we ran OUT of IP Addresses!!

[@NetworkChuck]

Thanks to 3CX I run an entire phone system for my business and it is free for the first year on any subscription edition. And if it's hosted by 3cx you also get the first year of hosting FREE!! Check it out here: bit.ly/3cx_free Ready to get your CCNA? CCNP? Use the BEST tools: bit.ly/bosonexsimccna (Boson ExSim) (affiliate) 0:00 ⏩ Intro 1:23 ⏩ ad read 3:08 ⏩ What happened to all of the IP addresses?!?! 4:15 ⏩ What are the class ranges? 7:01 ⏩ Who gave out all of these addresses? 8:07 ⏩ Classless network? What is that? 11:20 ⏩ These make me mad(Class D and E) 12:23 ⏩ There’s no place like loopback 13:20 ⏩ What the junk is Ping? 14:38 ⏩ Outro

[@Dahlah.FightMe]

First

[@sanchez19meme]

Chuck if you can see this write now you are the best please reply back thank

[@VarunBanka18]

Make more videos on python . You are going extremely slow.

[@slam5]

And I have a status ip

[@payaso2297]

can you explain how IPRoyal pawns works

[@michal7654321]

BTW, splitting points between classes are easier to remember if you convert the numbers to binary: 1 -> 0000 0001 128 -> 1000 0000 192 -> 1100 0000 224 -> 1110 0000 240 -> 1111 0000

[@benjaminperez4570]

If I knew how to read binary, I'm sure I'd agree... 😅

[@michal7654321]

@@benjaminperez4570 Calculators may have convert function or you could learn how to convert from binary system to decimal ("normal") system - it is useful in IT. You can read binary from right to left, adding numbers - Every 1 is 2^n and 0 is 0. "n" is a digit number counting from right to left (and you start counting from 0). for example binary number: 0010 1001 could be red as (from left): 0 + 0 + 2^5 + 0 + 2^3 + 0 + 0 + 2^0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 32 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 41 When it comes to the "2^n", counting from right, this would be: 1, 2 ,4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 256, 512, 1024 ... - the next number is 2x previous number. If there is 1, you add it, if there is 0 - you ignore it. There is also a neat trick to convert numbers from decimal system to binary, but I don't think this will interest anyone - so i will omit it... for now.

[@Osirion16]

@@michal7654321 32 is 2^5, you made a mistake when assuming it the first 1 is 2^6 since it has 5 digits to it's right, meaning it is 2^5, you count the number of digits to the right of the 1 not including the 1's position in the string ( I honestly don't know if what i'm saying even makes sense, but it's how it works ) You were right about the 41 however and mathed it out right, just made a mistake in the part where you develop n^6, n^4 ect as you added 1 to the power by accident

[@michal7654321]

@@Osirion16 You are right, I made a mistake (already corrected on original replay). I forgot that you start counting n from 0 - so 2^0 is 1; 2^1 = 2. The final number was correct, because I was just using values from my memory - not using calculator to calculate 2^n and this is why I did not catch my mistake. I like your explanation about counting digits to the right - that is interesting way of looking at it and also, this is how numeral systems work mathematically. BTW. I also made a mistake with the way i was writing 2^n - putting n^1 instead 2^1 ;)

[@benjaminperez4570]

@@michal7654321 This actually makes a fair bit of sense. Now let’s see if i can commit it to memory!

[@Advestari]

As someone who works in IT over 10 years, I obviously know about ping localhost/yourself, but I had to laugh after Chuck started to ping a weird 127.X address because I was never thinking about it that way. Awesome video!

[@flaviusioan69]

Yep true...I had my mouth open for some time...like : say whaaaaaat :)

[@simplec0de101]

Same haha

[@fightingfalconfan]

I am working on getting into IT after being a auto tech for 10 years.

[@jpapa8974]

Keep in mind one thing. Loop back adapters are extremely useful for tunneling. Additionally you don't need to do PAT (port address translation), because you can do this nifty thing where you can just swap the first octet, and you rarely then will end up ip/port conflicts due to applications installed locally.

[@Chillico]

I’m just going to act like I know what you’re talking about

[@melkiorwiseman5234]

This is exactly why IPv6 was invented, but IPv4 has such a hold on the Internet that few people want to convert to IPv6. Converting between the two systems isn't simple, but probably could be done. The trouble is that converting the whole Internet to IPv6 would be quite expensive and possibly even disruptive. Few companies would be willing to spend the money required.

[@feldon27]

If they had just added 4 more octets, there would be 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 IP addresses and it would be something that software could easily support with minor changes. Instead we got IP addresses like 2607:f8b0:4003:c00::6a which requires a complete rewrite of every piece of code on the planet that touches internet traffic. Not surprisingly, few companies want to spend a bunch of money on it.

[@pacomatic9833]

@@feldon27 IPv7, anyone? This time it'd do what you did, but 7 more octets, if it can do that. That would mean we'd have so many combinations that it'll take ages to run out.

[@feldon27]

@@pacomatic9833 with 8 octets, or 18 quintillion IP addresses, that's nearly 4 BILLion IP addresses for every man, woman, and child on earth. The only reason for IPv6 is subnetting... or giving every atom of material on earth its own IP address.

[@TJGermany]

@@feldon27 even 8 octets would require a complete rewrite.

[@feldon27]

@@TJGermany Guessing you've never had to extend a database field.

[@masaharumorimoto4761]

I remember Networking Class in 1999 the instructor saying "We'll run out of IP addresses but it won't happen for a LONG time, you'll have to deal with it when I'm retired" LOL

[@SaraMorgan-ym6ue]

4.3 billion ip addresses is not much considering there can be 7 or 8 billion people supported on the planet so one computer per person shows how stupid they where with the limited ip amount of ip addresses

[@argee55]

We must have had the same instructor!

