What element is attracted the most to a magnet?

[@vincentrobinette1507]

Two words: Permeability, and flux saturation. Iron has the highest saturation density of any of the elements. Cobalt has a higher permeability. Wrap 20 turns of wire around the samples, to make solenoid electromagnets. Apply 1 amp to each magnet. The Cobalt will be the strongest, followed by nickel, then a close third place, will be iron. Now, increase the current, until core saturation occurs. every element will reach a maximum, after which, it will not become any stronger, no matter how much more current is applied. Iron will be the clear winner. All these samples were saturated in your direct contact pull test, with the spring scale. That chart will apply. The distance tests, are permeability. (the one where they were floated on water. The one with the magnet placed above the samples on the scale, may have saturated some cores, but not others, based on their permeability times their saturation level. Those giant Neodymium magnets you used in this test are no joke. They cast a large field, and can saturate those small samples, without direct contact. I hope this answers more questions, than it begs. Excellent video!

[@Sybaris_Rex]

Next lesson, paragraphs.

[@mrmjdza]

@Vincent Robinette Fantastic reply! From my relatively minor physics education I'd assumed it'd be something about the ratio of these two but didn't have the exact vocab to put it so eloquently. Basically the same reason motor rotors are made of thin laminates so they take longer to reach flux saturation?

[@mrmjdza]

Maybe if we can figure out how to use a flux capacitor to induce 1.21 Jigawatts of power, we could make a time machine? 😝

[@Sybaris_Rex]

@@mrmjdza C'mon Mikey.. I'm sure you drank a few beers while trying to understand that magic how your dad made a car work. Hell, maybe you even were punished and had to wind the alternator coil yourself. Between you and me, who needs polynomials anyway, right?

[@HamidKarzai]

@@mrmjdza I think you are confusing Vincent Robinette, who I think you wanted to thank for his informative comment, with Ian Macqueen, who you actually thanked but all he did was pedantically point out Vincent's poor text formatting

[@tuatara77]

'My house is not prepared for handling the liquid helium needed to cool it.....yet'. And that is why I love Braniac's videos.

[@brainiac75]

Hehe, I have played with a lot of things in my living room already, that I never thought possible. So why rule out liquid helium in the (far) future :D Thanks for watching all the way to the end!

[@thecreativecurator7829]

@@brainiac75 If you ever want some advice for playing with liquid helium send me a pm. I work with it for superconductors for my PhD.

[@The.Drunk-Koala]

Id love some liquid helium right about now im sick of these stupidly hot 38 degree days.

[@wolvenar]

@@The.Drunk-Koala Hell, move to Minnesota, you won't need liquid helium.. Right now it's -27.5c last week it was -41c not exactly liquid helium temps but.....

[@The.Drunk-Koala]

@@wolvenar Ive seen you guys have copped it over there. I cant fathom an almost 80c difference. Considering it rarely gets to -1c here on the east coast of Australia.

[@chuckrobinson47]

Your ability to setup these experiments (and get results) by combining common household items with simple mesuring equipment, is really brilliant.

[@TheDungineer]

And the commentary and explanations are great!

[@robertgardner7470]

I was unable to understand that metric scale.

[@Zalwalloo]

@@robertgardner7470 the rod on the scale is pulled by the magnet, the rods are made of the different metals

[@draygoes]

Man, its good to see an upload from you. The brain needs a good workout.

[@mamupelu565]

more like a good relaxation

[@draygoes]

@@mamupelu565 True that.

[@TheDungineer]

Right? Really enjoyed this!

[@gunko2028]

Weird science )) #ROBOFINGERSIX

[@berni8k]

The reason for the results is magnetic saturation. When the magnetic field trough a ferromagnetic material becomes strong enough it begins to lose its ferromagnetic properties and begin acting more like air. If you search for magnetic saturation on Wikipedia you will get a graph that shows the magnetization curves for iron, cobalt and nickel. This is also the reason why iron is used for the cores of transformers.

[@karelkouba9237]

i don't see how this explains the problem, cobalt seem to have lower value of B field for any given H field... I probably don't understand this correctly, but i would think that if cobalt B-H curve was above iron's curve for some low values of H than it would explain the problem, but this is not the case according to magnetization curves from wikipedia.

