Unveiling Germanic Migration: Early Medieval aDNA and Population Shifts in Western Europe

Join Alex Iles in this episode as we delve into the fascinating world of Early Medieval aDNA! Discover the genetic history of the Early Medieval period, explore population changes, and learn about the intriguing connections with other European regions. This episode was inspired by a viewer's request, highlighting the importance of your comments and suggestions. Dive into the complexities of aDNA studies, migration patterns, and the impact of historical events on modern genetic makeup. Don't miss this insightful journey into our past!
#history #anglosaxon #britishheritage
------
Chapters -
00:18 - Introduction
01:10 - Paper Details
04:29 - Migration Period
06:25 - Cultural vs. Genetic Identity
09:21 - Poland (0-500 AD)
10:55 - Gothic Migration
12:17 - Southern Germany and Bavaria
15:01 - Bavarian Kingdom Formation
18:01 - Southern Britain
21:21 - York Gladiators
24:37 - Central European Influence
26:26 - British Influence in Scandinavia
29:09 - Scandinavian Migrations to Eastern Europe
32:19 - Conclusion
------
Who is Alex Iles?
I’m an Archaeologist and tour guide based in the North East of England with a passion for British history. On this channel you can expect regular videos covering the history of the British Isles with a particular focus on the history of the North East of England.
I cover everything from Vikings and Anglo-Saxons to Medieval kings and even the odd Roman emperor! Welcome to your new home for British History content!
_____
Buy me a coffee?: ko-fi.com/alexilesuk
My Patreon:
/ alexilesuk
Iles Tours Website: www.ilestours.co.uk
_____
Introduction and Outro Video made by Lauren Kirkwood:
/ lauren-kirkwood-9b8750191

[@AlexIlesUK]

Hello all, I made a mistake when I was saying toponym, I learnt after the episode, the word I should have been using is I ethnonym - hope that helps.

[@casteretpollux]

The cat is out of the bag. This mutant terminology will in due course take over the world.

[@LSOP-]

You've really turned up the dial on quality and quantity. I hope you get the many many more views you deserve.

[@AlexIlesUK]

Thank you. It's been a journey but I hope it really grows the channel

[@davidashley7717]

def one of the Alex Iles videos that needs a second watch, lot to think about - great episode!

[@AlexIlesUK]

Thank you! Really appreciate that!

[@Clans_Dynasties]

I'm about to start my drive home while listening to another great video by Alex, Cant wait.

[@AlexIlesUK]

Thank you! I really appreciate that!!

[@ForestArchaicCollective]

great stuff mate, fantastic research - big ups!

[@AlexIlesUK]

Thank you!

[@candicevader]

So interesting. Also I really like the improved illustrations you have been using lately.

[@AlexIlesUK]

Thank you. I'm working with a new editor and trying out a couple of new things. It seems to be working!

[@veepotter307]

Just found your channel and I’m hooked! Liked and subscribed.

[@AlexIlesUK]

Thank you, that's really nice to hear

[@angelabrown8458]

Just discovered you, excellent and fascinating video! Subscribed 😊

[@AlexIlesUK]

Thank you very much!!!

[@robertvermaat2124]

@Bavaria: Interesting how the dna amplifies the historical sources. After Rome lost control, we see the Bavarian 'provincial Romans' become a seperate group (legally) from the incoming (various) Germanic groups. After which ethnogenesis takes place - same as Bulgaria, Gaul and probably also Britain. In Austria the provincials literally seek higher altitude (mountain refuges) before 'coming down into the valley' by the later 6th-7th c.

[@AlexIlesUK]

That's fascinating and it's something that I need to research further - another thing on the growing list of topics!!

[@tobyplumlee7602]

Very interesting video ❤️👍

[@AlexIlesUK]

Thank you.

[@kubhlaikhan2015]

I don't find anything surprising in the idea that genes flow along trade routes, and sudden changes in gene frequency reflect times when there were turbulent changes in those routes and the economies that depended on them. Surely what is often more mysterious are the exceptions - populations that remained distinct from their neighbours for long periods of time?

[@AlexIlesUK]

They are interesting. Can you give some examples?

