WHAT MAKES IT WORK? #16 "How a Light Bulb Works" tubalcain

In this video, I discuss the inner workings of a common incandescent light bulb..

[@roberthorner8494]

YOU'RE NEVER TOO OLD TO LEARN. I OFTEN WONDERED HOW THE THREE WAY LIGHT WORKED. NOW I KNOW. THANKS MR. PETE.

[@mrpete222]

+ROBERT HORNER Thanks for watching.

[@mrpete222]

+ROBERT HORNER Thanks for watching.

[@barrybeggs8543]

For 67 years I have wondered how a 3 way bulb worked, until watching this video I do now. Thanks for showing.I also am a Moline & twin city collecter

[@mrpete222]

+Barry Beggs Thanks for watching--love those MMs

[@MrGoosePit]

Thank you Mr. Pete for producing another illuminating WMIW. Enjoyed as always!

[@mrpete222]

+MrGoosePit Thanks for watching.

[@not2fast4u2c]

Great Video on how it works ...I feel blessed that when I went to school they still taught Science like this and I got to do things like this

[@mrpete222]

+not2fast4u2c Thanks for watching.

[@dugdiamond]

Mr Pete, we love you and your videos. Thank you for always sharing your knowledge, wisdom and educating us with the arts and methodologies, technology of our recent and oft forgotten past.

[@mrpete222]

+dugdiamond Thanks for watching

[@MrUbiquitousTech]

That's great Mr Pete! You're videos are never too long and are very enlightening! :) You're now my favorite science teacher too! I remember reading about all the crazy things Edison tried for filaments, horse-hairs and the like. I prefer the incandescents myself. I made the mistake many years ago of downgrading to CFLs. The light was so terrible and they burned out so quickly. I'm back on incandescents again and plan to stay that way.

[@mrpete222]

+ShysterLawyer Thanks for watching.

[@bendavanza]

Mr Pete, I believe that is considered a 4 way switch for the 3 way bulb because of the off position. Another great video, I always enjoy them.

[@jamesmccoskey2844]

Thanks for the nice demonstrations. This reminds me of "Mr. Wizard" on television when I was a kid in the late 1950's. He would always make fun and interesting as you do. Thanks for the memories.

[@mrpete222]

+james mccoskey Thanks for watching.

[@GasserGlass]

ONE SMART MAN...Excellent Teacher! Thanks Mr. Pete

[@mrpete222]

+GasserGlass Thanks for watching.

[@DochNiemals]

Unlike automobile differentials, about which I knew nothing until I viewed your video last week, I've known how these bulbs work since childhood. Still, I GREATLY enjoyed this video. Thank you!!!

[@mrpete222]

+Randy Draper Thanks for watching.

[@joea3728]

As always a great video. My mother used to install the filaments in those bulbs back before WWII. One little side note, never use a standard bulb in a three-way socket. in a three way socket, the third contact either becomes hot or common, depending on how you plug in your cord, and whether it is polarized or not. The other two contacts are switched. The size of the center contacts on a standard bulb can, and has caused an electrical short between the center contact and the third contact. the results can be very dangerous.

[@mrpete222]

+Joe Allen Thanks for watching.

[@davida1hiwaaynet]

Very good demonstration! I like the old-school vacuum pump there. I've always contemplated an experiment like this but didn't have a bell jar like that.

[@mrpete222]

+davida1hiwaaynet Thanks for watching.

[@Fighthouse154]

Very Entertaining video. Incandescent light bulbs emit 96% heat and 4% light.

[@brianpburch]

Thanks for sharing Mr. Pete. I have really enjoyed your videos and i enjoy sharing them with my kids :)

[@mrpete222]

+brianpburch Thanks for watching.

[@stilyou]

Great information, especially for the kids! Reminds me of a quote attributed to William Coolidge, the inventor of a process to make tungsten ductile and therefore practical for filaments, who (supposedly) said "If I had known anything about metallurgy I wouldn't have even tried"! A testament to hands-on learning and experimentation, which your videos are reigniting - thanks!

[@mrpete222]

+stilyou Thanks for watching.

[@TVMike99]

Nice experiment. I have never heard something about 3way bulbs. Thx for this information.

[@mrpete222]

+Frickelfritze Thanks for watching.

