Here in Kenya we have a mobile banking app, mpesa. It has become so ingrained in our society that there are businesses that strictly only accept mpesa. The problem is how secure is it? Our country has a knack of overlooking these fundamental issues regarding cyber security. If mpesa went down today our economy will take a serious hit because of how dependent it is on it.
@Uunartoq20183 жыл бұрын
Thats such a huge of monopoly of all, the risk must be distribute otherwise Kenyan system is in danger. But I wonder if some authority has involved with this with secret beneficial? Because it is maybe possible
@yomurita3 жыл бұрын
Here in Chile it's not an app, but *all* transactions go through a single processor: Transbank. You can imagine the absolute shitshow it makes when it goes down!
@NazriB2 жыл бұрын
Lies again? Gypsy King
@wayando Жыл бұрын
Yeah ... If you look at the new Mpesa Apps, they are trying to incorporate other apps into their apps ... I think they are trying to make a Kenyan superapp.
@Jeevanmn3 жыл бұрын
Nobody uses PayTM to do anything other than payments here in India. And that is exactly why Paytm mall bombed.
@17thsavior3 жыл бұрын
Calling Paytm a super app is complete misinformation.
@terrybatman3 жыл бұрын
@@17thsavior why. It's a bank. Largest fastag seller in India. They sell savings account, salary accounts, food wallets. They have a movies and travel vertical. Maximum irctc tickets are booked there.
@terrybatman3 жыл бұрын
@@17thsavior when you book a movie or travel ticket on paytm, they offer the service and not other providers. Similar with savings account, salary accounts and fastag. It's all their services. I don't see a mobikwik or freecharge doing that.
@JimpanzeeFilms3 жыл бұрын
I use the bank, the UPI, to recharge and also to buy bus tickets sometimes. So it is a super app as it is still giving the services to people who find value in it. So the video is pretty accurate. But, ya, the Mall didn't work as well as they were expecting.
@jh07203 жыл бұрын
This video is just a paytm pump piece 🤦♂️
@baaron-noraab3 жыл бұрын
We have Finn in Norway, where you can book taxis, buy and rent cars, buy houses, find a job, date, but mainly it’s for buying second hand stuff
@nilsfreund84422 жыл бұрын
not at all comparable
@AYVYN9 ай бұрын
Only Norway would list women on a used goods store
@asterixky3 жыл бұрын
Are we willing to give up some privacy to get some more convenience. To each his own comfort level I guess.
@thataxx15343 жыл бұрын
as if you only give up privacy with super apps, you are commenting on KZbin, you already lost your privacy
@sergiobenoya3 жыл бұрын
You're funny. You already gave up your privacy by having social media accounts such as KZbin 😂😂
@memetokentv3 жыл бұрын
Right.
@memetokentv3 жыл бұрын
They are
@jdosrios3 жыл бұрын
You have already given up if you using any KZbin, Google or Facebook, they all collect your data, unfortunately none of these gives you more convenience in return other than just collect your information and sell it to companies.
@shivashankar24773 жыл бұрын
USA’s cashless transaction method through credit cards was the key to all this technology. But, people in many countries don’t have credit cards or cannot be guven one by a bank since they don’t meet their requirements. So, these apps pretty much have a recharge system through your money or bank account. Hence the popularity is gained by using your own money in a safer digital way
@thanhavictus3 жыл бұрын
Do they earn cash back?
@shivashankar24773 жыл бұрын
@@thanhavictus yeah they do. Which is the incentive to use those apps basically.
@thanhavictus3 жыл бұрын
@@shivashankar2477 really wish Google pay or PayPal has cash back
@dotxh43 жыл бұрын
@@thanhavictus here in India, Google Pay does offer cashbacks
@omthesmwgroup Жыл бұрын
You need to teach yourself how credit works and how it's bad for community
@youtubelover13113 жыл бұрын
It’s honestly a blessing that apple and android have banned super apps. In our system we can enjoy multiple companies and startups competing in different fields which overall helps the economy and new innovation. Apple and google do get to keep a lot of power which I disapprove of but the good outweighs the bad
@ДаниилКоршков-г8ш Жыл бұрын
Not to mention privacy and security issues that will come with any super app
@BluebBman Жыл бұрын
That just China about privacy and regulation which they don't care. How about Singapore, Indonesian, Vietnam with Grab,Goto,Zolo
@antivandaag Жыл бұрын
They haven’t
@tutacat Жыл бұрын
Uh no! It's on both platforms. They are not banned. It's already easy, as douyin and facebook/instagram have shown, to root through your files, clipboard, advertising profile, to gather data.
