TYP102 - Language Reconstruction

This E-Lecture discusses the main principles of language reconstruction. Its main topics are: proto-languages, the comparative method, and cognate comparison. Using many examples from the VLC Language Index, the methods of reconstructing former languages receive vivid support.

[@sot11cat]

Very nice presentation! Congratulations! Just a goodwiiling comment by me. In classical Greek the letter Φ,φ was not pronounced like a fricative [f], at all. Ιt rather was an aspirated plossive [ph], like in PDE at the beginning of words like POT, PIT, PUT etc. The same holds for consonants like Χ,χ-Θ,θ = [kh], [th] respectively. So φρατήρ was heard somethinh like /phra 'te:r/. The pronounciation of Φ, φ as a fricative is mainly Hellenistic and has been retained up to Modern Greek. (See Allen's "Vox Graeca" for more detailed presentation).

[@omaralsaadi1751]

9:28 What webpage is he using for comparing words in languages on the world map?

[@infinitafenix3153]

Virtual Linguistics: you are my hero! :)

[@oer-vlc]

Normaly, the topic of "Language Reconstruction" is subsumed under "Historical Linguistics". (In fact, it has become part of our playlist: "History of English"). Since it also deals with aspects of language classification and comparison, it can be associated with language typology, too. And if you classify languages, some sort of areal aspect also comes in. However, in this E-Lecture, historical and typological aspects are dominant.

[@kawtharredouane1716]

a nice nd clear presentation thank you so much

[@hglundahl]

8:22 reconstructing IE proto-word. The reconstruction assumes that all words belonged to the same language, that the language group is sharing many words due to common ancestry. In cases where two languages already have sound correspondences, any borrowing can involve instant borrowing of such, especially when languages are neighbouring each other and speakers can be aware of correspondences already there, and can enforce them.

[@hglundahl]

11:44 _"they imply that these languages are genetically related"_ Actually only that the words are so.

[@OrkarIsberEstar]

1 thing about the german "unser tägliches brot gib uns heute" thats not really what you would actually say in a normal conversation as this is a prayer. Normally you would say "gib uns (verb infront of noun) heute unser tägliches brot. so the word order would outside of the prayer prtty much the same as in the other examples. In direct speech you would not say "meinen schlüssel mir gib jetzt" sondern" gib mir jetzt meinen Schlüssel" - verb infront noun last. Word order applies to german as well as SVO or in case of this sentence as in other germanic languages VSO

[@morvil73]

Jokes in German also tend to have VSO…

[@OrkarIsberEstar]

@@morvil73 well its like making fun of weird english grammar and using shakespear english to prove your point. Its not even the same language. or say english sounds weird cause scottish people speak it funny

[@marry-louise5108]

i enjoy your lectures sooooo much!! Thank you!

[@Neme112]

Great, except that the Czech word for "three" isn't anything like "ʃtʃi", it's "tři" and it doesn't contain even one "ʃ" sound.

[@InsertTruthHere]

+Neme You're correct. The Polish also doesn't strike me a being very accurately transcribed.

[@erickricardoflores8472]

Well, in spanish it is like that. El Libro.

[@copyplanter]

Hi, there! I love watching the videos of this channel, I am very interested in linguistics, specially in language reconstruction. I think the Sanskrit bh is a voiced aspirated bilabial plosive rather than a fricative (a friend of mine studies it, not me ), and the same goes for the Ancient Greek Phi, I read somewhere (I don't remember where) that it was something like a voiceless aspirated bilabial plosive. Of course, you know much more than I do. Thank you :)

[@copyplanter]

Also, it surprised me that every Spanish (or should I say Castilian?) E is marked as an open-mid, even stressed ones.