[@billlee5307]

Another fine video! You should never be too concerned about giving "too much information." No one is forced to watch. Many years ago when I was taking electronics I had a teacher who spent some time covering the filaments in vacuum tubes. Ya, I'm ancient! He said that research on filaments of all kinds revealed that they would fail where there were nicks in the wire. Because the wire would flex a little each time it heated and eventually break just like bending a piece of wire to part it. The wire gets hot and fails at the point of continued bending. Because the wire was smaller at the nicks it tended to break there. Thanks for this post!

[@mrpete222]

+William Lee Thanks for watching.

[@petek210]

This video really brightened my day.

[@mrpete222]

+Poncho likes bacon Thanks for watching.

[@thegarage161]

once the vacuum was completed I noticed that the small amount of air in the balloon expended. I'm surprised that no one else mention that in the comments makes me wonder how many other people saw that. GREAT VIDEO THANK YOU!!

[@mrpete222]

+the “Bullets Rc” garage Thanks for watching.

[@alext8828]

Great video. You're right. Nobody has ever cared much for science and technology. But boy if the ac or the tv or pc break down, all hell breaks loose. Ain't society great? And we enjoy everything you do. Don't apologize for the info. We think it's great. We thrive on it.

[@yourbeekeeper]

You are awesome Mr. Pete, I love your videos.

[@mrpete222]

+yourbeekeeper Thanks for watching.

[@robertgift]

Well done! Good to have information.

[@fall22123]

Another great video. I saw a show years ago about an old fire station in Boston or New York, or someplace like that. They've had an old light bulb turned on in the station I think since it was built. Probably 100 years ago. They mentioned that light bulbs can be made to last forever but the intentionally manufacture them to fail so you'll have to keep buying them.

[@mrpete222]

+fall22123 Thanks for watching.

[@fall22123]

+fall22123 so I was waaay off. it's in California.

[@farmallpaul4518]

Awesome! That was fun! Thanks!

[@MrBen527]

I've always wanted a vacuum bell! One of the experiments that really started my interest in physics.

[@mrpete222]

+MrBen527 Thanks for watching.

[@caemaridwn]

I used to make lamps here in the UK, I worked for Thorn EMI. You won't believe the trouble you can have making these lamps (bulb is not the correct name). The filament is dipped in phosphorus during the process then when power is applied for the first time the filament is cleaned by the phosphorus burning off,the voltage goes up in steps to age the filament correctly. There's a few more steps but I'd be here all night explaining it. Great job in the winter I had to go in early to fire all the machines up so they had expanded by the time production started.

[@mrpete222]

+Robert Clive Thanks for watching.

[@RosaStringWorks]

Nice job. Interesting, thanks.

[@mrpete222]

+Rosa String Works Thanks for watching.

[@TheRooster1122]

Pretty cool stuff Mr. Pete....

[@mrpete222]

+TheRooster1122 Thanks for watching.

[@spetro3387]

wasn't too long. very informative. thanks.

[@mrpete222]

+Sam Petrocelli Thanks for watching.

[@kevinwillis9126]

very well explained as always.. thankyou sir..

[@mrpete222]

+Kevin Willis Thanks for watching.

[@willshankle8527]

Another wonderful video. I truly enjoy them all. I'm wondering what would happen if you pulled a vacuum and then filled with argon or CO2 or some other relatively nonreactive gas?

[@watong9232]

Mr. P., It is always a sincere pleasure. I don't believe you can ever offer too much related information. I've been fortunate enough to have a handful of excellent teachers in my lifetime and you are undoubtedly an opposable thumb of a teacher! God Bless. P.S. Lighting is actually my trade and this is spot on in all accounts. Only thing I might add to it is that the innovative efforts of Joseph Swan be given equal consideration to Edison. I know it's much more complicated, but I am curious if you plan to do a segment on the arc-discharge lamp and fluorescence...

[@mrpete222]

+Wa Tong Thanks for watching.

[@ianbutler1983]

Very interesting. Thanks.

[@mrpete222]

+Ian Butler Thanks for watching.

[@roylucas1027]

great video. Thank you.

[@mrpete222]

+Roy Lucas Thanks for watching.

[@1jtolvey]

GREAT VIDEO !!! NEVER KNEW ABOUT SWISS CONNECTION .

[@mrpete222]

+OLD WIPPER-SNAPPER Thanks for watching.

[@andymandyandsheba4571]

excellent i remember doing all this in school in physics i really enjoyed it

[@mrpete222]

+Andy Coakes Thanks for watching.

