Ultimate Predator: How T.rex Broke the Game

Who let the game devs do this? Cutting-edge paleontological studies explain the biological factors that made T.rex so successful and how it was able to outcompete all rivals. Tyrannosaurus rex was the biggest theropod known to science. T.rex is famous for its bone-crushing bite, incredible senses, and physical power, but it may have also been as intelligent as a primate. T.rex was so OP because of a combination of its keen senses, a bite force that could crush a car, a muscular and powerful body, high agility compared to other theropods, and intelligence that ranged from comparable to crocodiles to primates. Naming T.rex the Tyrant Lizard King was prophetic, as it seems that with every new study released T.rex only becomes more dangerous and majestic.
CHAPTERS
00:00 Introduction
00:16 SENSES
01:37 SIZE
02:50 BITE FORCE
03:27 SPEED AND AGILITY
04:38 INTELLIGENCE
05:49 CONCLUSION
WORKS CITED
Bates KT, Falkingham PL. Estimating maximum bite performance in Tyrannosaurus rex using multi-body dynamics. Biol Lett. 2012 Aug 23;8(4):660-4. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2012.0056.
Gignac, P.M., Erickson, G.M. The Biomechanics Behind Extreme Osteophagy in Tyrannosaurus rex . Sci Rep 7, 2012 (2017). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02...
Herculano-Houzel, S. (2022). Theropod dinosaurs had primate-like numbers of telencephalic neurons. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 00, 1- 13. doi.org/10.1002/cne.25453
Hughes, G.M., and Finarelli, J.A. Olfactory receptor repertoire size in dinosaurs. 2019. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 286: 20190909. doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0909
Kverkova et al. 2022. The evolution of brain neuron numbers in amniotes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (11): e2121624119. doi:10.1073/pnas.2121624119
Sellers et al. 2017. Investigating the running abilities of Tyrannosaurus rex using stress-constrained multibody dynamic analysis. PeerJ. 18;5:e3420. doi: 10.7717/peerj.3420.
Snively E, O'Brien H, Henderson DM, Mallison H, Surring LA, Burns ME, Holtz TR Jr, Russell AP, Witmer LM, Currie PJ, Hartman SA, Cotton JR. Lower rotational inertia and larger leg muscles indicate more rapid turns in tyrannosaurids than in other large theropods. PeerJ. 2019 Feb 21;7:e6432. doi: 10.7717/peerj.6432.
Stevens, Kent. (2006). Binocular vision in theropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology - J VERTEBRATE PALEONTOL. 26. 10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[321:BVITD]2.0.CO;2.
Witmer, L.M. and Ridgley, R.C. 2009. New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda) with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior. The Anatomical Record 292: 1266-1296. doi.org/10.1002/ar.20983
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Vecteezy background www.vecteezy.com/free-vector/sci-fi-background Sci Fi Background Vectors by Vecteezy

[@jurassicarkjordanisgreat1778]

Because the t rexs earlier ancestors went to the ocean, Talked to the sharks. The sharks told them "we are so successful because we evolved a big mouth and we have existed for 400 million years so far with no issue. So The rex ancestors decided to evolve large heads and mouths to have the biggest bite force of any land animal to exist. It was the peak predator.

[@GEK0dev]

Wippity Wine This Joke is now mine! XD jk but this is epic

[@charlestonho6733]

Also largest brain of all large Theropod

[@prehistorichero2755]

I wonder if T-rex, like sharks, were being treated as an evil slasher-villain that kills everything on sight for no reason which it's not really the case? Oh wait, it does.

[@GEK0dev]

@@charlestonho6733 Rex getting ready to kill a trike: “It’s big brain time”

[@TheVividen]

I can confirm this statement is accurate

[@alunaticwithashotgun9840]

funny enough the reason why T.Rex was so overpowered in comparison to other theropods or well, any other land carnivore is probably because it had to deal with some of the deadliest herbivores to ever exist, it just had to be that way in order to survive

[@MonsterZilla452]

Another thing T Rex is the most evolved & the last member of the megathoropods

[@notmyrealchannel559]

yes, other than the duckbills, T Rex had hunted down herbivores such as Euoplocephalus, Triceratops, Torosaurus, Ankylosaurus, and juvenile to sub-adult variants of the 80-ton titanosaur, Alamosaurus.

[@alunaticwithashotgun9840]

​@@notmyrealchannel559 and iirc the duckbills it lived with could get big enough to out muscle even the biggest T.Rex

[@notmyrealchannel559]

@@alunaticwithashotgun9840 the largest hadrosaur T Rex hunted was Edmontosaurus which weighed a maximum of 5 tons, and T rex itself weighed 8-10 tons, So T Rex is clearly larger, and that is also not even a tenth of the size of the largest dinosaur hunted by T Rex, Alamosaurus which weighed 75-80 tons, and this dinosaur is a Titanosaur nearly identical in size to Argentinosaurus, but slightly bulkier and slightly heavier muscles.

[@alunaticwithashotgun9840]

@@notmyrealchannel559 I highly doubt it ever bothered hunting the fully grown ones, the whole point of being that massive is that nothing messes with it, even Giga who had teeth and jaws specialised for cutting trough flesh like butter would probably just bite off a chunk and run away instead of trying to kill a fully grown sauropod Edit: But you're right about the Edmontosaurus, I confused it's size with Shantungosaurus so yea, sorry about that one

[@JohnCena8351]

Honestly after the "this meat eater is bigger than T.rex!!" hype in like the early and mid 2000s, I feel like a kid again knowing T.rex is again (and always was) the biggest land predator we know. Pretty cool.

