What Is Anaerobic Respiration | Physiology | Biology | FuseSchool

What Is Anaerobic Respiration | Physiology | Biology | FuseSchool
Sometimes animals and plants cannot get enough oxygen to respire aerobically, such as during intense exercise, but they still need to respire to survive. After all, everything relies on respiration for energy.
Luckily there is a back-up plan; anaerobic respiration.
The generalised equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles is: glucose --- lactic acid + energy.
There is no oxygen involved in anaerobic respiration. It is much less efficient than aerobic respiration, and much less energy is released. This is because the glucose is only partially broken down.
Another problem is that lactic acid is produced. This is actually a poisonous chemical that if it builds up in the body, the muscles stop working and you get muscle cramp.You can only get rid of the lactic acid by taking in oxygen again and thus replacing the oxygen debt. Oxygen is needed to break down the lactic acid, turning it into carbon dioxide and water.
The oxygen supply can also run out for plants too, such as in waterlogged soils. This then forces plants to have to carry out anaerobic respiration, as they too need to respire constantly.
The generalised anaerobic respiration equation for plants is:
Glucose --- Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide + Energy.
In yeast, this process is called fermentation and is used to bake bread and brew alcohol.
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[@TonyTigerTonyTiger]

Nope. More misinformation. Fermentation is not anaerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration is not fermentation: they are two very different processes. Respiration - both aerobic and anaerobic - involves a "respiratory chain" - what is more usually referred to these days as an electron transport chain or electron transport system. The respiratory chain uses energy released by the flow of electrons from one carrier to another in a membrane in order to pump hydrogen ions unidirectionally across the membrane to form an electrochemical proton gradient. In fact, the protein complexes in the electron transport system were originally called “respiratory complexes”, and still are by many sources. The protons then flow back across the membrane through ATP synthase, which allows the enzyme to form ATP from ADP + Pi. The key difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration is that in aerobic respiration the electron transport system's terminal electron acceptor is oxygen, whereas in anaerobic respiration the terminal electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is something other than oxygen, such as nitrate, nitrite, fumarate, DMSO, etc. Fermentation does not use a respiratory chain or respiratory complexes, does not generate an electrochemical proton gradient across a membrane, and does not use ATP synthase to make ATP; so it is not a form of respiration. Fermentation and anaerobic respiration are two entirely different processes. ________________________________________ “Anaerobic Respiration Under anoxic conditions, electron acceptors other than oxygen support respiration in certain prokaryotes. This is called anaerobic respiration. … As in aerobic respiration, anaerobic respirations require electron transport, generate a proton motive force, and employ ATP [synthase] to make ATP (Sections 3.10 - 3.12).” (Brock Biology of Microorganisms: Fourteenth Edition, Michael T. Madigan, et al., Pearson Education, Inc., 2015, p95, 96) ________________________________________ “Cellular respiration, or simply respiration, is defined as an ATP-generating process in which molecules are oxidized and the final electron acceptor is (almost always) an inorganic molecule. An essential feature of respiration is the operation of an electron transport chain. There are two types of respiration … In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is O2; in anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than O2 or, rarely, an organic molecule.” (Microbiology: An Introduction. 9th Edition. Gerard Tortora, Berdell Funke, and Christine Case. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. 2007. p129) ________________________________________ “IV Anaerobic Respirations We examined the process of aerobic respiration in Chapter 3. As we noted there, O2 functions as the terminal electron acceptor, accepting electrons that have traversed an electron transport chain. However, we also noted that other electron acceptors can be used instead of O2, in which case the process is called anaerobic respiration. Here we consider these reactions in more detail. 13.16 Principles of Anaerobic Respiration Bacteria that carry out anaerobic respiration have electron transport chains containing the typical electron transport proteins that we have seen in aerobic respiration, photosynthesis, and chemolithotrophy - cytochromes, quinones, iron-sulfur proteins, and the like.” (Brock Biology of Microorganisms: Fourteenth Edition, Michael T Madigan, et al., Pearson, 2015, p410) ________________________________________ “ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION In anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is an inorganic substance other than oxygen (O2). Some bacteria, such as Pseudomonas and Bacillus, can use a nitrate ion (NO3-) as a final electron acceptor; the nitrate ion is reduced to a nitrite ion (NO2-), nitrous oxide (N2O), or nitrogen gas (N2). Other bacteria, such as Desulfovibrio (de-sul-fo-vib-re-o), use sulfate (SO42-) as the final electron acceptor to form hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Still other bacteria use carbonate (CO32-) to form methane (CH4). Anaerobic respiration by bacteria using nitrate and sulfate as final electron acceptors is essential for the nitrogen and sulfur cycles that occur in nature. The amount of ATP generated in anaerobic respiration varies with the organism and the pathway. Because only part of the Krebs cycle operates under anaerobic conditions, and since not all the carriers in the electron transport chain participate in anaerobic respiration, the ATP yield is never as high as in aerobic respiration.” (Microbiology: An Introduction. 9th Edition. Gerard Tortora, Berdell Funke, and Christine Case. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. 2007. p134) ________________________________________ “Anaerobic Respiration … Fermentation and aerobic respiration occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Additionally, some prokaryotes have a variation of aerobic respiration called anaerobic respiration, by which they synthesize ATP. This process … is similar to aerobic respiration; the major exception is that the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is a chemical compound other than molecular oxygen. A wide variety of substances can serve as alternate electron acceptors to oxygen (Table 6.5) [which listed nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, and fumarate].” (Microbiology: 3rd Edition, Daniel Lim, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 2002, p197) ________________________________________ “An important feature of ATP production from the breakdown of nutrient fuels into CO2 and H2O (see Figure 12-1, top) is a set of reactions, called respiration, involving a series of oxidation and reduction reactions called an electron-transport chain. The combination of these reactions with phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP is called oxidative phosphorylation and occurs in mitochondria in nearly all eukaryotic cells. When oxygen is available and is used as the final recipient of the electrons transported via the electron-transport chain, the respiratory process that converts nutrient energy into ATP is called aerobic oxidation or aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration is an especially efficient way to maximize the conversion of nutrient energy into ATP because O2 is a relatively strong oxidant. If some molecule other than O2 - for example, the weaker oxidants sulfate (SO42-) or nitrate (NO3-) - is the final recipient of the electrons in the electron-transport chain, the process is called anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration is typical of some prokaryotic microorganisms.” (Molecular Cell Biology: Eighth Edition. Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Bretscher, Ploegh, Amon, and Martin. W. H. Freeman. 2016. p515) ________________________________________ Nitrate respiration (as occurs in E. coli and many other microbes under anaerobic conditions) is an example of anaerobic respiration; it uses NADH as an electron donor to an electron transport system in a membrane that pumps protons across the membrane to form an electrochemical gradient that is then harnessed by ATP synthase to combine ADP and Pi into ATP . The following quote discusses it, which is also called nitrate reduction (because the electrons from the electron transport chain are transferred to nitrate, so the nitrate is reduced). “The last few sections have talked extensively about aerobic respiration. What defines it as aerobic is its use of oxygen as the terminal electron accepter. Since this is very similar to the type of respiration that humans use, our bias is obvious. Now let me fill you in on a little secret. Microbes are capable of using all sorts of other terminal electron accepters [of the electron transport chain] besides oxygen. Below we talk about a few examples of anaerobic respiration. The one thing that they all have in common is the use of an electron transport system in a membrane and the synthesis of ATP via ATP synthase. In both nitrate reduction and sulfate reduction there are two types of pathways, assimilatory and dissimilatory. … Nitrate reduction Some microbes are capable of using nitrate as their terminal electron accepter. The ETS used is somewhat similar to aerobic respiration, but the terminal electron transport protein donates its electrons to nitrate instead of oxygen. Nitrate reduction in some species (the best studied being E. coli) is a two electron transfer where nitrate is reduced to nitrite. Electrons flow through the quinone pool and the cytochrome b/c1 complex and then nitrate reductase resulting in the transport of protons across the membrane as discussed earlier for aerobic respiration. N03- + 2e- + 2H+ -> N02-+ H20 Figure 1 - The reaction for nitrate reduction. N03-, nitrate; N02-, nitrite This reaction is not particularly efficient. Nitrate does not as willingly accept electrons when compared to oxygen and the potential energy gain from reducing nitrate is less. If microbes have a choice, they will use oxygen instead of nitrate, but in environments where oxygen is limiting and nitrate is plentiful, nitrate reduction takes place.” (©2000 Timothy Paustian, University of Wisconsin-Madison lecturer.ukdw.ac.id/dhira/Metabolism/RespAnaer.html retrieved 05/06/2018)

