bind directly to the effectors like- Enzyme, Channels, Transporter structural protein, template biomolecule but act through specific regulatory macromolecule or the site on them which bind and interact with the drugs are called “Receptor”
An enzyme-linked receptor, also known as a catalytic receptor, is a transmembrane receptor, where the binding of an extracellular ligand causes enzymatic activity on the intracellular side. Hence a catalytic receptor is an integral membrane protein possessing both enzymatic catalytic and receptor functions.
They have two important domains, an extracellular ligand-binding domain and an intracellular domain, which has a catalytic function; and a single transmembrane helix. The signalling molecule binds to the receptor on the outside of the cell and causes a conformational change on the catalytic function located on the receptor inside the cell.
Enzyme-linked receptors are the receptors for many growth factors, cytokines and hormones and have a major role in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation and differentiation. Mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases are responsible for a wide array of diseases, including cancers, neurodegeneration, achondroplasia and atherosclerosis.
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