What did you find interesting in this tour? Next, I visit an incredible 1000-year-old silk route village kzbin.info/www/bejne/q6e1qGeen5eLqM0
@naziaxafer4807Ай бұрын
Hi Karl my family lives in Auckland n m looking forward to visit soon hope to meet u n ur beautiful wife there n learn about new zealand
@WorldwithoutReligion-j1lАй бұрын
more than 8000 year old
@ashleo4Ай бұрын
Please don’t believe what he is saying a lot of bullshit are made up by these people. Especially about companion of Muhammad (PBUH). No one from Arabia came to this part that time but later (if I’m not wrong). Whatever is scientifically proven just that might be true. That’s the problem in sub continent people exaggerate things or add false stories.
@rockysalvatore7352Ай бұрын
@@KarlRock hopefully now you man up and realize their is no cooperating with these ppl. You just don't have the spine to call it out.
@makhanram6575Ай бұрын
I m Pakistani Hindu vloger .can we meat .I m from cholistan . Bahawalpur
@SS-wm1wyАй бұрын
What does mosque and grave have to do with Harappa?
@rockysalvatore7352Ай бұрын
Claiming it and coping that they have no history anywhere across the world
@mba849Ай бұрын
@@rockysalvatore7352 I've seen your other comments on this video. You seem super butthurt about karl visiting Pakistan 😂 must be an Indian (infact you actually are cuz you claimed "Hindus and Indians could've preserved the history better") Keep coping 🐄🥩🤤
@muhammadumariftikhar8003Ай бұрын
The Mosque was from the Mughal period and the graveyard Is from the current era. Cruel king and giant Baba stories are bullshit though
@Afnan_TaherАй бұрын
@@muhammadumariftikhar8003 He likely narrated the story of the people of the Rass.
@shiva-jk8msАй бұрын
I am also thinking about the same
@RooZ_ytАй бұрын
The inaccuracies said by the guide are very unfortunate. Such an important piece of history deserves a more unbiased and grounded view . I'm not sure if the guide was official or not but this makes me sad that I cannot take everything said at face value. Still very fascinating and thank you Karl for showing me
@hasanjamalkhan689Ай бұрын
Its not an official guide, the site is a work in progress
@ankitchowdhury7153Ай бұрын
But wtf is nipal bro?@@hasanjamalkhan689
@rockysalvatore7352Ай бұрын
@@hasanjamalkhan689you mean being destroyed and hidden
@user-il1ey2ur3xАй бұрын
@@rockysalvatore7352not your problem since you quite literally cannot enter it 😂
@ssrp1990Ай бұрын
@@hasanjamalkhan689 your education is also work in progress 😂😂
@xeshan88Ай бұрын
As a Pakistani, I feel ashamed to see you experience for listening to this bullshit. All these are fairytales and there is no connection to reality. Please forget whatever you have listening from the guide and don't take these to your country for making us more shameful. If the tomb of the person is that long how the hell does he live in these tiny houses? Also, forget the story of the beheaded man.
@RajaUsman-gx8hrАй бұрын
Really
@Pushp-y5lАй бұрын
Indeed he should have at least some professional respect for his own job.
@SumitBisht0Ай бұрын
Nothing goes well without masala in this region, I guess.
@siddharthasharma8303Ай бұрын
Sorry to see how radicalised pakistan is, to say that yhere is was a mosque n graveyard at that time...
@kspace0Ай бұрын
The world should paki as it is. Be shameful.
@truthspadeАй бұрын
Imagine going to the site of one of the oldest civilization of this world and Pakistanis are busy showing tomb of a random person. When will this country grow out of its religious facade.
@adithyaarun8465Ай бұрын
until they come out of the mindset that pakistan = islam and islam = pakistan, nothing is going to change. there r so many people in the comments here itself claiming harappans were muslims. like what?
@HuckleberryHimАй бұрын
I understand why that can be frustrating if your interest is in the IVC, but this site didn't just stay stagnant for 4500 years. There are layers of civilization and history. He showed Mughal-era structures as well. I wouldn't ignore them just because they aren't the main attraction
@kShailjaАй бұрын
Aren't we going that way also?
@JV-ut4fiАй бұрын
@@HuckleberryHimhmm, then he should describe all aspects of the known history about the site, not just carefully selected parts
@Bose-oj4xkАй бұрын
@@HuckleberryHim I'd ignore that speed breaker any time. No one wants to see that eyesore.
@hassandilbar0075Ай бұрын
The Guide is a fool and very irritating. He doesn't know anything about Indus valley civilization. He is not even qualified. Looks like a scam to me.
@Ak-wv7dtАй бұрын
Is a scam
@rockysalvatore7352Ай бұрын
Pakistan and scams 😱😱
@muqeeturrehman9311Ай бұрын
I live near harrappa. I feel ashamed when I see. His knowledge is limited. Not a cheater. The civilization of Sindh is very vast. Harappa is a small part.