[@joellarsson9486]

My haplogroup i I1 wich are belived to orginate in northern europe some 27 000 years ago. But it wasn't widespread at all most finding of stone age scandinavia were i2. However for some reason in the copper age the time of the yamnaya invasion I1 spread out and today I1 is the largest haplogroup in sweden together with R1. They must have been extremely influental almost eradicated the previous paternal lines.

[@kubhlaikhan2015]

@@joellarsson9486 There we go again - assuming that the spread of particular genes has to be the result of "invasion". Not every geneticist (eg. Leo Kljn) is convinced that the Yamnaya ever migrated into Europe at all - let alone "wiped out" previous inhabitants. The slower spread of adaptive genes is easier to understand. Remember, genetic researchers hardly ever examine the full genome and the amount of data available may be growing but it is still pitiful in proportion to the inumerable quantity of genes in existence, past and present. I suspect we underestimate mutation rates as well - even in supposedly stable groupings like haplotypes. I would look for climate events or plagues to explain most sudden or drastic genome changes.

[@kubhlaikhan2015]

@@AlexIlesUK Well take the Basques. Genetically they fall into two very different groups - west and east. I find that very odd given their proximity and common language. You might say the same for southern and northern Wales - which show some genetic discontinuity despite a common language and reasonably straightforward access between them. In Ireland there are some distinctive genes that are only typical of the extreme south west. Since their ancestors must have been there a very long time, why are we still finding such isolated characteristics? I'm suggesting that these exceptions to co-mingling should prompt us to search for specific historical events or conditions that account for them, whereas genes that are broadly similar over wide areas don't really tell us much at all.

[@davidsoulsby1102]

What I tend to think of with DNA and how its seen is people want a simple I am from here... Its not like that, it also has to be seen in a time period. So like a Tie Die T shirt, it is when you put the shirt in the bucket and the result is a mix spreading out from a start point, joining up and mixing with other origin dyes with the creases acting like geographic or political pathways and some mix points become a new colour. That pattern is fixed at that point so only applies to that T Shirt, or point in time. The next shirt will start where the first left off. So Erratic, complicated, and nobody kept the old T Shirts as a reference, or until we dig up a new body.

[@AlexIlesUK]

A very good point

[@uilleachan]

Firstly great vid. This new genetic insight from the north of Norway Ireland & Scotland makes practical sense. There's usually a bit of atmospheric blocking in spring favouring north easterly or easterly wind, handy for getting to Scotland & Ireland from northern Norway. In the rest of a typical year south westerlies & westerlies prevail, making for a fairly simple journey in the other direction. A good modern example was the football from a Shetland team kicked into the sea & lost, only for it to be washed up & found in northern Norway, Bergan or just to the north, from where it was returned to the Shetland team, replete with media fanfare. Also interesting re Iceland & Greenland genetics, moving away from the matrilineal slave analogy & academic gymnastics around Ketil Flatnose's lineage chattels etc. Not enough attention paid to the hiberno norse, despite a few monastic references to the foreign gael (gallagael) having renounced their baptism, ie freely existing & participating as part of, or under, heathen norse overlordship. Magnus Magnuson's reinterpretation of the Sagas more than hints at the active participation of gaels in much of the narrative, rather than being there solely through bonded servitude. Genetic insight is interesting in that regard too. When the norse lost/renounced/whatever, overlordship of, the kingdom of the Isles it was Gaelic speaking kin groups that had emerged to dominate this area during and after the norse era, down to today. If it were wipeout and resettlement by norse boys & gaelic speaking slave girls, whilst higher than the national average, where have all the norse boy Y chromosomes gone from the male line in these family groups?

[@AlexIlesUK]

Fantastic overview and summary of it, and I appreciate the insights you have. It's something I need to do some more reading and research!

[@uilleachan]

While you're doing more reading and research, keep this stuff coming. It's learnedly refreshing and very much appreciated!

[@AlexIlesUK]

@uilleachan I will - some of it is trial and error but I've got two series that hopefully will last until the end of September but I've already got ideas for more episodes to press on with. Looking at doing something about the English Scottish borders too not sure if it'll work but trying - KZbin is funny about what gets views and what doesn't!!

[@molecatcher3383]

Norse Y haplogroups have been found in several of the Scottish West coast clans e.g. Mac Donald and MacNeil. I only know of thes etwo clans for certain but it is likely that there are more.

