The Most Important Material Ever Made

[@veritasium]

Try out Saily by heading to saily.com/veritasium and remember to use coupon code veritasium to get 15% off your first purchase.

[@Souslapizzadelarotte]

Ok

[@SwissooI]

Ok

[@otk-8746]

My quest is to make glass that breaks in the most satisfying looking and sounding way possible

[@denniskruger9168]

❤

[@1Life4Passion]

I just randomly opened KZbin and this was the first video I saw (5 seconds ago)

[@jwngplay]

For the most part, glass is glass and glass breaks, and typically scratches at a level 6 with deeper grooves at a level 7

[@claudiugardelli6302]

trump 2024

[@indianajones8126]

😂😂jerry Jerry 😂😂

[@manitoba-op4jx]

@@claudiugardelli6302 we already won my guy

[@Mink-FR]

This post is proudly presented by JRE 😂

[@jacobfromallstate4963]

​@@claudiugardelli6302 is this TDS?

[@Nik930714]

Fun glass fact. In the late 80's in East Germany they had a glass shortage problem. So a group was tasked with developing strong glass. After around 2 years they developed a glass that was very similar to Gorilla Glass and started to make glasses for restaurants from it. It was basically unbreakable. They were mieldy successful in East Germany, but not one glass manufacturer outside of it was interested, because most of their profits came from return customers, that broke their glasses. A couple years later the Berlin wall came down and the company went out of businees. Now here's the kicker - Corning had developed the same glass around 20 years earlier and tried to do the same thing with it. It was met with the same response from the industry - no one wanted to distribute it. Corning shelved the glass until 2006 when Jobs called and they found a use for it.

[@DasMooorhuhn]

Yes realy cool fun fact

[@user666mega]

It's a rather sad fact.

[@Deffinnition]

really cool fact, thanks for sharing!

[@Xaelum]

I'm mad he didn't include that in a video about unbreakable glass

[@krsp420]

I love capitalism 😍😍😍😍

[@kokilabendamor7615]

This video made the concept of glass very clear to me.

[@BinodTharu06]

*crystal clear

[@Reginald425]

I see what you did there

[@RaymondSwanson-u9y]

But the future is still hazy.

[@jumbledfox2098]

i saw right through your joke

[@Cody.357]

👁👁

[@CooCoo42]

19:33 "that was a thunk!" I love the genuine enthusiasm of this guy 🤣

[@ProfoundWizdum]

I appreciate the clear AD indicator, and especially that it's a timer.

[@AngryKittens]

I thought it was a company logo. 😅

[@tbraghavendran]

AD indicator?

[@ProfoundWizdum]

@tbraghavendran yes, during the ad read for Saily (starting at 13:20) there was a large, prominent dot on the left hand side that said "AD" and had an animated shape like a clock counting down that served as a visual indicator that it wasn't part of the video. It's great because if you're not interested you can skip ahead and easily know when it's over.

[@mahinurrahman6499]

ADicator!!!

[@antiisocial]

​@@tbraghavendranThey meant an "ad" indicator. AD looks like each letter should be said individually.

[@duroncrush]

There is so much to know about glass you barely scratched the surface. Topics like tempering glass, Prince Rupert drops, amorphous metals, Soviet era unbreakable tumblers, it would take hours to cover. Loves the video

[@SyNcLife]

Part 2 pls!

[@golantrevize0]

Prince Rupert's Drops also have increased resistance because of the pressure, by cooling the glass very quickly and compressing the inner glass, similarly to the pressure exerted by substitution of K atoms for Na atoms, it came to my mind during the video.

[@golantrevize0]

I wonder if glass could be made like Prince Rupert's Drops, with any form, because it could be great for recycling, maybe you could use some powder in the inner part of the glass, so it's ultraviolet light degradable, like some resin and it breaks in one move, like Rupert's Drops by compression when the outer glass pressure is not compensated by the interior material. So it would be biodegradable by sun, when you throw the bottle to the natural environment, but it could be resistant as Rupert's Drops

[@shanathered5910]

"you barely scratched the surface"

[@DakotaZ162]

Isn't the "unbreakable" glass just the same concept as Gorilla glass

[@GetMoGaming]

There was an ELEPHANT in the room here... Obviously purposefully avoided by the gorilla glassmakers and marketers. All the tests, all the talk and demos were all aimed at surface strength, but in practice, shocks can come from the sides too, which is always the most fragile part of a pane of glass. I'd like to see tests on edge point-shock resistance. That's what causes most phone screen damage. If your phone lands flat on the screen, then the screen is probably ok. if it is angled, there may be screen damage from edge-shock. All tests in the video had the panes carefully placed flat, which I think is misleading.

[@tyronemorris5552]

True that... I shattered my last phones screen after dropping it and having the phone hit the ground corner first - face up

[@nicholasthesilly]

Signal boosting this.

[@KMack948]

Do you actually think a company that has spent millions (maybe billions) of dollars on R&D isn't aware of this? I'd be amazed if they didn't have similar testing for other forms of stress but think about this. What does a video showing you the difference between 2 pieces of glass that break show you? The differences in those cases are likely only visible to highly precise sensors and maybe high speed cameras. It could also be the result of protecting trade secrets, after all there are billions of dollars involved. This also wasn't an advertisement for Gorilla glass, it was a deep dive into glass. Focus this activist energy somewhere it could do some good instead of looking for conspiracy wherever you can.

[@CourtneyFowler-bu2iv]

This here

[@thejonjon5000]

Yeah, was wondering why they went to so much trouble setting up elaborate mechanical devices for the testing yet never just taking it out and throwing it around a million ways.

[@terrariafan1567]

As a Material Engineer and Material Science student I can tell that glass is one of the most important materials, it’s transparent (because of its amorphous o short ordered structure), it can be made in fibers to reinforce polymers, and it’s glass transition temperature (Tg) can vary depending in the cooling of the glass (if it has the modifier oxides that let the glass to not crystallize) so it isn’t hard to work with, and it’s very resistant to degradation.