[@atToebiscuit]

It was always my favourite dinosaur as a kid, and so I remember being disappointed learning that there were others that were bigger. Now in 2023, it turns out T rex really was the most powerful predator to walk the Earth.

[@kennethsatria6607]

Doesn't even have to be the biggest we know it was the toughest and fought equally imposing prey animals and others of its kind.

[@davidegaruti2582]

Yeah , and it's also pretty cool that preistoric planet actually pointed out how mosasaurus was bigger than t.rex and it really was larger than it ...

[@TheVividen]

I definitely think it's possible that another theropod bigger than T.rex existed, but we have yet to find it. And I agree--there's no animal more nostalgic!

[@JohnCena8351]

@@davidegaruti2582 And yet it didn't even dare to attack it. Now that's terrifying.

[@KurNorock]

Something very few people point out is that not only did t-rex have an incredibly powerful sense of smell, but since its nostrils were so far apart from each other, it actually had "binocular" smell, for lack of a better term.. While other predators have to move their heads around or even walk in zig-zag patterns in order to determine from which direction a smell is coming, t-rex didn't have to do that. It could tell from which direction a smell was coming as soon as it smelled it. Which would have been incredibly useful for its persistence hunter method of hunting.

[@rodrigopinto6676]

Agree

[@vibes2749]

No way bro that actually crazy is there a video or place to read about this ?

[@KurNorock]

@@vibes2749 If there is, I can't find it. I read it somewhere a long time ago. It is one of those things that is a difficult topic to search for.

[@theboulder4914]

source

[@Ledecral]

This dinosaur was so OP god sent an asteroid to nerf the whole faction.

[@CorwinTheOneAndOnly]

I can just see God being like "I wanted an intelligent species, but this isn't quite what I had in mind. And things are too set in stone now for a new one to evolve. Alright, let's try again!

[@MonsterZilla452]

Asteroid thing is completely false. Don't believe those.

[@Ledecral]

@@MonsterZilla452And what’s your alternate theory?

[@sailboat908]

The science humor book "Science Made Stupid" had a chart of the geologic era in which the text for the three parts of the Mesozoic was: *small scaly things *big scaly things *scaly things too big, start over with small furry things

[@kaidoaboveakainu.622]

Basically, the perfect predator of it's time, and one of the best to ever exist

[@CorwinTheOneAndOnly]

Finally someone has made this video. Ive been preaching to people this whole time about how ridiculous this animal was. Another note about its size that you didnt touch on: it reached near max size much faster than other therapods. I know, it's just yet another thing on the list of why trex was a nutty animal. List keeps going.

[@nabuchodonosormcgalapatram6941]

Tyranosaurus outclasses other Theropods so much and in so many ways, it's ridiculous and pretty much unfair. No wonder Tyrannosaurids seemingly prevented the rise of other large Theropods in their environment...

[@pvhep4036]

Imagine them to invent space travel!🦖🤓🚀

[@alexg1778]

The T rex single handedly caused a complete server wipe for everyone with its OP build. The devs had to go back to basics to undo the damage.

[@prehistorichero2755]

This is one of the reasons why I portray the T-Rex as the anti-hero of my young adult science-fantasy dinosaur novel I'm writing.

[@bbpoisonn]

Why exactly the anti hero? Ps. I gotta read that ngl 😭

[@prehistorichero2755]

@@bbpoisonn Because we’ve seen large predators chasing and killing small animals, including humans, over and over again in every dinosaur film, and it’s getting really old and impractical for a large predator that could’ve hunt large herbivores instead. So I decided to have the Rex to behave like modern-day Orcas that are beneficial or didn’t mind humans and other small animals, while can hunt herbivores it’s size, unless if threatened, they’ll mostly retreat or fight back when it had to.

[@prehistorichero2755]

@@bbpoisonn Also, it’s not published yet. You’ll have to wait and see.

[@bbpoisonn]

@@prehistorichero2755 the orca comparison is really smart actually considering orcas are the smartest animal on earth after us, quite fitting. And I’m gladly waiting hehe

[@TheVividen]

That's a great idea! I love the ecological comparison to orcas. When your novel is complete make sure to let us all know!

[@xanshen9011]

It honestly makes sense as to why the T.rex specifically was the largest terrestrial theropod of all time. It lived during the tail end of the mesozoic era while it’s size competitors such as the spino and giga lived tens of millions of years earlier. Giving it an edge in the evolutionary arms race as with time a predator and it’s prey will inevitably get bigger and badder to not die to each other. It lived with giants like the triceratops, ankylosaurus and edmontosaurus. It HAD to be the largest theropod of all time to hunt serious game like that.

[@pierre-samuelroux9364]

Spino 8 tons rex 11 tons big max gow it competes

[@pierre-samuelroux9364]

How*

[@pierre-samuelroux9364]

Spelling today 😂

[@bingbong8239]

I wonder how the person who first discovered T Rex feels about finding the most powerful and dangerous predator to every walk the Earth

[@Defenestration700]

they're dead, and died before we figured out how interesting the animal was.

[@MonsterZilla452]

Ever heard about Deinosuchus hatcheri the 15 ton alligator.

[@dragonkin5656]

@@MonsterZilla452 err...deinosuchus was 6-7 tons at max....2500-5000 kg normally

[@MonsterZilla452]

@@dragonkin5656 I used Deinosuchus hatcheri specimen which is 15-16 tons heavy

[@ThatGuy-qh5ec]

@@MonsterZilla452 T-Rex still betta, Deino wasn't a land predator 💀

[@petersmythe6462]

I think that 12 mph speed limit probably could do with some more thorough analyses that model soft tissue a bit better. There were also studies that said large sauropods would break all their toe bones by standing there until people realized that the foot pads completely change the way the force is distributed. My guess is that from the lack of any real tendency toward turning the feet into hooflike structures, breaking toes from running too quickly probably isn't the limiting factor in their movement.