[@AlexIlesUK]

👍🏻

[@petehoover6616]

The Scandinavian migration out seems to hint at an increase in the Scandinavian food supply. I suspect boatbuilding allowed them to catch deep ocean fish.

[@brawndothethirstmutilator9848]

@petehoover6616, Scandinavian boats from that period aren’t exactly designed to focus on deep water activity. Quite the opposite, they are designed to be well suited to the shallows and to navigate rivers.

[@joellarsson9486]

They seem to have traveled pretty far on them in the bronze age though. Some of the their copper came from Cyprus​@@brawndothethirstmutilator9848

[@petehoover6616]

~<a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="1200">20:00</a> The British cavalryman dying in Austria: that's the pipe tune "The Green Hills of Tyrol"

[@AlexIlesUK]

I don't know it but I'll look it up!

[@noahtylerpritchett2682]

have you ever covered the early Christian history of the English and Britons upon their converted history? I someday hope to cover that subject on my channel and I always felt that the Christian heritage of southern Britain is a important heritage worth covering.

[@AlexIlesUK]

It's something I'm interested about and would like to cover, it's tricky as there are so many valid topics but I need to also look at what works on KZbin, not that it would stop me from looking at it with the right method!

[@noahtylerpritchett2682]

@@AlexIlesUK In the end, remember. Christ is the Risen God ✝

[@neilog747]

Is this the same Christianity that according to Bede, stopped the English practising the arts of war shortly before the vikings arrived?

[@noahtylerpritchett2682]

@@neilog747 the same Christianity that set up the northern crusades, the reconquista and the levantine crusades. So if your insinuating that Christianity made England weak you have another thing coming.

[@noahtylerpritchett2682]

<a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="1138">18:58</a>, I have access to a genetic study a few years old that proves Britons are not iron age Gauls but bronze age Gauls mixed with pre Celtic British bell-beaker Indo-Europeans. Reason we can't find Gaulish DNA is because that never happened. But we can find Celtic DNA from earlier bronze age strains that share common descendants with Gauls and Britons, while the two become distinct in the iron age, That and the Bronze age Britons mixed with the indigenous bell beakers I like to call the Albionese. The Albionese and the Britons mixed in the bronze age, becoming iron age Celts. That genetic study of bronze age migration into Britain proves a iron age migration is pointless. It already took place in the dying days of the bronze age.

[@AlexIlesUK]

The Bronze age population came across from what is now the Netherlands and we call them the Bell beakers, I think you know if you've been around a while I don't use Celtic, but I hope that makes sense. Best wishes, Alex

[@AlexIlesUK]

Also which study?

[@noahtylerpritchett2682]

@@AlexIlesUK the Bell-beakers followed by bronze age Urnfield which I'm calling Celts. Because we often see Urnfield as the progenitors of the Hallstat/Gaulish biology.

[@noahtylerpritchett2682]

@@AlexIlesUK Article - Humans Title - Bronze Age migration may have brought Celtic languages to Britain Analysis of ancient DNA reveals a mass migration of people from what is now France to England and Wales between 1000 and 875 BC By Carissa Wong 22 December 2021 There's also similar articles with differed articulations.

[@noahtylerpritchett2682]

@@AlexIlesUKby the way I'm not tryna be rude or contrarian and I hope I don't come across as that.

[@erichamilton3373]

Can they distinguish between Viking Age arrivals to Sweden and Denmark from Germany and German massive immigration during the High Middle Ages? Between 1200 and 1500 there was a huge influx of Northern Germans into Denmark and Sweden. The towns were even predominantly German, and medieval European town culture was brought by Germans. The Swedish and Danish languages were profoundly influenced by Low German.

[@AlexIlesUK]

So the way they've done it is analysing the aDNA of the human remains which have been dated to each period meaning that they can identify the differences in migrations

[@arnesundstrom302]

Tack!

[@AlexIlesUK]

Thank you so kindly!!!

[@Andy_Babb]

Why does this channel only have 4.5k subs?? KZbin algorithm failing again

[@AlexIlesUK]

Working on changing that!

[@Andy_Babb]

@@AlexIlesUK well, you’ve certainly got my support! Thanks for your great videos!

[@AlexIlesUK]

@Andy_Babb that's massively appreciated!