[@justinw1765]

Yeah, a lot of people don't know/realize that S grade fiberglass actually has a higher tensile strength per volume than regular, common, cheaper grades of carbon fiber. And at a much cheaper price. (Where carbon fiber shines is the Young's Modulus/stiffness strength).

[@gamesterNo0bo1]

21:43 “Glass is glass and glass breaks” -Jerryrigeverything

[@How_do_we_know]

[@Evo_Spec]

I came looking for this comment as soon as I saw the title of the video lol

[@batman_2004]

Yes. Yet. But as technology advances, we will get new types of glass which would be unbreakable. Jerry rig would go out of business lol. Yes, not yet.

[@How_do_we_know]

@ 🗿🗿🗿

[@GREG_WHEREISTHEMAYO]

Why did they blur the apple logo on the back of his phone lol

[@tinfore]

I worked at a glass container facility for years. It's an amazing material. The viscosity of it is similar to if you took a spoon and try and stir a bucket of thick honey. Our furnaces needed to be able to melt the glass very quickly for the speed at which the containers were made. So they incorporated large electrodes in the side of the furnace submerged in the molten glass using the phenomenon that when the glass is molten, it becomes very conductive. The electrodes induced a current of up to around 1500 amps at 110 volts. If you were to insert a metal rod in the molten glass while it was energized, you would likely not survive.

[@Echinacae]

Not likely to survive, no 😅

[@AgentLeon]

110 volts are quite survivable, so no, you'd probably survive!

[@Masterpeace777]

​​@@AgentLeon1500 amps. Most outlets are 15 or 20.

[@AgentLeon]

@@Masterpeace777 amps are a function of volts and resistance of a electric conductor. So the moment a person inserts metal rod in this glass he/she gets absolutely the same shock as it would be in the home 110 volt outlet.

[@DiversDesign]

Wait... If the glass is conductive when its molten... we can shape it with magnetic fields. :O

[@jannegrey]

In East Germany the did it sort of at least. I still have some of it. It feels a bit odd, but it is really durable for everyday use. I mean for drinking tea and such stuff. Glass is used in so many different ways that one has to be specific about what it is used for.

[@ocimb]

Superfest, for the curious.

[@forfoxsake__]

just watched a video on that recently, they did it using the same process as gorilla glass i think

[@yux]

Yepp, Superfest, which translates into Super Strong or Super Hard. I haven’t watched the video yet, but I would be surprised if it did not show up in this video, as Superfest basically achieved that goal.

[@roadraider6266]

Ein überlegenes Produkt, geschaffen für den Bedarf des Volkes eines toten Staats.

[@jannegrey]

@@yux It doesn't show up in this video.

[@BennyNeptune]

I would love to see a follow up on this with a study in ceramics, old and new, and the technologies and materials used in it’s current development. Arguably right there along side steel and glass and concrete as one of the most important materials

[@dangingerich2559]

I work extensively with OM3 and OM4 fiber optic cabling and my favorite plates are Corelle, both are glass by Corning. Yes, Corning is a great inventing company, and I much appreciate their work.

[@mhxxd4]

Mmf shouldn't exist in 2024, do your part to help migration

[@dangingerich2559]

@@mhxxd4 Are you kidding?

[@mhxxd4]

@@dangingerich2559 no, single mode for everything. We're laying fiber fast and bringing 100g to every house, that's the next shift, do you part and help the migration. Mmf can't handle the bandwidth, get it out of here

[@dangingerich2559]

@@mhxxd4 I work in the datacenter. MMF for FC and 10/25Gb ethernet. We have a couple long runs to our IT colo cage and our network links, but other than that, everything is under 50m. No reason for SMF.

[@Gary-k2g]

Stock was crap so I passed. Now I know why it took off beyond my reach. Sad face ...

[@jasonorjoshlee7607]

8:24 that laugh😭

[@struckfire3337]

I immediately thought about Family Guy, and the chick with the hot chick with the un-nerving laugh

[@UnoReversecard-ys8vl]

That has to be the fakest laugh I’ve ever heard

[@TheYoshimon]

looking for this comment 😂

[@TheMonkeydood]

I was going to write the same comment lol

[@MaxRadioStation]

Imagine her laughing her ass off like that

[@TheRogurt]

I swear Petr always gets sent out to the most random places. Next video is about the sun "so we sent Petr out to the surface of the sun"

[@maplayer9391]

wasnt expecting to see you here

[@HenryStrattonFW]

Petr from the surface of the sun: "That's really cool!"

[@nilly0052]

Petr needs to start introducing segments with "I'm here at xyz" so we can make a tom scott like supercut of him

[@BierBart12]

@@HenryStrattonFW "Have you ever imagined yourself to be a tanning salon?"

[@SolTheIdiot]

​@@HenryStrattonFWno wait, that's rather hot

[@madhououinkyoma]

Derek! Veritasium is such a gem. I love your videos and what you and your team have managed to accomplish. You are a true science educator. Your topics are fascinating, your explanations well delivered, visuals and interviews expertly implemented. This is one of those channels that really makes me appreciate the internet and KZbin. Thank you!

[@lucianoag999]

At min 19:00, the ion exchange doesn’t increase the compressive strength, it generates compressive stresses on the surface. Cracks propagate thanks to tensile stresses. Now you have to apply even higher stresses to get the miniature cracks to open. The same principle is used with tempering. When you quench hot glass, the surface cools faster than the core, locking it at lower densities. Then when the middle cools down slowly, it wants to reach a higher density but it can not. So the surface is compressed while the core is stretched. With thin glass this is not easy since you can not achieve the necessary temperature gradient. Diffusion of atoms is then used because it is much slower. Here also the core of the glass is stretched to equilibrate the internal forces.

[@jaypaans3471]

Like, a "Prince Ruperts drop"?