[@berni8k]

@@karelkouba9237 The point is that the curve flattens out at a lower magnetic flux. When this happens this means its magnetic properties are gradually starting to disappear. So cobalt should be even more strongly attracted to a magnet then iron, but the problem is that cobalt reaches saturation sooner and so loses these advantageous properties while iron holds on to them for longer. If you made the magnetic field 10 times stronger even iron wouldn't produce a 10 times larger pull force. The more you increase it the less extra force it will bring as it saturates more and more. Yet if you have a very weak magnet and then increase its field by 10x you would get 10x more force because the material doesn't reach saturation yet.

[@karelkouba9237]

@@berni8k All that is clear to me, I think, but how this explains that force acting on cobalt is larger than the force acting on iron when samples are very far away from the magnet (in other words when H field is very weak)? I would think that this could be only if B field inside cobalt was larger than B field inside iron for small values of H.

[@berni8k]

@@karelkouba9237 Its possible his particular cobalt sample is more strongly attracted by the magnet than the iron sample. But cobalt fails up close due to saturation. You can get very different properties out of iron depending on how it is produced and heat treated. For example there is a special hydrogen reduction process that gives iron over 10 times higher permeability. Its still pure Fe after the treatment but due to the internal structure changes it passes magnetic fields better.

[@PiercingSight]

TLDR: Cobalt and Nickel become weaker when they are near the magnet because they are in too strong a magnetic field (magnetically saturated).

[@NaviRetlav]

Hey. Could you make an experiment with melting bismuth and forming bismuth crystals ? I'm really curios what will happen if you place a strong magnet under the bismuth while it's crystallizing. Bismuth behaves really weird with magnets and so far, no one make this kind of experiment. Also quick tip, when melting bismuth, the key to get the crystals is to let it cool down slow. The slower it cools down, the better are the results, that's why people melt bismuth inside a secondary sand container.

[@oculusangelicus8978]

This would be a truly interesting experiment, to form metal crystals in a magnetic field, I wonder what the crystals would look like????? That is truly intriguing.

[@dELTA13579111315]

I would very much love to see this :D. One day I was bored so I took one of my kg+ bismuth chunks and a box and used them to levitate a tiny sphere neodymium magnet I have using a larger n45 magnet

[@vivimannequin]

Bismuth is pretty cheap.you Should make a video on it yourself

[@toewoe]

That's a really good idea

[@NaviRetlav]

@@vivimannequin I don't have the super strong magnets here.

[@paulbertrand8935]

Cool set of experiments! The 3rd experiment was particularly surprising. One thing to keep in mind is that the last experiment is greatly affected by the mass of the sample and not just the magnetic properties of it. A more dense (massive) sample will have more inertia and therefore a longer measured time of travel. A more massive sample will also need to displace more water leading to increased drag as it moves through the water. Something to think about...

[@tommyhill199]

I love his reasoning for including Gadolinium in the room temperature test.

[@n-steam]

Elemental Brainiacium is probably the most attracted to magnets, but you'd need to run a different set of tests for that.

[@quill3554]

Yeah, I'd say that's pretty accurate....

[@gianopellegrini7147]

IT'S TOO STRONG!!!

[@trespire]

Can I test Brainiacium by placing it in a jar ?

[@RingJando]

I'm attracted to Braniac . . . what does that indicate?

[@ManiMani-sj5uq]

@@RingJando தபவூபூதவைஙபதத

[@Xan2530]

I like very very much your idea of Hazard roulette. It is always good to remind people that any serious (or semi-serious) experiment can cause harm, if safety measures are not taken. I learned new thing today. I never heard of change in magnetic behavior of some elements. Thank you very much - keep up the good work (also can't wait for a video featuring liquid helium coolant :D)

[@matthewdockter2424]

Loved the Dane Weather joke, that earned my Like. Great videos, I'll always watch the new ones.

[@bpark10001]

There is no mystery about iron and cobalt. Cobalt has a high permeability at low field intensities, as nickel does also, but to a lesser extent. Iron has lower permeability, but higher saturation flux density. If you tried any of the iron-nickel "mu-metals", you could get more attraction in the water-bath or "at-a-distance" tests, but poor performance in the contact pull force tests. You ought to try a sample of "vanadium Permendur", an alloy 49% Fe, 49% Co, 2% V. It has the highest saturation flux density of any material. You probably will need to buy a rod, and machine it to size. Then the hard part: a heat-treatment anneal in wet hydrogen at 960C. This should give you the strongest pull.

[@ColdHawk]

Dr. Park, rarely have I read such a well-written paragraph of grammatically correct English, which precisely and clearly conveyed a series of concepts, and been so puzzled as to what it actually meant.