[@TheVividen]

I'd love for some more biomechanical speed studies on this guy. The physics of some of them goes over my head so I need to do some more studying!

[@CorwinTheOneAndOnly]

Well the primary study is the one that focused on yhe ankle/heel/ball bones of the trexes leg (idk their real names). Point is, they are fused together, which is unlike most animals, except for hooved animals. This means that rex was most likely a runner

[@KurNorock]

Any time I hear somebody say something like "The t-rex would break it's legs by running" or "The t-rex would die by tripping and falling" I dismiss them outright. The fact is that t-rex was a real animal that evolved and survived for millions of years and was only stopped by a global extinction event. You can't have an animal be THAT successful by dying every time it trips, slips, or falls. That's absolutely absurd. Even if the t-rex couldn't technically run (elephants also can not technically run) it absolutely would have been able to speed walk faster than 12mph simply by virtue of the length of its legs and the corresponding length of its stride. I really do think that a lot of these paleo-scientists get so wrapped up in the technical aspects of their work that they forget about common sense. For example, to bring up elephants again, for many decades it was thought that elephants had a top speed of around 15mph. For much the same reasons as they think the t-rex could only move at 12mph. The weight is too much, the bones aren't strong enough, if it trips it would die at those speeds, etc. And that was hard science FACT for decades. Elephants ran at a top speed of 15mph. Period. And then somebody decided to actually measure how fast elephants could run and it was much faster. And the despite the assumptions made about size limiting speed, the much larger African elephants can run significantly faster than the smaller Asian elephants. And I say all of that not to make an argument that t-rex was a particularly fast animal. I don't believe it was. It didn't need to be. It didn't hunt by chasing things down with speed. It hunted by chasing things down and wearing them out with endurance. T-rex had many adaptations for long distance efficiency and endurance. So while it might have only been able to run at 15-18mph, it could maintain that speed for hours. And its prey might have been able to run 20-25mph, but only for a few minutes. Eventually the t-rex catches up to the exhausted animal and has an easy kill. But you almost never hear about this aspect of the t-rexes biology.

[@saberlily1954]

​@@CorwinTheOneAndOnly In all fairness It is possible that while Tyrannosaurus was a runner it was only a runner in its youth. We know that the Rex's body plan changed as it grew, and the metatarsals being fused could be an adaptation that was primarily used in its younger years when it was built more like a pursuit predator but is just sort of a "leftover" as an adult when it switched over to ambush predation. (I don't mean to suggest that it wasn't using it to improve agility and the like, just not using it to assist in running as an adult)

[@TheChill001]

one of the best ways to know that it could perfectly go beyond that gait of 12 mph, even if for a few seconds, is the barreling speed an african elephant male can reach when it's really pissed off. I wouldn't doubt that when pressed, speeds of over 15 to 20 mph would have been possible if only in extremely short bursts

[@seanledden4397]

Very satisfying video. Dinosaur, let's call them "revisionists," keep trying to find something better than T-Rex. In the novel "Jurassic Park" Crighton had the human prey think being stalked by raptors was worse than being attacked by a T-Rex - because of the intelligence factor. Fair enough, for the time. But then we got the cheap shot of the duel with the Spinosaurus in the 3rd movie. And all the hype around Giganotosaurus has always had an overconfident air. But while both Spinosauridae and Carcharodontosauridae are wonderful, my home-team fan-boy heart thrills to emerging picture that T-Rex really is the Tyrant King.

[@kennethsatria6607]

My dude I would be more scared of a rex than a raptor I at least can try grappling against one and die angry, there is no hope of that with a bone crushing giant with eyes of a hawk

[@necroseus]

T.rex is undoubtedly fucking awesome. No doubt about it! I think a primary reason that some people are so focused on trying to "one-up" the rex is because it has so much of the dinosaur spotlight that it really, really smothers other creatures of the time, y'know? I'm sure *some* have a dislike for rex and are desparate to actually find something cooler, but most just want people to really immerse themselves in how absolutely incredible the entire, branching family of dinosaurs is! The intelligence study is one paper using a really cool new idea! However, the conclusions of that paper are not something we should gobble up with fever. It has only been through a small portion of the scientific process, and is far from proven solidly. It needs to be critiqued and digested by other paleo scientists. What I will praise it for is opening the door to such an interesting discussion, and it will definitely result in an interesting conclusion and new point of view once it's rigorously debated and the scientific consensus is found! T.rex is an animal. An amazing animal, even! Every discovery made about this animal is something that should not hurt the pride of someone who enjoys the animal as their favourite. I don't think you specifically are really that type of fan, but I suppose this is a more general point to all: T.rex is an animal, and if it's *really* your favourite, I encourage you to bask in the glory that is every single bit of information we can actually know about this beastly Tyrant King!

[@SurfbyShootin]

@@kennethsatria6607 agreed, how many child and adult dreams are if running away from a trex? It's even scarier when your insides building.