[@jpantina1]

Great video. As a former material science PhD that had an office in the "fiber optics building" this brought back a lot of great times. With my adviser having a humidity controlled "room" to experiment with 2-point bending of fibers under different humidity conditions to test fracture rate until the university made him take it down. The beautiful study of glass allowed me to travel to Italy as part of the international crystal federation. You can spend years studying it, which I did (just ask my parents)! Beautiful

[@sivansharma5027]

I'll need the names and phone numbers of both your parents thanks ;P

[@kishorgandhi2186]

What do you mean former phd

[@boredscientist5756]

... Doctorate.......​@@kishorgandhi2186

[@adventurousclash6323]

You aint no PHD holder lil bro, quit capping

[@adventurousclash6323]

@@kishorgandhi2186 Its obviously a kid who doesnt even know what that means lmao ("ask my parents" part just makes it more obvious)

[@C-mz1bl]

"Thunderbolt and lightning very very frightening me" -Galileo Figaro Magnifico

[@sairevanth2616]

I am just a poor boy

[@GAUTAMTHAREJA]

@@sairevanth2616 no body loves me

[@halukonal1400]

He's just a poor boy from a poor family

[@LeShrimpDuMer]

He's just a poor boy from a poor family

[@anindyaguria6615]

He is just a poor boy

[@gpcubing123]

Obsidian is used to make a nether portal, you got it all wrong!

[@TheGroundedCoffee]

8:23 "Let's gooo" - "Ahuahuahuahuahuahua" 😀

[@JasoTheRed48F2]

While not a regular viewer, I do want to say that I highly appreciate the ad timer, and I'm sure many other viewers do too. Though I have no doubt that sponsors hate it.

[@halfsourlizard9319]

I would actually predict that it results in *more* people's watching the ads.

[@georgedunkelberg5004]

@@halfsourlizard9319 DUH! AI??

[@beachgaara]

Corning: Look how strong Gorilla Glass is! My phone with Gorilla Glass: Falls off table onto floor and breaks

[@JuanDiego-vx7bx]

Hahahaha exactly. The way they showed tests in the video is not usually how it shatters in reality. It is by hitting the floor sideways, or on top of a surface with features, like gravel or similar. Or they might just not include the best glass they have so you need a new phone every now and then.

[@One.Zero.One101]

LOL yeah the whole time watching the video I'm like "My phone isn't like that".

[@Channy132]

My phone screen shattered falling literally less than a foot from the ground

[@csenky]

What's interesting is that I shattered my iPhone screen in about a month of having it, but over the 8 years since that I only used Sony Xperia, and not a single one of those even scratched. They flew a lot, I'm not exactly careful, but they seem to be indestructible. I can't fathom how xperia isn't even distributed by a single provider in my country (only 3rd parties and official Sony shops), there aren't even cases for it anywhere, gotta order them online from other countries. Meanwhile I had one with a clearly visible dent in it (the phone wasn't laying straight on the table), glass perfectly fine. It's hilarious.

[@amduser86]

@@csenky sony used to have another source than corning. it was called dragontrail by asahi glass. today say uses corning as well, but honestly the new conring glass caught up.

[@jeremiahpearson1448]

I used to work at a graphite company that made molds for phone screen glass. I was taught that the micron level of the graphite molds had a huge impact on the durability of the glass. There are so many factors that go into the creation of these devices we take for granted. Truly amazing.

[@luisobo]

before i start watching the video i wanted to say: every time a new thumbnail from this channel pops up in my feed i know it’s happy time. thank you so much!

[@BinodTharu06]

Binod

[@sathsycs]

Very true!

[@Planetdune]

If you are interested in glass for some reason, I guess.

[@gameormusic2360]

SAME

[@PubicGore]

Even more, on this channel you'll get multiple thumbnails per video!

[@jsmc2104]

Gorilla glass has its roots from Superfest, German glassware from 1980-1990. Essentially it flopped because of its durability.

[@janno288]

East German* If you want to be specific. The German Communists want to take away your glasware! (and give you unbreakable one)

[@kennethone6687]

yeah exactly. i was looking all the video and i was like.... "dude... seriously?"

[@MarsCorporations]

Just make the glass thinner so it breaks as easy as normal glass. Then promote your product with "its 20% lighter than other products" and "the glass is more durable" (which is technically correct. It "is" more durable if the thickness stays the same) and "the glass is more scratch resistant" (which is propably correct). Germans did it the wrong way. They made a durable product which only gets bought once.

[@baron404]

i was searchin for this comment. "superfest" the 5x stronger glass was invented in germany or specifically the old german DDR. no one bought it, because as you said, its too durable.

[@janno288]

@@kennethone6687 It was clearly more important to mention how glas was made to be transparent, you know!

[@mikedytham9996]

I visited the Murano factory a few years back and the the products that they make are amazing. The light reflecting, refracting and whatever else through the beautiful objects was incredible.

[@puzzlefactorysoundstudios]

Another great video, Derek and team. Thanks for the behind the scenes at Corning, that was extremely interesting.

[@陳軍民-m2g]

Thanks!

[@veritasium]

Thank you so much!

[@Luke5.31]

22:05 blurred, as if we don't know what brand that phone is. I will say that I have noticed improvement with their crack resistance though

[@doyourclanwars]

not too sure why they blurred it too

[@minny4708]

@@doyourclanwarscan’t give out free advertising

[@Flightsimmovies]

definitely samsung

[@datachu]

​@@FlightsimmoviesAbsolutely, that's the Samsung sPhone 15 Pro

[@Keungd]

@@doyourclanwarsIt has something to do with using Apples trademark in a video, where making money is the primary purpose, where Apple does not get a cut for their trademark appearing and because the video is partly sponsored - could cause problems for Veritasium and the sponsor if Apple objects. It is a very pre-cautious move

[@lassikokkonen5618]

0:21 what was that breathing?

[@Chris08TT]

That’s was molten glass,,, what are you referring too

[@lassikokkonen5618]

​@@Chris08TTwhen the glass is tested with pressure, there is rapid breathing noise

[@hiabst]

Could be a really badly cut off laugh

[@s-w]

3:08

[@FutEditz176]

Probably him pushing so hard

[@ourcommonancestry6025]

I love this channel because it simply appreciative of humanity, scintists, testors, and provide information that people can use... Having worked in tech protect programs as as an agent, I was exposed to things so fantastic and 30 years later they remain very Guarded innovations. No politics. Great moral ethic and used for the people. This channel feel right.