[@oculusangelicus8978]

Keep performing these experiments, I love seeing this stuff! Great job with this experiment too, you've really tried to adhere to the Scientific method and your results are indeed baffling. I would venture the opinion that it has something to do with the molecular configuration of these materials that makes them more or less attracted to magnets. When you cool down the gadolinium and it became more magnetic, the only thing that is affected by temperature, is the molecular orientation of the crystals making up the metal. When you change that temperature, you either excite them or take that energy away with colder temperatures. All materials react the same way, well almost all, the colder something gets, the more compact the molecules become, so that there is where the answer lies with your results. Thanks again!

[@greghamilton5566]

You're certainly thinking in the same directions I am.

[@kadorakasu]

Great video, as always! Thank you 👍

[@HelloKittyFanMan.]

Huh, @name2?

[@iridium9512]

Here's what I believe happens. Cobalt responds to weak magnetic fields more easily than iron. Meaning hysteresis graph of iron would be taller and thicker (and at an angle closer to 45 degrees), while cobalt would be shorter and thinner (but more upright). This means that iron can produce stronger maximum magnetic field, but it takes more work to create it. On the other hand cobalt will far more quickly respond to magnetic field, but will not be able to create field as strong as iron. Basically, at the distance from a magnet, there will be weak magnetic field. Cobalt will magnetize quickly and start moving towards magnet, while iron will magnetize weakly until it gets closer. Kind of like how it's so very hard to change magnetization of neodymium magnets, while if you put Alnico close to a strong magnet it immediately changes it's magnetization. This is also possible to explain by permeability, but I don't understand how permeability works too well.

[@oliverpedersen1061]

Like.. I love your experiments and all. But I'm always impressed by your lego contraptions lol Keep up the good work :D

[@flydrop8822]

Not liquid helium no, but how about liquid nitrogen? Is there any element that when put in liquid nitrogen gets even more attracted to magnets than iron and cobalt? If you don't have access to liquid nitrogen, well, see if the winter in Denmark is strong enough to create better results than room temperature metals. Great video by the way, thought all your videos are great so this isn't any news :D. Greetings from Brazil.

[@XcaptainXobliviousX]

he lists them all right there at the end of the video. dysprosium actually matches holmium for magnetic strength too. could be done.

[@flydrop8822]

@@XcaptainXobliviousX thanks

[@takanara7]

"there are only three magnetic elements at room temperature - iron, nickle, and cobalt" "Let's measure them on this neodymium magnet."

[@Octopossible]

lol

[@andersjjensen]

Except that pure neodymium has a Curie temperature of 19K. Neodymium magnets are made of Nd2Fe14B... so basically "Iron with a bit of other stuff".

[@P.G.Wodelouse]

Neodymium is a metal which is ferromagnetic (more specifically it shows antiferromagnetic properties), meaning that like iron it can be magnetized to become a magnet, but its Curie temperature (the temperature above which its ferromagnetism disappears) is 19 K (−254.2 °C; −425.5 °F), so in pure form its magnetism only appears at extremely low temperatures.[5] However, compounds of neodymium with transition metals such as iron can have Curie temperatures well above room temperature, and these are used to make neodymium magnets. From wikipedia

[@josephseale254]

I haven't gone down through all the comments, so this may have already been said, but ... an important magnetic characteristic of iron is its coercive force. The magnetic domains of iron flip discretely, at different H-force excitation levels. At very low excitation, e.g. from a distant attracting magnet, very few domains reach their minimum thresholds and flip, so the macroscopic sample appears to have a low permeability. As the excitation increases, more domains are brought into play and the apparent permeability increases. When nearly all the domains have flipped into alignment with the excitation field, the apparent permeability declines again in magnetic saturation. A more complete picture of iron response would use a low-frequency AC excitation, low enough so eddy currents wouldn't affect the result, and with the excitation amplitude increasing with time. Plotting coil amperes, which can be calibrated to the excitatory H-field, versus B-field in the iron, either by time integration of voltage induced in a coil around the iron, or by detection of surface field strength at a Hall sensor (with some geometric considerations), one can obtain a trace plotting dynamic B versus H. The coercive force is manifested as hysteresis in the plot. That gives a fairly complete story. Iron that is annealed acquires large crystals and similarly large domains, which exhibit low coercive force, while work-hardened iron has smaller crystals (from breaking up the original big ones), and that iron is also magnetically hardened, with higher coercive force and characteristics more like a permanent magnet. Nickel, Cobalt, and Gadolinium will show similar coercive force, in varying proportions and again dependent on crystalline structure, which will depend on the history of temperature and mechanical stress. It's not just a matter of the place in the periodic table.