[@ipovaric]

Overall great video - lots of info, learned some new things about light bulbs that I didn't know before. Maybe a bit nitpicky, but one thing I kind of snickered at was the light bulb "obsolecence conspiracy". I guess you could be right that the powers that be in the incandescent bulb industry conspired to make more money off the bulbs that were lasting forever...but that's kind of what companies do. If I see a consumer product that lasts 80+ years, in most cases, it's waaay over-designed and the designer did a bad job deciding on the trade-offs. As you said, bulbs previously were dimmer, so their wire temperatures were lower. With heating elements (I work with electric heaters), one of the main trade-off is between life and wire temperature (which is determined mostly from Watt Density: Watts per square unit of wire surface area a.k.a. heat flux). I'm assuming that's the constraint they were working with - how to make a more compact package that lasts to a specific desired life. Though, I would agree that they may have gone too far on that trade-off curve and taken too much life out of the bulbs.

[@adriaan9011]

very well explained, here in the eu its allready forbidden to produce/import certain watteges of incandecent bulbs, but some german guy managed to get away with it importing them as "heat spheres"

[@mrpete222]

+adriaan Thanks for watching.

[@petervernaci1364]

Mr. Pete. In regard to your comment about the planned obsolescence, the Livermore (CA) Centennial Light Bulb has been burning for over 114 years. Google "Livermore Centennial Light" to see it. It has its own webcam! Thanks for another great video.

[@mrpete222]

+Peter Vernaci Thanks for watching.

[@lewismcclain8957]

That was fun.great day in class

[@mrpete222]

+Lewis Mcclain Thanks for watching.

[@KPearce57]

My mother worked for Westinghouse, she "pulled" tungsten wire for filaments the blanks were about 6" long 2" diameter they were heated and pulled through successive dies until it reached filament size. The workers would make special bulbs to take home, these lasted forever in fact I never saw a blown bulb. We even had coated bulbs that were very hard to break, the coating was developed for NASA because of the severe vibrations.

[@mrpete222]

+K.D. Pearce thanks for watching-those are good stories

[@tedsykora1858]

Well done. Tough to beat the coaster brake video. Still waiting for the cut away of how the old 3 speed, inside the hub, shifting worked. Don't you hate it when people hint like that?

[@lindaisenegger163]

Awsome!

[@UglukGPZ900]

Greetings from the old country Mr Peterson! A curious thing is that while tungsten indeed is swedish for heavy rock the metal is actually known as "wolfram" here in sweden. Thank you for an - as always - interesting demonstration.

[@mrpete222]

+UglukGPZ900 Thanks for watching.

[@mc_cpu]

I'd never seen a three way bulb here in the UK.

[@rickjljr11]

+mc349iii Is that because you guys don't use an Edison base?

[@mrpete222]

+mc349iii Thanks for watching.

[@kevCarrico]

can you power any of your model engines using vacuum instead of compressed air?

[@tedsykora1858]

And I thought Mr Pete was a former shop teacher. No, must have been a physics teacher. Well done.

[@mrpete222]

+ted sykora Thanks for watching.

[@pierrec1590]

Another reason to fill the light bulb with argon is to balance atmospheric pressure. This allows for a very thin glass wall to be used, making the bulb cheaper and lighter.

[@kycoalminer35]

Great info for the younger audience. Did you get the carbide light I sent you to work Mr. Pete?

[@mrpete222]

+kycoalminer35 Yes I did & thank you very much. I lost your email address. It will be shown in my next this & that vid. And again when I do a video on how to make acetylene. Thanks so much!!

[@terryterry7715]

1. Incandescent light bulbs will be collectible items soon! 2. Weight of Iridium is a litle bit higher than that one on the list but anyways... Thank you for your time and the knoledge!

[@tombellus8986]

Thanks Lyle enjoyed

[@mrpete222]

+Tom Bellus Thanks for watching.

[@timhyatt9185]

now i'm curious what the blue material was that deposited on the inner surface of the lightbulb after it burned out.....was it from the balloon being in there with it? or some other reaction.....

[@mrpete222]

+Tim Hyatt Thanks for watching.

[@CharlesReiche]

We use DC4 at the avionics shop to seal the bottom of the bell.

[@mrpete222]

+Charles Reiche Thanks for watching.

[@Mentorcase]

I remember as a kid I used to go underground with my uncle and he had these hand held light bulbs for mining, they were designated RC and I asked what that meant and he said "Rough C#nts", I later learnt it meant reinforced construction, LOL.