[@ExoticCatLitter]

The quest to find the right thumbnail

[@theduckwithnospine28]

ok

[@luukthegamer]

Yeah it changes every few hours lol

[@Twentizz]

He is experimenting even with his channel.

[@restless.thoughts5953]

Good thing we all saw that video so aren't confused every time :D

[@theduckwithnospine28]

@@restless.thoughts5953 ok ( ok chain )

[@johnchessant3012]

16:34 I find it heartwarming that today we remember Galileo's name more than Lippershey, since Lippershey used his telescope for warfare while Galileo pointed his at the stars. One application might've been more practical in their time, but only the dreamers can become immortal.

[@ElusiveEel]

Considering the opposition he had I'd consider Galileo to have been in a kind of warfare, but one of ideas instead

[@creativecarveciteclimb5684]

Well said!

[@another3997]

Well, one of them made observations that eventually changed our whole understanding of our place in the universe, debunked a few millennia of religious myths and superstitions, and kickstarted a whole branch of science known as Astronomy. The other wanted to make visual observations of other people, something that could already be done... by having someone move closer. 🤔

[@jojojojojojojojojojojojob]

To be fair galileo did more stuff other than astronomy.. plus he openly challenged the corrupt roman catholic church which led to his demise..

[@Wonderboywonderings]

Yeah, like that famous scientist Alexander The Great

[@JordanClimbs]

I like that the title has change at least 3 times. I kept skipping over the video until the current title “The Most Important Material Ever Made”. I guess marketing/advertising really does work. Thanks for all the quality content!

[@Dozer456123]

Same! I had the same thought. I forgot for some reason that Veritasium is must-watch no matter what.

[@totallyjerd1751]

They often A/B test titles, so different people see different titles, then they compare the number of views each title receives and pick the best one.

[@backonlazer791]

I liked the original thumbnail/title better. This was just confusing.

[@AnkitShai]

Do you remember the other ones?

[@backonlazer791]

@@AnkitShai There were two different ones I think. One was something like "the quest to make unbreakable glass" and the other was "why is making unbreakable glass so hard" or something like that. The thumbnail pictures were one with him and broken glass and another with molten glass being poured. My brain might be filling in some stuff and not be entirely accurate, so take it with a grain of salt.

[@rhettsanderson2850]

Really cool video to watch as a Materials Science student!

[@Moomasteristhegoat]

This video appears to have small scratches at a level six, and deeper grooves at a level 7

[@AlterLynx]

Interesting way to tear down the video

[@SalzmanSoftware]

Nah check your phone screen, Zach may have tested it

[@darkfury3914]

21:39 missed opportunity for "glass is glass and glass breaks"

[@syedshayaan4247]

@@darkfury3914 Looking for this exact comment

[@mrrolandlawrence]

We now need "Superfest" glass more than ever! It was an unbreakable glass developed in East Germany in the 1980s. Failed in the west because no glass company wanted products that never needed replacing. Hard to get hold of now as they are collectors items!

[@JohnJohn-ts6ux]

Yes we have it on smartphones you know Gorilla Glass is really superfast, yes it's true it's the same ingredients look it up

[@benjaminmcintosh857]

Same tech used by Corning as mentioned

[@QuantumlyImmortal]

I was waiting for this to be mentioned also

[@StrawB0ss]

Check your sources on that story.

[@alterego3734]

They should have competed with those glass companies, instead of trying to sell it to them.

[@stephankoens1011]

That laugh at 8:34 is hilarious 😀

[@mashlikethepotato]

Came here to write this

[@alexandrprodan8794]

08;22 is hilarious

[@keshavpujari8132]

Exactly 😂

[@icucmeuc]

Dude... lol

[@nothing-sb3yf]

Yes, but Please edit to 8:24 you are a full 10 seconds off.

[@benjaminloyer1293]

I think I read somewhere that no glass sellers wanted to sell this glass because they did not break. The formula was made in eastern Germany during Cold War and There are some bars that still have glasses made with this formula to this day.

[@PushyPawn]

21:34 Dammit, you censored the phone's logo... Now we'll *never* know what kind of phone you have!

[@DmitrySholokhov]

It could be anything. But definitely not Nothing.

[@fus3n]

Damn i wonder what most Americans even use!

[@tihzho]

Of course it's an iPhone silly, and all the video editing is on a Mac. Myself as a designer I have Windows because I need to get work done efficiently.

[@solitivity]

It's broken, so we know it's an iPhone. 😂

[@shampasalini9555]

@@solitivity 🤣

[@batboy12394]

The analogy at 20:00 is better if you say that you take the same crowd and just replace a bunch of the people with bodybuilders. A lot harder to push them out of the way like the replaced ions

[@puffy_btw]

21:40 No way he blurred that Apple logo😂

[@A.K.A-17]

Was thinking the same thing

[@xXRealXx]

Like dude, everyone knows what an iPhone looks like smh

[@Gigaheart]

It is a requirement when you have a sponsor segment. You typically can't have other brands or logos visible.

[@Tyler-z8r]

@@Gigaheart but what about Corning? lol Was this sponsored by Saily and Corning?

[@ikkeheltvanlig]

Ha ha ha ha right?! Lol

[@DHREAVER]

19:58 this is basically tensing your abs before taking a punch. The outward pressure improves rigidity and resistance

[@pcl89]

You didnt mention 'superfest' - basically the german precursor of gorillaglas and the company that sold their patent to them, iirc. 😢

[@adawolf9483]

Veritasium didn't want to make it obvious that they copied the video published by Fern 6 months ago

[@joelspaulding5964]

When was Gorilla Glass patented?

[@Mrorlgloth]

​@@joelspaulding5964 the technology to make glass unbreakable 🙄

[@senerzen]

That is because it goes against the narrative that "commies are not innovative."