[@apo.7898]

Yeah, supposedly φ, θ, χ were just aspirated p, t, k in Attic. In modern Greek they are fricatives f, θ, χ. It's interesting though that the reconstructed PIE *bh, *dh, *gh in Latin give ususally f, f, h. (in Germanic, Slavic, Baltic they give b,d,g, in Anatolian and Tocharian p, t, k is more common)

[@ianwalker138]

I enjoyed this lecture. Thank you. Just an observation - Etymon for libro etc... is librum not liber. There is no need to posit a schwa.

[@vatnidd]

Danish and Norwegian uses ø, not ö or oe. The Icelandic word for bread is brauð, not brauth. I'm not sure if you're using Nynorsk, but in Bokmål give is gi and us is oss.

[@ayasnaj]

Thank you, as usual the great lesson. Could it be called as geographical classification of languages, or this is historical classification of languages?

[@matthewhanley5430]

This got all out of order, pieces are missing as well... sorry! posting to retain it " spread from a shared catalogue perhaps, where the letters were sequenced to similar values. I'd start with alphabets and state arrangmentstrade books. Naturalize the language with vowels from the catalogued base of forty that would look like abbreviations. This helps construct the language and points to the original goods through the letters base value, like a tree or paper milling method of some sort. If there is a common protolanguage, it is going to be in the sequence and with reused values. The value of the term "state" suggests another protovarient to languages that morphed into being around the same time as the word alphabet (16th century). S+t is 39, that would be the nine numbers, the capital set as broke down into an easy base of 40 (easy for calculations) a+t+e is 26 which would equate to our alphabets in the modern day. Functionally shares divergent values as it asks people to literally state their e(fourteen and, well, e). This suggests a song or two could have transcribed the entire array. It would be significantly valuable for interstate commerce. Language would have been less contained at the time for the value of sound might not have been so necessary standardized (no radio, local theaters, etc). This all changed over the last 150 years, of course. The history of the State fascinated me. I was constructing something easy for memory to perhaps replace the linnaen's outdated scientific catalogue, and passive skill developed alongside(deconstruction of and reconstruction of words like family, f:1st person or first letter, political, p+o is 31 parts of self or five generations thus last names, g of grand parents is the 7th letter or sixteenth numeral and they 4 and 7 parts of us back with is a value shared in G0D as well--many of these values potentially constructed around the same time) shared some hidden values within the word State itself that matched the counts within the construct that I had been creating over the past couple years. At the time, the point for me was to construct logical syllogisms (of sorts) where ending pair questionable values.0A (ten values) stressing.10 (2 hours) specifics and morphing the language in a fun design before getting more specific by the 10th root value (J) which the catalogues begin to array in sets of threes. Now, I am more curious about the original designs. If more language can be pact into this state paradigm, then it should be. L's root value with 0 sounds like Law (trees) while J is Jaw (species). K calls the value within J and L and if a 5 column array where U.00.00.00.00 extends its value across 1600 intervals and 57 million square miles. U.00 is 36k sq miles per intervalue. U.00.00 is 22.5 sq miles, etc as it's value sits right next to JKLUU. Rearranging the values breaks responsibilities, perhaps for new settlements. K.0 L.0 J.0 uu.0 shares the word college as well as collage at the 22.5 sq mile radius (where local species might be catalogued or mapped). MNO is more about meausrements in a 1600 foot radius and PQR correlated with a foot one could break up into 1600 pieces. Also, when piecing The 36k square miles of U together, there turns out to be 265 regions in north america, which leads to expresssions such as the "New World" due to it's correlated relation with the birth or labor cycle. So many worthwhile research points to collect discourse from. It was very fun to piece together. I would like to take this study more seriously, I just do not know how. All the Universities near me break the California constitution's educational code (required to be entirely independent of political or sectarian influence and are not, at huge financial and academic risk as a result .. think along the lines of annulled accredidation across 13-million people and tuition as well as political or sectarian scholarships/grants/loans like the stafford loan which is polítical or TEACH grant which is sectarian.. so many violations!!) so taking these studies to those academic institutions would be extremely disruptive / disreputable . Wish they had not wasted my time with their negligent design--transcripts themselves are filled with, as designated, section numbers (HIST 101, etc). Not even careful with their, administrations, literal transcription of the language they received from out of state despite it being their chief responsibility. Avoid sectarian lexemes at all cost. Ranting now, oh well. Either way, the state paradigm is fun to think about and to study, especially if hoping to avoid the mistakes of the past that perhaps lead to its failure to be spread across the generations (it is a billion values across just 3 letters). We now have a much more literate populace but we're still using barcodes, code 39s illegible linguistics, for goods that HJKL could properly cover (5-million to 4 plus billion values stored depending on the method used). I'm more interested in revisiting or reconstructing old designs, it would help a lot with retention of general words like livre to places correlated words in time, even if historical accuracy would require testimony from the alters and graves of our ancestors."