[@noyou174]

​@SaraMorgan-ym6ue correct me if im wrong but what makes it possible now is that normally a public ip address is used on the router and people under it use private which make the need for personal ip addresses wayy less possibly x10 times

[@eepicfailz]

At the time, the instructor was 55 yrs old

[@giancarlobocchetti9392]

I got my first CCNA and sttarted to work as Net Engineer in 2006, and this was the major issue "networking people" was talking about telling ipv6 is coming to replace ipv4 in a couple of years... After 18 years we're still using ipv4

[@Guyjharrison]

and ipv6... so....

[@VincentParisien]

Nice video! I like how you simplify this topic. The only part I disagree with is how many people claim the IP shortage is due to home appliances IoT devices. 99% of those IoT have nothing to do with the IP shortage and are using a NAT local IP address off your home network and have zero impact on the world IP shortage.

[@suncat530]

but on the other hand, there are cameras that are barely protected from being accessed from the internet due to improper configuration, so (i think) there's a high chance that there's quite a bit of iot devices that have no reason to clog global IP space, but they still do

[@deneb_tm]

Pretty sure that's the band-aid he mentioned he'd talk about in the next episode.

[@Hi-levels]

Also home networks use cgn pools

[@FAB1150]

@@suncat530 those cameras are still in your home network using your home single ip, they just have their ports open to the public

[@JJ-Streaming]

Lol considering ISP’s only assign 1 IP at a time how can IoT even be mentioned!!! Also Any IoT device using cellular / NB-IoT / Catm1 would be using a private APN so backed by 1 single IP. If it’s on public ISP’s share IP’s randomly with devices

[@solidmgs182]

Subnetting is probably my favorite subject in networking. It's a lot of fun. Looking forward to the IPv6 video.

[@Crazymindplow]

I like subnetting too, but I don't think I will any longer once ipv6 subnetting is a thing 😅

[@mindfull_being123]

since with IPV6 we have no IP shortages would't that be easier to get rid of Subnetting.

[@rashakawa]

Your a sick individual!

[@tomarsandbeyond]

@@mindfull_being123 I don't see the need for ipv6 for within most networks. Ipv4 is intuitive and easy to work with. Maybe for small IOT stuff where there is no interaction directly with humans. The public ipv4's are running out, and an ipv6 public internet makes sense for that reason, but on the inside of a network ipv4 may live on for decades or longer.

[@jagdtigger]

@@tomarsandbeyond IPv6 is a most at this point, especially with the advent of CGNAT which breaks a efing ton of stuff.....

[@fraliexb]

The fact you have many IOT devices at home wouldn't affect the IP address dilemma, since your router routes traffic in it's own subnet.

[@vee361-e1c]

This is called NAT and it was the "band-aid" he mentioned in the beginning.

[@TheMaevian]

many IOT devices like smart meters from the electrical company, busses parking meters , are connected by 2G or LTE NBIOT

[@xheralt]

Yes it does affect the dilemma. Once funnelled through the home router, each of those devices still has to be given a "real" (even if dynamically assigned and ephemeral) IP address out in the internet proper. The router simply connects the dots between the internal subnet and the external internet; its kind of the base definition of what routers do.

[@diablo.the.cheater]

@@xheralt Not really, all devices in the same netwrok share the same public IP, they do not have real IPs out in the wild, at least with IPv4, IPv6 is another beast. But on the net each of those devices have exactly the same IP, the router's IP, it is the router that recieves all the data and decides to which device it should be given. Think of it like the home address, many people live in a house, but the house only has one address, that is the public IP, the router's IP. So no, each device does not need its own IP in the net. The problem comes from 2G,3G,4G and 5G devices, aka smartphones and IOT devices with a SIM, those may connect to the router but those also work without a router by themselves, so they need their own IP each of them.

[@JivanPal]

@@xheralt No, they don't, that is what NAT is for. Having said that: in principle they _should,_ and that is what IPv6 is for.

[@KiraSlith]

14:20 I know the answer to this one. They were expecting the transistor density to translate 2x indefinitely. They weren't NOT trying to look ahead. And that means you need multiple virtual networks for software controlled loopback, I'm pretty sure it's mostly used these days for loopbacks across large sets of virtual machines.

[@DMTInfinity]

*420..!* 😏 . . . . 😚💨

[@NK-iw6rq]

Man I just love the way this guy teaches ! He has a way of making learning fun and exciting.

[@Frenk33]

it's probably the coffee lol xD

[@duscraftphoto]

When I was a NOC manager I saw a lot of DHCP issues where machines gave themselves 169 addresses. Like John pointed out in his response to my comment, these addresses are APIPA addresses and I’m sure Chuck will cover these addresses in the future. If you’re brand new to the world of IP addressing, you’re not stupid for not knowing this. It’s a large topic to learn about. Great content, as usual!

[@NerdyEd]

169.254

[@JohnAdams-qc2ju]

There is a name, APIPA addresses. However, most are too stupid to know the name or purpose behind it. Also just saying 169 isn't correct.

[@duscraftphoto]

@@JohnAdams-qc2ju Yeah, I knew it was an APIPA address ha ha. These videos are for beginners and I wasn’t sure if Chuck would cover this in a future video. I was just mentioning the 169 range because he was covering class ranges.

[@duscraftphoto]

@@NerdyEd thanks for specifying the actual range. It’s appreciated!

[@LordGamesHD]

Is that not when the DHCP server fails to assign a valid IP Address to a device?

[@toolbgtools]

This Subnetting Series is awesome! so informative and he explained very well. great teacher, great topic!