[@GameFuMaster]

@@adawolf9483 it's literally not the same. One is talking about a particular development, this is giving a brief history on glass as well as a particular form of durable glass (not unbreakable as we know how well they crack on phones). Funny how dumb some veritasium watchers can be

[@metallbaumitmax]

08:24 that laugh can’t be serious 😂😂😂

[@jomix282]

I was praying for this comment !

[@themichaelson]

I came to look for this comment immediately after I heard that laugh

[@batman_2004]

Goat 🐐 😂

[@jackorton1101]

@@themichaelson same

[@Andytlp]

nerd got a little too excited

[@dibs40]

Glass is always greener on the side.

[@sirsamiboi]

Why is that

[@airbud7748]

Underrated comment

[@shnakee]

@@airbud7748 Noo, I wanted to say that. Really underrated smart comment

[@harshsuiwal7935]

1. Because of FeO3 impurities 2. People will buy it more coz it breaks

[@ultimaxkom8728]

Glass comment. Grass moment.

[@kariukigacheru]

Do you ever feel like a pizza chef? Scientist with a PhD: 😮‍💨

[@MissesWitch]

You chose the best person for the demo " I take this personally! " It made it so much fun to watch!!

[@EShirako]

AND he had to give up on it, too...that was surprising to me!

[@RJiiFin]

@@EShirako Well yeah, he pressed down on the glass with a 45 degree angle, not straight down, losing lots of pressure

[@EShirako]

@@RJiiFin But it was a round tip...how much force would that lose? Bah, now I may need to test that when I have a spare moment. I didn't think that was going to change the force much...but then again, they SURELY could have broken it with a sharp carbide-coated metal point driven straight down, so maybe that was to limit the force a little but because EVERYTHING eventually can break/bend/shatter. I'll have to try to find out if that's intended to limit things, or just to save fingertips from broken glass.

[@eam8646]

21:45 he censored the apple logo xD

[@qubek9116]

Yeah lol even tho he started the video with it

[@TheBehm08]

I was gonna say lol we all know what that is based on where the logo is located and its shape as well as the camera arrangement

[@cordrust]

im so confused why? he cant get copyright claimed because of it

[@TheMonkeydood]

​@@cordrust no endorsement for another company

[@stasi0238]

​@@cordrusthe is smart. Probably doesn't want to endorse a scummy business.

[@ForceOfSilver]

Honestly: best part of this video was seeing how much fun your crew had filming it. Gives it a very personal and charming touch. Goes hand in hand with a big shout out to the staff at the facility for just being awesome lads!

[@jasonmc.dougall8551]

Strongest piece of glass I've come across was used in a scuba diving goggles, it's literally unbreakable...

[@Frankenspank67]

My kids could break it

[@georgedunkelberg5004]

EXPLAIN! REALLY? SUBMARINE WINDOWS WITH GLASS SCREENS.

[@VoicelessRabbit]

I just came here to say, KZbin has been REALLY wanting me to watch this for the past 24ish hours. I have also seen no fewer than 5 different thumbnails for this video so far.

[@Ghostface944]

Because KZbin is pay to play. They are paying for the video to pop up more

[@Frankenspank67]

Their video on the blue LED haunted me for about 2 weeks til I finally watched it so it would go away

[@cjvan713]

I knew a guy who rented a little bit of space out of a small warehouse. Another one of the renters was a couple of guys that made glass pipes. It's a fascinating art. He wanted to show me how strong the glass actually was. He bought it in 4 ft long tubes. These tubes were super strong, until they were heated for the first time. He also had a large red stacked tool box that you'll often see at a mechanic shop that he kept many of his tools in. As he demonstration, he got one of these 4 ft long unheated glass rods turn around and brought it down on his toolbox as hard as he could. The top was open and it hit that folded lip that the top closes on. It didn't do anything to the glass, but it did bent that steel lip in about half an inch. This guy was not holding back at all either. I have no idea how they produce the glass that he bought. However it was made, it was made extremely strong.

[@alexfritz9194]

Borosilicate is what we pipemakers use.

[@Derek-mi4wy]

Is it extra heavy?

[@Drew-i8g]

It's harder than typical glass. It's a few steps closer to quartz. Quartz does not expand as far when heated. Borosilicate expands less than normal glass. It's more durable in turn. However it takes a lot more heat to produce and to manipulate. Fwiw I make borosilicate color glass for a living. Mostly for pipe makers.

[@alexfritz9194]

@Derek-mi4wy It's what old school pryrex (bakeware/laboratory glass) was made with. Modern day Pyrex bakeware is no longer made with borosilicate and has a different make up which makes it less durable and more tempermental. Quartz can be stronger in certain situations but to shock and impact in my experience Boro comes out on top.

[@kokilabendamor7615]

3:59 OBSIDIAN MENTIONED 🗣🔥🗣🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥

[@MMmewiation]

yeah its very fragile and chips very sharp

[@kricku]

Minecraft or something

[@HakashinTruth]

@@kricku yuh

[@iCortex1]

💎 ⛏

[@Nose-gp7yy]

NETHER??!!?!

[@gerstelb]

The other interesting thing that you can do to glass which wasn’t covered here is making it into pyroceram - the stuff that the original Corelle/Corningware plates and cups were made from. It involves a reheating process which allows the glass to reform a crystalline structure, and it becomes very very strong, as well as very tolerated temperature changes. In fact, it was used to make missile nose cones during the Cold War; my father, who did industrial video work for Corning, shot the actual process that they used to get perfectly even parts (they used spinning molds to draw the molten glass into the cone shape by centrifugal force). If you hit pyroceram *exactly* right, there’s a small chance that it will shatter, but otherwise it clangs like a bell and doesn’t even chip. In fact, it’s too durable in a way; manufacture of pyroceram has halted at various times because the market gets saturated. Original Blue Cornflower Corelle dishes from the early 60s are still around and have been passed down like family heirlooms. Of course, the original pyroceram was opaque and white, but what I wonder is what would happen if you tried making a screen out of the clear version of pyroceram, which some people might remember as Visions cookware from the late 80s. I remember a very dramatic commercial where they put a steel saucepan inside a Visions pan, and turned up the heat. After time goes by, the steel pan is melting and its wooden handle is on fire, but the glass pan is fine. The voiceover said, “Visions Cookware withstands heat that turns other saucepans into sauce!” On a completely different note, I remember a while back that companies like Apple were investing in research on making screens out of synthetic sapphire, which is the second hardest substance known. I don’t remember ever hearing about what became of that.