@goo135810 ай бұрын
Google is like a super app. KZbin, Gmail, Google music etc use the same login
@jrome_203 жыл бұрын
Loving this kind of videos from CNBC.
@TomNook.3 жыл бұрын
We don't have a monopoly in the west, but we do have an oligopoly - ALL our digital services are controlled by the Big tech firms. Whether it's 1 or 5, it's extremely bad for people and individuals power and control
@annuarrahman41993 жыл бұрын
agreed... What about Spotify though?
@TomNook.3 жыл бұрын
Strawman argument. Spotify are nothing data collection wise compared to the big tech firms.
@blainegabbertgabonemhofgoa66023 жыл бұрын
Still 5 is a lot better than 1
@wild_taco_gonecrazycorona91123 жыл бұрын
they manipulated laws and patents to get that and govt helped facilitated cause govt got money and also govt don t loose no shit so its people are product and capitalisms by acquiring small companies no laws around it if big tech or any big firm manipulates it so its dirty dirty shit they did and doing
@MossadDid9113 жыл бұрын
@@blainegabbertgabonemhofgoa6602 no, equally bad
@avi123 жыл бұрын
I would argue that an Android launcher is a super app
@kevcalms3 жыл бұрын
Agrer
@TheRomeVEVO2 жыл бұрын
Technically it is according to the definition of what a Super App is lol
@ss877S3 жыл бұрын
TATA super app will be soon launched in India. I am excited
@jk4843 жыл бұрын
What will it include?
@ADeeSHUPA3 жыл бұрын
@@jk484 JKT48
@Neethinify3 жыл бұрын
@@rishabhgusain and for payment?
@rishabhgusain3 жыл бұрын
@@Neethinify Well Tata got a green signal for that in Oct, 2020. So.....
@trevortrevose91242 жыл бұрын
Doesn't tata make trucks and excavators
@ssiddarth3 жыл бұрын
These videos have been really helpful for me, thanks team CNBC & hope that you continue making more of such informational content keeping the focus on more or less on entrepreneurship (especially in the developing countries)
@dotxh43 жыл бұрын
Here in India, it's going to be a lot more crazier. Amazon, Walmart's Flipkart, Reliance, Tata, Paytm all are developing their own super app.
@aksingh31672 жыл бұрын
Tata will win
@baiyufan3 жыл бұрын
I am a fan of CNBC videos. They are entertaining, engaging and above all informative. Keep up videos like these Thanks
@Ntshebe-YaseGoli3 жыл бұрын
For me it's CNBC, Al Jazeera & Russian TV news. The rest it's just biased propaganda.
@shankysays3 жыл бұрын
@@Ntshebe-YaseGoli these videos are example of illusion of knowledge which has no substantive meaning. You're learning something but that's not education for your personal growth. It's good for entertainment but don't fool yourself that it's a learning experience. I'm not singling CNBC. All infotainment channel are same.
@Ntshebe-YaseGoli3 жыл бұрын
@@shankysays As I quoted News channels I regularly invest time on. Al Jazeera- Global affairs (inequality, war instability, documentaries.) Russian- Less biased than Western News broadcasters. CNBC- Entertainment, new inventions, Agri documentaries etc. South African news broadcast is by far the worse broadcaster since 2015.
@Uunartoq20183 жыл бұрын
@@Ntshebe-YaseGoli Bravo!
@ryanlogan7330 Жыл бұрын
Super app is not just payment included. If you want to open a store, you can apply for buiz license through the app, and the gov't staff will reach out to you through the app, and the license will be issued through the app, and your annual tax can be done through this app... It's generally an entry to all
@woowee21893 жыл бұрын
Grab is a Malaysian founder singapore startup
@sumarnoarnol21893 жыл бұрын
No one cares he is malay
@0dyss3us513 жыл бұрын
@@sumarnoarnol2189 I think it is ingeresting
@saltywetreefer39853 жыл бұрын
We need a superapp here in Canada and USA. I hate having a different app for each restaurant I visit. My phone is overloaded with apps. I just want 1 that works across the board.