[@CorwinTheOneAndOnly]

@@kennethsatria6607 thankfully a rex is so smart that you could probably reason with it, like a bear or a dog. If you can convince it that you're not food, it'll probably leave you alone. Bonus points for it also having ridiculous smell, so you already probably don't smell like food to it. Humans have a distinctive smell that makes us unappealing to predators unless theyre desperate. We also taste bad due to our sweat being filled with toxins that we eject from our body

[@seanledden4397]

@@necroseus Thanks for the reply, and yes I understand the grumpiness of some who feel that large super predators hog too much of the spotlight. But anyone who breathlessly reports that "X is Bigger than T-Rex!" is playing the same game as T-Rex fans, and so has no right to complain about biases. Part of the fun of any discipline is having favorites, and provided this does not go too far, that's perfectly fine. As I said in my original comment, I'm excited by all the big super dragons. But I can't help but enjoy it when I see Team Spinosaurus and Team Giganotosaurus taken down a peg. 🙂

[@alexius9556]

T-Rex was literally the Doom Slayer of all land carnivores

[@aut0mat1c11]

So if there's gonna be a "How to Train Your Dinosaur" movie, T-Rex would have been the equivalent to Toothless?

[@TheVividen]

I'd absolutely love to see that!

[@prehistorichero2755]

I strongly agree!

[@myth0s_pumpkin806]

nah, night furies were agile stealthy bois a rex would be like the red death

[@pierre-samuelroux9364]

​@@myth0s_pumpkin806rex was quite agile

[@myth0s_pumpkin806]

@@pierre-samuelroux9364 yeah, but there was still much faster and much more agile

[@juhovuolinko6446]

Back in the day there was the argument on whether T. rex was a predator or a scavenger, I heard the "but its so slow" argument a lot. The reply I used was "yeah and it'd have had to have chased nifty gazelles and rabbits as its food source, oh wait it didn't." T. rex wouldn't need to be as fast as, say, a gazelle if it hunted big prey that moved barely faster than walking humans - it just needed t be fast enough to catch said prey.

[@danielkorladis7869]

yeah, ceratopsians and sauropods weren't particularly fast. Also if tyrannosaurs lived in family groups, the younger ones probably would have been faster (which is why you don't see a whole lot of mid-size carnivores in areas with tyrannosaurs; that niche is taken by the tyrannosaur juveniles). Also in modern times there are both ambush and endurance predators.

[@nitomosquito3164]

Paleontologists-This is the Tyrannosaurus Rex Public-Dear God Paleontologists-There’s more Public-Noo

[@CorwinTheOneAndOnly]

Oh and you kinda touched on this, but their low frequency hearing was potentially used so they could communicate between other rexes without other animals being able to hear it, and this communication could be miles apart. Also, the hypothetical low rumble growl noise that we *would* have been able to hear, it can make your pets and other nearby animals start to panic.

[@erob9446]

it's really crazy that not only they have the strongest jaws but one of the smartest animal brain

[@TheVividen]

Overpowered indeed!

[@dankmatter3068]

Good thing God removed it from the game!!! 😅

[@thegayMK2]

finally an accurate, up-to-date rex video its been ages since i last heard about its endurance in a proper manner

[@petersmythe6462]

Re: biting through your car? I feel like an animal would not be inclined to bite into sheet metal. Probably instead resorting to using the ridges on the top of its skull, or its feet to overturn a car, and its general cleverness to realize there is food inside and opening the car is a puzzle to solve.

[@kennethsatria6607]

I mean for play seems likely they could try or just lift it with the head to throw

[@charchadonto]

depends on if it is familiar with it, first instinct would like be a soft test bite to gauge how tough it is. And then when it realises it is softer then a trike's frill it is bye bye car roof

[@TheVividen]

I also doubt that it would choose to do that--the point of including that bit in the video was to show that it was theoretically capable of it

[@ExtremeMadnessX]

Like they did in Jurassic Park and The Lost World?

[@rex432m.5]

I find the neck power very fascinating and that he can lift significantly more than a comparable charachodontosaurid without having problems with the same weight. I would also find a video nice on the subject

[@bombomos]

With the amount of Muscle this beast would have. I bet it's running speed would be more of around 24MPH. Look at Alligator, they don't look fast, but they can Gallop if they really want to get somewhere.

[@christianvaixco196]

The Maximum 30MPH BRO.

[@alunaticwithashotgun9840]

the peak theropod

[@warlord8106]

T-rex is truly the superman of dinosaurs

[@rodrigopinto6676]

The hulk of the theropods dinosaurs .

[@denisn8336]

The broly of dinosaurs

[@bigorange2082]

Remember when the theory was they were big dumb, scavenging birds with feathers??? 🤦🏻‍♂️

[@kmikzikrs1959]

total Trex appreciator vindication

[@Cobrax_x]

I do feel like there is some incentive to add features to the Rex's biology by paleontologists as they study it, as papers that state new adaptations that make the tyrant seem more perfect generally grab the media's attention compared to other predators.

[@TheVividen]

There's definitely some truth to that!

[@atToebiscuit]

Sure T. rex has captured the world's attention like no other dinosaur, but a lot of these studies are examining entire groups of theropods, like that rotational speed and agility study. Tyrannosaurs just so happen to be the superior animal in those studies.

[@charchadonto]

It is also because Rex is the most studied dinosaur, hence more data available and thus a bias to it in appearance.

[@GODEYE270115]

@@atToebiscuit added to it, Rex was the final generation of Dino predators. It’s only fitting it was the most evolved and powerful theropod vs anything that came before. The popularity just adds to the title “King of dinosaurs”

[@Sgtassburgler]

I think there is truth to that, but there are also a lot of people that want to see Rex fail as well. There are likely paleontologists that have spent some of their career trying to prove their favorite theropod/dinosaur is better than Rex.