@PawanSharmaBaruАй бұрын
Thank
@AnuragTiwari-tv7wkАй бұрын
This guide is a product of Madarsa ...so qualified that his every word seems a fart .these fellow have converted even Harappa ruins also to Mazars and made bullshit isla mic stories 😂😂😂😂
@larrymanger4244Ай бұрын
Indus Valley Civilization (circa 3300-1300 BCE) was pre-Islamic and predates the construction of mosques, as Islam emerged much later in the 7th century CE. The civilization was not Islamic but had its own distinct religious and cultural practices, often referred to as animistic or proto-Hindu. Regarding mosques: Since the Indus Valley Civilization existed thousands of years before the advent of Islam, there would have been no mosques during that time. The civilization’s religious practices are better understood through its artifacts, such as seals and figurines, which depict deities, sacred animals, and symbols like the swastika, which later became associated with Hinduism and other religions.
@niteshsahani7409Ай бұрын
Yes, the Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), was a Bronze Age civilization that existed around 3300-1300 BCE, with its mature period from 2600-1900 BCE. It primarily flourished in the northwestern regions of South Asia, in what is now Pakistan and parts of India. While it predates the formal rise of Hinduism as we understand it today, the Harappan civilization is sometimes associated with early elements of Hindu culture, as follows: 1. Religious Symbols: Artifacts from the Harappan civilization, such as seals with depictions of animals and possibly proto-Shiva (Pashupati) figures, hint at religious practices that may have influenced later Hindu traditions. 2. Great Bath at Mohenjo-Daro: This suggests ritualistic bathing, a practice that aligns with Hindu traditions of purification. 3. Sacred Trees and Animals: Representations of sacred fig trees (peepal) and animals indicate cultural elements that may have been absorbed into Hinduism. 4. Early Script: The Harappan script remains undeciphered, but it might provide further insights into religious or cultural connections.
@greaterbharat4175Ай бұрын
They were doing yagna ( kalibangan) Had pasupati seal ( which have similar depictions with even Irish god cernunus) Itself to prove that it was "orthodox" Hinduism Later spread in gangetic region and even in outside of Indian subcontinent During 1900-1000bce time period
@digitalbath6057Ай бұрын
@@greaterbharat4175later spread, there are ancient items in UP too.
@raidaiwik2006Ай бұрын
@@greaterbharat4175 it was not orthodox they were not following organised religion
@mehmoodahmed893Ай бұрын
this is history of pakistan nothing cncern with indian or hindus the culture of indus civilisation is totally pakistani and they r not hindus
@biker1715Ай бұрын
there is a tomb every 30-40 kms in rural Pakistan, (mostly in Sindh and Punjab) of a saint who was unbelievably tall, I fell for it the first one I saw but when you come across so many you start seeing the trend 🤣,,,they need better guides for sure
@samdar5833Ай бұрын
These saints was not tall, there is group of saint who alway made 9 yards long grave. They knew that people will start worship the grave so due to long grave, nobody will know where is original grave. It was a good thought to keep the un educated people from worshiping the grave. Because some people kiss the saint grave, some lay down to get his wishes come true.
@Asaan-WorkАй бұрын
Harappa’s history is wild, but the GoPro drama? Priceless! 😂 Pakistan’s got so many hidden gems-can't wait to see more!
@rockysalvatore7352Ай бұрын
Hindu gems yeah. No one really cares about Muslim culture. That's why they have to force it on everyone. That's why we don't want em in the west and ik my comment just made them cry
@Unknown_34566Ай бұрын
Bro literally no one till now has ever cracked the Indus valley script. I don't know how Pakistanis know who Harappan king was and what he did.😂😂
@yoganathansuppiah3692Ай бұрын
😂😂😂😂😂
@Vsl2015Ай бұрын
Guide is lieing stupid .. no masjid before 1400 yrs ago .. shameless people telling lies .. no alla quran islam muslim masjid before 1400 yrs ago .. mohammad born in 578 ad or common era .. where are your brains .. why living like this in lie brain washing people wrongly
@milan4indiaАй бұрын
Feel sorry for Karl that he got a worst possible tour Guide who was talking like a kid or an ignorant man. The guide was not able to narrate a single fact properly. Karl's silence shows, he enjoyed it as fun because he was aware of this Civilization much more as it extended deep into Indian boundaries in Punjab, Haryana too.
@mamtasharma-ow2inАй бұрын
To all Pakistanis Harrappa was ancient Hindu civilization. No matter what you do you can not change history. Capturing somebody else land doesn't make you owner.
@ottovon5182Ай бұрын
they were not Hindu
@ottovon5182Ай бұрын
they were not Hindu
@DefenceGuidePortalАй бұрын
I'm pretty sure your mamma ya papa was hindu fucking radical Islamists trying to alter reality@@ottovon5182
@islamicspotlighttv1259Ай бұрын
Keep cry my son Isn’t you and your country earn money on Muslim era buildings and monuments such as Taj Mahal ?😅
@niteshsahani7409Ай бұрын
@@ottovon5182 Acc to Chatgpt----- Yes, the Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), was a Bronze Age civilization that existed around 3300-1300 BCE, with its mature period from 2600-1900 BCE. It primarily flourished in the northwestern regions of South Asia, in what is now Pakistan and parts of India. While it predates the formal rise of Hinduism as we understand it today, the Harappan civilization is sometimes associated with early elements of Hindu culture, as follows: 1. Religious Symbols: Artifacts from the Harappan civilization, such as seals with depictions of animals and possibly proto-Shiva (Pashupati) figures, hint at religious practices that may have influenced later Hindu traditions. 2. Great Bath at Mohenjo-Daro: This suggests ritualistic bathing, a practice that aligns with Hindu traditions of purification. 3. Sacred Trees and Animals: Representations of sacred fig trees (peepal) and animals indicate cultural elements that may have been absorbed into Hinduism. 4. Early Script: The Harappan script remains undeciphered, but it might provide further insights into religious or cultural connections.