[@thorhagen295]

Yer it's always cold in Denmark to be fair we had a grade Sommer and it comes in really handy when doing magnet tests ❤️😂

[@FluorescentApe]

I was just thinking about this kind of experiment the other day. Glad you already made a video about it :)

[@scompa18]

It would be very interesting to make the magnetic induction test with cold gadolinium and see the curie transition as it occurs

[@brainiac75]

Great idea. I need to do tests in a room with temperature control (turn off the radiators or buy an airconditioner for faster result) and timelapse Gd going from above 20°C to well below. Should be very noticeable on the teslameter and milligram scale test. Thanks for watching!

[@scompa18]

Brainiac75 It would be very interesting to attach a thermometer to the sample in order to do a rough estimate of the Curie point. What you can definitely do is put the sample into a freezer and let it heat up with a thermometer attached (it would be also a bit more eco friendly ;))

[@mykulpierce]

I love your channel for showing clear experimental data!

[@locouk]

Could cobalt be used in a compass?

[@toewoe]

Probably, and if it is stronger at a distance like the video showed then it would give you the direction more quickly than iron too in theory

[@jamesartmeier3192]

Yes - any ferromagnetic metal would work because they retain their magnetism permanently. So Iron, Nickel and Cobalt can all be used. Cobalt might be more durable than Iron, since it doesn't rust.

[@shadowproductions969]

@@jamesartmeier3192 the question would be, since Cobalt seems to do much better than iron at a distance, and global poles are pretty distant, would cobalt give stronger and more accurate readings than iron?

[@jamesartmeier3192]

@@shadowproductions969 Good question. :) If an iron and a cobalt permanent magnet were magnetized to the same strength and placed in a magnetic field, they would experience exzctly the same force. Iron can be more strongly magnetized than cobalt, but a permanent magnet does not have to be magnetized to its maximum (saturated) strength. If iron and cobalt were maximally magnetized, the iron would experience a stronger force because its permanent field would be stronger.The distance of the attracting magnetic poles isn't important in this - the flux strength of the local field and the strength of the permanently magnetized ferromagnetic bar magnet are the relevant quantities. Note that this is a different question than the video addresses, which is the degree of attraction of an *unmagnetized* slug of various ferromagnetic metals to a fixed magnet.

[@6969smurfy]

@@toewoe i glue my magnet to the north side, now I never get lost.

[@AluminumOxide]

Hope you had a great Christmas! Always nice to see a new great video from a famous yet very humble and beloved guy in Europe

[@brainiac75]

Enjoyed Christmas very much, thank you. Only real good part about winter for me, though the lower temperatures are convenient for videos like this... Next video will feature something ´hot´ ;)

[@sonixthatsme]

Isn't the magnetic force of the magnet itself influenced by temperature? Colder makes the magnet stronger right?

[@brainiac75]

Yes, magnets do not like heat. But then again, the water gets denser at the lower temperature creating more friction. I believe both effects are negligible with the tiny temperature difference of 10°C, but for scientific completeness I should have control tested with the other elements in my sunroom. Ah well, the video is long enough as is. Thanks for watching!

[@sonixthatsme]

@@brainiac75 thanks for the answer.

[@jgordon5316]

Depends on the conductive materials. Think super conductors. They only work at extreme low temps, water gets ruled out of the equation then for drag, molecules align...etc. Different extremes require different variables and materials. Conduction of materials change at temp.

[@cybercapri]

That was amazing to see each Sample affected by the Magnetic Field while it was still almost a foot away. Awesome video as always...

[@z4zuse]

Would it make sense to test them all at the same (low) temperature?

[@brainiac75]

Yes, it actually would for control data. Lower temperature affects a lot of things - the water's density, the magnet's strength etc. But this video is long enough as is x) Based on data about the elements etc., Fe, Ni and Co would react undetectable differently in my colder sunroom. This small temperature change is negligible except for one factor: Gadolinium has this massive change from just going from ~22°C to ~10°C because its Curie point happens to be right there between the two temperatures. Thanks for watching!