[@xjanik172787]

Czech and polish words for "3" are pronounced (and even phonologically transcribed) incorrectly (though the latter may be debatable).

[@ulfr-gunnarsson]

It's expected for a German, who speaks (probably) only German and English.

[@Temujin216]

Muy wena la clase, gracias.

[@muenzemann]

Korean can also be categorized under "our language"?

[@Krummablod]

Well if Korean language can be considered as an Altaic language and if Altaic languages can be considered as a descendant of "our language" then yes, it can.

[@guilhermeborges9644]

Awesome presentation, Could you recommend me some articles or books about the topic?

[@Dilluos]

Who can explain this question? Please this important Using reconstruction technique makes an analysis of words expressing kinship in English, German, French, Icelandic, Dutch, Swedish. Describe the results of your research and arrange them in a table.

[@user-gd6pi8ic7y]

نحتاج الشرح ان يكتب كتابة لطفا

[@hglundahl]

2:20 owis ekwoskwe ... how many versions are there of Schleicher's fable?

[@jessiestrickland6989]

two or three at least

[@touatimohamed1210]

Thank you so much . I have a question : Why english language is classified as Germanic language even though it contains almost 56 percent of Romans words !

[@oer-vlc]

The historical root is Germanic (Anglo-Saxon). Tis is reflected in many features of English: morphology, word order etc.

[@TimDimNuderu]

Because the base of it is Germanic, the Romance words [Mostly French and Latin] came from borrowing [I think most of the French words came from the Battle of Hastings or some name similar]

[@thomasmills3934]

Interesting you choose British English. Given the vast majority of English speakers speak a different dialect... American english would look different in pronunciation. Sometimes closer to the indo-european pronunciation.

[@ulfr-gunnarsson]

American English is different in pronunciation, but to say it's "closer to Indo-European pronounciation" is a bit of a stretch, remembering that American English came from various Early Modern English dialects spoken in Britain in XVII-XVIII centuries.

[@us3rG]

​@@ulfr-gunnarssonit has been mixed since

[@grzegorzbrzeczyszczykiewic279]

You transcribed Polish and Czech wrong.

[@arturahmeti486]

The albanian word for book. Is exactly liber as in Latin.

[@billysbill3571]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Greek_words_with_English_derivatives

[@david5ch4]

etymology

[@kaansancaktarmusic]

Before christ: before common era. Man/mankind: humans/humanity. As a language professor one should be aware of political correctness of their language!

[@celtofcanaanesurix2245]

Kaan Sancaktar political correctness is just another thing for people to complain about in my opinion

[@stephendise2895]

BC means before Christ. There is no such thing as "the common era". "Common" to what? What does the year 1 have "in common" with 2017! Meaningless! You jackass.

[@marry-louise5108]

Kaan Sancaktar Absolutely agree! the first comment is stupid and arrogant

[@marry-louise5108]

Stephen Dise ahaha)) you made me laugh)) absolutely correct!

[@vladoserfel]

Fuck off with your stupid pc. PC =BRAINWASH