@EsoteriaHealingАй бұрын
My city in India also has Harrappan ruins. My parents house was built on harrappan land along a Satluj tributary. I faced so many hauntings all throughout my years living there. Probably still there. The land itself has seen so much including Guru Gobind Singh ji's battles. We have a Harrappan museum too that has skeletons, artifacts and stuff.
@From004Ай бұрын
What ever Harappan doesn't belong to Pakistan
@supremercommonderАй бұрын
It does cry
@From004Ай бұрын
@@supremercommonder 😂
@AkankshaSharma-ex6eqАй бұрын
Any civilization doesnt belong to people randomly you need to carry their beliefs and value in them. Indus might be your ancestors but you are not their sons and daughters just by capturing the land .@@supremercommonder
@supremercommonderАй бұрын
@ how can I be from capturing there land when my strongest south Asian dna is Gujarat and Pahari Kashmir.
@vs9324Ай бұрын
From where did the guide get the story of Zalim King of Harappa? Nobody has deciphered the script of Indus Valley Civilization so far. Nobody can distort history like Pakistanis do. Basically, their motivation is always to show that the civilization pre Islam was cruel and backward and Islam brought peace in the region. The guide should get an award for making up stories.
@HasnainMusic233Ай бұрын
why blame everyone for one persons fault?
@PS-ug7nmАй бұрын
They are expert at converting History as well 😂
@muhammadazeem1346Ай бұрын
It's just some urban stories the locals made up... No need to be so but hurt about it
@PS-ug7nmАй бұрын
@@muhammadazeem1346You also shouldn't get hurt when someone tells truth about your community bro 😢
@unknown.145gvgugbjАй бұрын
@@PS-ug7nmTrue bro i met a pakistani in canada. He had story for every town related to islam😂. He could not agree Lahore was lavapuri full of hindu temples, multan was mulasthan, taxila was takshila. They think rawalpindi was named after a muslim sufi while it was there before islam entered named after bappa Rawal who massacred arabs
@sanahunzaiАй бұрын
The guide in Hunza Ganesh had a class. His information and narrating skills were excellent compared to what we are seeing and listening in this video.
@MarkVremАй бұрын
Yah this guy seems to explain things but fails to put it in any context. The sewers may be a good example. Yes it is sewers, but the context would have been, it was very advanced and impressive for that time and civilization, innovation etc.
@lefarm847Ай бұрын
these areas too much superstition and illiteracy
@sanahunzaiАй бұрын
@lefarm847 true.
@dip-treeАй бұрын
Very sad to see a priceless heritage of humanity is not managed or maintained well (like villagers / kids freely accessing the site). The guide, although a nice person is so funny - combining all local myths (the bad king of the region and the curse which turned the city to ruins!) and telling a story that is far from history. Thanks Karl for showing this place. As an Indian, although my heart wishes to visit these places, but the politics of the region would make it very difficult to get visas to visit these places. To all Pakistani brothers / sisters, please do protect this priceless gift of ancient ruins. Generations in the future will be thankful to you. Love from India.
@ThatssswhatithoughtАй бұрын
What’s wrong with them accessing the site. These are already ruins they won’t ruin it more. We trust our people unlike Indians breaking mosques to build temples and planning on converting taj mahhal to a Hindu temple
@schnitzel_enjoyerАй бұрын
If it was a mosque they would maintain it XD
@rockysalvatore7352Ай бұрын
He's not funny or good person. Just evil. Why do you think they ignore news the most?? They're proud to be evil
@ImmranKhalid1Ай бұрын
bro it's being maintained as you can see the govt has built a wall around the site. also building new site for museum.
@ohboeeboeeАй бұрын
Well the damage is done..even the bricks of the site were looted by people for construction and the govt for railways ..too little too late..@@ImmranKhalid1
@adnanaziz8672Ай бұрын
This guide beautifully and perfactly depicts the level of merit and competency in this country
@aprendoespanol6833Ай бұрын
such a useless guide, not even a proper guide. However, you must watch his video about Ganish village. The guide was brilliant there so we can't just generalise an entire country with just one person
@Taimur_GatesАй бұрын
maybe he is there cuz not a lot of tourists visit the area = less revenue = less salary for good guides
@Taimur_GatesАй бұрын
@@aprendoespanol6833 Khewra mine ka guide is so level
@user-cc3pi3ir2yАй бұрын
He must be a PTI supporter...only they always come up with fictional stories ....😅😅😅
5:34 Mosque? 😂 Islam came into existence 1400 yrs ago and indus valley civilisation is 5000 yr old.