[@Steamrick]

"Glass is glass and glass breaks." But yeah, I've got some Superfest drinking glasses, one of which is on my desk right now.

[@lineikatabs]

Exactly. Why isn't it mentioned in this video? When I saw the thumbnail I was "Uhm, what's he talking about? Doesn't he know about Superfest? It's literally the first result when you Google unbreakable glass?"

[@hoasdgf]

Superfest was invented in 1977 - by scientists in the German democratic Republic.

[@zant1566]

Americanism trying so hard to act like the reason glass is brittle isn't because the corporations wanna sell more glass for profit, youtube has been so disappointing ever since I saw how much many of these scientific channels just suck off american corporations and the government

[@KeinZantezuken]

Superfest a) was way, way thicker that guerilla for phone screens b) is no longer produced and the company does not exist so not much to make video of

[@alphanumeric6582]

but you typically get scratches at a level 6 and deeper grooves at level 7

[@JDGlass-m1g]

I am 65 years old, and I have literally worked with glass my whole life. When I was 6, I would use a glass cutter and score crazy shapes in glass and break it out. I have bent, formed, fused, and processed glass. I have made windows, vases, bowls, plates, lamps, and the list goes on, and now work at a glass tempering company. My father, worked with glass his whole life, as did his father. My Grandfather (on my mothers side) worked for Corning Glass and helped with the design of the machinery in the creation of Gorilla Glass. You could say, glass is in my blood.

[@eamonia]

That sounds painful...

[@Doughnutsrawesome]

ouch

[@workdesu]

probably literally..tho 😅

[@tomfurmby88]

I am also a master of making useless comments nobody is interested in. I inherited it from my dad and my grandad was a grandmaster at boring people with comments they'd forget shortly after. The art of useless comments runs in my family. I hold the guinees book world record of most comments removed by youtube, I am that good at it.

[@zacharysherry2910]

Bro invented hemasilicatolis

[@Person-z3e]

Thanks for being so transparent about this topic!

[@JohnRambo-t6i]

It's a shame that Superfest Glas wasn't even mentioned.

[@Dfutham]

The idea of the ion exchange is that brittle materials tend to fail in tension. So, if you can increase the internal compressive stress -- any force would have to overcome that before the material even begins to experience tension.

[@taktoa1]

I think a good explanation for why it's stronger is that glass is strong in compression, but weak in tension. If you put a piece of glass under a bending load, one side will be in compression and the other side will be in tension. When you treat the glass via ion exchange or tempering, you're adding a constant amount of compressive stress to the surface of the glass. This compressive stress cancels out the tensile stress induced by a bending load, resulting in no net tensile stress, so the glass doesn't break.

[@franciiiiiiis]

It got explainded like that to me. it's kind of like the pre stressed rebar in concrete. keeping it in compression instead of tension.

[@eriktempelman2097]

Materials expert here. Your explanation is correct.

[@How19.]

so many veritasium videos in such a short timespan, we've been blessed frfr

[@andrewj22]

When companies like Corning Glass approach you and write and prepare your whole video for you, it's easy.

[@ronaldgarrison8478]

22:05 No case for my phone. A bunch of brilliant people worked very hard to thin that phone down, and I'm not going to just throw that away. Instead, I'm just learning to not drop my phone. It's an ongoing process, but I'm getting there.

[@sethdhanson]

“It’s already in a case” has always been my response.

[@freedom-bn9gx]

dude sounds like neil tyson

[@H-S.]

Same here. Though almost all my phones were bought used, so I don't have to worry about breaking an expensive new device. (And even then I never broke a screen; the only phone I dropped a few times just disassembled into the battery, battery cover and rest of the phone - with no permanent damage.. :) Good old days of replaceable batteries and non-breakable back surfaces...)

[@gakulon]

wow, i'm the exact opposite. i don't care for the constant thinning of phones, and actually like chunkier phone cases. they make my phone a lot nicer to hold when there's more to grip, plus phone cases have much more satisfying textures and quite frankly look nicer than a bare phone.

[@better.better]

​​@@gakulonsame I'll never understand the fascination with having a thinner phone I guess I can see not wanting it to make a big lump in your pocket, but not at the expense of usability

[@mustardofdoom]

I've worked with Corning. They are serious about research, but allow creativity in their team. I think this is their core strength compared to competition. Nice profile and explanation of what they do.

[@mitchanderson7307]

I would love to see you make a video on lithography, the process in which light is used to print computer chips. All advanced chips are printed with ultraviolet light, focused with lenses made by Zeiss. The more precise the lens, the smaller the transistors, the faster the chip.

[@giornikitop5373]

smaller transistors do not guarantee you a faster chip. smaller yes, more energy efficient prob. yes. but faster is more complicated than that.

[@rahulranga1062]

8:24 now that laugh can break alot of glasses😬

[@wawathegoat05]

😭💀

[@ice_swallo_come]

😂 😂 😂

[@___________________________._]

Super glass Superfest is a certified East German Banger 🗣🗣🗣

[@Pidrittel]

Really missed an opportunity to add that story to this video since they basically did it first

[@Olm-]

it’s seriously such an oversight to not mention this at all

[@typho0nz]

Superfest - They made the first real Gorillaglas in 1977 but abandoned the patent '92 when corning just picked it up.

[@Rknife]

That's what I thought

[@Felix-Memoria.]

They stopped because otherwise they wouldnt earn any money of it.

[@russellintahoe]

I remember taking Glass 101 in college. We covered so many kinds of glass, but never Gorilla Glass because it was Chemcor and not really widly used. Interesting video.

[@yourbrojohno]

Love how this video starts on the talking point about corning and the iphone, which is exactly the talking point where the video about the DDRs unbreakable drinking glassed ended.