@captaron2 жыл бұрын
Your blaming the phone for what you install? 🤔 Who can argue with that logic
@trevortrevose91242 жыл бұрын
Then you whine about the app for being a monopoly when it gains traction
@knghtcmdr2 жыл бұрын
Just what we need; another thing for our fascist government to track our financial transactions with so they can punish wrong thinkers.
@mbins2001 Жыл бұрын
KeyZane ist a Super App you can use in Canada and USA :)
@leeyuee98273 жыл бұрын
People have forgotten an important thing "DO NOT put all eggs into one basket"! For those who like the super app (evil) .... pull out if you can..
@Dioe3 жыл бұрын
Yeah there's a high risk of monopoly.
@pierremh19793 жыл бұрын
Define evil about this app? I'm Indonesian, as far as I can tell... If there is such monopoly in here, My Government will react strongly about it
@danieltan84583 жыл бұрын
The lady looks like she's staring off in space from the dude's POV, which is kinda hilarious
@malopephasha44183 жыл бұрын
Haha, also picked that up. I think it's because she's looking at the guy through the screen that's mounted on the wall.
@tedaspane14933 жыл бұрын
In US, I pay my bills through automatic deduction, I order foods through each store's phone. For banking, I have direct deposit. I've prepaid very old cell phone, use only for call out/receive in, and some games, no camera, internet. I guess it's 1G.
@kenwu73 жыл бұрын
You can do all that through wechat in China.
@aarspar3 жыл бұрын
You can also do all that through GoTo in Indonesia.
@tedaspane14933 жыл бұрын
@@kenwu7 We don't use wechat, great majority business section don't accept wechat, unless you've personal or business relation with China.
@kenwu73 жыл бұрын
@@tedaspane1493 I know, just mentioning it
@siddharthsridhar75723 жыл бұрын
I’ve loved cnbc for a long time
@CNBCi3 жыл бұрын
💙
@kiray.45683 жыл бұрын
Yeah Young Turks was great show, about tech biz in India
@LaowaiDaveJCP3 жыл бұрын
The difference between other Super apps with wechat/alipay is no matter billionaire or beggar(i literary mean begger) everyone use these apps.
@zacky.alhashmi89303 жыл бұрын
I had been to Malaysia 🇲🇾 before the pandemic and suffice to say that Grab was a must have!
@arbaz793 жыл бұрын
Must have? You can use local taxis and public transport.
@Aeric803 жыл бұрын
I am a Malaysian. I don’t use Grab. I use Touch’nGO e-wallet app more. I think it could transform into a super app.
@zipzapkpop3 жыл бұрын
@@arbaz79 not if it sucks. I’m in the Philippines. I’m not going to squeeze in a jeepney or bus in this pandemic, and taxis here range from ancient to passable, no cashless payment, and with rude drivers to boot. I’d rather pay extra for a Grab ride to get my groceries. And food delivery is very convenient as well.
@3monsterbeast3 жыл бұрын
Super apps. In other words a one-stop shop for hackers
@jairamchandani53293 жыл бұрын
It's like you have shift from 3 BHK to 1BHK apartment you got everything in smaller space but your living style is still the same.
@leechurn77583 жыл бұрын
Is it because other markets like Thailand / Vietnam / Myanmar / Malaysia were too insignificant that it wasn't mentioned in this video?
@UMAKEMESMILESWACKIN2 жыл бұрын
philippines was not there too
@ziyitan89963 жыл бұрын
Is there a reason Asians don’t seem as concerned about their privacy and the amount of info being collected by these apps?
@super_user16783 жыл бұрын
Don't underestimate comfort it provide...
@alextbhmusic3 жыл бұрын
I do. I realised how much these super apps infiltrated my daily life, and it feels wrong to give away so much of my money to them when small businesses are struggling to stay afloat. Leaving apps like Grab means I’m giving up convenience, but it’s something I’m willing to do.
@sdedy3793 жыл бұрын
Idk but you think Google, FB, Apple, Amazon etc in the west didn't do extensive data collection on user preference for their own service? Even if Apple don't share your data, they still ultimately make you use Apple service. Apple ecosystem in it self are the basics of super app, it's almost impossible to make iOS user to go android even if they see Apple piss in their mouth they still gonna use Apple.