[@klikkolee]

having multiple loopback addresses can be useful. You might be running old software which doesn't give you control of the ports it uses or worse assigns itself ports without using the OS's features for dynamically assigning ports. Multiple loopback addresses lets you avoid collisions -- the software can be bound to a specific loopback address. I can see an argument for 255 loopback addresses not being enough, but 16 million is indeed way too many

[@nodowt]

We utilise many loop back addresses to workaround crap software which doesn’t support ipv6 addressings. Using a host file entry to point the host and to a loopback address, and using netsh port proxy to redirect the required ports on that loopback address to the real ipv6 address. Crappy application gets an IPv4 address and it happy, so the port proxy forwards it to the correct host… winning… Many people using Microsoft DirectAccess would be familiar with this process… (or a product called App46)

[@DavidvanDeijk]

The reason is routing tables. the design of ipv4 with the amount of computers connected they imagined is that routers should only have to look at one byte to know how to route it. starts with 9? just send it to ibm. internally inside ibm they will look at the second byte to see which building it needs to go to. inside the building at the third byte to know which floor it needs to go to. computers were expensive, make routing so simple it could be done in hardware in 1983.

[@scrubscrub4492]

You say that now, but wait until every cell in your body has a nanomachine with its own IP address.

[@klikkolee]

@@scrubscrub4492 the number of cells in a human exceeds the size of the ipv4 address space, so something like that couldn't possibly be relevant to decisions about ipv4 Ipv6 has enough space for that many loopbacks, but ipv6's style is to use few special addresses. Each nanomachine would have its own ordinary ipv6 address.

[@lperkins2]

@@DavidvanDeijk Indeed. One of my first "hands on" IT experiences was pitching in during the blaster/welchia virus issue at my father's job. A single welchia-infected machine would fairly quickly crater the network backbone because it did a rather invasive port-scan, which would overflow the ARP cache on the mid-range network switches of the day (fall 2003), requiring a reboot to keep working (this was before you could power-cycle them remotely, especially given the whole network would crater, so any remote management would have gone inaccessible regardless, hence the team of volunteers running all over campus, repeatedly). This was 20 years after IPv4 was designed, and the network switches were *still* incredibly cost-optimized devices (and still incredibly expensive despite that). Could the addresses have been better allocated? Maybe. Would it come at the cost of either lower network speeds or more expensive equipment? Absolutely.

[@crowlsyong]

There is something strangely magical about your videos/personality. It's like...I just feel better when I watch your videos. Not that I wasn't feeling great or anything, I just feel even better. Thanks man.

[@artrosas9309]

I worked in a data center for many many years. Network Chuck is the most energized person to talk about Networking I've ever seen.

[@VictorYami]

I love you man. I’ve wanted to learn these concepts for such a long time and I feel that I’m finally understanding all of it. All thanks to your excellent teaching methods.

[@Hellnation13]

Dude you're awesome. I love how positive you are and how much information you share with everyone.

[@dantebradshaw2242]

Chuck you have easily become my favorite KZbinr. I started studying to become a software developer and I thought it would be helpful to learn basic Linux. However after watching just one video I’ve begun binge watching your series! Please keep making new content! No other KZbinr has made learning so easy and fun with such great analogies in my opinion. Stay safe and hope this message gets to you👊

[@acidset]

Linux is still a good idea

[@isaiahc8390]

Pick up your cross and follow Jesus! The world is quickly headed for destruction, and sooner or later you will have to sit at the judgement seat and give an account for your actions. Belief in messiah alone is not enough to grant you salvation - Matthew 7:21-23, John 3:3, John 3:36 (ESV is the best translation for John 3:36). Call on the name of Jesus and pray for Him to intervene in your life! - Revelation 3:20. Contemplate how the Roman Empire fulfilled the role of the beast from the sea in Revelation 13. Revelation 17 confirms that it is in fact Rome. From this we can conclude that A) Jesus is the Son of God and can predict the future or make it happen, B) The world leaders/nations/governments etc have been conspiring together for the last 3000+ years going back to Babylon and before, C) History as we know it is fake. You don't really need to speculate once you start a relationship with God tho. Can't get a response from God? Fasting can help increase your perception and prayer can help initiate events. God will ignore you if your prayer does not align with His purpose (James 4:3) or if you are approaching Him when "unclean" (Isaiah 1:15, Isaiah 59:2, Micah 3:4). Stop eating food sacrificed to idols (McDonald's, Wendy's etc) stop glorifying yourself on social media or making other images of yourself (Second Commandment), stop gossiping about other people, stop watching obscene content etc and you should get a response. Have a blessed day!

[@josephcharles2917]

I don't know an insane amount about any of this but I respect this chuck fellow. He seems genuine.

[@SAIFULLAHJAMIL]

Great Video, Coach!! With Question(s) and Comments I've mentioned, it's a Rollercoaster ride to Learn from you! AMAZING! Keep it Coming

Thanks Chuck. I'm 45 and finally starting to learn as much as I can to make a career change that benefits me personally and not only the company. While I'm still in a prille beginning I'm dedicated to getting any certification to make the transition to IT. In my spare time i was experimenting with networking for a few years now. But i feel this has a better future than industrial jobs out there. A big leap for me but some how this attracts me more than anything else. 👍

[@Meow-or-Never]

Best of results to you!

[@scrung]

no one could foresee how massive and integral to every persons life the internet would become so i think its unfair to call the inventors terrible planners. after all, to even manage such an insane project requires insane planning skills

[@Manavine]

yeah, though I'd admittedly probably push for 100+ billion just in case it becomes bigger than we'd ever think. ...BUT even that wouldn't be enough because there's no way in hell I would have been able to predict 1 person households would average 10 ip addresses alone. multiply that by like 1 billion... YEAH... And that's just a single person household.

