What If There's A Black Hole Inside The Sun? | Hawking Stars

[@pbsspacetime]

Hey Space Timers. Thanks for the amazing year and here's a not so subtle reminder that there's 15% off the New Space Time Merch Store until the end of the December if you code: PBS at the checkout : www.pbsspacetime.com/shop

[@meinkamph5327]

Did the shirt come with the crease down the middle, Or did you do that on purpose? AKA-:-:- don't over dry new shirts that are silk screen... Or just buy a better product.

[@hope2someday691]

This might explain the stars that are disappearing without a trace. Here one year gone the next??

[@Mernom]

​@@hope2someday691Even as fast as it may be in the astronomical scale, it's still a long time for humans.

[@thryce82]

love yalls work could y'all do a vid on if black holes can split. keep hearing about them merging. thats cool. but what if 2 identical blackholes are equidistant from one 100 times smaller. as the distance decreases is there a point where the 2 over power the internal gravity of the center one? can we make it split or are they forced simply to get so close as to all collapse in together (easily most likely scenario). just a random thought

[@jethroblinman3031]

do you mean to put the title of the video as... what if suns are black holes and we can see the in side out of them from here

[@markwager8294]

I always assumed that a black hole sun would just wash away the rain.

[@Dorian53n]

Underrated comment

[@PropagandaFacts]

😆

[@JoeBradley-v5l]

IYKYK

[@therongjr]

As an extremely nerdy child when that song came out, it irritated me to no end. "THAT'S NOT WHAT WOULD HAPPEN!!! 😠"

[@idealmasters]

won't you come, won't you come?

[@joshuasoom7960]

half the comments are people actually talking about science and the other half is just soundgarden jokes and i love it

[@markop.1994]

I am the coin standing on its edge! (Being a fan of both soundgarden and the sun)

[@Nareimooncatt]

Sound Garden appreciates this video.

[@MrJdcirbo]

Interesting fact: during proton-proton fusion, one of the protons turns into a neutron by emitting a neutrino and a positron. A positron is an anti-electron. If some of these positrons find electrons, they would annihilate and produce gamma radiation. So, some of the sun's energy comes from matter-antimatter reactions.

[@clovernacknime6984]

I think we can take it as pretty much a certainty that not a single one of these positrons has ever managed to make their way from the Sun's core to the outer space rather than been annihilated.

[@MrJdcirbo]

@clovernacknime6984 actually, there are plenty of electrons on the sun's core. They annihilate the positrons regularly

[@MrJdcirbo]

@@clovernacknime6984 I think I may have misunderstood your comment. Do you mean that all of these positrons are annihilated before they leave the sun? So, not "some" are annihilated, but ALL? If that's what you mean, then I apologize for the misunderstanding. I think that assessment is on point.

[@themushroominside6540]

The direct Urka process that powers the energy behind a s supernova is insane, with temperatures and pressures so intense that neutrons want to decay into protons but immediately collapse back into a neutron generating a constant stream of neutrinos and anti neutrinos along with electrons and positrons, converting energy that cannot escape (protons and neutrons) into energy that can (neutrinos and anti neutrinos along with high energy light), overcoming the infalling matter of the star

[@snoowwe]

@@MrJdcirbo reread "I think we can take it as pretty much a certainty that not a single one of these positrons has ever managed to make their way from the Sun's core"

[@nickchapman3199]

I JUST watched Anton’s video on this last night and was wondering if SpaceTime would cover it. Get out of my head, PBS Spacetime!

[@ExecutionSommaire]

same!!

[@nicolasolton]

Anton is the man!

[@enforc3rr]

Soo true , found it pretty intriguing that a premodial black hole might be present in the star , it made me think of how much similar nature of objects are throughout the space and earth , I mean a black hole sitting inside of the host star and surviving off its energy is kinda like those worms or parasites who are present in the body of the living beings lol , ik it’s a stupid analogy but 😂 it’s kinda similar.

[@OpenMicRejects]

Wonderful persons everywhere!

[@pigbenis8366]

I love that wonderful person. That video was very interesting and something that never ever crossed my mind.

[@varadavijay]

Funny Joke: Heisenberg was speeding on the highway, when a police officer pulls him over. The police officer says "Did you know you were going at 80 mph? ". Heisenberg responds " Well now I don't know where I am! ". HAPPY HOLIDAYS AND HAVE A MERRY Christmas🎄 🎅 Math: Solve and show your work: Integral of (e^(-x^(2))) dx Hope on all your hw you can use the taylor series! Personal Message: I have been watching pbs space time since I was 7 ( I am eleven now) and it is my favorite pbs show ever!!!❤❤❤

[@MageRooster]

This made me realize that a lot of teaching of science doesn't really go back and tell us historical route we got to our current understanding of how things work as much as it could. This in turn makes me think there might be room in the classroom (virtual or otherwise) for more science history. We talk about the things we figured out and how we confirmed those things, but we talk less about the competing theories of the time and why they don't work and the process of generating actual hard evidence towards one of the competing explanations. For people new to science, it's useful to know the path we walked and the paths we already eliminated as a 'catch up'.