@zulfiqarahmad2729Ай бұрын
It was excavated in 20th century.
@betaalsbuddy1655Ай бұрын
@@zulfiqarahmad2729 doesn't matter. From where does mosque came in Indus valley civilization? It was not a Muslim civilization.
@zulfiqarahmad2729Ай бұрын
@@betaalsbuddy1655 Yes, before archeological excavation... There were Muslim population.
@zulfiqarahmad2729Ай бұрын
Later it became archeological site and Mosque is still there in abandoned form.
@Kandel908Ай бұрын
@@zulfiqarahmad2729 you people learn so brainwashed History 😂
@prashantasthana5115Ай бұрын
Guide: Aaj nayi history likhunga main. Shabash.
@sarvarsahi3612Ай бұрын
Can people (including the guide) stop spreading absolute nonsense lol ? Harappa and Mohenjo Daro script has NEVER been deciphered. We have NO idea what happened. All we know is that the civilisation was not centered around any deity temple/ king’s palace. It may have been the world’s first true democracy. They were neither Hindus, nor Jains, or Muslim. These are facts. Please don’t twist basic fact to feed a propaganda. This is an extremely important archaeological site.
@IMAN-WALAАй бұрын
lol ! A Dhimmi mind bringing converts into the scope of the Primal faith & practices this land has from eons which is the Vedic Sanatana. Seals like "Pashupati Seal" with yogic Posture and Animal Symbolism depiction is already there in the public sphere & which Dharma does that relate to....the INDIC vedic dharma " THEY R NOT JAINS? offshoot of later Hinduism , yes they were not , but bringing MUSLIMS? assuming u r referring to real Arabi Muslims & not these 2 Dinaars" 🙆♀Obviously they were not, Muhammed was not born then and no one has heard of word Islam , even bible or torah were not compiled nor their prophets have born(according to their myths)! Dhimmis will always think like a dhimmi, I guess I GUESS THEY WERE ATHIEST, TRUEE DEMOCRACY 🧏♂ dimwit
@rockysalvatore7352Ай бұрын
You asked Muslims/Pakistani not to twist anything... Tell me what country learns anything from them and is their ally. Don't have standards for the crippled
@lonewolfe2502Ай бұрын
It's already deciphered recently & it is believed to have connection with sanskrit. Check out the research done by yajna devam.
@hrishabhdivyaАй бұрын
well, the coins did have shiva doing advance yoga pose, if I believe. and many swastikas. I am sure it was related to even if not fully developed Hinduism. But it is truth. The language has never been decipher.
@sachins5784Ай бұрын
@@hrishabhdivya Nobody actually knows who the person dancing is. People are saying it could be Shiva as a possibility. Nothing is confirmed tho. It can be just another man.
@shivangi4400Ай бұрын
Tysm Karl Im a student of history and this part of Indian history attracts me the most I wanted to visit pakistan for this reason solely.. thank you for this virtual tour ❤ *Edit Also if you're into history/indus valley civilisation you can visit the national museum in delhi.. there are a ton of intresting artifacts well maintained there.. like indus valley stamps and seals (including proto Shiva seal✴️) terracotta and clayware and a preserved skeleton of a woman who was buried with her belongings like pottery and jwellery It's all mind blowing
@rockysalvatore7352Ай бұрын
If only Indians and Hindus were there so they could preserve and maintain these historical and cultural sites. Yet we have prophet Diddy pbuh and his followers
@betaalsbuddy1655Ай бұрын
@@rockysalvatore7352 how about preserving indian heritage first?
@shadowrealmgamer4147Ай бұрын
Why don't you deal with your own culture sites!
@unknown.145gvgugbjАй бұрын
@@betaalsbuddy1655preserving since IVC. You are the abrahmic cult follower here mujeet
@thethinkingroom592Ай бұрын
'if only indians and hindus were there? funny, because under their watch, sites like Hampi temples which is crumbling despite being a UNESCO world heritage site, where preservation efforts lag behind international standards. pakistan has preserved harappa, mohenjo daro and other sites as a part of its heritage. instead of disrespecting others, maybe focus on taking care of your own backyard.
@LogicalromulanАй бұрын
lol
@SKgaming-sm1wgАй бұрын
his head cut off and he didnt realize hes dead. Karl can you ask the guide what drugs is he on?
@mdhvdubeyАй бұрын
He was tall. Tall people face this issue . 😂
@TUTANKHAMUN077Ай бұрын
Local myths. It was funny tho.😂😂
@arslanaziz5819Ай бұрын
If a someone can have face of elephant Why not a walk-in dead 😂😂😂
@roguext1Ай бұрын
Every country has folklore tales. Have you read any myths and legends of ancient Britain?
@VijayKumar-vi5qsАй бұрын
He has taken islamic drug (Churan)
@salahuddinorakzai7062Ай бұрын
The guide has no knowledge about the history of this historic site
@MrThegreatuserАй бұрын
Harappa looked probably better than modern day Pakistan Harappa.