[@GODEYE270115]

There’s a reason even in the early 1900s it was described as the king of dinosaurs. They knew even early on this was the pinnacle of dinosaur predators

[@TJSaw]

The T Rex is for me the perfect terrestrial predator. Binocular vision, huge brain, massive jaw muscles for a bone crushing bite - the only weakness are those puny arms but the rest of it was so over the top, nature nerfed it’s forearms.

[@BangBangNoee]

Ironically, they could bench up to 400 pounds with those puny arms, so they weren't entirely useless unlike the family of Abelisauridae.

[@alexandroqueiroz9616]

That's not a weakness. Anyone that played rpg would know that upping few stats to the extreme is better than being balanced

[@ifti1311]

Great video. Plus the eyeballs at 1:10 had me pissing myself with laughter lol

[@TheVividen]

That image terrifies me haha

[@dcozombieloverr7115]

1:10 trex jumpscare oh my god scared me

[@zali13]

Spinosaurus. Then Indominus Rex. Then "Geegawnotasoreass". There's only one king. Hail to the king, baby.

[@Tyrannosaurus_rex.]

Here is a comparison of the most complete and sure estimates of five theropod dinosaurs and an unsure estimate of a larger Spinosaurus (S. cf. "aegypticus") and an unsure estimate of a new Spinosaurus species (S. indet.): 1 tonne = 1000 kilograms "Big" means mass Height is measured at the hip ​Tyrannosaurus rex (FHMN PR 2081 - "Sue") Length - 12.39 meters Height (hip) - 3.8 meters Total height - 4.32 metrs Weight - 10 tonnes (RSNM P2523.8 - "Scotty" is estimated between 10,800 to 11,000 kg. Tyrannosaurus' build is the only theropod type that can support that much weight.) Giganotosaurus carolinii (Mucpv-Ch1- holotype) Length- 12.57 meters Height (hip) - 3.5 meters Total height - 3.76 meters Weight - 7.8 tonnes (Paratype is estimated at 9.6 tonnes but the specimen is known from an incomplete dentary. A new study says 10.4 tonnes but is largly unreliable due to it being carried out by a man who is not a scientist nor a paleontologist.) Mapusaurus roseae (MCF-PVPH 108) Length - 12.23 meters Height (hip) - 3.46 Total height - 3.73 meters Weight - 7.4 tonnes Spinosaurus aegyptiacus (IPHG 1912 VIII IK - holotype) Length - 9.43 meters Height (hip) - 1.85 meters Total height - 2.74 meters Weight - 3.7 tonnes Spinosaurinae indet. (MSNM v4047) Length - 14.43 meters Height (hip) - 2.35 meters Total height - 3.82 meters Weight - 7.3 tonnes Spinosaurus cf. "aegypticus" (NHMUK R 16421) Length - 13.1 meters Height (hip) - 2.3 meters Total height - 3.76 meters Weight - 6.81 tonnes Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (UCRC PV 12) Length - 12.08 meters Height (hip) - 3.4 meters Total height - 3.63 meters Weight - 7 tonnes Spinosaurus aegyptiacus ≠ Spinosaurinae indet. Tyrannosaurus rex is the biggest theropod and by extension the biggest fully terrestrial carnivore ever to walk the Earth. Tyrannosaurus rex was also the smartest out of all large theropods, as smart as a baboon, or even a chimpanzee. www.google.com/amp/s/www.sciencefocus.com/nature/inside-the-mind-of-a-dinosaur-2/amp/ While having impeccable eyesight better than a hawk and incredible smell. Tyrannosaurus had the strongest bite of any fully terrestrial animal ever, 6 tonnes. The bulk and amount of muscle of T. rex gives it strength and the large ilia gives Tyrannosaurus agility over C. saharicus, S. aegyptiacus, S. cf. "aegypticus", S. indet, M. rosae and G. carolinii. T. rex beats S. aegyptiacus, S. cf. "aegypticus" and S. indet. in water due to them not swimming better than any other theropod. elifesciences.org/articles/80092 T. rex wins this one no questions asked.

[@user-ow8lo5hr3m]

It insane it’s literally insane a creature like this exists

[@eamonahern7495]

I would love to be able to go back in time and safely observe them for a day.

[@admiralcat3809]

This is a product of an evolutionary arms race between heavily armored ceratopsians and tyrannosaurids. What counters a giant shield faced herbivore? An equally large bone-crushing predator.

[@josephcallahan1664]

I didn't know about half of that. Thanks!

[@TheVividen]

I'm glad you enjoyed the video!

[@messiahmatrix]

T-Rex , be like, “ Anything you can do I can do better, I can do anything better than you. Now you’re dead!”

[@necroseus]

I'm still really unsure of the near-primate intellect concept. I find the study's methods interesting, but I also find the conclusions dubious. It definitely seems like you would need to have a significant level of intelligence to maintain territories the size and shape of a rex's. It just seems like a stretch that with a brain that small, a much closer lifestyle and physiology to more basil archasaurs, and a body so massive, that is had primate level intelligence. I am interested in seeing more studies towards this, and to see how the recent paper influences our understanding and approach to measuring the potential intelect of extinct taxa. The paper has yet to be digested and debated by the scientific community, which is a majorly important aspect of science. This paper is a invitation and inspiration to look deeper into the subject, but is not entirely conclusive. This video seems a little "Dinosaur hype man" to me. It's so intensely focused on all of the incredible statistics of this animal that is sounds like a dramatacised reading of an RPG character's statsheet. I suppose it's just not my kind of video! Anyways, I think your production quality is pretty good! It's presented in a well organized way that kept me watching, and does use scientificaly derived conclusions for the information presented, which is much, much better than most similar videos. It's also very nice to see credit to artists and photographers where their work is used, thank you for putting in that important effort! I think the biggest thing that needs to be focused on for future productions would be the colour choices and layouts of your slides. The red text on the blue background can be hard to look at at times. The static background with different pictures overlaping it feels a little rough. Maybe try integrate borders around the pictures, have writing associated with related pictures, and use transition slides that label the section, rather than having the section label in every slide? Overall, you're putting good effort into your videos and are appealing to a specific audience! I hope you will find good success and that your videos reach many :)