@generalshepherd4573 жыл бұрын
Google dumps everything directly to the US spy agencies.
@UeharaKeitaro上原恵太郎2 жыл бұрын
community based society
@mihai_chindris Жыл бұрын
really interesting topic, thanks for uploading the video!
@jk4843 жыл бұрын
Random, but what camera is the male reporter using? Great quality and setup
@Jeevanmn3 жыл бұрын
Dji osmo
@harshams63053 жыл бұрын
Because super app is a deeper version of your phone ... Its just adding a layer to UI ...
@msksathish16013 жыл бұрын
What's so unreal about this video is " India has less than 400 million smartphone users????????"............... seriously dude. It should cross 700/800 million
@Y2Kvids3 жыл бұрын
Smartphone
@therightgame33 жыл бұрын
Paytm maybe a super app but people use it only for payments
@SafirAksel3 жыл бұрын
I really dislike the guy when being asked about Asia, he only answers about China. SEA is also Asia you know, and we have our different model on how things work. :/
@iak-cs3 жыл бұрын
he is located in China.. so that is what he knows about
@TomNook.3 жыл бұрын
Decentralise, not centralise
@nehcooahnait78273 жыл бұрын
Ugh
@nishantshukla72553 жыл бұрын
There is app for almost everything you can think 🤣
@janshen12223 жыл бұрын
Can gou reccomend me an app for me to find a hitman?
@Barelygaming693 жыл бұрын
@Ashtavakra 😂😂
@almostcertainlynotapotato65283 жыл бұрын
There's an app for what you even can't think of.
@Rassy_3 жыл бұрын
@@janshen1222 Google app has got you covered
@random-accessmemory92013 жыл бұрын
I’m thinking the super apps in the Philippines. 🤔🤔🤔 I think GCash is one of our super apps that we use and Grab too I guess. 🤓
@houghwhite4113 жыл бұрын
Grab is a big superapp in SE Asia
@random-accessmemory92013 жыл бұрын
@@houghwhite411 Yes. I agree. 😁
@kenwu73 жыл бұрын
Grab is awesome hehe
@AyushGupta-sm9ux3 жыл бұрын
Good video 👍. Keep it up 👏
@anonymousplayer81742 жыл бұрын
I've heard from someone that this social media doesn't have any ads in it, is this true?
@pauldpoulpe2803 жыл бұрын
It's not super app. It's just super rich company, trying to milk their customers with every kind of service they can come up with.
@aishaibrahimabbas58673 жыл бұрын
Thank You
@journeyswithj2463 жыл бұрын
I maybe the only one but, I kept wondering of Arjun's (male) video was thought the DJI Osmo pocket or through the Macbook. I found it a weird set up. Interesting topic and video tho.
@dannyben03 жыл бұрын
can this one grab super app be used in many different asean countries or it is only for one specific country? for example downloaded this app in indonesia and if go to malaysia need to download malaysian grab app version?
@sreerajr64703 жыл бұрын
Phonpe and google pay are far better than Paytm in India. After the cobrapost scandal, I will never use Paytm.
@aksingh31672 жыл бұрын
But Paytm is better application
@ujjwalgandhi9513 жыл бұрын
PayTM is definitely not a super app Jio app and the upcoming Tata app are probably closer to the concept than PayTM in india
@kevcalms3 жыл бұрын
There is nothing setting this apart from a standard os apart from probably compatability with what we're used to
@himanshusirohi24033 жыл бұрын
I ordered Pizza from Dominos through PayTM.
@hiepnguyen2203 жыл бұрын
Thank you frrom Vietnam
@VivekKumar-rb7zk3 жыл бұрын
In India nobody will believe in one super app , but it can work if many super apps are there , tata and jio are new players which are trying this after failed efforts of hike , paytm and I think they can succedd if they do what they do best give best of their service , if a super jio app which does not charge or charge less for internet then I will use it , same way if mighty tata can give it's best service in one app I might use it . But two super apps are not enough India would need mega 5 super apps to choose from also new apps which acts like stations to counter super apps Monopoly
@danielmdzin2 жыл бұрын
Literally, a stack overflown.
@bgjp92442 жыл бұрын
Google Chrome or any web browser is already Super app, door to mny web application
@KaziAsifRahman3 жыл бұрын
Really informative
@zurinarctus13293 жыл бұрын
Zalo in Vietnam should be noticed here.