[@jamezkpal2361]

Sounds like a good idea for a KZbin channel.

[@michaelsommers2356]

You only have limited time in the classroom or even in a book, and most would rather spend that time teaching the science rather than the history of the science. That doesn't mean that the history is unimportant, just that it is less important than the sciene itself.

[@Mindboggles]

@@michaelsommers2356 Depends on how you look at it, I bet there are plenty of people out there who would have been a lot more interested in science, and in learning it, if they knew more of the history. And if you've been in a high school science classroom, you probably know how important that could be for kids learning, or WANTING to learn a subject.

[@efovex]

Hm, in my physics undergrad I had a decent amount of history of science, usually at least as part of the introduction to every new topic.

[@michaelsommers2356]

@@efovex If yours was anything like mine, a few names were mentioned, but not much beyond that. Not much on, for example, on all the false trails followed.

[@prateeksinghrajput2065]

I just want to say this new Space time logo looks amazing. Great work guys

[@ifidio2]

Matt Caplan's been behind a number of interesting papers already: Iron Dwarf supernova, the Caplan thruster, and now this (and those are just the one's I'm aware of, I'm sure there's plenty more). Any time he's involved I know I'm in for a fun video.

[@JCO2002]

"There's a little black hole in the sun today. It's the same old thing as yesterday... that's my soul up there."

[@cassandra5322]

Beat me to it😁

[@shiny_aias]

I would watch you guys every single day. The quality is just SO good. Thank you for being awesome

[@con9467]

I'd watch them every single day but I've ran out of videos ;_;

[@studioMYTH]

Haha same

[@Stogger1459]

Really feel spoiled to have PBS SpaceTime have some of the best content on KZbin. Always fun to try to understand the newest crazy thing comes up. Fascinating to see how physicists leave quite a legacy. Thanks Matt and the entire team for the content.

[@elgonzo5]

This is a wonderful thought to chew on for a while.

[@nomad8473]

Im still in the beginning but vould this be a natural solution for some vanishing stars?

[@TlalocTemporal]

​@@nomad8473-- I don't think so. As the black hole eats more and more, the energy released would go up as well. There would be some point that the "eating radiation" is enough to blow apart the rest of the star into a (normal)nova, making a planetary nebula. It would look like a small star like our sun becoming a white dwarf, except with a lot more gamma radiation, and a big black hole where the white dwarf should be. At least that makes sense to me, I'm not a professional astrophysicist or anything.

[@oyeahisbest123]

@@nomad8473 No not really. The energy needed to maintain a blackhole would of taken our sun long ago.

[@ArawnOfAnnwn]

@@oyeahisbest123 Not taken our sun, bloated our sun. The sun would actually live longer with a black hole inside it, but only as a giant star.

[@chrismaynard5]

Questions: 1) What if a very small PBH (VSPBH) was moving within the sun in orbit with the suns barycenter? 2) What if there were more than one or even several VPBH's in orbit within the sun or others stars? 3) what if there is a VSPBH moving around within earth or any of the other planets? If I'm not mistaken, the reason "asteroid sized" PBH is used is because any larger and it would grow too quickly and any smaller and it would not be able to absorb any matter at all and it would have evaporated long ago. However at the lowest mass in the "asteroid size", what I'm referring to as VSPBH, I would assume the rate of accretion COULD theoretically be so slow that it would balance with evaporation or least not grow in a time scale relevant to us. I would then assume that the energy created by ripping atoms apart at the event horizon, while also creating the bottleneck of matter, would override the force of a stars gravity which would be stronger on the side of the VSPBH that was more dense with other matter (the side closer to the center of the star), therefore it would be unlikely that a VSPBH would ever reach the center of the star. I want to thank you for doing this episode I've been thinking about this so much and I have so many questions! What if there are thousands of VSPBH's in our sun and solar flares are VSPBH's being ejected then falling back to the sun and we're just seeing the plasma and magnetism that follows it? (I'm sure that can't be correct but my mind went there). Keep up the awesome work!

[@Mernom]

The BH would migrate to the core, in pretty much the same process that causes black holes to migrate into the cores of galaxies if they are massive enough. Other objects interact with them gravitationally, and they are more likely than not to 'steal' some of their orbital momentum.

[@hypnogri5457]

an asteroid sized pbh would absolutely decimate earth. Earths mass would skyrocket immensely

[@Mernom]

@@hypnogri5457 an asteroid mass pbh has the mass... Of an asteroid. Earth's mass would be uneffected. Long term, it would still be toast, for the same reason why a pbh powered star will die early.

[@hypnogri5457]

@@Mernom I interpreted asteroid sized as "black hole has the radius of an asteroid" and not it having the same mass

[@hypnogri5457]

I read over the later sentence in his comment where he mentions mass

[@nyrdybyrd1702]

Re "Anton did it": W'duh, his method allows for such whereas Space Time is a much more concerted product. I mean, Anton's a machine, I won't deny it (dude uploads 6-7 times a week for 95% of the year) but, you see Matt (the dishy dork centerscreen)?. yeah, he's an actual astrophysist, he writes these episodes (sometimes solo).. perchance you noticed the copacetic graphics (those aren't tracers following Matt around since freshman year), they're there to avail understanding & contribute to much more in depth analysis.. all wizards considered, PBS Space Time is a much superior product.