[@davidegaruti2582]

I'll give my two pennies on the t.rex cognition : i think a factor that can predict an animal intelligence is the amount of diversity and change it can experience , so you get baboons and leopard seals who have similar neuron counts to t.rex , baboons need to navigate complex social situations , as well as foraging many different types of food , as well as navigating both treetops and the ground ... And leopard seals need to keep track of the ever shifting ice sheets , from where they can ambush penguins , as well as living on basically two enviroments , So i think t.rex despite it's basal anatomy , had a pretty whide range of territory it needed to explore , it was a really efficient walker lets not forget , and many different preys that required different strategies to get hunted and fought , a triceratops likely required a different hunting tactics compared to ankylosaur, and edmontosaurus ... That with ontogenic nieche partitioning and the likelyhood of some older tirannosaurids becoming specialized kleptoparasites with age ( like bald eagles do ) May require a fair amount of cognition from them ...

[@TheVividen]

Thank you for the feedback! I'm always working on improving the production quality of my videos, and those are great ideas! As far as body size relative to cognition goes, Dr. HH did release a video explaining how the two aren't really related (as in a massive body doesn't preclude high cognition whatsoever). I actually made a Community post about it if you want to check it out!

[@CorwinTheOneAndOnly]

@@davidegaruti2582 fun fact about the triceratops bit: they have a ball-jointed neck. A lot of people assumed that this was just for a wide range of head motion, but you can get that head motion just fine with normal vertebrae anyways. I theorize it's because all the ones that *didnt* have that ball joint got their necks snapped, possibly by trex. We already have evidence that trexes went for the crest to bite down and get a grip on. That behavior may be a carryover from when doing that actually let them snap the triceratops neck.

[@necroseus]

@@davidegaruti2582 Hmm. Yeah, I totally see your point! So it would make more sense for their cognitive abilities to be specialized for memorization of hunting techniques against many prey items, calculating directions/travel to different hotspots of their territories, and accounting for differences across their walking space. To me this creature seems like a rather solitary one that did not socialize a ton when compared to smaller animals. Intelligence is highly specialized, and it seems like a rex's intellect would be entirely dedicated to hunting and keeping tabs on their environment, whereas a human's is focused on social interaction amd creativity with tool making and strategy. So, I suppose it's just not really conducive to say they had "primate like" intellect, and made culture or had tools.

[@numbnuts375]

@@necroseus well there is a theory that us humans developed intelligence and consciousness to help us hunt. Since we didn’t have strong senses compared to other animals, we would have to use our mind to analyse tracks and dung and work out where animals are running too and to put ourselves in the mind of our own prey and developed empathy.

[@TheLovelyMedusa]

T rex is just hilariously OP it's like if a 5 year old designed a dinosaur, literally the only thing I think it's missing is a stegosaur type tail spike to be utterly ridiculous. Like you can just imagine some 5 year old on the playground being like "Oh yeah, well MY dinosaur is named the TYRANT LIZARD KING and he can smell BETTER than a vulture, AND AND see better than a hawk, AND AND he can crush BONE AND AND can just react to things quicker than YOUR dinosaur"

[@michaelblevins1651]

It’s important to under stand that The Cretaceous is where the most evolved Species lived (in terms of the Tyrannosaurs) the family had been around since the Jurassic and The T. rex is their pinnacle

[@GibsonTick]

Not to nitpick, but as to polar bears, they can get much larger than 650 kg. The biggest one ever documented, shot in Alaska in 1960, stood 11'1" and weighed 2,209 lbs, or roughly 1,003 kg. I know, this is about T. Rex, but I had to! 😁

[@TheVividen]

Thank you for the info! It looks like that would make the ratio between the biggest polar bear ever and the biggest hypothetical T.rex still 1:15 in terms of mass. Interesting coincidence

[@GibsonTick]

@@TheVividen it's amazing to think there was once a predator that would dwarf a polar bear by that much!

[@alghoulaj7172]

Best escape strategy from a T-Rex? Run into the closest sewers or underground caves or tunnels! Nothing else would work it seems! I knew it was an amazing and extremely formidable as a super apex predator, but this new information just blew my mind. My database is updated..

[@bushtail7766]

It simply comes down to lifestyle. Tyrannosaurus was very sexually competitive towards other Tyrannosaurus, leading to pressures that demand it becomes specialized for fighting other large theropods or risk not securing a lineage. Stacked with their prey getting larger they went on to become the King of Theropods. Others like Carcharodontosaurids and Spinosaurids never had that pressure of having to fight another large theropod (often to death) over mating rights, at least not in the brute force way Tyrannosaurs liked to settle things. Dominance for these other groups was likely determined by a more impressive display rather than outright throwing hands for a piece of the neighborhood cake. Hence, Chars and Spines became more specialized for taking down their common prey and would be woefully outclassed if such a confrontation occurred.

[@BlueJay56]

Just a reminder that this creature was an ever evolving apex predator, only stopped by the K-T Mass Extinction event. Makes you wonder what this being might have been capable of or looked like had it gone on evolving for another 65 million years.