[@mrpete222]

+Mentorcase Thanks for watching.

[@davekellogg6819]

Hi Mr. Pete,How did you cut the top half off the bulb? Dremel abrasive wheel? Something else? Was it touchy to do?

[@mrpete222]

+Dave Kellogg yes-Thanks for watching.

[@tektonadventures]

Great demonstration. Interesting that a cubic foot of lightweight aluminum weighs more than a cubic foot of concrete.

[@mrpete222]

+tektonadventures Thanks for watching.

[@DustanWebb]

can you explain why the bulb in the vacuum at the end was blue like the baloon? was that from sputtering?

[@diogosoaresmendes]

The metal vaporizes and since it is in a vaccum it deposits in the glass.

[@mrpete222]

+Dustan Webb Thanks for watching.

[@eamonn280958]

That was interesting. I noticed there was a blue deposite on the bulb after you let the air in. Where did that come from?

[@stefantrethan]

+eamonn280958 That was tungsten dioxide or trioxide. It must have vacuum deposited when there was still very little athmosphere. Very impressive.

[@mrpete222]

+eamonn280958 Thanks for watching.

[@WobblycogsUk]

Those three way bulbs never made it to the UK we went for a dimmer built into the light switch, if memory serves it was a rehostat usually and they often buzzed annoyingly on lower settings. Oddly enough though because we use the bayonet fitting it would probably have been easier to have a three way bulb as the bayonet already has three separate points where metal makes contact. Anyway, Mr Pete, please get a cage or at least some plastic mesh for your bell jar. If that thing implodes while under vacuum you _really_ don't want glass flying all over the place.

[@zaprodk]

+Wobblycogs Workshop A rheostat is just an adjustable resistor - it will not buzz in any way. What you hear buzzing is a TRIAC light dimmer circuit that is chopping up the mains voltage.

[@WobblycogsUk]

+zaprodk Thanks for correction, I've just had a quite read up on triacs and that makes sense now. I guess when I've heard the switch buzzing it was the choke making the noise probably because it was being used beyond it's design capacity. Chopping up the waveform like that on an incandescent must have been awful for the longevity of the bulb though especially on low power.

[@mrpete222]

+Wobblycogs Workshop Thanks for watching.

[@zaprodk]

+Wobblycogs Workshop afaik it makes the bulb last a lot longer because it is started softly, which has much more impact on the lamp life than the possible negative effect by the chopped up voltage.

[@CraftedChannel]

The yellow on the large filament was interesting. As was the blue on the inside surface of the remaining bulb glass when you let the air back in.

[@WobblycogsUk]

+Crafted It was almost certainly a coating of tungsten trioxide which is pretty much exactly that colour, there was likely some contamination from other tungsten compounds though. The blue is a little harder to explain, my first guess would be deposition of evaporated tungsten (see chemical vapour deposition). There are also more uncommon oxides of tungsten that are blue which could have been formed in a low oxygen environment and there was a blue balloon in there.

[@CraftedChannel]

Wobblycogs Workshop I considered the reflection of the blue balloon. You can see in the beginning and in the thumbnail image that it's not imposing a reflection of blue. The blue coating only appears after the introduction of air. Now I need to learn what a trioxide is. ;-) Thanks for the comment.

[@WobblycogsUk]

I wasn't thinking a reflection of the balloon more like something evaporated from the balloon. Under very low pressure solids can easily enter the vapour phase and then deposit out. Trioxide just means three oxygen atoms in the molecule. For example carbon monoxide (CO) is carbon with one oxygen, carbon dioxide (CO2) is carbon with two oxygens. For reasons that are more complex than I can explain here you can't get carbon trioxide. Tungsten though can exhibit a trioxide form. A small number of atoms can also form tetroxides (four oxygens) but that's uncommon, osmium being one example.

[@CraftedChannel]

Thanks for expanding. I'm checking out your channel now.

[@mrpete222]

+Crafted Thanks for watching.

[@ceptimus]

Main reason tungsten is used is not its density or electrical resistance - it's because it has a very high melting point. Tungsten melts at 6,191°F. Nichrome wire is used as a heating element in appliances like toasters and soldering irons - it would be used in light bulbs too if it were possible as it's much cheaper and easier to work than tungsten, but it's no use for an incandescent bulb because it melts at only 2,550°F. A typical light bulb filament runs at about 5000°F: running them hotter makes a more efficient bulb but at the cost of reduced lifetime - the bulbs used in slide projectors run just below the melting point of the filament so as to give a good bright white light for more accurate color rendition - but as a result these projector bulbs only last about fifty hours, even when handled very carefully with no shocks or vibration allowed to reach the projector while the bulb is illuminated.