[@Andy_Babb]

@@AlexIlesUK Hapoy to do my little part lol I’m looking forward to watching your channel grow - I have no doubt you’ll hit 100K before we know it!

[@AlexIlesUK]

@Andy_Babb that indeed would be the dream, we'll see how long it takes but I hope to come back and to be able to comment under this post once that does happen!

[@erichamilton3373]

At the genetic level, it may be better to say "Continental Western European" rather than French & German. It would be a more accurate designation.

[@AlexIlesUK]

Thanks for the feedback, I was using terms from the paper so I was in line with the report and findings but those are very useful terms.

[@ginaibisi777]

Can you please, record a video about the Southern Europe and particularly the Balkans and its people.

[@AlexIlesUK]

I'll look for papers! Thank you for the request

[@amriksinghtziripouloff8627]

Danemark receaved a large influx of pagan Saxon refugies after the invasion of Saxony by Charlemagne and his persecution of the Pagan Saxons.

[@AlexIlesUK]

This is posible. I will need to do more reading on the topic.

[@zipperpillow]

The Saxons fled everywhere after Charlemagne including Denmark and southern Sweden, as did the occupants of so called "Germania" after the Romans defeated them 800 years earlier. The actual history of the so called "Germans" has been very poorly understood, and very badly mis-represented. Using vague terms like "Scandinavia" doesn't help. Imprecise terms like "Iron Age Scandinavian" is not specific enough to be useful. Pop historians like this only muddy the waters further with their unrigorous opinions.

[@waynemcauliffe-fv5yf]

Watched it to the end. Good stuff. About culture-i`m Australian and my Irish surname means Son Of Olaf but my Dad`s DNA is pure Gaelic. Olaf is just a loan name

[@AlexIlesUK]

Glad you enjoyed it!

[@davidsoulsby1102]

Just a point about "pure Gaelic", Nobody is pure, but Gaelic is a language of "Scotland, Ireland and Northern England, as they are called today. It is part of a group of languages used in the western and central parts of Europe, with Gaelic from the British Isles part of Europe. DNA does not make you Celtic as has been explained in the video, half of Europe was Celtic, its just a name given by the Romans to segregate areas. Germanic, Iberian, Egyptian, etc. Since, most of Europe including those three groups and more, come from a group called the Beaker people.... it is hard to be able to call yourself anything but the culture you grew up in or are living as. Since Celtic means western European your father is a western European by DMA, (genetically), assuming there is no other designation he sees himself as. I hope that clears up your misunderstanding you had on Culture and DNA. Thank you.

[@waynemcauliffe-fv5yf]

@@davidsoulsby1102 Mate i think you get what i mean. Just saying my surname is Scandi but i`m not that`s all

[@arkaig1]

Price et al 2014 "Galgedil" "UO" Y=I2 (not I1), I-Y3713 c2000BC UK [no?], but c1000AD in DK, plus isotopes too. 3Ky to get there, but seemed 'above averagely' interesting to me. FYI at least. Nice video, thanks!

[@AlexIlesUK]

I'm a bit confused as I'm not discussing Price et al ,(2014) would you be able to explain? Thanks you though.

[@tobyplumlee7602]

So what you are calling German gentics in the video is this a mixture of Germanic related already to the Scandinavians further North who are also considered Germanic. I would think during this time they would be a good mix of Celtic and Germanic in central Europe.

[@AlexIlesUK]

I believe I covered that with the Roman populations. The Germanic Scandinavian populations had started in Germany and migrated north before returning centuries later.

[@tobyplumlee7602]

@@AlexIlesUK I went back and watchex about the Roman populations. In reference to "German genetics in Central Europe. What I was thinking is when some Scandinavian Germanic peoples returned to the areas of Central Europe where many of their Germanic ancestors once lived they would have come in contact with Germanic peoples and distant cousins who were no longer purely Germanic genetically since the Celts had been in parts of Central Europe even earlier than the Germanic peoples so where the Celts pushed out or did they mix with the Germanic peoples in Central Europe with Germanic languages winning and Germanic culture blending with Celtic in certain areas. So what you are calling Germanic in the video would be actually a mixture of Germanic and Celtic DNA as well as a mix of other minority groups that may have settled in the area during the time period being discussed here in the video? If so and if this population mixing took place in Central Europe did it happen well before the Germanic settlement of the Scandinavian region or for the greatest extent afterwards with those in closer proximity peoples with a slightly different culture and genetic structure occupying lands further south from Scandinavia in parts of Central and Western Europe where these groups overlapped and possibly blended with Germanic genetics ? The Germans who went into Scandinavia would be maybe less mixed than other groups of Germans that remained settled in central Europe longer . Also I'm aware that in the North there would have been mixing to a degree with peoples there they came into contact with such as the Finno-Ugric people and Sami. In that case the genetics between these groups would have diverged while retaining a Germanic culture. I'm just really curious how Europe was populated and what went into the European genetics region by region. I love researching using both genetics, archeology, anthropology, and history. My hobby.