[@jjqg6164]

Damn T-rex IS the BEST.

[@petersmythe6462]

One thing I would say with long distance speeds, they probably aren't limited by metabolic factors but instead by thermal ones. I can't find any argument that suggests T. Rex would be able to shed even its aerobic heat generation on land unless we are very wrong about the climate they lived in (it would have to be like -40 to let them actually shed the heat produced by their aerobic metabolism). And indeed, over long distances, it would almost surely be faster to swim because it could cool off via direct contact with water.

[@smaug6784]

2:41 Pickle Jho !!

[@countchompula1896]

Imagine a Trex sassing you like a parrot

[@ayushkumarjha9921]

Trex is that final boss who's abilities are all max out.

[@christianvaixco196]

👋😲❄❄❄❄

[@pseudonymoussnow4589]

Its videos like these that remind me, while these animals are absolutely amazing, boy am I glad they aren’t in the wild and can’t eat me, … yet

[@wondrousratofbeigecastle354]

You are forgetting dragonflies, the actual peak of evolution.

[@pedroroque829]

This thing would be quiet a sight. It's sound would be bone chilling, t Rex was the definition of death, it would be something else, something out of this world.

[@wildbill9490]

I still have hope that, thanks to its long stride, hollow bones, air sacs, and its tail acting as a shock absorber, T. rex could achieve speeds exceeding 20mph over level ground.

[@Johncornwell103]

I think if T-Rex was smart as an ape, those small arms are the only thing that makes T-Rex even more OP then humans are. Imagine a T-Rex being able to make spears and throw them...

[@finrod55]

Prof David Hone has speculated that T. rex may have been as smart as a crow-and almost definitely was, IF it hunted in coordinated packs. We don’t know about packs behavior yet, but even if it was a solitary hunter it had to be smart. Crow-level intelligence is frightening. I see crows every day from my campus office window, and they are amazingly clever. They unzip backpacks to steal food, and to steal papers - we think it’s to annoy students as a prank! I doubt T. rex was so playful but the idea is fascinating. Maybe they batted about baby hadrosaurs with their tails!

[@papasmoke2982]

You should’ve included the T-rex cow topping study

[@LagiacrusTheTerminator]

Intriguing, I must say.

[@TheVividen]

True dat

[@bobaa4268]

I heard the nerf is coming out soon *New study reveals T.Rex was able to shoot lasers from its mouth* THAT IS NOT A NERF

[@kingofprehistory7851]

*1 day later* *T rex's teeth likely had venom that could insta kill anything from a scratch* Devs be chuckling

[@Sirdilophosaurusthethird2.0]

@@kingofprehistory7851 Anotha day later T. rex has wings and it can fly

[@kingofprehistory7851]

@@Sirdilophosaurusthethird2.0 lmaaao

[@tyrannycall9754]

* next update * *T rex is now capable of using the atomic breath*

[@KawaZeke]

That Deviljho pic lmao

[@RetroHappyFace]

2:41 that's a deviljho skeleton

[@johnwharton7094]

The accurate rex with lips looks chill or bored

[@cadencero5313]

Yeah baby! Hail to the king baby!

[@Ironpancakemoose]

T-Rex is so impressive, I really wonder how it would compare to other land predators in our Galaxy.

[@iratezombiemann]

"Chawmpy thicc boi. Good lawd he comin!" ~Shakespeare. Probably.

[@TheVividen]

Probably Othello

[@FlyingWithSpurts]

I wonder if a better version of EQ is the take the Neuron count and use that instead of brain mass as the neuron count showed not all brains are created equal.

[@TheMasterOfTheFrets]

Another point would be its ability to survive injuries that would be death sentences for most other creatures. Like a crocodile but with an endothermic or mezzothermic circulatory system. Basically, wolverine, but with teeth

[@rodrigopinto6676]

Agree

[@vojtechslezak4553]

Damm you KPG!!! I know you made us but i would love to See what the Next evolutionary step for this guy was

[@IAkaksjdjtjeidi]

#fuckkpg

[@pvhep4036]

If you think about it, over millions and millions of years, evolution/nature came with T-rex (Tyrannosaurids) as - back then - a tried and tested formula for succes. Maybe not perfect but, as a better lack of words, striving towards (that), perfection (and non consciously, as far as I am aware lol).

[@mr.jglokta191]

Then the universe got scared of it's own creation and stopped it the only way it could. By dropping a 10 KM wide asteroid on it

[@jackdeering9301]

How fast could they swim you reckon?

[@keirebu.bakure]

King of the Lizards 👑💯

[@Dr.Ian-Plect]

Not a lizard.

[@kuchenek15]

All hail the king ! :)

[@LowellLucasJr.]

" I can see you, Smell you...Feel your air...and I can hear your breath!" Face it,Trex is literally a historical Smaug: The unabridged!

[@broderp]

If its sense of smell was so great, then based on what you presented today, T-Rex may have very well been a scavenger, just a big one.

[@K.Pershing]

Is Jack Horner your tutor? There are several edmontosaurid and triceratops fossils with Trex bite marks showing healing, meaning Trex HUNTED them and they got away.

[@alexgiles9031]

It truly is the tyrant lizard *king.*

[@nsgarci8047]

long live the king

[@relo999]

I'm willing to bet that once we get time travel we find we basically mythologized the T.Rex.

[@vladline1882]

Do we have something new about Brachiosaurus?

[@killgazmotron]

The real question...... 20 coordinated angry polar bears vs t-rex.