[@63turbo]

One thing that might be worth trying/testing, just for accuracy's sake, in your long distance test's is to see if the results change at all with respect to the earths magnetic field... does anything interesting happen when the test is done oriented in a different direction? I've put small neodymium bar magnets on floats in water to see how the magnet would respond to something that was weakly attracted to it in its vicinity, and I was surprised to find how much the experiment was actually influenced by the bar magnets initial orientation to magnetic north and south.

[@valordk]

Great video as usual. Thanks a lot! And kudos to Lake Shore Cryotronics for the donated unit. The F71 looks very advanced. Subbed to their channel as well.

[@LakeshoreCryo]

Thanks for the sub! Though the entertainment factor will be a few orders of magnitude higher here on this channel ;)

[@valordk]

@@LakeshoreCryo, I wish all the big instrument makers started using the tilted front panel approach like these units as well as your precision IV sources.

[@DavidvanDeijk]

A good experiment can bring questions as well as answers. Great share.

[@aarongreenfield9038]

When your brain is on E, come to brainiac for all your refueling needs!

[@samwhary5498]

That's amazing! I thought for sure iron would be the big winner, but it seems cobalt has alot of potential!

[@joshuarosen6242]

That was very interesting. The best experiments are the ones that have surprising results.

[@512TheWolf512]

Curie point for iron is 210 celsius, after that temperature iron no longer reacts to magnetic fields

[@joppepeelen]

Impressive tesla meter you got there ! thats no childs play ! i like the slow pace in the videos ! very relaxing !

[@Vladimir2500]

Just like :) Edit thanks for the likes :)

[@oscarzt1652]

very interesting. especially how cooling the Gd by just 10° is enough to bring it below it's curie temperature

[@TheFSXPilot]

The clock says ***LEET*** at 5:03

[@johnnyj540]

13:14 "My house is not prepared for handling the liquid helium ...yet" I laughed out loud because I love magnets as much as you.

[@anchorbait6662]

Gravity is just Magnetism that works on everything

[@snowthemegaabsol6819]

Hello, I'm a neutrino. What is this magnetism you speak of

[@TheDungineer]

Far out....man.

[@anchorbait6662]

@Dominique Byers haha matter. Haha :p

[@RafaelBenedicto]

Well, gravity doesn't repel stuff.

[@ITILII]

Gravity is by far, the weakest of the 4 fundamental interactions. The weak nuclear force is 10 to the 29th power stronger, electromagnetism is 10 to the 36th power stronger, and the strong nuclear force is 10 to the 38th power stronger.

[@EasyThere]

Be interesting to see a 3d field map of each with that film. Must be different field shapes and force line interaction.

[@peekaboo4390]

I found this very interesting due to my bass guitar playing where we use magnetic pickups and different types of metal strings to create sound.

[@sean..L]

I was rooting for Cobalt the whole time and I was initially disappointed but Cobalt pulled through in the end. Thank you for another great video!

[@DracoOmnia]

Very interesting and learned some stuff from the comments too!

[@eurasiandynasty9824]

"yet"

[@2A1C1downURnext]

Gadolinium is used as contrast medium for MRI's.

[@212025510]

To me it's shocking. I'm well educated and untill now still haven't heard about any other ferromagnetic elements other than iron. Nice.

[@unknownandmystical]

It's IRONic how you rated them using gold, silver, and bronze medals LOL

[@HelloKittyFanMan.]

Haha, nice pun.

[@podamis314]

Digital balance test - reduce the background field effects of the balance components by setting the test sample on a tall foam pedestal. Test all the materials at lower temperature. The others may show stronger reactions too.

[@nguyenhoangquockhanh4930]

Early squad OwO

[@sacredyveltal4688]

Yep :)

[@bx19tgd]

Why the OwO though? OwO

[@nguyenhoangquockhanh4930]

UwU

[@marinkagreen9415]

To get a more conclusive results you would need to tests all the elements at the lower temperature as well, if nothing else it would be interesting. Love the videos

[@ersu.t]

Maybe also the break down temp for the 2 materials, assuming it's not so high as to need anything more then a blow torch. Could use aerogel insulator on a scale, while heating the metals under the magnet?

[@mrstanlez]

Our Earth have a magnetic core, teachers teach us in a school. But what was not so clear ? A high pressure and high temperature in inner of the Earth. So curie point must be applied into this scale, and all elements lose it own magnetism. So can be a core magnetic ?

[@cforn]

Your videos are always as interesting and educational as they are charming, which is to say very! Thank you!!

[@NFT2]

Always great videos from you man, really appreciate the effort!

[@ChipGuy]

You got a fancy $6K Tesla meter. That's a rather surprising piece of equipment just for KZbin....