[@ThatCake]

kinda disappointed they didn't get into it... seems kinda central if you want to tell explain "The Quest To Make Unbreakable Glass"

[@anonamoose2582]

@@ThatCake - immaterial actually.

[@anonamoose2582]

The DDRs unbreakable drinking glasses were based on Corning technology. In 1962, Corning use the Ion Exchange process to produce Chemcor automobile windshield glass. Because there were no automobile safety standards at the time, nobody wanted to pay the extra money for the Corning product and it was a financial disaster. Superfest, the DDR company, used that same 1962 tech for drinking glasses. An American company tried selling HercuGlass using that same tech. The original inventor was American researcher Steven Kistler, who also invented aerogel.

[@georgedunkelberg5004]

@ThatCake DUH!

[@prayagkrishna]

To quote a great man: "Glass is glass and glass breaks." But here's to hoping to a future it won't break!

[@ed.puckett]

I commend you on your ad for Saily. Unlike most ads these days, this is something actually useful and I'm glad to learn about it. It reminds me of the old days with Byte magazine where half of the enjoyment was reading the ads because they were generally useful and relevant to me, the audience. Keep up the good work!

[@costynvd]

Yup, I also scanned the QR and curious to try it out somewhere outside of Europe (no roaming fees between European countries).

[@andrewj22]

Too bad the whole video wasn't marked as "ad" for gorilla glass.

[@briandaugherty4466]

Corning Eng here. Worked on Willow which was so cool to me. I also like Day Made of Glass video they came out with.

[@Chemistorian]

My PhD was on smart-coatings for glass substrates, and this video explains everything extremely well!

[@chrisr4769]

No it wasn't.

[@BrandonDenny-we1rw]

​@@chrisr4769 You could at least click on the channel lmao

[@ThoughtlessDestiny]

Reminded me of the East German Superfest unbreakable glasses..Interesting stuff.

[@janein7384]

that technollogy was the foundation for the gorilla glass from apple

[@___________________________._]

East Germany mentioned 🗣🗣🗣

[@BinodTharu06]

Reminded me about unbreakable glass in that anime, I hope they'll make it IRL

[@PR-cn5bb]

I’m a bit disappointed that Derek didn’t mention it despite the title, this video looked more like corning advertisement.

[@sebastianb4504]

20:17 you can see gettyimages for 1 frame lol

[@julienweems6166]

Lol nice catch

[@MrSteve280]

Two glass stories: 1) Scanning Electron microscopes use a ultramicrotome to cut most samples. When something even thinner is needed for Transmission Electron microscopes, obsidian (volcanic glass) is used. No finer edge has been discovered. 2) I worked for one of the major telecoms for 26 years. There is a lab in Piscataway New Jersey that has been testing fiber optic samples for almost fifty years. The original fiber optics came from Corning in the mid 70s and even then the glass was so pure you could read a newspaper through 17 feet of it. The lab tests are to determine how long fiber networks will last based on exposure to varying physical stresses, heat, cold, water, and sheathings of different materials (stainless steel, lead, copper, PVC, fiberglass, etc). The earliest fiber optics started showing cracks in the early 90s. Estimates to replace the earliest fiber optic networks installed will reach into the hundreds of billions nationally. Newer fiber optics and transmission technologies will hopefully make this unnecessary and it will be simply abandoned.

[@GerardoGutierrezPops]

21:30 No case for your phone is a low-key flex that you have a lot of money.😆"So what if it breaks, I can just buy another"

[@arti972]

apple care?

[@frankdevinlp]

7:27 writing this comment from my iPhone that fell exactly 50 centimetres out of my pocket whilst sitting with a huge crack in the front screen. I call BS

[@tomstock9546]

I feel for you. It depends a lot on where it falls on. Falling on the edge of the display glass -> ouch.

[@evannpalma2404]

If it doesn't broke you don't have to buy it again so they make it weaker on purpose

[@majestichotdog1195]

doesnt matter how hard they make it, the arcane forces will assure your phone falls in such a way as to land flat on top of a pointy piece of gravel and shattering the whole thing. You will get shattered and shat on. Based on a tru story

[@JoeLion55]

It’s not BS. It’s bad luck. Every material will have its weak spots or angles that are orders of magnitude more brittle than other angles. They engineer the glass and phones and frames to protect against the most common types of impact, unfortunately at the expense of strength in other areas probably.

[@PersonCuber]

Also, screens are thinner than the demo

[@abhi36292]

8:24 haha her laugh 😂

[@silverglass6635]

A very beautiful former coworker had a horrible laughter, a real turn off. Reminded me of the young woman character in Woody Allen’s movie “A rainy day in New York”.

[@One.Zero.One101]

It's called the "Kawhi Leonard". It's now in the dictionary.

[@brothatwasepic]

The thumbnail made me think you were saying that cpu thermal paste was super duper important ❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤

[@leonkaminski3658]

I wish you had mentioned the first developmental stage of unbreakable glass. In the 90s, unbreakable drinking glasses were made in the GDR/DDR and called "Superfest." No matter how hard you threw them, they wouldn’t break. However, production was discontinued because unbreakable objects were bad for sales and business, as customers didn't need to buy new glasses as often.These drinking glasses were made using the same principle as today's Gorilla glass.

[@paddor]

In the GDR in the ‘90s huh?

[@khvilser]

I was invented in the 70s and produced from early 1980 to the June 1990

[@mharti7984]

It's true that this was invented in the DDR and I expected Derek to mention it as well. The last part is just incorrect though. Superfest failed because it couldn't compete for multiple reasons. It's a myth that a market cannot optimize for durability because individual companies, as long as there's no cartel or monopoly, DO have an incentive to do so. Individual incentive can diverge from collective interest - which, in this case, is a good thing. This Superfest story is pretty much an anti-capitalist myth that everyone spreads because some KZbinrs told them it's true.

[@jangxx]

@@mharti7984 So what are those "multiple reasons"? I've only ever heard the story about manufacturers not wanting to make them because they lasted too long, but am curious about other parts of the story that might've been left out.

[@fonggas2210]

Or you can look up the french enterprise duralex that made glass like that in 1945 !!