@felixnuwahid9879 Жыл бұрын
Social Media + Messaging + Payment + Gaming + Utilities = X
@ibnunugraha82 жыл бұрын
Sometime I feel weird with supperapp, cause too many features that I don't need. May be I need one or more fitures but the apps provides many features, so that really bothers me
@franwex Жыл бұрын
Basically it’s like if Facebook or Amazon also had a ride share component.
@AnthonyMunyi3 жыл бұрын
Someone tell me if they think the male reporter looks and sounds like England’s Gary Neville!
@chanrox693 жыл бұрын
CNBC needs to address Mic issues of the guest. I mean the recording can be edited to remove the jarring sound
@Sundara2293 жыл бұрын
12:04 that was oddly specific.
@soup1003 жыл бұрын
I've read that super apps really took off in China because of initial slower network bandwidth issues. it's easier on network and phone resources if one app does it all vs several apps being opened at the same time. Is there any truth to this?
@rakiii61172 жыл бұрын
However, this is wrong
@azaniaafrika98623 жыл бұрын
Isn’t that your internet browser?
@selvakumarmurugesan90133 жыл бұрын
Its nothing but amazon on mobile app. Every small app developer will go out of business :(
@onodera3873 жыл бұрын
How to donate ur data to China 101
@idealisticshy3 жыл бұрын
Super app equals monopoly. It is no good for privacy and healthy competition. I would definitely not supporting this.
@pierremh19793 жыл бұрын
Go to Indonesia, and you can ask... Where's the monopoly....
@triyantoprabowo89963 жыл бұрын
as Indonesian, can’t imagine life without GoTo, Grab and Shopee on a daily basis
@ADeeSHUPA3 жыл бұрын
Gojek Tokopedia
@sumarnoarnol21893 жыл бұрын
Tokopedia
@wayando Жыл бұрын
Google and Apple would remove any super apps for some sort of "violation" ... The 2 operating systems are basically the super apps ... They own all the data and all other apps have to play ball.
@mohammadnouralnisr19433 жыл бұрын
So it's like an app that contains other apps?? Where is the shortcut?
@wahtusy35193 жыл бұрын
In the Philippines we have GCash
@ealemania11711 ай бұрын
Yes Philippines have digital wallet of Gcash, Maya, Coins ph, Shopee and Grab.
@sskjunction51163 жыл бұрын
Cool concept😀
@alparslankorkmaz29643 жыл бұрын
Nice video.
@manfalouti3 жыл бұрын
Superapps is at least 2.5 years concept... Media in the US need an update reboot... I see this more and more compared Asia!!
@pyakz29063 жыл бұрын
Basically a browser
@sujitpawarsoldier2 жыл бұрын
Here in India🇮🇳 we have UPI system..
@kaifengbg33153 жыл бұрын
It's all about products and services to selling and buying.... it's look like a trading in a game block.
@harishankarkaviarasu90963 жыл бұрын
super app is oldest technology used by nokia on their Facebook app... you can watch KZbin etc in single app
@artraft51423 жыл бұрын
Someone to categorise the apps of Apple store and Google store and come with less and better. We don’t need that many apps on the digital stores. Even in Mexico HSBC call the different debit/credit cards apps
@5astelija753 жыл бұрын
In a nutshell: Superapps are popular when they are the only option lol
@MaheshKumar-lq1xm3 жыл бұрын
Chinese Alipay and India's Paytm are same. If you don't know now you know. So it's not India's Paytm anymore ;)
@letsbleedblue57663 жыл бұрын
6:43 it isnt that chinese population doesnt care about privacy, its that data management rule in china is not that strong as compared to europe. 😑if a country has high crime rate, will you only blame the govt and law of that govt, shouldnt the people of that country protest and force the laws and regulation to be better(if the govt is inot implementing it) This expert person really had to embarass himself by making such stupid statement??😑
@kaifengbg33153 жыл бұрын
It's look alike a economy endpoint...in fact... spreading of this Apps is cheaper than advertisements...
Or you can just create a folder on IPhone and put all your main apps in there.
@PresidentUSVI3 жыл бұрын
Everyone eventually always follow the trends in America.