[@1TwistedPoet]

Lack of looking ahead or thinking ahead is endemic. Happens everywhere. Unix, for example. What a Stupid way to keep track of the time. But they designed it that way and it has stuck that way. Something that can't be changed without changing the whole system.

[@xKipura]

@@Manavine Most households only have 1 what do you mean

[@GangXtaZz]

@ManaphyGames most households have ONE public IP address assigned to the internet router and multiple private IP address assigned to the devices within that household.

[@scrung]

@@Manavine a single persons household has one external ip address

[@scubasteveVII]

Having a great number of loopback addresses comes in handy when you're developing test environments. For example when you want to emulate hardware within a system on your computer youll need to host x number of snmp agents on you machine. I've come nowhere near 16million, but there are far greater uses to the loopback than just pinging yourself

[@MichaelZimmermann]

well in isolated test environments you can use any address you want - including all those that were assigned to others. On Linux you could simply create a new network namespace to do that. In real networks you're good as long as you're not connected to the internet.

[@wacsnie]

nice digestable segments, very understandable. Nice to pick up these things again, been far too long since I did IT but while watching this video, ALOT of things came back.

[@ProfessionalAmateurQ]

"our computer has 16 million virtual ip addresses ready to respond to itself....why?"🤣🤣🤣 network chuck's delivery just makes me laugh so hard

[@pismith1]

Dude as a Network Engineer. This is a fantastic video to explain how IP addresses and Addressing works in a fun way.

[@Guyjharrison]

but no mention of ipv6? why, network engineer... learn me something... are ipv6 addresses not "ip" addresses and so then we are not limited to 4 billion and we are not running out. Please explain, network engineer......................

[@pismith1]

@@Guyjharrison NAT. You are welcome. 💕

[@pismith1]

@@Guyjharrison and I know what you are thinking. What happens when we run out of NAT’s? More NAT. So that covers my career lifetime. 🎉🦞

[@SmallPlayz]

this is one of the most quality youtube channels i've ever seen and I just felt like I had to say that.

[@elvinaguero4651]

indeed... classy one.

[@isaiahc8390]

Pick up your cross and follow Jesus! The world is quickly headed for destruction, and sooner or later you will have to sit at the judgement seat and give an account for your actions. Belief in messiah alone is not enough to grant you salvation - Matthew 7:21-23, John 3:3, John 3:36 (ESV is the best translation for John 3:36). Call on the name of Jesus and pray for Him to intervene in your life! - Revelation 3:20. Contemplate how the Roman Empire fulfilled the role of the beast from the sea in Revelation 13. Revelation 17 confirms that it is in fact Rome. From this we can conclude that A) Jesus is the Son of God and can predict the future or make it happen, B) The world leaders/nations/governments etc have been conspiring together for the last 3000+ years going back to Babylon and before, C) History as we know it is fake. You don't really need to speculate once you start a relationship with God tho. Can't get a response from God? Fasting can help increase your perception and prayer can help initiate events. God will ignore you if your prayer does not align with His purpose (James 4:3) or if you are approaching Him when "unclean" (Isaiah 1:15, Isaiah 59:2, Micah 3:4). Stop eating food sacrificed to idols (McDonald's, Wendy's etc) stop glorifying yourself on social media or making other images of yourself (Second Commandment), stop gossiping about other people, stop watching obscene content etc and you should get a response. Have a blessed day!

[@IDs4ios]

@@isaiahc8390 no Islam honestly seems more right with little to no flaws I trust that religion more honestly

[@isaiahc8390]

@@IDs4ios They are an Abrahamic religion thats all about Israel and now they hate Israel and want to destroy it. They don't really make sense. Also the prophet mohammed would violently shake, sweat and convulse, back in the day they would have called it demon possession, nowadays we would call this temporal lobe epislepsy. Either way he was in a state of psychosis and his message grew more and more violent as his illness progressed. Also it is made clear in most of the Bible that Israel is God's portion, so they are actively working against their proclaimed God, The God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob (Isreal)

[@fattomandeibu]

Reminds me of when I was a teenager. Dial-up was all we had, and down in London they run out of phone numbers and had to re-jig every London phone number ever so slightly. Added an extra digit to the start of every London phone number, then they changed the area code into the "02" codes(landline numbers previously only used 01, 02-09 was for other uses, such as mobiles, freephone and premium rate numbers) so they could have enough numbers for all the people wanting to use the internet without tying up their phone line. It didn't effect me too much, since I live nowhere near London, but if you wanted to phone there you had to be careful that the number was up to date.

[@ishanchoudhary4555]

Didn't expect you would help me out in my junior college exams, but goddamn I really like all your videos, ethical hacking, networking anything. Tysm for putting time and effort into your videos (Right time for a coffee break)

[@architect_kev266]

IPv6 has to be implemented and used faster and more often

[@PaulJosephdeWerk]

IPv6 is already implemented. Most modern computers run under dual stack, meaning both IPv4 and IPv6 are being used. There is actually an address space inside of IPv6 that IPv4 maps into, and if you need to access access IPv6 from an IPv4 network, you use tunneling (encapsulating an IPv6 packet inside an IPv4 packet).

[@Amaltator489]

@@PaulJosephdeWerk yep my previous ISP Grande didn’t have ipv6 native so they’d tunnel for ipv6 sites

[@AndersJackson]

IPv6 LAN uses /64 networks of Public network addresses. And each ISP SHOULD deliver /48 or /56 networks (or at leas /58, but then you should ask why not /56) to customers.

[@brianzulauf2974]

When they were designing this technology they probably never thought that 4.3 billion ip addresses would ever be used.