[@stevehansen9277]

Mate, you sound good and interesting, but you made one huge blunder: it's not "Merigovians", it's Merovingians.

[@AlexIlesUK]

I am dislexic and even with that written down can't hear the difference between the two words you've written. The only thing I can say is you knew what I was on about? I hope that convinces you to come back.

[@stevehansen9277]

@@AlexIlesUK Yeah, no worries, I like what you're doing. Have you got the reference for that paper on Breton DNA?

[@AlexIlesUK]

@stevehansen9277 yes, it's www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.478491v1.full Also it's a 2023 paper - I made the mistake when I started :)

[@ROALD.]

Nice one Alex, keep up the good work

[@greggoodson9082]

Thanks again. Alex! Certainly, think there will be utility in using the twigstats moving forward. Not sure that some of the conclusions marry up with McColl et al, particularly with respect to Scandibavian Iron Age genetic variation.

[@AlexIlesUK]

What year is McColl et al? Do you have a link so I can read it? Glad you are enjoying it. P.s. are you an academic? Forgive me if we've chatted and I can't remember!

[@greggoodson9082]

@@AlexIlesUK It was this year I think. I'll dig out the reference for you.

[@AlexIlesUK]

@greggoodson9082 thank you!

[@AlexIlesUK]

Is it this one: www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584607v1

[@AlexIlesUK]

Also, do you have access to this one? www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168952523000215

[@noahtylerpritchett2682]

My The Lord help your channel amen. ✝

[@AlexIlesUK]

Thank you very much Noah!

[@noahtylerpritchett2682]

@@AlexIlesUK your welcome Alex 🙏🏻

[@martinjackman2943]

<a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="1214">20:14</a> It's possible that the word "Angle"may well derive from the word Angarion the name given to the postal and haulage systems of the Roman Empire including Britain.. despatch riders units left in control of the Britannic provinces after 410

[@AlexIlesUK]

I've heard people say this but I'm not convinced at all :)

[@HighWealder]

Read that the term 'Angle' is related to 'angle', fishing.

[@martinjackman2943]

@@HighWealder Why would only one group of people have that given name when fishing with lines was commonplace?

[@AlexIlesUK]

Old thought and it's not substantiated. There is a theory it's connected to the Angon - a throwing spear but no one is certain.

[@martinjackman2943]

@@AlexIlesUK It's a thought provoking idea.. and with circumstantial evidence. I'm personally sceptical about the "from Angeln" story... It's as likely the place got it's name from the people..possibly ex Roman feodorati setting up shop there... The origin is mysterious...Definitely no angels though!

[@robertvermaat2124]

@ Vibek Culture First of all, as a historian I always cringe a bit when I come across 'Zero AD'..;) I didn't know about the Vibek Culture, all I know were the 'Gothic'. Oksywie culture, the Przeworsk culture and the following Sukow-Dziedzice group. Btw, we identify there through material items, not dna? Or has that changed? Btw, I don't mind addressing these as 'Gothic' - as long as we understand that 'Gothic' is not an ethnic demarcation but far more a political one.

[@AlexIlesUK]

The burials contain Vibeck items and it correlates with the new Germanic aDNA, and the culture disappears and so does that aDNA, does that make sense. Glad your ok with Gothic.

[@davidsoulsby1102]

Just listened to the section on Southern England, Iron age Britons and Roman Britons. A theory I heard was that the British pre Romans had become distinct due to Doggerland becoming flooded and concentrating the British DNA and European DNA created from a greater, pan Eurasian group. With lesser mixing mostly via trade. Obviously overly simplified.