[@TheFutureIsEloi]

Really good quality science communiction like this is a gift to humanity. Thanks for doing this. I know people will say, "but they get paid," and, "it's a business," but there are plenty of other ways you can be making a living, yet you chose to make a living helping people to understand physics. Also, there are plenty of ways of being a physicist that don't entail putting yourself out there like this, so again, this isn't something you 'have' to do, it's something you chose to do, and it's great, so again, thanks.

[@1818kitten]

You know it’s a good study when Anton and PBS cover it!! Awesome stuff

[@harpfully]

Chris Cornell called it.

[@k_a_bizzle]

God damnit man😂

[@UFOCULTVHS1]

soundgarden are huge proponents of this theory

[@manuelhernandez2017]

😅😂😅

[@jajssblue]

11:12 Just noticed the magnitude of parallax on the star field graphics behind Matt. Since they still appear as small points, I suppose this implies that Matt is moving at very high speeds and great distances to get near those inserts. I bet a smart viewer could work out the velocity he has to move at for that to be the case. My guess is faster than light. So I have to wonder why Matt is keeping the secret to FTL from us.

[@calmkat9032]

This would also mean Matt's size rivals Galactus. Out understanding of Biology would be uprooted if this was confirmed.

[@VoodooTrashPanda]

Perhaps he’s doing the video capture on his own, and just showing us a glimpse at true power of a cameraman

[@samsmith2635]

​@@calmkat9032 Matt is a Celestial lmao

[@GamesFromSpace]

Much simpler explanation: He's in the part of space where it's snowing right now.

[@jajssblue]

@@GamesFromSpace Lol 😂 I like that answer

[@jajssblue]

I can't believe how quickly you all are responding to this topic!

[@ReinReads]

I makes quite a difference when the research groups & PIs work regularly with quality science communicators.

[@OCA8WhitePeopleAreAlbinosOCA8]

🥑🫨

[@dancajh]

Kurzgesagt’s black hole star video talks about a similar situation but on an epic scale.

[@Xenronnify]

Listen, if this could even PARTIALLY be true, do you know how happy Soundgarden would be?

[@friedsheets]

this is such a great episode, thank you! very inspiring that this journey starts with a "fun but kind of obviously wrong" idea - and that it then leads to actual gain in human knowledge in the end. thanks for taking us along for the ride!

[@Deeplycloseted435]

This channel is so good. Almost 3 million! Its been a long ride. Its a fun time to be in this community, with so much mainstream astrophysics being called into question with new data. So much is being rethought, its exciting. I feel like lately its every week, we make discoveries that don’t make sense. So much for you guys to talk about! Thanks for the quality content.

[@GeekusKhaniCAs]

there are 434 others with your nick? :'D

[@nilstrobaggia735]

Israeli Mom Whose Son Was Mistakenly Killed By IDF Sends Incredible Message Of Support To Troops

[@JBroMCMXCI]

White science is coming to an end

[@annrobinette]

Out of 116,772 thousand views, there’s only 7k likes.. cmon he spends so much time into these videos and he just posted it and that many people watched that fast but didn’t like it ? Also like it, this video helps his revenue.

[@thomasgoodwin2648]

If dark matter was composed of these PBHs, a mechanism will need to be found that can strip a galaxy of them, since there are (few, but some) examples of galaxies that seem to lack any dark matter at all.

[@garethdean6382]

Or possibly a mechanism to eject matter from galaxies, since these tend to be diffuse and low mass. One possibility is a quasar's radiation ejecting a galaxy's gas, with this later collapsing to form a small galaxy itself.

[@nyrdybyrd1702]

When postulating PBHs [Massive Compact Halo Objects (MACHOs)] as dark matter, expulsive mechanisms would take a backseat to the halo formation, per se, as that's while we're operating under the Lambda Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) model.

[@mannys9130]

You're right Thomas; observations of objects and systems such as the Bullet Cluster show that dark matter constituents must be distinctly separate objects capable of entirely separating from the visible matter mixed in with them. Galaxy mergers and collisions are the most likely cause of "stripped" galaxies without a dark matter halo. Galaxies such as Hoag's Object go to show just how devastating a collision or near-miss can be!

[@Pyriold]

This fact is puzzling, no matter what dark matter consists of. Any explanation has that problem.

[@tovarischkrasnyjeshi]

WIMPs don't really. Two clouds of normal matter passing through each other would be effected by each other's electromagnetic fields and exhibit much greater rates of slowing compared to clouds of WIMPs, since they only exhibit gravitational slowing. @@Pyriold

[@JAKOB1977]

Noted 17:16 Your "life" is on the bettingtable, as you wanted. Our sun doesnt contain any aspect of small black hole - if so, your "life" is not yours anymore. Kudos for putting your life on the table.