@proudindian1965Ай бұрын
😂😂😂 true in every aspect
@adithyaarun8465Ай бұрын
😂😂
@ipungipung90Ай бұрын
Man, the name "Harappa" alone brings back such a distant memories. Not because I've been at the location but because Harappa and Mohenjo Daro (Mohenjo Daro - Harappa civilization) was such a unique name when we learn about them back in... middle school if I'm not mistaken. So unique the impression last until now as that was tens of years ago 😅 Thank you for showing us what it actually looks like And man I was suprised for real as I'm writing this part when I hear the man raised their voice. I thought you got into some problem fr which turn out to be the bike issue lol So much drama 😂
@chaiandcoachingАй бұрын
Fun seeing this ancient civilization up close, thanks Karl Bhai! 🙌☕️ Definitely some interesting gems in this vlog 😆
@ajayraj-qz7ttАй бұрын
Invaders just rewrite history. Why is a grave yard in a 5000 yrs old city? Also want to show some connections with islam. Its bad to narrate false history. The people of Harappa seemed to have worshipped the Mother Goddess and Shiva Pashupati. The Mother Goddess was also known as Shakti; perhaps, they believed her to be the source of all creation. They also worshipped the male god, Shiva Pashupati.
@islamicspotlighttv1259Ай бұрын
Harapan were not Hindus for God sake 😂
@ajayraj-qz7ttАй бұрын
@@islamicspotlighttv1259 Google it instead of wide opening you ass
@unknown.145gvgugbjАй бұрын
They were read latest yajnadevam research on IVC@@islamicspotlighttv1259
@kddraco333Ай бұрын
No, pashupati is named by us not by IVC people. If we have named that seal kumkumtan it will remain the same. Learn to not accept pseudo science.
@sydneyjay2465Ай бұрын
@@islamicspotlighttv1259 Really? So seals having advanced Yoga poses and God Shiva's image are izlamic?😂😂😂 No wonder Pakistan is begging all over the world for its survival.
@anjuy6984Ай бұрын
Thank you karl showing us places which we could not have been able to see without you...
@riteshyedduАй бұрын
It's unfortunate the guide's spouting a load of bs about such a priceless historical area. I really wish I could visit those ruins someday
@shahrukhshamim4897Ай бұрын
Real over smart guide and administration. The security could have kept a distance without making the tourist uncomfortable, but this looks like they didn't wanted you to roam free (for whatever reasons). Really disappointing.
@ThatssswhatithoughtАй бұрын
Pakistanis are followed every step in India for many many years. That should disappoint you more
@AkidagoatАй бұрын
Nah man they butchered the English names of SAARC countries
@sarvarsahi3612Ай бұрын
I know right ? And Bangladesh was literally a part of their own country lol
@Abhianand420Ай бұрын
😂😂
@HaroonSureshАй бұрын
Welcome to Pakistan , Brotha 😂
@jaydeepsen4769Ай бұрын
GoPro died because of the constant BS the guide was spewing 😅😅
@aasthadwivedi6792Ай бұрын
😂
@AbrahamJessedeKosterАй бұрын
lmao, it couldnt bear to hear it any longer
@Abhianand420Ай бұрын
😂😂
@ABCDABCD-i1gАй бұрын
Madrasa chotiyas 😂
@ameeshn351Ай бұрын
bro half the bricks were stollen in harappa
@proudindian1965Ай бұрын
Yes before Rakhaldas Banerjee came to know the importance of this place in human history ,people living in this area used to take the bricks to build their houses.
@ameeshn351Ай бұрын
@@proudindian1965 exactly 🥲
@asadullahkhan1301Ай бұрын
I went there in 2012 I think. They didn't let us use the camera. But then they said: "since you look serious about the history (as others don't spend that much time here and just come for photoshoot etc) you may take pictures" lol
@roysunrohitАй бұрын
Rakhigarhi in Haryana India has emerged as many times bigger and older civilisation than Harappa. Around 8 different layers of civilisation is there and so far around 7000 years civilisation has been traced there. It is just mesmerising revelation to see their sophisticated drainage system and colony establishments which beats even today’s India’s drainage and town planning. Also their metallurgical knowledge emerges as excellent ones with lots of works of high quality gold and other metals works. Now this all civilisation is called a Saraswati river civilisation.
@ashishjoshi7428Ай бұрын
Mohenjo daro and Harappan civilization also known as lost cities had no evidences of kings or queens it was likely governed as a city-state, perhaps by elected officials or elites from each of the mounds. The primary deity which was worshipped is Pashupatinath Or Lord Shiva. In the year 1940 archaeologist M. S Vats discovered 3 Shiva lingas dating more than 5000+ yrs. Just to get the bigger picture Harappan civilization was spread across the Northeast of present day Afghanistan, Pakistan and North West India. This is the glimpse of history which is taught in our textbooks from 6th standard onwards. P. S I love u Karl keep rockinn 🎸🎶🎶
@sadmanrakinАй бұрын
There was no Hinduism during harrapan reign, Vedic religion and culture came later from the west through indo aryans.