[@AlexIlesUK]

Because Doggerland flooded 6125BC or there about, that's not possible as there were two total population changes in the British isles after that point.

[@EugenioFilippi]

Like the video, cheers.... Klosterneuburg is "Kloster-Neu-Burg" (monastery new castle basically) so not KlosterNunberg or whatever that was 😊 but good effort cheers

[@AlexIlesUK]

Ah thank you, I hope the content overcomes pronunciation!! At least it means there's good engagement in the comments. I will try to improve many times, I struggle as I've not heard these words before and I'm quite dislexic, so I do my best to say it as I think it should sound until I encounter someone who can correct me - I often learn best by hearing. Thank you so much for understanding!!

[@EugenioFilippi]

Absolutely, no one can pronounce everything in every language correctly but I appreciate the fact that you ask for feedback, and learning is the best part about these kind of videos, so keep it up, thanks for the interesting analysis!

[@AlexIlesUK]

@EugenioFilippi you are welcome! Aye it's harder when you don't know the Rules for each language. I do tour guiding in the North East of England and we have Bamburgh Castle, Americans pronounce it Bam-Burg while it's pronounced Bam- Bur- Ruh. Just one example

[@MrTheatrick]

Your map for the 5th century had the angels saxons and jutes in the wrong place

[@AlexIlesUK]

It's not intended to give an indication of the migration and the regions they came from.

[@MrTheatrick]

@@AlexIlesUK hmm i dont realy understand the point then but oh well i'm autistic xD

[@brianlewis5692]

I think it's true to say that *today* you can be of one cultural identity while of a different ethnic origin, but that was much less the case back in the Migration period. Back then if you weren't kin you simply didn't fit in, and you were either ousted, subjugated, or killed. Today, society has to work 100% plus overtime in order to combat natural human tendencies towards tribalism and insularism, and it's a struggle to do so even today--and it's still very prevalent in many if not most places. How much more prevalent would it have been back in those days in the absence of a societal governance and pressure to drive to the contrary.

[@AlexIlesUK]

It depends on where you are and what is going on. The Goths seem to have included a lot of separate and disparate tribes, sharing a genetic identity. The Romans are also a good example of this too, widely different peoples and identity across the empire.

[@kubhlaikhan2015]

My takeaway was the exact opposite - that people have always intermarried with neighbours and partners along their precious trading routes. So long as you are useful you are welcome. Conflict only arises between rival trade routes and it is the conflict that silos those populations, not "race".

[@petehoover6616]

Men are seldom rude to pretty women.

[@danielferguson3784]

The critical period is that of the Roman Empire itself, & how much migration & DNA shift happened then. For Britain it is not sufficient to distinguish between the BC Iron Age people & those of the 5th-6th centuries AD, & to assume most change occurred after the 'fall' of the Roman West. Surely the employment of thousands of continental troops in Auxiliary Cohorts by the Romans in Britain etc, many of whom were of Germanic stock, as well as from other, some very distant regions, must have had a considerable impact on the local population long before the conventional 'migration' period. Recall the Batavians, from the Rhine island, expert light horsemen, employed at Vindolanda etc, a Germanic People, with many Cohorts in Britain, vital in the conquest. Also the likely relationship between British people & the Netherlands in language & DNA. How about Britons being willing participants in 'viking'. Migrations etc are never used only one way. The Scandinavians were part of the Germanic mega grouping, & again people could move in several directions, as could their DNA. Cultural groups are never sealed off, but mix with neighbouring peoples.

[@AlexIlesUK]

Well there's a paper on the Roman empires aDNA which I'm going to read when I get home from holiday!

[@darekbaszczyk5972]

There is no Vibek culture, there is Wielbark culture, read vee elbark.

[@AlexIlesUK]

I appreciate the feedback, it was the information from the paper. Would you be able to tell me the name of the book or paper because I have searched for Vee Elbark and not got any sources. Best wishes, Alex

[@cconder19]

Why pronounce Mer-oh-ven-gians as go-vian? Is that a UK thing?

[@AlexIlesUK]

Simply a mistake when I'm ready from my prompt script and dealing with a lot of information!