[@Omega67c]

I'd like to point out that we ran out of up addresses around 2012. I remember google was slighlty down to switch over their pub servers to ipv6

[@kujubuo]

how do we still use ip adresses im confused

[@Reckless729]

@@kujubuo IPV6

[@tomarsandbeyond]

@@kujubuo what would you use instead? There has to be some kind of numbering scheme. If you want use names for things like websites and servers, we use DNS for that. That works in ipv6 too.

[@HieronymousLex]

@@Reckless729 nope, we use NAT. That’s why ipv4 devices can still get addresses despite us “running out”. We didn’t _actually_ run out. People have been talking about this for ten years. It’s just clickbait

[@Renrimfo4]

I have actually thought about this happening, but never knew what would come of that, great video as always Chuck

[@JamieDobbs]

Thank for a great series of videos explaining IP addresses and subnetting in an easy to understand fashion, I've passed the link on to my team to get them up to speed. I even learned a thing or two and I've been working in IT for around 30 years and dealing with networks for the last 20 or so (I go back to the Arcnet and Novel 3.11 days!)

[@Rake141]

Thank you, Chuck! Really needed more content on subnetting

[@HectorRodriguez-li9vm]

Must also remember.. in the beginning.. there was no subnetting. Everything was classful. Subnetting came later. also just had a little memory cell trigger. Seems like this 127.x.x.x space was this large due to programmer requirements and was used quite extensively within code.

[@bluesleeper16v]

Been waiting for this to drop! Keen to learn!

[@spe3799]

I really appreciate this. im trying to study as much of this stuff as i can before i start my cybersec program at school. This is the only video i've found that logically lays it out while keeping me engaged. Thanks my dude.

[@smiggle_smish]

Thank you so much for your videos! I have never learned something ( the basics at least) so quickly with such a well rounded understanding. something about the way that you explain things just makes my brain ooze (in the best way)

[@corbynt]

Amazing content, as always. You teach IT topics with such ease it really shows how smart you are! Thank you for creating such awesome videos!!!! I think it would be cool to talk about the 169 subnet range and self-DHCP IPs that computers get when no DHCP server.

[@dondragoncy]

the theory of "running out" was in my school topics 12 years ago lol... and we were discussing the benefits of using IPv6, and that we wouldn't have to use NAT, but i can't wait for your next video and telling us more on IPv6 :)

[@kirayoshikage4057]

It wasn't a theory, we did "run out" around a decade ago. Too bad people responsible for internet aren't common idiots who can't think outside of 4 byte box.

[@yellowmarshmellowpuffnob6922]

Only time I heard about ipv6 was when I was messing with the vmware efi and then it said start pxe over ipv4 or ipv6

[@ZX48K]

IANA were recently discussing re-using most of the 127 subnet for valid public IP addresses. Sounds crazy! Every Internet device would need their TCP/IP stack amended. Lots of software and firmware would need changing.

[@James_Knott]

All these hacks to extend IPv4 are nonsense. Just move to IPv6 and be done with it. I've been using it for 12 years.

[@jameskeefe1761]

They should just go to IPv6 and require ISPs to implement it, I would suggest getting tough by taking away their IPv4 space if they dont implement IPv6

[@MatthewXLY]

I have a first in computing and you're the first person who's managed to explain masking to me so I understand it! 😅

[@Pcontracts83]

Awesome vids. as a starter in IT its really helping with (basic) understanding my network environment. both homelab and work-site.

[@BoxChevy93]

Hey Chuck, I just wanna say you are by far the most engaging, eye magnet, and most of all influential Teachers on this Platform. I mean to say is you have had me hooked on your videos since I first stumbled upon you about a year ago now. I've watched numerous videos and learned more and even retained more of what I was learning because you captured my complete and utter "Squirrel" like brain's whole attention, and what gets me is that you actually hold my attention for longer than 2.01 sec's before I'm mindlessly scrolling again. with you doing that you have done something that I've never thought was possible! you literally have me interested in learning and eager to start a career and build myself into a model Citizen in my society! I know you're reading that and instantly think this dude is not original maybe even a tad bit of a cliche, maybe so. I promise you I'm not! Here's why! I'm from a bad place on a bad street in a bad city and from birth, I'm a failure and threw out the life that is further engrained in me. From school to jobs to relationships, it's installed in me that I'm going to be nothing and that's that. after a while I started to believe it, I couldn't keep my head above the influences that were around me every day and night! I succumbed to my environment and it welcomed me with a warm in embraced followed by a stab or 3 in the back! "Streets will welcome you with open arms, the second you turn around it'll stab you in back with the hard truth of reality beyond your front yard!" But no I'm completely entranced with coding, web dev, E.H., SEC, and every other aspect of the I.T. career path. Just one hitch though!! I don't know where to start and what path I should go down first just so I can get the basics under my wings before I start on another specific! Can you help me? I know you might not read this but if you do. a sec of your time is all I'm asking from you. Thank you for your time and your Good HEART and most of all your shared knowledge!!! blessed! Sincerelyy Travis aka NOOBIEST NOOB

[@iaz00]

Hi

[@KangJangkrik]

Is this a bot?

[@BoxChevy93]

Me or the dude that’s said “Hi”?