[@rshaddinger]

I curious as to how you opened the bulbs without breaking the filaments?

[@yourbeekeeper]

Looks like he first scored the globe with a glass cutter then a Gentle tap on the score with the end of the cutter would complete the break. Brand new filaments are more sturdy than a one that has been fired and it looks like he used new bulbs for the demonstration.

[@mrpete222]

+rshaddinger Thanks for watching.

[@sammyrussell936]

COOL

[@mrpete222]

+Sammy Russell Thanks for watching.

[@harperjmichael]

There is an Edison bulb that's been on for 114 years at a firehouse somewhere on the East coast.

[@EIBBOR2654]

+harperjmichael It is in the Livermore CA Fire house. It is the only light bulb that has it's own site and camera that anyone can log on to to see the bulb is still working. Here is the site www.centennialbulb.org/

[@mrpete222]

+harperjmichael Thanks for watching.

[@jasperheijer7452]

threeway lamp...lol....never saw that before

[@wilddhc2]

I thought the "blue" balloon would have expanded more as you removed the standard atmospheric pressure .

[@mrpete222]

+Rexx Thanks for watching.

[@cemx86]

At 17:40 about the longevity of the bulb. There is a bulb that has been running since at least 1901. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_Light. I don't know about the "make it fail sooner" conspiracy. Could it just be "make it cheaper" (engineering decision by reducing the diameter of the expensive tungsten filament)?

[@mrpete222]

+cemx86 Thanks for watching.

[@EIBBOR2654]

There is an Edison bulb in Livermore CA that has been burning since 1901. It has it's own site and camera that you can log on to see it still working. Here is the site if anyone wants to check it out: www.centennialbulb.org/ There are two other old Edison bulbs still working. The Livermore CA bulb is the oldest known, the second oldest is in Fort Worth TX and the third oldest is in Mangum OK. Here is the site that talks about them www.roadsideamerica.com/story/28990

[@mrpete222]

+EIBBOR2654 Thanks for watching.

[@rickjljr11]

Is the blue from the balloon?

[@mrpete222]

+Richard J Lebens Thanks for watching.

[@jaynegus4526]

Too many people today have absolutely no idea how Edison made modern life possible. I think the light bulb is his crowning achievement. In the days before the lightbulb - work generally stopped when the sun went down. After dark the candle or kerosene lantern was all you had to light your way. The light bulb allowed people to work around the clock ( in some ways good - in some ways bad ). I could go on and on and on about Edison but I think it is safe to say that his inventions/developments did more to influence the course of humanity than any other previous force in history.

[@mrpete222]

+Jayne Gus Thanks for watching.

[@diogosoaresmendes]

Notice the metal vapor deposits in the glass! That's akin to how they make gorilla glass and the likes!

[@kentvandervelden]

+Diogo Mendes Isn't Gorilla Glass made by ion exchange, instead of physical vapor deposition?

[@diogosoaresmendes]

I'm not sure about gorilla glass in particular, however some glass coatings are definitely made this way, vaporizing metals in a vaccum chamber.

[@mrpete222]

+Diogo Mendes Thanks for watching.

[@kevCarrico]

apparently some dudes at MIT have made an incandescent bulb that is brighter -- and uses less energy -- than LED!

[@sm6xyy]

Hej Vad hade hänt om du hade släppt in Argongas i vacumkammaren i stället för vanlig luft ? Som ättling till svenskar så skall du naturligtvis svara på svenska ;-)

[@mrpete222]

+Jan Persson Thanks for watching.

[@Opinionator52]

WHAT MAKES IT WORK? Are always good! Thank you Tubalcain... Take care... O,,,

[@mrpete222]

+Opinionator52 Thanks for watching.

[@sthenzel]

Yes, incandescent bulbs are ver inefficient in producing light. But they are incredible efficient in producing heat! If you heat your house with electric power anyway, there´s absolutely no reason to switch to more efficient lighting, because every watt you spare on lighting, you have to put into heating. Ok, in summer it´s a different story, but there you need much less lighting anyway.

[@mrpete222]

+sthenzel Thanks for watching.

[@jason-ge5nr]

I thought they put iridium in spark plug electrodes

[@mrpete222]

+Albion Laster Thanks for watching.