[@astrogeek697]

I think so that the different densities of the metals show the different readings . Also depends upon the mass of the samples thus affecting the attraction. Even a minute difference can change the results.

[@jonathanbowers7021]

Cool to see these element rods on video. I've been collecting them too.

[@thegreenplates6311]

Where can you obtain those rods, if I may inquire?

[@jonathanbowers7021]

On E-bay via chineseelements

[@jeffcotton2120]

Perhaps the cobalt is a lighter density metal so it gets full of the magnetic power lines quicker, then is easier to pull into motion because it is a lighter metal, as the magnetic pull gets stronger the closer the cobalt is drawn to the the magnetic.

[@ehsnils]

All this is using pure raw material, which is in itself interesting as a base, however alloys can sometimes yield some surprising results.

[@itsevilbert]

I wondered was the water bath time related to the resistance of the metals - cobalt has an electrical resistivity 62.4 nΩ·m (at 20 °C), nickel has an electrical resistivity 69.3 nΩ·m (at 20 °C), iron has an electrical resistivity 96.1 nΩ·m (at 20 °C) and gadolinium has an electrical resistivity (α, poly): 1310 nΩ·m

[@Mystrage]

@Brainiac75 the different outcomes for distance in my opinion remind me of this. ("The greater the energy, the larger the frequency and the shorter (smaller) the wavelength. Given the relationship between wavelength and frequency - the higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength - it follows that short wavelengths are more energetic than long wavelengths") so greater force for the up close test winners have a shorter wave thence needs to be closer to be recognized by the magnetic-force it self.

[@oppfattet]

Your videos are always a treat!

[@davidstuck2866]

I do not know what you do for a living. however, its experiments like this, that could someday help to create non combustion motors for space travel. Keep up the good work!

[@dravenkeen9062]

This is an awesome experiment! I am curious if the the spring inside the scale is also a magnetic material and if so would that affect the experiment?

[@billybobbamboo]

you should try all of the 4 elements here in the colder temperature to see if any of the others improve as well.

[@dema-3000]

I'm curious to see what will be the results if we change the polarity. The results probably will be different according to North and South pole

[@useyourbrain362]

This was terribly non scientific. I hope you aren't talking about the earth's poles.

[@Ta3iapxHs]

On your chart at 6:51 you have included the "Official magnetic saturation" so you were on to something! (Mb you had a clue? Why did you put it there?) At the moment I didn't know what that was, but now I kinda got an idea after reading some great comments here. So if you also had a permeability chart I think that would also shine some light as to what is happening. Anyway this video was really great. Keep being so analytical and informative, and even more! Subscribed.

[@xotano3734]

the distance over water test doesn't really account for the weight of the element like the scale with magnet over it does.

[@Cassiopeia126]

12:46 Cobalt has a relative atomic mass greater than that of nickel and iron, which means more macrogravity quanta are involved in interaction with the magnetic field. The magnetic field itself does not attract, it only rotates other fields, including the gravitational field, while the vector deviates gravity. This is new physics.

[@SirFloofy001]

This was my 5th grade science experiment no joke. Got some squares of different metals from my fathers work and a spring scale, lost a bit of skin when i confirmed that steel is indeed strongly attracted to magnets.

[@jimbean5962]

Iron probably acts like somewhat of a soft magnet and also generated a current when you move it around creating a opposing magnetic field

[@mturan54]

It is because of eddy currents inducing backing force in the moving iron under magnetic field which is greater than that of cobalt.

[@brainiac75]

Interesting thought. Eddy currents are always a factor, when you have an electric conductor moving in a magnetic field. However, both cobalt and nickel are better conductors than iron, so it must be negligible. Base on the comments so far, this is the solution: Cobalt and nickel have higher permeability for low-intensity magnetic fields but will be saturated with magnetism earlier than iron. This means, that cobalt and nickel will be more magnetic at a distance in a low-intensity magnetic field but less magnetic than iron near the magnet, where iron can use the strong magnetic field to be more magnetic than both Co and Ni. In short: Co and Ni are easier magnetized but are saturated earlier than Fe. Thanks for watching!

[@TheDungineer]

@@brainiac75 this is a great explanation thank you!

[@darnorkymitz2970]

I may have an explanation as to why you got your results in the distance test. Cobalt and nickel have more electrons than iron. And the purity difference between the cobalt and nickel sample you obtained may be enough to make cobalt attract to the magnet faster than the nickel.