[@leandervr]

Thanks for another year of highly entertaining and informative content!

[@miroslavhoudek7085]

I actually started watching in summer many years back. So thanks for another half-year of informative content!

[@treehuggermc]

I thought the many worlds theory was crazy, but this one takes the cake... and the pie. This is just absurd.

[@captsorghum]

The sci-fi novel Dragon's Egg made passing mention of small black holes inside the sun. Not a major part of the story line though.

[@lordshiva3916]

As a astrophysics enthusiasts in high school and a grade 9 who wants to be a astrophysics you guys along with kurgeskart in a nutsheel are my idols, love you guys thank you, continue to keep me inspired

[@PMA65537]

Kurzgesagt ?

[@lordshiva3916]

@PMA65537 yeah my spelling is garbage lol

[@MedicAthlete24W]

Take Kurzgesagt videos with a grain of salt. Their sponsors are pretty iffy and some of their more scientific videos push their sponsors’ agendas

[@lordshiva3916]

@joshlee7935 ok but their way of teaching is amazing

[@PlanetXMysteries-pj9nm]

I can't thank you enough for unraveling the secrets of the universe through your videos. Your dedication to spreading knowledge is truly admirable.

[@antonystringfellow5152]

Big thanks to the sponsors that made Space Time possible! I don't know where we'd be without them. Or when.

[@magic8ball237]

Ah, a fresh dose of existential crisis

[@RhumpleOriginal]

Dang. I really wanted to watch this but after the stuff that just came out about Hawking, I just can't bring myself to learn anything he might have had a part in.

[@HellsBergel]

Black hole sun Won't you come And wash away the rain?

[@lucaspieraccini1712]

Yup, Soundgarden is just nodding their heads

[@fredricktalbot1945]

PBS space time is amazing and Anton is amazing. I love how we have so many wonderful sources to learn from.

[@Andres64B]

Don't forget about Sabine Hossenfelder

[@mrEofPlanetEarth]

Does Anton still do Pseudo Science episodes? I hated it when his channel started covering semi science.

[@ThePowerLover]

@@mrEofPlanetEarth I don't like him much, but I fear you are confusing pseudo-science with science that does not fit or outright violate your "personal religion".

[@mrEofPlanetEarth]

@ThePowerLover thank you, but fear abated. I'm scientifically atheist. I just remember some episodes that were unscientific...I think he was talking about aliens or past civilizations or some other unproven stuff...it disappointed me hearing him speak like that and I unsubscribed. That's all. No hate from me just not my thing.

[@ThePowerLover]

@@mrEofPlanetEarth You didn't seem to understand what I mean by "personal religion", there are quotes around it for something...

[@brothatwasepic]

This was one of the most interesting PBS Space Time vids I have ever seen. Well done

[@vicenterivera188]

Soundgarden would like to confirm we've got a black hole sun

[@QuinnMallory-od1hw]

I don't believe a black hole could survive drowning inside a star. Kinda like watching a car backfire. The constructive explosions while it ate probably would shatter the symmetry of the gravity sink wells of both the black hole to the stars, the relative spins tearing both star and black hole apart.

[@rogerszmodis]

Word salad

[@1959Edsel]

A much larger version of this idea is the hypothetical quasi-star. These would have dwarfed any observed star in terms of diameter and mass.

[@marcpeterson1092]

Please explain more. What is a quasi-star? What makes it so big?

[@1959Edsel]

@@marcpeterson1092 the theory describes a huge cloud of nearly pure hydrogen, possibly millions of solar masses. A star forms and goes supernova, leaving a black hole. The star is so big that the supernova doesn't destroy it. This was only possible before other supernovae added heavier elements to the mix.

[@MSpacer]

Particle to black hole: "You may take my mass, but you'll never take my gravitational potential energy!"

[@A3Kr0n]

Black Hole Sun? I know that song!

[@nough634]

My kids and I lost our home and it's been very hard but we can always get lost in this channel you don't just educate you give hope to the future and distraction to the down trodden to God bless and Merry christmas

[@567secret]

If there were such a black hole in the sun then wouldn't we be able to find an abnormal amount of high frequency radiation coming from the poles of the sun? (Assuming the angular momentum of the black hole aligns with the sun)

[@carloguerrero6583]

Kinda doubt it. High energy light like that is already absorbed and reemited by the radiative zone of the sun. There's little spinning in the core (from the chaos of fusion and the closeness to the center of rotarion) to rub off on the black hole to align it with the sun's.

[@TheEnzyme94]

Random questions for the smart people that might know. This is fascinating. 1. Do Hawking stars end their life cycle becoming ultimately a black hole? Or what do they become with the end of the star? 2. Are Hawking star black holes spinning? Or not ? and how does either change the stars appearance or charcteristics? 3. Do the Hawking black holes have jets. Thank you.