[@youlemur]

youre mixing something up, you cant have Iron Age Bavaria and Roman Iron Age (?) together, its like 1000 years apart :) edit: or early medieval I think you said, sorry cant and wont catch you per word, just something that triggered me a little:) edit2: simply Iron Age in Central Europe is like 500 BC the latest...

[@AlexIlesUK]

The early medieval period started in the 5th century :) it's a term what's a lot more effective than Dark ages. In Europe the medieval period starts after the Romans.

[@AlexIlesUK]

Iron age starts about 1000 BC and lasts until the Roman period, which could be argued to be the Brass age!

[@youlemur]

@@AlexIlesUK I dont want to be like that guy from that XKCD comic strip where hes at a computer and saying to his girlfriend in bed: "wait a minute honey, someone is WRONG on the internet!" xD I will just subscribe and look forward to the next vid:)

[@AlexIlesUK]

@youlemur ha don't worry, you've been fine and it's great that you've asked! You should see some of the comments I get. There's a lad with mental health issues who pops up occasionally and talks about Alien DNA and that a certain type of people are demons wearing human skin! Honestly really enjoy this and hope that I can clarify if I haven't made sense in the video. :)

[@casteretpollux]

"Southern Britain" is not representative of the British Isles as it was far more subject of waves of settlement from mainland Europe.

[@AlexIlesUK]

By clarification of 'Southern' shows I'm only speaking about that area. I'm waiting for a paper to be published on Northumbria, and I've done Pictish and Anglo-Saxon aDNA in other episodes. :)

[@davidbraun6209]

"Different from," damn it all, not "diferent to!"

[@AlexIlesUK]

Ah this comment is different to the rest.

[@ROALD.]

Merogovians? Merovingians

[@AlexIlesUK]

Thank you, see my response below.

[@neilplace8522]

I’m baffled by Alex. His presentation seems scholarly and well-researched but is riddled with mispronunciations and inaccuracies, i.e. Wielbark and Merovingians. He’s just so damn likable tho.

[@AlexIlesUK]

He also tries to respond to all comments, and while I struggle sometimes with pronunciation, as I am dislexic and while reading my notes I sometimes find it hard to reember every pronunciation. I do belive I am accurate in what I say. If you have a problem with some of my information please tell me and I will try to clarify. As for being likable, I hope so - I try to get on with most people. Best wishes, Alex

[@ekesandras1481]

ethnicity ≠ toponym. The tern ethnic toponym makes no sense. "Anglo-Saxon" is not a toponym, nor is Breton, Frankish, Hunnic, Avar, Slavic, etc.

[@AlexIlesUK]

I am sorry, the correct term, which I discovered after filming is a ethnonym - hope that helps.

[@ekesandras1481]

@@AlexIlesUK yes, thanks.

[@davec5153]

Best to get it done now, it'll be such a jumble in a few years.

[@AlexIlesUK]

What divides people are those who make a change and those who sit there staring at the wall. If you believe only the worst then you'll get angry and depressed.

[@waynemcauliffe-fv5yf]

So right mate that culture isn`t the same as race

[@AlexIlesUK]

Thank you Wayne

[@dave3gan]

The racial purists are going to be upset

[@AlexIlesUK]

Aye that is often the case

[@casteretpollux]

Please dont confuse culture with dna. They are 2 different things. Migration is quite complex enough without this sloppiness.

[@AlexIlesUK]

Where do I do that? I am quite clear that they are separate in this episode. Feel free to watch again and tell me where you think I've said that!?

[@natbirchall1580]

Europe is not that big. I wallked from the Netherlands to Spain in 3.5 months and even had time for a few girlfriends.

[@AlexIlesUK]

Ok

[@user-gt2ep1pf2l]

Good, Lord! Dear, Almighty. The difference between culture or genome or.. the differences, between the day and age. . . . . I am not, about to go on, any further. This, is like trying to difute the differences, between a rainbow or a kaleidoscope. . . . . Or "the" Rainbow.. or any chances for the benefaction to toothpaste commercials and the adulterated anger, that besets everyone jealous, for Hollywood, California. Depravity or popularity? And what, it this supposed to mean? They say, Californians are mean. I agree.

[@AlexIlesUK]

I don't know what you are trying to say.

[@user-hg9sl5yz4e]

Roman Emperor is made up😅😅😅😅😅

[@AlexIlesUK]

Of course, I presume you've popped over from TicTok ;)