[@KangJangkrik]

@@BoxChevy93 oh nevermind, your reply means you are not a bot. Today, bad people are trying to make bots to imitate real human for marketing purpose, which mostly leads to scam. Be careful buddy, stay aware

[@v380riMz]

@@KangJangkrik lol. I honestly believe Chuck buys comments. They’re so weird and generic. The comments usually cover what has been said in the video. Check out other of his vids and youll see a pattern. Someone like Live0verflow doesnt have weird comments

[@jackielinde7568]

The name PING was borrowed from SONAR and RADAR, as it's the returning signal reflected off the side of some object out there. (Probably more from SONAR, which probably gets the name from the sound the echo is translated into on board the sub for the SONAR operator to hear.) The major difference is that a ping in SONAR's case (and early radar. Not so much with transponders and ADS-B now.) it is a purely passive event from the object being pinged, where the PING command is a data request that has to be processed by the target device of the PING request.

[@pflasterstrips7254]

having more than one loop back address is actually important. in general one PC can have multiple IP addresses so it's important to use that information when developing a server program.

[@bait-ul-hassan2290]

Common dude, 16 million? What you said could have been achieved with 128 but 16 million is overkill even for a supercomputer 😂

[@James_Knott]

IPv6 manages to get by with a single loop back address, ::1.

[@My1xT]

One could for example have used 192.168.0.x for localhost which would have meant one less priv C net out of the 256 but millions of extra IPs.

[@James_Knott]

@@My1xT I believe loop back addresses were around long before RFC1918. On the other hand, IPv6 gets by with only 1 loop back address, "::1".

[@tomarsandbeyond]

Multiple 127.x loopbacks are only needed for a small set of test scenarios. Rare to see it. Setting aside all of 127.x was way wasteful but they didn't know better. You can use routable addresses in loopbacks. I have used those as tunnel endpoints and as "always up" ip's that are not tied to an interface. That would be for routing purposes and network management. I do see the single loopback that ipv6 uses but am guessing it is possible to use routable or private rfc1918 type ip's for additional loopbacks. Have not yet tried this on Cisco routers and switches.

[@haseebuetian]

I was looking for this information and finally, I got it. Huge thanks to you!

[@MrTocksick]

Appreciate this video. I was taking a course and definitely needed something else to staple the basics to my brain. Thanks!

[@danielsyn386]

Well, having whole range of loopback addresses is more useful than just one loopback address for multiple scenarios, reasons and technologies. For example, it's useful when setting up ingress/egress filter/filters for capturing traffic or also for diagnostic purposes on devices of some vendors (I will not name them here). There's also usage in virtualization, as one of many examples, multiple loopback addresses can be used for some application sessions in different use cases, for example using RDS you may have 127.0.0.X, where X may be used as session id. Also another thing that comes to mind is Catalyst 6000 series where supervisors/modules use EOBC channel to communicate between each other and will have assigned different loopback addresses in 127.0.0.X range so you can access CLI of different modules. So, the statement that having multiple loopback addresses is stupid, is not really correct in multiple real life use case scenarios (maybe 16 million is a bit too much, but more than one is I would say necessary for plethora of different things).

[@hectorg.7282]

I just shake my head whenever anyone talks about computing solutions that they claim will solve problems long term.

[@tomarsandbeyond]

By long term do you mean forever? No one is claiming that, that I have seen. Ipv4 served its role well for several decades, as ipv6 will as well.

[@hectorg.7282]

@@tomarsandbeyond if I meant forever I would have written forever James

[@mohalanddd]

Thanks to him I'll pass my 29th exam, hope he uploads the rest of the content before that date 🤣🤣😅

[@Oblivion37]

dont put full trust in him, there is some things that you will need to know in subnetting programming etc, try to learn you too by reading books, if there is one thing i can tell you, its not youtube who is gonna help you become a programmer or anything else you want to do

[@Oblivion37]

but its good to watch his videos, because i know a little bit more about *ethical hacking* now thanks to him

[@imnota]

@@Oblivion37 You'd be right about relying on one source not being a good thing but "its not youtube who is gonna help you become a programmer or anything else you want to do" you couldn't be more wrong on that one.

[@Ethorbit]

@@Oblivion37 KZbin is a great source actually.

[@astral6749]

@@Ethorbit India is a great source too. Seriously though, there's so many Indians in the IT industry and I have absolutely no idea why.

[@Jakereviewsall]

Never have I thought that I would be tuned into a 16 minute video about ip addresses at 3 in the morning. I understand mostly the basics when it comes to networking, that was never my thing.

[@masterchat2618]

We aren't out. They need to tackle the IP brokers. There are millions of ip adresses for sale

[@degerdi]

Fixing this mistake was literally my only job for a while

[@gamingnoobie1700]

Wat j0b can u share

[@degerdi]

Network Administrator for a software company. They were expanding beyond a startup but their legacy architecture prevented them from doing so, so they hired me to rebuild the network. A tip I can give for windows networks going through a domain change: if you lose trust relationship to the domain you can re-add it back to the domain with a local admin account, if you lose access to the local admin account grab a boot disk and make a copy of cmd.exe renamed as the ease of access button file then reboot. Use net user to change local admin password after launching through cmd by clicking the ease of access button on the login page.

[@edumacat3d]

@@degerdi cool

[@alsothejiraguy]

I'm fairly good at subnetting, but I'm looking forward to learning about IPv6

[@levelup1279]

Dont use IPV6, it's a privacy nightmare. Just go watch Rob Braxmans video on the dangers of IPV6 & how it opens you up to per-device tracking. Also massive security threats too when you use IPV6. As you know you can address an individual device from outside a local network with IPV6, so while this means you can track its activity, it also means you have a stright shot to exploit device specific vaurnabilities while bypassing the network firewall. Throught he HTTPS header you can get information about the device & automatically determine if it can be compromised. Just disable IPV6 if you care about security & privacy.

[@alsothejiraguy]

@@levelup1279 still want to learn about it.