[@SebWilkes]

Fun episode! I love the fancy-footwork on display required to close the bounds on the PBHs. I know some people might think we need "results", but I hope things like this show that you can get still get satisfying stuff without positive detection. Unless they actually do detect ... :o

[@eMbry00s]

Even without a detection with enough data and good enough assumptions you can make an estimate for how likely it is that primordial black holes don't exist at all! Very interesting stuff

[@miashinbrot8388]

That's fascinating. When I read the title of this episode, I intuitively said there couldn't possibly be a black hole inside the Sun, as if there were one it would long ago have eaten up the entire Sun. I didn't realize that there is a limit -- a relatively small limit, compared to the Sun itself -- in how much a small black hole can eat at one time. I might have realized, though, as (for instance) there is a limit to how much water can pass through a pipe no matter how large the water pressure may be. It shows what a poor guide intuition is to very large or small things.

[@mbduffy1752]

Soundgarden fans rise up

[@shawnscientifica7784]

I hope it comes, and wash away the rain

[@Gajsu1]

Black hole sun Won't you come And wash away the rain? Black hole sun Won't you come Won't you come

[@Chill_Mode_JD]

Brace yourself for the Sound Garden references in the comments 😂

[@stoerenungeheuer543]

you must be a kind of foreseer XD

[@JamieSwitzer]

yup!

[@bertofnuts1132]

"Now the star is running entirely on black hole power". Sounds like a quote from a bad SF movie... But no need for a suspension of disbelief here, Matt makes it look so logical. Thanks for this excellent channel.

[@ocbaker]

Merry Christmas to you and your team Matt! Thanks for providing so much science knowledge!

[@ThePowerLover]

This is not knowledge, we can't have that, this is science-backed beliefs, and I do like it and believe it above another kind of belief. But remember, "scientific" beliefs are always provisory. I believe that Matt and most of the team accept that, but they will not say it out loud, maybe in a live stream, but not here.

[@gastonmarian7261]

I acknowledge the Void at the center of the Light, the nothing from which ALL things come

[@theograice8080]

I was wondering today about **edit: nonrotating** black holes forming surrounded by compressible fluid. Would there be a "negative shockwave" as nearby matter falls in and away from matter farther away, whilst far away matter begins to compact under its own weight (in not being drawn in as quickly by the singularity)?

[@Merennulli]

I assume by "negative shockwave" you mean a wave of lower density as mass falls in where space just opened up. Sort of like a queue at the DMV when someone at the front of the line gets through, with a propagation back through the line of people being able to step forward. If so, technically yes, but it would be a tiny effect in a large swirl of other higher energy effects.

[@theograice8080]

@@Merennulli yes, that's what I meant to imply. Thanks for the response. would we see cavitation if, for example, the fluid in all directions forever around the object were water? And would this cavitation arise inversely proportional to distance? I'm struggling to visualize the in-falling and away-falling at once. I assume in my mind experiment that the working universe is homogenous but not dense enough to collapse into itself at any point except where the singularity in question arises.

[@BiohazardPL]

I am not an astrophysicist, but I think, that if a star irradiates energy in every direction, and if in a core of a star will be a black hole irradiating energy outside, there will be many collisions of high energy atoms, so may it explain high metallicity of some stars?

[@Merennulli]