[@ITILII]

Brainiac, Friedrich Gauss would approve of your methodology :-)

[@NocturnalRS]

Is that a soft air bb container?

[@gsmollin2]

A little constructive criticism: You are measuring force with a spring scale. It is not a balance. And because you are measuring force, you measure it in newtons not kilograms. While your spring scale has been calibrated in kg, it goes not measure mass, it measures force. A beam balance measures mass. The Gadolinium tests above and below the Curie temperature were fascinating.

[@patwarren7390]

It's an interesting property of gadolinium with the temperature thing. If you slowed the rpms down enough for an over unity magnet motor....It could work with a heating and cooling system. Interesting

[@jason_man]

love that you have an advanced teslameter for testing magnetism yet you use a non-digital newtonmeter and eyeballing on the first test 😂

[@brunokerbaul3826]

So if you want a magnetic reaction only in a small space without magnetic field interaction out of the box Don't use cobalt magnets or you'll need a more efficient Faraday cage, so probably more total weight for the same use

[@DasIllu]

I think at close proximity the other metals get saturated more than iron. But at a larger distance saturation doesn't play a role anymore, thus some metals can be more attracted.

[@TheAlanSaunders]

Nice work! I am particularly interested in the magnets used in 'electric' guitar pickups. They are commonly alnico (2 or 5, whatever that means) individual rod magnets or a single ceramic (rarely alnico) bar magnet, never neodymium. The three highest pitched strings (1 -3, e B G) are solid steel, the lowest pitch stings (4 - 6, D A E) have steel cores but are 'wound' with various materials (bronze, phosphor bronze, nickel) to make them thicker. This seems to be a trial and error 'black art' with no scientific measurement attempted.

[@zoesdada8923]

The reason why Magneto is such a powerful mutant and has the best powers is because you can basically do anything you want if you can control magnetism.

[@tetrabromobisphenol]

I really, really wish people like you could just talk about reality and not about the mindless garbage found in a comic book/movie. The universe is far more fascinating than the kids movie you watched.

[@AflacMan13]

Perhaps the atoms in Cobalt, align with and allow the magnetic field to "flow through them" more readily than Iron does. I wonder if the THERMAL properties and Density of each element makes any difference. Like if one is more dense than the other or weighs more or less or heats up under a lower temperature than the other, if this has any effect on Ferromagnetism at distance vs. point-blank.

[@okccuster]

Co vs Fe: Co has has a higher atomic weight with a smaller atomic size causing a stronger Dielectric counter space, which is the attractive force, or vortex, between opposite polarities. The CO vortex falls into, or accelerates towards, the magnet's dielectric vortex in it's center. Fe atoms have less mass over a larger surface area, hence less intense dielectric & weaker magnet attraction.

[@zachell1991]

That's interesting how Iron is weaker at distance. Suprised how close your stop watch times were to the frame times good job.

[@richbuckley6917]

Perhaps the reason the iron vs cobalt water float seems less attractive to iron over cobalt is because the magnetic field is magnetizing the starting gate area causing a counter pull on the iron at the starting gate. Thus the cobalt floats right off but not the iron.

[@verdatum]

What are those leather cup thingies? Those are pretty. Good experiments. Thank you for using elemental iron instead of a steel alloy.

[@richardschmitt5042]

Can you conduct an experiment to test the opposite effect - repulsion. What combination of magnetic properties produces the greatest response at various temperatures. Or would testing two neodymium magnets, one stationary and the other mobile be the obvious answer?

[@JRandallS]

I'll tell you why I am interested in this, beyond my normal scientific curiosity, and maybe you can help me understand something. There is a piece of vintage equipment, used in recording studios, called a Fairchild 670 Compressor. It had/has several transformers with different metal cores. Some were Iron, some a steel alloy, etc. These transformers imparted different sonic qualities to the sound as they changed the way the compressor reacted in some way. I would like to understand what is going on with using different types of metal (or alloys) to obtain different qualities in sound. I've read that small transformers saturate at the low end of the frequencies and therefore do not handle them well, so larger transformers are preferable. Can some of that limitation be overcome with alloys? Supposedly the Fairchild had several different cores in different transformers. But what I am trying to understand is how that functions, and given what we have seen in this video, are there other undiscovered tonalities that are possible/desirable.