@thayabАй бұрын
@@sadmanrakin yeah these pajeet study in WhatsApp University and have no truth to rely on. 😅
@kaifalivlogs6672Ай бұрын
That were not actual lord shiva that were proto shiva
@saurabh6013Ай бұрын
Go and read ling puja devi puja tree worship etc is part of harapa, you converted are so confused, proud of your ancestors you bloody arabic cult😂@@thayab
@ashishjoshi7428Ай бұрын
These 2 replies are from Pakistan surely. We know how you guys were taught about history that your country won all wars with India. When it comes to history leave that part for others who are scholars.
@BangMaster96Ай бұрын
Pakistan as a Country did not exist before 1947, the Harappa Civilization is an ancient Indian civilization. India, also known as Bharat in the Hindi language existed as a civilization for more than 5,000 years. There were many empires that have come and gone, from Maurya Empire, to the Chola Empire, to the Maratha and Rajput Empires, etc. The Indus Valley Civilization was the starting point of ancient Indian civilization, the name "INDIA" has existed in ancient Greek literature and has been used since 5th century BCE, in which it was called "INDOS". Pakistan has nothing to do with this ancient civilization and sites, as Islam did not enter India until 7th century, and became more significant after 13th century. Muslims like to spread Islam by building mosques on important locations of other religions, and destroying ancient structures of other religions, that's why Muslims have destroyed over 40,000 Hindu temples between 13th and 17th centuries. These tour guides are basically Pakistani propagandist, they have no interest in truth, they just want to lay claim to anything that is significant in world history.
@thethinkingroom592Ай бұрын
The Indus Valley Civilization predates the concept of 'India' or 'Hinduism' as we know them today. While the term 'India' originated from the Indus River (Sindhu in Sanskrit), it was used by the Greeks to describe the region around the river, not a unified cultural or religious identity. Modern-day Pakistan encompasses the heart of the Indus Valley Civilization, including Harappa and mohenjo daro, which are geographically and historically tied to the land now known as Pakistan. Claiming that Pakistan has no connection to these sites because Islam arrived later is illogical-history is based on geography and culture, not religion. Claiming that Pakistan has nothing to do with the Indus Valley Civilization is like saying Italy has no claim to the Roman Empire because it's not part of the Roman Empire anymore. The Indus Valley Civilization flourished in what is now Pakistan-Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and other significant sites are all located within modern-day Pakistan’s borders. Your attempt to erase this historical connection is laughable and completely ignores geography and history. Perhaps you should focus on understanding history instead of twisting it to fit your narrow, agenda-driven perspective
@BangMaster96Ай бұрын
@@thethinkingroom592 Pakistan has no connection with Indus Valley, because Pakistan was established as a Muslim nation, while India emerged out of the early cultures and values of Indus valley civilization. You can find shiva lingas and yoga poses in the sculptures and art of Harappan civilization.
@thethinkingroom592Ай бұрын
@@BangMaster96 Nations and religions evolve, but geography and history remain constant. Archaeological sites don’t migrate across borders based on faithHarappa physically exists in Pakistan today. As for the Shiva lingas and yoga poses, they reflect shared cultural heritage, not exclusive ownership. If we’re drawing lines, why does India claim a civilization located along the Indus River, which isn’t even in India? If anything, the Indus Valley Civilization geographically and historically ties more directly to Pakistan than to any revisionist narrative. Keep rewriting history if it helps you sleep better.
@affaqmalik5876Ай бұрын
@@thethinkingroom592 The Indus Valley area is in Pakistan, and as for being a Muslim area, it has been so for centuries before Pakistan even existed. The land belongs to the people living here. What propaganda is there in this? This mosque is also old, from the Mughal era. And as for you, what concern do you have with our area? You belong to the Ganga-Jamuna region.And Hinduism also came from outside; these Veedas were not originally from this region.
@SumitSingh-eb1vj4 күн бұрын
@@BangMaster96 bhai tu bhi Pakistani guide se kam nhi hai
@अहम्बुद्धःअस्मिАй бұрын
Its been a while since I watched you Karl, The title really got me curious, Dhanyawad for this video🧡
@avislife9182Ай бұрын
Islam did not exist during the Harappan civilization. The Harappans worshipped the Mother Goddess, also known as Shakti, and Shiva Pashupati, the lord of animals. The Aryans, who moved into the Indian subcontinent, brought with them the religious culture of Vedism, which eventually blended with the Harappan culture to create early Hindu traditions.
@Bose-oj4xkАй бұрын
You're right up to the second sentence, after that is bullshit. There is no evidence of Aryan migration, so why so hellbent on proving false stories?
@kghelloАй бұрын
@user-ty5vj5gf2w Dude joke is very old. Update yourself with time. We have updated ourself with time.
@Pushp-y5lАй бұрын
Even concept of marriage is of Vedic age.