@@theograice8080That's an assumption that requires negating some aspects of known physics so it's really hard to answer. An infinite homogeneous expanse of one type of material means no expansion, otherwise minute fluctuations would end the homogeneity as expansion separated the fluctuations apart. And since we don't yet know what dark energy is or what caused cosmic inflation, that guarantees any answer I give will be wrong. But I do get that you're just trying to isolate a fluid with no relative gravitational center and then a primordial black hole dropped into it. I'll give a few scenarios. STP water cosmic sea, 10^13kg black hole: The mass density difference is trivial, so while there is a general density trend towards the primordial black hole, it's not going to be very noticeable before other effects pile up. The first thing that would happen is matter would slowly start flowing into it (1/160 as fast as in the solar example), giving off energy but also breaking molecular bonds and freeing up individual hydrogen and oxygen atoms as well as hydroxide with random ionization. All of this is going to create a low density area around it that further slows feeding the black hole. The molecular hydrogen and oxygen formed from having atoms ripped off by the black hole will start to create gas pressure, bubbling outwards as the density of water is greater than the gasses. So long before you get voids, you'll get bubbles. Gradually over something on the order of billions of years you'll see the density difference start to have a localized effect where water density lowers in a slow motion version of your negative shockwave, and the black hole mass gradually increases. But that's also where buoyancy will push the accumulating H2 and O2 gas so it would look more like bubbling forming a bubble layer than forming low density areas. On the order of tens of billions of years you'd have a very noticeable ring of these two gasses forming an ever-growing shell around where the water was flowing towards the black hole. The surface tension of the water would mostly keep the shell intact but you would have a sort of rain as pressure overcame surface tension, and I believe this is where we get the first spark from the electrical potential carried by the rain creating enough differential for a discharge in a vast cloud of hydrogen and oxygen. This would be trivial compared to a star's fusion, but it would be a star-scale Hindenburg moment as the gas ignites, creating a pressure wave from the energy but converting a lot of it into low density water. And that's where I think the first voids will appear. That void would be filled by water vapor pretty quickly, the water vapor would diffuse to balance pressure with the surrounding water, and the cosmic water's fluid pressure would begin having more effect than gravity without the gas pressure holding it back. This sort of thing would cycle until the local area has diffused too much so that you have a greater than solar system scale low density region. Then gravity of the water starts to take over locally, creating higher density edges where the net gravity of the cosmic ocean have greater gravitational influence than the area surrounding the black hole. At the surface of this high density area you would have constant boiling of water vapor, creating an inverse "atmosphere". But it would have effectively isolated the black hole with an increasingly low density area of gas that either gravitates slowly towards the cosmic sea or towards the black hole. The black hole never becomes particularly large, and gradually evaporates through Hawking radiation, sending energy that is again diffused through the cosmic sea. This energy gradually increases the vapor pressure at the surface, growing the cosmic sea back towards where the black hole had created a cavity as it releases what it took. The net result is a slight overpressure wave that diffuses out through the cosmic sea until it becomes undetectable. STP water cosmic sea, 10^11kg black hole: The mass falling in is exceeded by Hawking radiation, creating slightly greater outward pressure in the form of heating the water and boiling off layers that move outward from the black hole and then diffuse their energy and re-condense, making it an incredible bubbler for about 3 billion years. This leaves even fewer pressure waves that diffuse until they become undetectable. Solar pressure water cosmic sea: At solar pressure, the water across the whole sea is actually just a mix of hydrogen and oxygen plasma that is gradually fusing into everything up to iron without the black hole's help. The scenario locally plays out like he described in the video, but it increases the overall pressure, so fusion increases as the black hole grows. This increases the feeding rate with time, so you more rapidly get to a multi-solar mass black hole. Once again, you get a low density shell around the black hole as it consumes enough to pull away mass into areas where the cosmic sea and the black hole separate out. There would be effectively "solar wind" pushing outward from the black hole region at first but that would be quickly reversed as the lack of new mass being added to its effective area lowered the rate of fusion. The black hole would eventually just be left feeding on the solar wind of the cosmic sea. That feeding would increase again as the cosmic sea shifted what it was fusing, pushing more mass over the threshold to fall into the black hole, until you get to the point where the cosmic sea can't sustain itself with fusion pressure anymore and it shrinks back, starving the black hole and creating an ever-growing void in between. You would likely see the edges of this become low gravity areas that allow localized black holes to form, creating new voids further from the initial black hole, and cascading for infinity as the cosmic breaks up into black holes with voids between them. Since this hypothetical universe isn't expanding or contracting, the Hawking radiation would essentially just trade energy between the black holes indefinitely.

[@garethdean6382]

This is tricky. It depends on the size of the hole and if it's spinning. A small hole for example will generate a lot of energy,evaporating the fluid around it and leaving a cavity. A larger hole will not do this unless it's spinning (In which case it will start to spin the fluid around it via its ergosphere.) but will have lesser tidal forces; the approach will be more gentle and stress the fluid less. Water is quit a dense liquid, on astronomical scales; supermassive black holes can have about this density (The larger a hole is the lower its density becomes.) so it becomes difficult to construct a bath big enough to put the hole into without it immediately collapsing into a star or hole of its own. You'd need a very special fluid to perform this scenario in.

[@jeremyhawkins1357]

You'd bet your life on it. I love that you stuck that in there. Made me smile :)

[@venil82]

Black hole sun, the song, has a new meaning 🖤

[@MarcelloGarini]

Nice, new astrophysics fear unlocked. Thanks Matt!

[@rusticitas]

Has anyone done a “Black Hole Sun” reference yet?

[@alderwolf7687]

Black holes aren't holes at all, they are just dense objects. Basically neutron stars on which the event horizon extends above the surface. An event horizon is just a point where light can not escape gravity in a vacuum nothing more. There very well could be an even horizon point deep inside the sun but because matter is compressed as far as it can go under the current pressure, it's stable. The denser the core the more gravity and further out from the center the event horizon point would be found.

[@tonywells6990]

Whatever is inside a black hole cannot withstand the gravitational collapse, since no known force can be transmitted between elementary particles since that force cannot travel faster than the speed of light. So quarks cannot interact with each other through the strong force, and electrons cannot be bound to any nuclei.

[@alderwolf7687]

@@tonywells6990 Gravitational collapse? There is no collapse inside black hole, just very dense matter and at the event horizon point matter stacking on top of more matter is not traveling at the speed of light. Forces can pass though the event horizon point though said matter with little issue. Who says forces can't travel faster than the speed of light? Remember that the speed of light is just the speed electromagnetic waves travels in a vacuum and speed is dictated only by the medium waves travel though. Quarks and other particles would have no issue interacting with each other because the medium they interact though is not that of space.