[@dmkays]

I wonder if you can film another experiment? I have no idea what the results would be, or why. But I dont have the resources for this. Take a magnet and rotate it at a constant speed. Make identical coils of 10 turns or so, putting them in exactly the same position with the same load. Make one with copper wire, one with aluminum, one with silver and one with steel wire. Compare the voltage induced and the amount of current. Will the current and voltage be the same with all four wires? If not, why not? Is Copper the best wire to use in a generator? I would have also suggested gold but that would be expensive.

[@konrad7492]

This would explain why cobalt guitar strings have a more aggressive sound than nickel/steel strings on an electric guitar. They sound choppier with a noticeably quicker ramp-up

[@RingJando]

What a pleasure to learn & gain insight into the workings of science & life - thank you

[@Werkinit420]

The Iron has a different gradient of magnetic field strength. Cobalt and nickle seem to maintain field strength at a more constant rate whereas the Iron's field strength is more non-linear. it's like it's compressed. Which accounts for the higher spot values as you get closer. Also, would you get the same results if your big magnetic source was a different material other than neodymium? what happens when it's FE->FE or FE->Co or Co->Co etc...?

[@RGD2k]

scale lift test should be scored as a % of the weight force of each piece. They may be same size, but they have different masses and densities. By zeroing the balance and just considering the loss of weight on the balance, you're ignoring the fact that they are not equal. In the first test, the weight difference really didn't matter, because the geometry was the same, and the peak force in that test was dominated by the geometry relative to the magnet. In the scale lift test, the zeroed quantity was being reduced by the magnet's pull, rather than being a constant load on the balance, so it actually isn't the same test. Once you do that, you do get the same ranking as in the first test, and probably you'll get a similar result in the water bath run test too. To show this clearly, cut down the samples until each is the same total mass as all the others, and do the scale lift and bath run test again. The first test for the rods on their end will likely still be the same, but now the test with them laying down near the edge may be out of order: This time because of the geometry - end on, it's the same, but laying down, the shortened rods will be different lengths, so it will be interesting to see if that's a strong enough difference to change the ranking there. I predict that the water bath repeated with cut down, equal mass pieces will fall into the Fe, Co, Ga(11), Ni, Ga(21) ranking from quickest to slowest.

[@303octavian]

Hi there! Just wanted to drop by and say hi. I think I live a short distance from you, I'm in Viborg. I've been watching a lot of your videos this last few months, as I've started doing a few basic experiments myself. Your lectures are really informative and inspiring. I actually became fascinated with this subject after studying UFO phenomena (don't laugh :D ). I wondered if you have perhaps worked with levotrons or cyclotrons at all? I got rather blown away by the Meissner effect as well. I'm Alex. Drop me a message, I'd love to chat with you about all of this. Peace x Alex

[@LtKernelPanic]

Those were quite interesting and unexpected results indeed!

[@allenhammer7923]

You do a great job of making me smarter. I have ore that is very magnetic but to look at it it is full of clear crystals and some iron. XRF says there are many metals including nickel and cobalt. Magnetite have more volume but only twice as much. I am trying to concentrate all metals from the ore, do you have any ideas. Can you show what no one talks about: Iron is mostly not magnetic in the ground. Hematite ore I find which is at least 50%iron will not hold a magnet to it at all? Red clay you will barely pick up any rusty clay with it. Very different than the sandstone 70 ft away.

[@sNeonLive]

Iron is a higher density and therefore has more mass so takes longer to overcome it's initial inertia to be attracted to the magnet.

[@squid706]

I'm sorry if this is a stupid idea or has a really simple answer I overlooked in the 30 seconds it took me to come up with this, or if he has already made a video on this. It would be cool to see what element is the best for making an electromagnet. Like, how large and strong the field is.

[@dhawthorne1634]

Your samples are produced to have a roughly equivalent volume so their difference in density is noticeable when you pick them up. Iron is less dense than cobalt. At the same volume it has a lower mass, therefore fewer atoms. While iron does have a higher susceptibility to having it's magnetic fields align under the influence of a strong magnet or current and holds onto a magnetic alignment better than cobalt, at a greater distance the difference in the number of atoms working to pull the raft into alignment and drag it across the water's surface is becoming a more noticeable disadvantage. If you would like to test this, get a sample of iron that is the same mass as your cobalt sample and run the test again. Another, better option would be to test cobalt, iron of equal volume as the cobalt and iron of equal mass as the cobalt inside of a vacuum chamber floating on a non-polar liquid with lower friction (such as mineral oil). Just reduce the pressure in the chamber to slightly above the vapor pressure of the liquid you are using.