@avislife9182Ай бұрын
@user-ty5vj5gf2w 😅 apke soch v apke Id k tarah nakli hain janab
@Kandel908Ай бұрын
Old joke @user-ty5vj5gf2w
@pardesibhai166919 күн бұрын
Need do organize nefor u go to like this historical place this guide is miss guiding u
@anuragbhargava3435Ай бұрын
For all the Indian Brothers who want to explore & experience something like this they can go to dholaveera in Gujarat where they have something similar to the harappan civilization, added bonus is that you have see the fossils plus drive through the beautiful kutch ❤
@rockysalvatore7352Ай бұрын
Should just Palestine Pakistan and protect these sites. Lord knows they don't care for culture history truth at all. That why they follow Diddy pbuh
@From004Ай бұрын
I will go to Pakistan it was Indian's part so it always be Indian's
@thethinkingroom592Ай бұрын
@@From004 It’s adorable how you're still stuck in a history lesson from 1947 while the rest of the world moved on. it's cute to watch someone hang onto a delusion while the reality doesn't quite line up with your tantrums
@adithyaarun8465Ай бұрын
@@From004 yes for sure. they might destroy it if they get to know that it was a hindu region
@abhinavbhardwaj8732Ай бұрын
Pakistanis are great at turning History to His story😂😂😂
@From004Ай бұрын
Ya man like Islam is didn't exist still they are really so bad
@nataliebell6575Ай бұрын
When we were in Syria we had to have an armed guard to go to the Golan heights. Not sure if he was police or army as he was in ordinary clothes. But as kiwis it was strange to have someone walking with us carrying a gun. Hope you are well. We are so enjoying this pakistan series.
@kk7420Ай бұрын
love to pakistan and karl from india. i just hope pakistan preserves our ancient past. they tend to care more about their religion these days.
@martcp71Ай бұрын
I really enjoy how much we learn about local cultures from your videos. Sometimes unintentionally!
@kk7420Ай бұрын
Love to pakistan from India. I watch him, simply to see a Westerner's thoughts about our cultures rather than our cultures itself. If I wanted to learn about my culture, I could simply look at the artefacts that my ancestors preserved which we have in our household, and interpret it the way it was meant to be interpreted. Furthermore, I can talk in a historic dialect of hindi which foreigners struggle with because my grandparents were experts in these linguistics. Karl looks like the most Indian-Pakistani Westerner(kiwi technically) out there and definitely the most respectable❤Love to Karl❤
@usmanali15_Ай бұрын
Terrible Guide, just yapping
@vik24oct1991Ай бұрын
@user-ty5vj5gf2w idiot read the history of india, india was much more civilized before the invasions
@WaebylordАй бұрын
It is indian
@AshishPadaruthАй бұрын
Thank you for this truly fascinating tour Karl. I have always wondered how Harappa looked like. Enjoyed this video !
@tahirsharif9461Ай бұрын
Definitely need that pinch of salt to go with the Guide’s stories! Thanks for highlighting some of these amazing locations during your travels.
@Intheflesh404Ай бұрын
More like 5 table spoons
@adithyaarun8465Ай бұрын
@@Intheflesh404 more like full 500g of tata salt
@rockongrx20Ай бұрын
You need a salt mine brother.
@mahirasaiyed1618Ай бұрын
@karlRock. I enjoyed Harappa tour so much . I have never seen a video with so many details about Harappa. Because I am from India, I have only seen couple of Indian Indus Valley sites ( Dholavira in Gujarat). Wow . And a huge big THANK YOU !!! this is awesome. Also the stories that the guide was telling you was completely made up. There was no Raja or Badshah. We have not deciphered the Harappan script yet so we have no idea about a lot of things. Archaeologists can only analyze the pottery, the structural foundations , the seals, the various skeletons found and the statues to come up with estimation of their life styles and living etc .
@Asaan-WorkАй бұрын
Harappa looks so cool! Loved how you brought the history to life, especially with the whole GoPro dying moment-kinda spooky. Pakistan has such amazing places like this, and it’s awesome to see you exploring them. Can’t wait for the next adventure!
@johnsharman76142Ай бұрын
Hi Karl, Great to see how your Channel and Subscribers have Grown 🎉😊 As always take care and stay safe 😊
@kk7420Ай бұрын
There are artefacts that my ancestors have preserved for generation. But I'm not sure if it's the best idea for it it to be interpreted from a westerner's eye. I would love to, though since Karl seems lovely but.... it is what it is. God bless Karl and his videos from India❤
@usr0377-xvtАй бұрын
Disappointing to see how the ruins of harappa have been built upon now!! Forget about the narratives from the guide. Thanks for showing this Karl.
@bipinkalappa1808Ай бұрын
Karlos back, riding your rocket again great to see you dude.
@Lakshaya09Ай бұрын
Guide was guiding you in wrong direction 😅....He told his imagination to you😂
@chaionrocksАй бұрын
A guy from NZ needs police escort and they expect the Indian cricket team to travel to pakistan. Graaaaaape.
@user-Rayyan123Ай бұрын
0:47 😅 Pakistani English spelling
@iamtheinvincible1Ай бұрын
The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) (3300 BCE - 1300 BCE) is often linked to early Vedic or Hindu traditions, though the connections remain speculative and debated. The Rigveda refers to the land of seven rivers, overlapping with the IVC region, and mentions the Sarasvati River, often identified with the Ghaggar-Hakra River, associated with IVC settlements. Bathing tanks found in IVC sites like Mohenjo-Daro resemble later Vedic and Hindu purification rituals, and the Pashupati Seal depicts a figure resembling Lord Shiva, hinting at proto-Shiva worship. The Rigveda also mentions agrarian lifestyles and trade, central to the IVC economy. Fire altars in the IVC might have influenced later Vedic yajnas (sacrificial rituals). The IVC script remains undeciphered, with potential links to Indo-Aryan or Dravidian languages., The theory of indigenous Aryanism posits that the Aryans originated within the Indian subcontinent rather than migrating from elsewhere. there are hints and symbolic parallels suggesting cultural or geographical links. The lack of definitive evidence keeps this an area of fascinating speculation and ongoing research.