[@bruvgames7248]

@@levelup1279 and this is why we cant move over to IPV6 i love IPV4 just as much as the next person but bruh a good 80% of that video is giving BS information also i guess you have never heard of a firewall something that even came with my free ISP provided router

[@tomarsandbeyond]

@@levelup1279 beware of James Knott. He is on some sort of crusade to make everyone use ipv6 immediately. He will whine at you about it.

[@glitchy_weasel]

@@levelup1279 I would say that the router firewall would be enough to protect any IPv6 device behind it - just tell the router to drop any incoming connection and of course disable UPnP. About privacy, yeah since the host portion is derived from the device's MAC then I suppose you could track a device as it moves between networks. There's this thing called SLAAC Stable Privacy but don't know how it works but it's suppose to mitigate the issue.

[@tonytaylor9944]

I’m loving the new IP content.

[@siktur1805]

The way you put it together everything in your chanell is another level very thanks 💯💯

[@Omariibrahima]

Your videos are so informative and you make it so much easier to understand 💯💪🏾

[@StarLink149]

Here's an hypothesis: The reason there are 16 million addresses allocated for loopback alone is that otherwise some random, unfortunate business or home network owner would be missing a single IP address in their IP range, and that edge case would lead to a whole range of unforeseeable issues that software developers all around the world wouldn't have anticipated. You might say they could have reserved a smaller 255 address block for "special purposes" and left it at that, but that wouldn't serve to eliminate the problem, just shift it around. If you reserved all "0.0.0.x" addresses for example, now instead of a network owner missing a single address (and causing all sorts of unforeseeable issues in the process), some big business would be missing a whole 255 addresses (which might not seem like a big issue given how many addresses class A networks can have in our world, but for the sake of the argument let's assume that address classes _were_ split in a more clever way). That being said, having multiple different loopback addresses can be useful for software developers to test their code, using these addresses to fake different users. Though 16 million addresses may sound like a lot for that sole purpose, it can be good for stress testing. e.g, how does your software cope if 16 million different devices visit your website over the course of a month or a year?

[@cmaxz817]

But simulating 16 mil users? That's a bit ridiculous not gonna lie. I reckon most developers test around hundreds or thousands users, not millions.

[@StarLink149]

​@@cmaxz817 Well, the point of a stress test is to voluntarily put your software under _a lot_ of stress. Hundreds or thousands of users trying to connect in a few seconds interval will annihilate a small server, but hundreds of thousands, or even a few millions of visits over the course of a day or month is pretty typical for a medium/big websites like KZbin and Google, for example. Of course, any server would break with that many users sending packets in a short amount of time, but the point of stress testing is to see _how_ will it break? Will it shutdown and restart gracefully or will it die a horrible death? Will it fill up the hard drive with temporary files, one for each user session? How much can you throw at it before it breaks?

[@TheYuxiaodi]

Today I recommended your channel to a guy at work who wants to learn networking. With a clickbait video title like this and the fact you are saving NAT for the next video I am beginning to question that decision. We are not running out of IP addresses. There may not be more than 4.3 billion IPV4 addresses but we have 340 trillion trillion trillion IPV6 addresses. And as bigger entities start taking those more IPV4s will be released for others to use. Some will argue that they are dificult to read and work with but that is just because they haven't spent any time actually doing it. Everyone who wants to do anything in networking in the future should really go get themselves something like the "IPV6 essentials" book and get comfortable with that. It is easy to understand and you can read the book for free with a trial account at certain online bookstores.

[@colbyboucher6391]

He'll likely get into IPv6. But we *are* running out of IP addresses because 99% of the internet refuses to support the one thing that could alleviate the issue long-term.

[@ShadowTigerKing]

PowerCert Animated Videos is not very prolific but an excellent IT fundamentals channel. The clickbait was HARD on this video.

[@ganesh_2365]

Keep continue BASH SCRIPTING Series please

[@NueWilliam]

You are awesome, my mind was blown as you unpacked all that information.

[@LethalCuddles]

this is the first video i watched from you and i love the way you explain things

[@rocstar3000]

Someone can tell me what is this program that he uses to draw and explain the things? This black board that he can draw and write. Cuz I already saw it in many videos on YT but don't know the name.

[@---GOD---]

There's no need for every single device in the world to have its own public IP. And thanks to NAT, you don't need to. Also thanks to NAT, we're not going to run out of IPv4 addresses for a long, long, long time.. if ever.

[@James_Knott]

NAT is a hack that breaks things. For example with NAT, we need STUN servers for VoIP phones and some games. So, we wind up with hacks on top of hacks, when we should move entirely to IPv6.

[@---GOD---]

@@James_Knott Don't blame NAT for your inability to use a firewall.

[@James_Knott]

@@---GOD--- I'm not. I run pfsense on my home network and previously used Linux based firewalls and consumer grade routers before that. I gpt ,u Cisco CCNA a few years back, which includes firewalls and also configured firewalls on Adtran routers. However, NAT is not a firewall.

[@glitchy_weasel]

@@---GOD--- He's right, NAT breaks the "end-to-end" principle of the internet. While it is true that NAT protects the network from incoming connections as a side-effect, it seems like a false sense of security to me. I mean, with or without NAT, a properly configured firewall is a must.

[@glitchy_weasel]

@@James_Knott Btw, I was experiementing with STUN a while back. But then I wonder if with IPv6 we would have similar issues? I mean, will IPv6 firewalls have rules to allow certain types of applications (voip, gaming, p2p)? What if one of the devices is behind a more restrictive firewall, would we still need middleman servers? I somewhat dislike p2p connections, ask any GTA V pc player for example (that's actually the game developers fault tbh)

[@puneetkumar1385]

How to hack operating system

[@glitchy_weasel]

"rm -rf --no-preserve-root /"

[@jaromirandel543]

We are out of IPv4 since 2011. You've discovered America.