[@GClefCannon]

gorilla glass in the lab: smash it with a sledgehammer, no damage gorilla glass in MY phone: falls of desk onto carpet, screen totally smashed

[@dealloc]

The glass knows where it is stressed.

[@DeskaFolf]

@@dealloc By knowing where it isn't.

[@DeanoDrives]

Mr. Veritasium, The production quality, editing, animations, audio and script continue to impress me. And as always, you continue to find entertaining topics to educate us about! Bravo

[@peterectasy2957]

why they have to replace sodium atoms with potasium after preparation ? why they do not use potasium directly at the beginining of glass synthesis ?

[@JDNboy12]

@@peterectasy2957 the potassium likely wouldn't be as dense in that case. since it was replacing the smaller sodium atoms without changing the overall structure, the atoms were packed more densely than if the potassium was present in the glass from the beginning.

[@VarunGupta3009]

Honestly, sand, or Silicon, is one of the most important materials in the world. Computer Chips, Glass, Fiber Optics, Stove Top, Water Bottles, Windows and Windshields in Planes, Spacecrafts, and Submarines, Eyeglasses, Mirrors, Screens... So many of these applications wouldn't be possible without this material. My official business title is also "Therapist for Thinking Sand".

[@Nav2333]

The timelines are not correct about the discovery of cell in the video. The correct is given below:- -Robert Hooke first observed dead cell in plant cork in 1665. - Anton Von Leeuwenhock first saw and described a live cell in 1674. Cells were first observed by Robert Hooke in 1665 using a simple microscope. When he observed thin slices of cork, he saw a network of chambers in a honey comb structure. He named these structures as cellula. Robert Hooke's observation was published in his book Micrographia (the book was published in 1665 according to google). Anton Von Leeuwenhoek was another scientist who observed live cells after Robert Hooke but with improved lenses in his microscope. His microscope could magnify the objects better. All in all the video was great. : D

[@Johhom030]

16:10 props to your Dutch pronnciation! You pronounced the surname really darn good

[@Jett_Panopio]

15:23 VSAUCE

[@DeviL_4939]

Lmao

[@ShaunBlacksmith-z3y]

😂😂

[@GaIaxyEpic]

Hey! VSauce! Michael here. Todas we're gonna go to the PAST, but obviusly is impossible to go to the PAST isn't? Or is it?

[@denzmm]

@vsauce

[@GaIaxyEpic]

@Vsauce

[@butterworthfilter8403]

2:15 scratches at level 6 with deeper groves at level 7

[@darkfury3914]

21:39 missed opportunity for "glass is glass and glass breaks"

[@rubensf7780]

Whenever Veritasium drops a new video you know you’re in for a treat

[@TriPham-j3b]

Curing degree pressure and time cooling

[@BinodTharu06]

Binod

[@guycha0s380]

​@@BinodTharu06 whotto

[@BinodTharu06]

@@guycha0s380 Binod

[@BinodTharu06]

@@guycha0s380 Binod

[@TazerTechnical]

Veritasium could make a video about dirt and I would watch it.

[@MohammedAbbasSyed-k5n]

Yeah

[@TazerEngineering]

nice profile pic

[@BinodTharu06]

Woah! Cat's watching yt video about glass, all I would say is Binod

[@jimmyzhao2673]

You probably already have, *_Concrete_* is essentially 'Engineered Dirt'

[@michaelbarnes5269]

I like the guy your using to do all the little durability tests he deserves a raise 👌

[@robbusbase]

I like the honesty in the end... ;) It still cracks.... for people who refuse to use a case for their phone.....

[@-_Nuke_-]

There is a case to be made for these people...

[@ronquiring7796]

'otterly' ridiculous not to have a box around your phone...

[@x--.]

He totally preempted my immediate thought as he was showing us his broken phone, so it cracked me up.

[@ClaudioBrogliato]

I can't recall how many times I went to Murano, yet I didn't know that it is where transparent glass was invented.

[@bob_kazamakis]

Gotta love how he talks about Apple in the beginning for the story time, but blurs their logo on the cracked phone

[@removechan10298]

yeah, that's the weirdest thing i've ever seen in a yt video. srsly WHY?? ... he blurred the apple logo. HE BLURRED. THE. APPLE. LOGO. lol.

[@UV-mu9ox]

It’s because he showed *his* phone, if they don’t get endorsed which he probably didn’t for this video, they are blurring it to avoid promotions

[@removechan10298]

@@UV-mu9ox that's stupid and you are stupid for saying it.

[@jeromejooste3493]

Always enjoy your videos. Great production quality. In your section about Hans Lippershey and Galileo it would have been good to mention how we plumb the depths of the universe with ultra-low expansion glass types used in the biggest telescope mirrors on earth like the Keck and SALT and in the space telescopes like Hubble and JWST. I mention this as an amateur astronomer and because I grind and polish some of my own telescope mirrors.

[@dolphin601]

Petr is always going on the most random yet fun side quests ever

[@awacur7695]

This is one of the channels that makes me feel like a genius…right before reminding me I’m barely grasping 3% of it. Love the brain-cramps and the science thrill!"

[@Beakerzor]

if you break borosilicate glass DO NOT USE YOUR FINGERS to clean up, it's sharper than anything you have ever imagined or feared

[@Khofax]

Is it weird that i want to try it now. I blame you for any damages you made it sound too interesting

[@Beakerzor]

@ no, not weird at all, I totally recommend trying it, just be safe, and be prepared for 30% of it to be microscopically small, I recommend thick gloves and wet paper towels, or else you’ll never get 100% of it cleaned up, a broom will only get 90% of it

[@WormBurger]

​@@Beakerzora broom gets 90%??? Wow that's impressive! I can't even get 90% of the corn meal off the pizza room floor with a broom.

[@Beakerzor]

@@WormBurger lol

[@guymiklos9245]

The analogy of sodium atoms in glass and people on a platform works well if we let oversized backpacks represent potassium atoms. When everyone in the same crowd has such a backpack, the crowd will strongly impede any person trying to break through.