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fermentation and anaerobic respiration are not the same thing; the difference lies not in the fact of different organisms undergoing the process, but mainly in the type of final electron acceptor, which is inorganic, but not oxygen (hence the name) for anaerobic respiration and organic on the other hand for fermentation. In both cases oxygen is not involved, but the pathways are far to different and the energy yield can differ way to much in order to make the two terms synonyms.

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What react with glucose to break glucose partially in anaerobic respiration

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Lactic acid

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Where does anaerobic respiration in animals take place? Is it also in the mitochondria? Moreover, why does it produce less energy than aerobic, I read its because the glucose is partially broken down and if this is true why is it only partially? :)

[@fuseschool]

Anaerobic respiration actually takes place in the cytoplasm (not the mitochondria as aerobic does). Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration start with a process called glycolysis - which is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate molecules. In glycolysis there is a net gain of 2 ATP molecules, which is made in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. This occurs in the cytoplasm. If there's enough oxygen, the pyruvate molecules then go into the mitochondria and aerobic reaction then occurs, where more ATP molecules are made. There is a net gain of 2 more ATP molecules (so 4 overall - the 2 from glycolysis and 2 from aerobic respiration). If there isn't enough oxygen available after glycolysis then fermentation occurs, which turns the pyruvate molecules into lactic acid. No energy is made in this process - so anaerobic respiration just makes a net gain of 2 ATP molecules from glycolysis. I hope this helps?

[@hellohello9242]

Oh right, a bit too much information as am only doing GCSE but that's fine. And why does it produce less energy, is what I said about partially breaking down correct? Another thing is that where can anaerobic respiration occur so for example in bacteria in deep puncture wounds and where else? :)

[@hellohello9242]

Moreover, does fermentation only occur in microorganisms?

[@fuseschool]

Yes - anaerobic respiration stops after the glucose has been split only once (so partially broken down) whereas in aerobic the splitting carries on - hence more energy. Anaerobic respiration occurs in muscle cells when there isn't enough energy, in the roots of plants in waterlogged soils, bacteria in puncture wounds, in yeast during alcohol fermentation, Some species of bacteria and archaea only use anaerobic respiration - often because they are found in places that have an oxygen shortage such as the digestive tract of cows, in the soil and deep in the ocean.

[@fuseschool]

Fermentation occurs in bacteria, fungi and animal cells. There are two types of fermentation: 1) lactic acid fermentation which happens in muscle cells for example (and in bacteria and fungi). 2) alcohol fermentation which happens in bacteria and yeast (fungi) and is what we make use of to make bread, beer and wine.

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