[@richardlewis6946]

Loved how simple & down to 🌎 earth it all was!

[@garrenuwu_]

honestly very helpful. computing at school is very boring and we don’t learn anything. I might as well just watch network chuck instead of doing computing at school

[@saltmine]

learning IT can be so much fun, making websites myself and figuring out how things communicate and work have been one of the most fun things I've ever done when learning or working.

[@rhornak2381]

Thanks for the video, good vibe, very dynamic and clear ! I wish most videos were like this one hahah. It was the first video I watched and not the last one :)

[@ernie548]

I have worked in IT in Silicon Valley for a long time. IPv6 was pushed by US Govt which is why it's here mainly. IPv4 with NAT basically means most companies can stay on IPv4 forever. Running out, never really happened because of that.

[@pash374]

Your passion is infectious! THANK YOU

[@jimrustle643]

Sheeeeiiit, I knew this was coming since the day I enrolled in college for my bachelor's in I.T. Everything you went over is what I learned 12 years ago in class.

[@Qotroz]

We are literally ages away from running out of IPv4 addresses.

[@lakojake4215]

Local IP addresses don't affect the internet. A lot of the devices you showed would be sharing an IP address with any device using the home internet connection. A smart watch would be sharing an IP address with the phone it's connected to.

[@jaafarennakhai9989]

It's been really helpful. I love the way of the explanation. Your the best. From my personality it's pretty hard to me saying to someone your the best but earned for real. Thanks and stay hard

[@jaafarennakhai9989]

You. Hhhhhhh

[@jaafarennakhai9989]

And i forget. Can you send me the toilet ip address hhhhhhhhhhh

[@Sluggaboy27]

Really, really cool! I am going to write a Python script to test myself on the different Classes! Thanks Chuck!

[@JD-lx2yf]

We ran out of IPv4 Addresses years ago. The world has been in a recycle period, and are also doing some interesting things with double nat'ing customers now. IPv6 is certainly the future, and was actually spec'd back in the 90s if memory serves. It just took FOREVER to actually release it into the wild.

[@Dahnawa_Agvhnage]

Lol imagine 16 million devices pinging themselves on the same 127.x address simultaneously 😂 This is the only logical reason I can think of as to why the entire network is reserved. Great video Chuck!! Much love bro!!

[@lightart87]

we run out more or less 20 Years ago... we start sharing there (so i learned)...

[@BlackEpyon]

I remember when we had to change the subnet at the school I used to do IT support for. This was in the early days of the BYOD movement, and the school decided to implement a BYOD policy, so everybody and their dog was permitted to join the school's wireless network. That ITSELF presented a number of challenges that quickly outgrew our original wireless setup (had to go to a centrally managed WLAN pretty quickly), since the school went away from having computer labs, to having several carts full of laptops that the students could use.

[@James_Knott]

When IPv4 first came out, in 1980, 8 bits were for the network and 24 for the device. This meant there could only be 256 networks, which was fine for most organizations, but completely inadequate for an Internet. To fix this, address classes were introduced, with the A, B & C blocks. When that proved inadequate, classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) was introduced.

[@jesterjake88]

I feel like “IP recycling” is gonna become a big thing taking old devices and breaking them down or recycling them just to add those IP addresses back into the IP list

[@t-bonemaster6732]

Your a straight up badass man. Really helping me with my career in Cybersecurity.

[@SAIFULLAHJAMIL]

14:28 You've Spoke what was on my Mind.

[@sarahmaemedina7198]

Please have a series for "networking fundamentals" too.. really enjoyed watching your videos. i learned a lot as newbie in Networking!

[@richardduncan9740]

As someone who was literally diagnosed with a coding disability I made it to 10 minutes and 59 seconds and determined that you who venture farther with relish are unsung heroes of our age. I just watched it because it is very interesting to me that we might run out of , or have already run out of IP addresses. Definitely a critical design flaw easy to make in the early days of the technology. Reworking this entirely will take years and will probably require hardware revisions, firmware revisions, and new protocols, similar to Windows going from 32 to 64 bit as a matter of necessity, a complete overhaul hopefully for the better. Conversely I can imagine workarounds that might be fairly easy just sending further routing instructions as part of package data that could be routed through existing nets to more elaborately designated future nets and subnets via addressing contained in the package data. Probably a clunky concept because it's not my wheelhouse, but I wonder if it's a solution that could keep addresses fairly short while also not throwing out entire data centers because they can no longer address, or be addressed properly. It's a neat topic thanks for the video.

[@kittentheboss2796]

Reminds me of that "Lawsuit: How a quiet Kansas home wound up with 600 million IP addresses and a world of trouble".

[@xtreemgamer129]

when i saw this randomly popup on my homepage i thought it was gonna be some sort of news thing... i wasnt expecting a wholeass lesson of an it course.

[@pokegamer9]

just imagine someone going "Thats it i shut your toilet off have fun :D"

[@RB17TV]

10:34 - 11:20 super good pointed!

[@malwarrior2944]

oprah calling chuck the next day- what did i ever do to you?😆

[@zeination]

so i am a masters student majoring in software engineering, and had to take network class and cant thank you enough for making this subject entertaining rather than annoying and boring.

[@supernova3931]

Lot of great info for someone starting to IT too. Somewhere to start.

[@freeeflyer]

I've worked in the IT for 26 years now and I remember hearing that at school.. I wonder how we manage.. :D

[@methelegend1]

Even the toilet needs ip address

[@JeremiahWest-wq1iu]

Thank you for the informative videos I am just learning about IP addresses and Subnets. Your videos are killer and easy to understand. keep putting them out there and I am definitely going to pass your videos on.