[@tonywells6990]

@@alderwolf7687Yes, maybe I'm overstating the effect of tidal forces. The tidal forces in a small black hole would be extreme but what I described would only happen for a tiny fraction of a second, and in a supermassive black hole the tidal forces are not very large until you get very close to the centre, but eventually the tidal forces would separate quarks (particles would be moving faster than light away from each other) but it might only be for a tiny fraction of a second. If the particles are separating faster than light then of course no forces could act between them.

[@alderwolf7687]

@@tonywells6990 I maintain a black hole is nothing more than a massive neutron star on which the event horizon extends beyond its surface. Once matter hits the surface, it stays put smashed against its surface like it would a visible neutron star just under more pressure. Gravity is key. Main stream science does not know what gravity is or what causes it. Once that is known, a lot of things will suddenly make sense. Gravity is not a primal force.

[@tonywells6990]

@@alderwolf7687 Possibly some other form of matter (possibly quark gluon plasma or some other weird quantum state of matter that somehow survives, maybe by spinning around the interior or due to Pauli exclusion) but neutron star material (neutronium) does collapse further, which is why a massive neutron star collapses to form a black hole above a certain limit (>2.5, depending on angular momentum).

[@RushFan84]

Black Hole Sun....who knew? ;-)

[@JamieSwitzer]

won't you come, and wash away the raaain

[@ledgeri]

Finally: audio quality improvements! Thanks!

[@ledgeri]

@@whackamole4909 Since Derbauer (en)'s latest, 40 minute, ai translated video, i am more SUS about the last couple of vids!

[@PATRIK67KALLBACK]

Thank you for this interesting video. Maybe a very stupid idea, but stars that suddenly disapears, could they contain a black hole that just turns too big and then engulf the rest of the star?

[@garethdean6382]

This is one possibility, along with so-called Thorn-Zytkow objects,which would contain a stellar mass black hole from the start, and core-collapse to a black hole, which would be a supernova that just didn't emit any light. All three could lead to stars just vanishing.

[@mannys9130]

Photodisintegration is the cause of what you describe, Patrick. This only happens with humongous stars over 250 solar masses. The pair-instability hypernova that would normally occur, is instead detoured before the core can fuse all at once in a jaw dropping thermonuclear explosion. Instead, the entire star rapidly plops down into a black hole straight away. No big explosion, no galactic fireworks. You essentially see just an enormous star that was there a minute ago, has been replaced by an almost equally massive black hole in almost the blink of an eye and 2 jets of material have rocketed out of the star. Actually, depending on where you happen to be located when that happens, you might only see 1 jet due to the relativistic effects making the second opposite jet invisible to you. The other scenario that you are describing, may be the "quasistar" hypothesis. I am a very firm supporter of the quasistar hypothesis for explaining the very early and very rapid supermassive black hole formation that we see in our universe. A quasistar is formed when a huge gas cloud collapses down onto itself and begins to fuse like a star normally would, except it's way too big to produce a normal star even hyper massive stars. The core region of the cloud directly collapses into a black hole and pulls strongly on the gas around it. However at the same time, there is so much radiation pressure pushing the gas back upward away from the black hole that you end up with a meta-stable balance of extreme gravitational pull enabling an outrageously powerful rate of fusion to take place in a shell around the black hole core. These quasistars would have been 1,000+ solar masses and they would have formed a huge black hole very rapidly (in ways that would form the supermassive black holes as we currently see them, which would not have been able to grow that large in the current age of the universe via standard methods). James Webb Space Telescope may have enough light gathering power to actually see far enough back and show us a quasistar in the process of growing a supermassive black hole. I hope to see a telescope powerful enough to do that in my lifetime. I am very confident in this hypothesis. :)

[@psychofarm5072]

Love the easier to understand videos

[@mickistevens4886]

Not to long ago there was a discusion about mysterious stars that have simply disappeared over a relatively short period of time. Perhaps they were suddenly consumed by a black hole from the inside out.

[@Scott_Alexander]

What would happen if you placed that "Uranus grapefruit" (10:07) gently into the Pacific Ocean?

[@jajssblue]

5:11 With 6 orders of magnitude of mass on the lower end of PBH's, could this hypothesis take the form of a swarm of PBHs instead of a singular one? I wonder what impact that might have on the later proposed differences we could detect in the swirling up of the star contents. I would guess that it would cause even more interior sloshing.

[@garethdean6382]

The problem is that within a star, moving black holes would quickly encounter 'friction' as they swallow mass they run into. They'd shed their momentum quickly and all merge at the core. This is even a fat of stars that enter a 'shared envelope' of gas.

[@jajssblue]

@@garethdean6382 I think you're correct that there would be significant dynamic friction to bring them to the center, unless the convection somehow dominates their movement.

[@bbirda1287]

Happy Holidays to the Space Time team, and all the fans!

[@pembrokeisland9954]

"I would bet my life on the sun not having a black hole inside it." I see what you did there. 🙂 Informative episode, thank you. These win-win cases where no matter the test result we still learn something from it, tell exactly how science works!