[@isbcornbinder]

Electric light is 100% efficient heat and can add to the warmth of a room and supplement the heat in your home, in the colder months. Summer, maybe not so good.

[@mrpete222]

+Bob Smith Thanks for watching.

[@MegaChekov]

That balloon was completely empty at the start just think how a space suit would be in a vacuum with its air in it why they should look like the Michland tire guy in the in complete vacuum of say on the moon

[@rongarvin8722]

The worst thing you can do to a light bulb is turn it off and on! Each time its turned on and off the heat change causes micro fractures that eventually break the filament.

[@rongarvin8722]

Theres a bulb at some fire station thats been burning continuously for like 80 years!

[@georgehoffman5665]

If the bulb had left handed threads it would 12 volts.

[@GuyFawkes911]

Tungsten Carbide is a carbide not a metall.

[@mrpete222]

+KOR True

[@vadymklimovich934]

An INPLIX is a place where you can learn how to make it yourself much cheaper.

[@arjanwilbie2511]

i love science :) just to bad my "teachers" had other plans as we were destined to end in the gutter, so we watched porn, cheech and chong, drank liquor etc when we needed to learn about maths, biology and basic science. i learned quite a lot by just study books and even to this day by watching youtube experiments.

[@mrpete222]

+Arjan Wilbie Thanks for watching.

[@dugdiamond]

Talkin about my ggggeneration! Not quite a babyboomer and not generation-x The 70's adolesencent, the only generation not doing better than their parents and still living at home!

[@arjanwilbie2511]

I could not afford a house, not even good for a loan to buy a ship (mv communicator) had zeven land rovers mostly to use to keep atleast one running :) i was 32 when i moved out, moved country to live with my ex, married her zeven months later. Generation X, last of the good guys.

[@eddylanzboy]

tung sten

[@pinterelectric]

I believe modern bulbs are filled with argon

[@epd807]

+Jeff Pinter You are right Jeff! The inside of most modern incandescent lamps is filled with a nitrogen/argon mix, other inert gasses can also be used. The pressure is reduced so that its less than 1 atm at operating temperature. Operating an incandescent filament in a vacuum hastens its evaporation leading to lamp failure. The coiled-coil configuration of the filament also helps to slow evaporation.

[@mrpete222]

+Jeff Pinter Yes-Thanks for watching.

[@dugdiamond]

Did you know that the conventional wisdom and theory of how we view light is all wrong and incorrect! Physics and Energy are all wrong wrong wrong! For instance using the incandescent light bulb as an example,,, It is taught that a flow of electrons passes through the resistance of the wire filament that resists the flow. The kinetic energy of the flowing electrons impeded by the resistance of the wire doesnt remain in the wire but as we have long been told how the net sum of energy must always account be accounted for.... "Energy never disapears, it only changes form." Given that , we are taught that the resultant energy changes form and dissipates in the form of light and heat. It further is said that the resultant light radiates and is eminating outward from within the globe of that lightbulb to shine out into the our own surrounding universe. Wrong Wrong Wrong!!! A lightbulb does NOT radiate, project or shine light outward. Notice, for instance that the incandescant bulb is enveloped in a vacuum? LIGHTBULBS DO NOT TRANSMIT LIGHT. RATHER THEY SUCK IN THE DARKNESS. Light works by the suction of dark matter! Did ya ever notice how the burned out bulb always has a rather dark spot in the bottom of the bulb... Proof that the reason why "burned" out bulbs no longer "shine".... So simple, they are filled to maximum capacity full of darkness. Ever heard of black holes in the universe?????

[@benfrombelow]

+dugdiamond lol

[@dougbourdo2589]

+dugdiamond ..........ummmm...................

[@SuperBowser87]

What a dim subject.......

[@mrpete222]

+Tom Wilcox Thanks for watching.

[@michaellinahan7740]

Mr. Pete, While I enjoy your machining videos, a subject you obviously have a great deal of knowledge, please do some research before committing ideas to video. You have the view that America is the center of the universe BUT that is not the case. Edison did make the first mass produced incandescent light bulb but he was not the inventor. I stopped watching at 3 minutes when you started talking about 'weights per pound', scientifically it should be mass per pound and this is called density so why not call it that. There is enough 'bunkum' talked about by 'experts' in the world of science please don't add to it. Sorry if this is going to annoy anyone but this is one of my per peeves, but I do enjoy the machining videos.