@yugen39683 жыл бұрын
"That's not to say that Chinese people don't care about privacy." Ummm, they aren't ALLOWED to care much for it lol
@hh06863 жыл бұрын
That’s not true. Just because people in China don’t have much of a choice to keep data away from the Chinese government, it doesn’t mean that women in China cannot block you from stalking them in WeChat.
@yugen39683 жыл бұрын
@@hh0686 Yeah, but I wasn't talking EXCLUSIVELY about women being stalked. Man, now I need to put in disclaimers too?!
@yugen39683 жыл бұрын
@Allen Burger Sorry Mr Burger, but why'd you presume that I know Chinese???
@tokyomilmil3 жыл бұрын
@Allen Burger Actually by looking at the user name “Yugen” you know he’s using Kanji in Japanese not the Chinese one. Besides, normally I’d assume you’re a Caucasian w/ your name Allen Burger, but apparently you’re not, why would you even trust what’s written in one’s user name when obviously you’re not being honest w/ yours? 😂😂
@sheshatheblackqueen3 жыл бұрын
The fact is Every country government can do that. Even US is doing same things.
@youwillsucceed63943 жыл бұрын
Anyone do Stock? Anyone heard of 88E? ?????
@srprogression.09823 жыл бұрын
The GDPR point didn't make any sense really.. How is that relevant, can someone explain please?
@jms38273 жыл бұрын
Isn't google some form of a super app??
@LouisSubearth3 жыл бұрын
No because the different services are accessed with different apps
@gamechep3 жыл бұрын
I absolutely hate these super apps. They super seem shady to me.
@Talha__.3 жыл бұрын
Amazing🤩
@jepbarhalmyradov91353 жыл бұрын
Indians don't value PayTM at all... All bcs of competitors targeted promotions against PayTM and "Chinaphobia" (I'll call it this way... Nowadays if you release new product to Indian market and call it "not Chinese but Indian, it's been made in India" with capital letters then you'll succeed in Indian market... Dude you're just 20 yo delivery guy... No matter who the hell you are CIA, FBI or CCP does not have anything to do with you! You're not James Bond! Just learn to live your day without extreme fears
@watercat13023 жыл бұрын
I thought Momo’s the biggest in Vietnam?
@UnleashedProPlays3 жыл бұрын
Nice
@phuthiendang71353 жыл бұрын
Imagine she tried to "pull down" but the editor didn't put in any transitions, that scene would be so cringy.
@cheveznyc3 жыл бұрын
I like my option. Super Apps seems like Monopoly
@themis69053 жыл бұрын
Super apps try to do everything, but do nothing well. It's all just a mish-mash after a while. Also, can you imagine how boring it would get to just use the same app again and again?
@ChaosSpectator20203 жыл бұрын
It's not boring if you're managing an e-commerce business in china and ripping all of us off 😅
@ezioauditore56163 жыл бұрын
are you tired of youtube and google?
@themis69053 жыл бұрын
@@ezioauditore5616 I, - I don't think you get what a super app is. KZbin doesn't allow you to visit websites and pay your bills, and have a seperate private chat and make money transfers, have a digital wallet and have a news section etc. Yes, all of these apps like KZbin, Google Pay, Chrome, are all owned by Google, but they're different apps. If I were to quote a Super app, I would be Paytm. Their Paytm app can do everything mentioned above, all in one app.
@ezioauditore56163 жыл бұрын
@@themis6905 but you are using one company service again and again
@sdedy3793 жыл бұрын
Well super app and app ecosystem are fundamentally same. They just have a different appearance in their services. It's even you could say with super app you COULD potentially out-convenient Google or Apple.
@baconpancakes88993 жыл бұрын
Singapore start up my arse, it was originally Malaysian
@MrMichaelabu3 жыл бұрын
Opay in Nigeria tried this.
@3DLasers3 жыл бұрын
I love my new Super App, I just call it my Home Screen and it's really easy to get to. All have to do is turn my phone on... :-)
@tutacat Жыл бұрын
None of the laws currently properly protect data. People just pretend it's not as awful as it is. It's less obvious, but they all do the same things if they can.
@taimoor7223 жыл бұрын
Can we servive in china without knowing chines? Is doing business become difficult
@atukundaonesmus52233 жыл бұрын
I must add Uganda's SafeBoda
@_P_M_3 жыл бұрын
One Ring to rule them all. Bad idea if you value privacy and data security.