[@JuniorStarsUTD]

Couple years ago I had a weird thought that, what if at the center of every planet, star or whatever there’s a blackhole, giving us our gravity ? But alas existence is extraordinary

[@shrimpbisque]

This video reminds me of one of my favorite hard sci-fi novels, Dragon's Egg by Robert L. Forward. In the book, humans make contact with a civilization living on a neutron star, and give them lots of scientific knowledge. The aliens, who live much much faster than humans, quickly advance in science and technology much farther than us. As a parting gift, they remove the five microscopic black holes from inside our sun.

[@hawaiisidecar]

I read that.

[@foreverjune8]

12:03 "When it finally does expand it wont swallow the Earth." Yay!:> "We'd still fry though." Nay:

[@Blueskies2513]

black hole sun wont you come

[@MaRINoL]

You're so original. /s

[@MCsCreations]

Really interesting stuff indeed. Let's see what we can find.

[@CamAteUrKFC]

There’s a void dragon under the surface of Mars.

[@matthewwriter9539]

...which is kept asleep by a super amazing ultra tiger.

[@estp23010]

Thank you and merry Christmas, Spacetime.

[@metasamsara]

Hey guys could you please make a full length youtube episode on how you create or obtain astral particle models and other types of animations for this channel? I would love to acquire similar skills to render my own concepts according to specific rules of physics and such. I have a software for making fractals, but that's about it XD (chaotica)

[@protocol6]

Universe Sandbox lets you do a lot of similar stuff. Some other youtubers use it for their space videos. It sounds more like you want to do it yourself in a modeling app like Blender or a game engine like Godot, though. There might be some plugins for those that would help but I'm not familiar with them.

[@SpanishArmadaProd]

You mean unity

[@Ava31415]

Lovely festive episode, thanks for those throughout this year. Have a great break.

[@OpenMicRejects]

...By ScienceGarden.

[@manuelhernandez2017]

Also the late physicist Chris Cornell as well

[@ericmatthews8497]

What a great episode to close out 2023!

[@archlich4489]

You're pretty cool. You. Reading this.

[@si.ari.06]

You too

[@eddieflores6640]

Actually I'm pretty hot Due to my fever 😢

[@Lonesome_Loser]

None to shabby yourself my friend.

[@herbertkeithmiller]

🫂❤

[@AR0ACE]

:)

[@sagittariusa7662]

If you can create a field that prevents matter from falling into the black hole, you could create a hyper star that would be almost entirely immortal.

[@chrismaynard5]

Cool idea! Create a sphere of solar panels and inject jets of matter to keep the PBH in the center and feed it to keep it from evaporating while generating energy as the matter is shredded by the event horizon. Such a sphere would be tiny though so you would need a matrix of PBH generators to do anything meaningful.

[@Kokally]

The thing is, a black hole is so dense that it's not really going to slow down for anything, even ordinary stellar matter in a star. A gravitationally captured black hole is just going to continually run through a star like warm butter, if it even slows down enough to be captured which seems unlikely. I'm not too certain how likely it is that a star could ever capture a black hole; I'm sure some of your viewers could do the math but I'd think at best, you'd probably have a black hole orbiting within the star and that'd probably rip apart the star more quickly than just a star being consumed from the center.

[@skyclaw]

Wouldn’t the black hole’s orbit decay as it absorbed stellar matter?

[@taquakhairysaeed1771]

Is anyone gonna talk about how young this guy looks?! Is he really 51? Did he master controlling time such that he doesn’t age?

[@stoerenungeheuer543]

black hole sun, won't you come

[@netizencapet]

The only encouraging thing about this report is the assurance that Soundgarden is prophetic and that at the frontiers you informed folks are about as good as dice.

[@Zurpanik]

Quasars! Woo! Matt's favorites!

[@Tutul_]

Thanks for the years of video, kiss to the whole team, see you in 2024

[@seabeepirate]

I had no idea this room was black hole resistant, good to know. I’m going to watch this again in every room of the house now.

[@data007cz]

Is this episode inspired by "Black Hole Sun" song or the "Black Hole Sun" song is inspired by Hawking?

[@woodenspoon6222]

I just watched Anton Petrov's video on this topic last night! What crazy timing.

[@abrahampearson3608]

Hope you are feeling better Matt!

[@Chazulu2]

Maybe 3:05 "while matter and energy that enters an event horizon is lost forever..." Umm, so I'm fairly certain that Hawking described black hole evaporative radiation in his paper "black hole bombs." The paper talks about how the energy released is inversely proportional to its size, so when talking about small black holes the evaporation would be significant... If the center of neutron stars are sufficiently dense, it would make sense that infalling matter could only heat but not grow the stars mass significantly as the center forms a short lived black hole that efficiently converts the matter into heat.

[@mb1287t]

This is the best, most comprehensive use of creative thinking in all your vids. Do that again. 😊😊😊

[@zacharywong483]

Fantastic visuals and explanations here!

[@leonciesla5456]

As the video nears its end I always try to predict when and what the pun will be. I love it!

[@alyssatopping8039]

This channel is awesome thanks for the hard work!

[@jessicamorgan3073]

Thank you Matt and team, and hope you all have a fab Yule and New Year