[@egillskallagrimson5879]

Elephants are incredibly intelligent and crafty, I'm incline to think that Tyrannosaurs probably were close to that and that's very scary

[@limmeingo3428]

The worst of the lot, a brute named Tyrannosaurus Rex, was probably the meanest killer that ever roamed the earth. DEEMS TAYLOR

[@Middleseed]

Idk, us humans are pretty mean lol. Causing our own mass extinction and what not lol.

[@gub_gub18]

The Tyrannosaurus may be slow but is has great flexibility.

[@rodrigopinto6676]

Long distance runner

[@seanwhitehall4652]

Opening statement is straight facts edit 1:05 better vision than a hawk, and can see in UV So unfair

[@schmalzilla1985]

Makes you wonder what kind of decendant of the dinosaurs could be in our position if they hadn't gone extinct.

[@HansHammertime]

Nice to know all those books saying T-Rex was dumb as a rock were wrong

[@racspartan1]

Long Live the King 👍

[@NormanF62]

I can imagine a herbivorous T Rex whose arms had grown long enough to shovel plant matter into its mouth. Its not impossible because panda bears retain the carnivore form while subsisting on bamboo. Of course such a lifestyle would impose limits on its movements because of what it would take to digest plant matter with little nutritious value, It would have been quite a sight.

[@legionbeast]

With the discovery of the larynx in an ankylosaur relative showing a terrifyingly close design to that of modern avians, I feel we really should drop the "reptillian" name of Dinosaurs. They simply were not cold blooded animals and their direct descendants are modern avians, and comparisons should be regularly focused on them. They have no connection to modern lizards or crocodilians by the time they became the Dinosaurs we know, with even the tanky and least-avian looking ones still possessing aspects that are present exclusively in modern avians. I thank you so much for mentioning how much closer they are to avians.

[@danielkorladis7869]

Dinoavians. The terrible birds.

[@legionbeast]

@@danielkorladis7869 To be exact, Dinoavis.

[@Doomguyhunter1]

​@@danielkorladis7869no, that's like calling all mammals rodents, you can't just name a group by a smaller group inside of it, and most dinosaurs didn't resemble birds, at least I don't see how you could call triceratops a "dinoavian"

[@Tacodile777]

T.rex is not my favorite, but I will have to agree that it is the most powerful terrestrial predator to have ever walked this earth.

[@MonsterZilla452]

Ever heard about Deinosuchus hatcheri

[@rodrigopinto6676]

@@MonsterZilla452 not terrestrial animal

[@MonsterZilla452]

@@rodrigopinto6676 oh

[@TheLeorex123]

♥️

[@boon3772]

Spino: get nerf every patch After beat rex in Jp3 Trex:yeehaw

[@tonypuga2502]

All of this actually sounds more like a scavenger, bone crushing bite like hyenas, olfactory sense like a vulture...

[@tylerlogan4747]

Hyenas actually hunt a lot, common misconception that they mostly scavenge

[@kade-qt1zu]

So are wolves scavengers now because they have a good sense of smell?

[@deplorabledegenerate2630]

I remember years ago the argument that a rex would have been more of a scavenger than a predator was about- and I still agree with that. The need to pulverize bone and the strong smell to me suggests it ate animals that might have already been picked over and any predation was through ambush or wearing down through persistant pursuit. What I didn't agree with is the way people took that to mean it would act like a vulture or a raven. There's two kinds of scavengers. Those birds... and scavengers that force other predators off their kills. Bears do this to wolves. So imagine you are a dromaeosaurid and just took down a large herbivore. Several members of your pack died in the process, but it was worth it. Suddenly the trees bend under the girth of a tyrannosaurid just pushing through the trees. Are you contesting your kill? Because I'd grab a mouthful and run like hell.

[@cristiancristi9384]

I have no boubt T-rex was more than capable of hunting almost any prey, if being capable of sustaining long marches at signifficant speed until the prey would get tired. But in my opinion the way it was built, I am sure with its extraordinary senses it would very often be an opportunist , detect when another predator made a victim then just go there and steal the prey. T-rex was very likely the nightmare of any other predator of its era, capable to scare away any of them or to fight them to get their prey... easy picks for such a monster So I think that despite many being against the idea that T-rex was " just" a scavenger, most likely it was both predator and scavenger chasing away other predators stealing their prey as free meal. As big as it was , it must have needed a lot of energy and any way to get a meal would be a good one.. be it chase itself or take for free from others.... it was well capable of both ..

[@bingbong8239]

2:41 Is that a Deviljho skeleton?

[@TheVividen]

You know it!

[@GermaniaImmortalis]

I was looking for this exact comment otherwise I would’ve written the same lol

[@OGBigGourami]

What 'Q' does that "E" go to? Having most your b rain donated to smell and/or sight, doesn't mean enough is donated to higher functions, just because the ratio is higher. Do vultures have higher 'I/Q' just because they have larger brains than smaller birds because most of their brain is devoted to smell and eyesight, than other birds?

[@TheGuyfromValhalla]

Other than the park game, is there any kind of open world dinosaur game? Like rdr2?

[@dominiquetits8605]

The Isle

[@K.Pershing]

Beasts of Bermuda, path of Titans,Saurian(unfinished)..

[@z1az285]

Its absolutely amazing how successful allosaurids were and in fact prevented tyrannosaurs from getting too large. However as soon as they died out tyrannosaurs tookover and evolved to be superior to them in almodt evrry way. Did allosaurids die out in nortth america because of the emergence of heavily armed and armored herbivores? Maybe,but hadrosaurs eould have been suitable prey for them too