@shantanubagchi1Ай бұрын
I find it sad the Indian heritage is now in control of a corrupt dysfunctional country
@JassiJoАй бұрын
I enjoyed the tour. I did have difficulty trying to separate the old city build from what looked like new bricking and concrete. It was still interesting tho. tx for sharing.
@roja7426Ай бұрын
I am a woman. Never going to Pakistan not even for free.
@abulybah6947Ай бұрын
Of course you are a woman 😜
@abdullah45oАй бұрын
Lindu detected opinion rejected
@Kandel908Ай бұрын
@@abdullah45owhich machine you use to detect religion...M.oo.t.l.i.M🙄
@SS-jn8hlАй бұрын
Nobody asked
@Kandel908Ай бұрын
@@abdullah45o what one can expect from a PDF file follower
@britanniatv6575Ай бұрын
Mashalla nice history 🎉😊
@srinivasvaranasi1645Ай бұрын
Your guide sucks. 5000 years ago, the Indus valley civilization was in an upward trajectory. Islam did not exist at that time. We don't even know the way they administered themselves, much less, if there was a ruling dynasty. Pity that there are no certified guides at such an important site.
@VijayKumar-vi5qsАй бұрын
I can't stop my laughing 😂😂😂😂😂😂...I forwarded this video to my whatsapp group friends and they are also not able to control their laughing 😂😂😂😂😂
@imransajid6187Ай бұрын
Tour guide was very unprofessional, mixing lot of ridiculous fiction with the facts. A nine yard warrior saint, who walkes even after beheading and whose rings turned into heavy rounded stones. A Raja whose tyranny resulted in inundating Harrappa when his niece cursed him on her wedding day. The guide also unethically suggested the tourist to bring and sat his wife on the ruins. It is very embarrassing for a Pakistani to hear such bullshit.
@KryztoferKurchatov-k5lАй бұрын
Read about these in my textbook but never got a chance to see it like this!!
@rahulkamath44Ай бұрын
Such rich history, probably older than Byzantine empire, etc. which the Turks explained in so much detail.. SHAME on Pakistan for making a sham of a site that holds such deep historical importance to trace the roots for all us South Asian countries. We should proudly let the world know of what this land used to be, prior to everything that the Brits and Other invaders did to it. Islamization ruined it all
@ThatssswhatithoughtАй бұрын
Don’t spread hatred. Your most important site is made by Muslims. Taj Mahal. India was never famous but became famous and civilized under the 1000 year rule of Muslims.
@mastergarlicАй бұрын
Islam made Taj Mahal a site famousin India what did the Hindus made?
@mahmoodhassan392Ай бұрын
What was that temple called? Please don't make stories, There is no word Hindu written in baghavand Gita vedas puranas or any other religious literature, Hind Hindi Hindustan names were given by Arab Mughal Persian and Turk Islamic conquest, Name Endia given by British Empire in1859 after occupation of what is no Pakistan , This is Pakistani civilisation ,
@mastergarlicАй бұрын
@@rahulkamath44 as if India does any better P@jism ruined it
@ThatssswhatithoughtАй бұрын
@@mastergarlic I won’t say they don’t make anything but honestly they will never appreciate the game and the success they received through Muslims. Including the language and manners. They are all from Muslims. The language itself is a mix of Arabic, Persian and Turkish. Bollywood only writes their songs in URdu they don’t even dare to use Hindi
@TheEddieToro29 күн бұрын
NOPE! I> would never travel anywhere where I was required to be escorted by police. Nice vlog Karl. Happy and prosperous 2025 to you all.
@nmangfi1Ай бұрын
The Pakistani Guide is primarily telling You the story of Gilgamesh with his own Harrapan twist. 😂
@davemustaki134Ай бұрын
Well done brother 👍
@m.s.vision6531Ай бұрын
I always wanted to visit harappa. I am an enthusiast and learner of the Indian civilization. But due to this random borders built between this two nation, I cannot visit those sites. Those sites are in terrible state because they belong to an Islamic state, unfortunately.
@zulfiqarahmad2729Ай бұрын
Pajeet, they have been excavated. Plx use your brain.
@Bose-oj4xkАй бұрын
@@zulfiqarahmad2729 Why are u getting offended grapist? That piece of history is none of your concern.
@m.s.vision6531Ай бұрын
@@zulfiqarahmad2729 yeah mujeet pig but they are in bad state.
@jeewankhanduriАй бұрын
@@zulfiqarahmad2729excavated by a bengali hindu😂
@jeewankhanduriАй бұрын
@@zulfiqarahmad2729mujeets have no historical relationship with harappa. Converted mujeets
@Search_Exmuslim_zafar_heriticАй бұрын
Good video ❤❤❤❤❤
@sikandarrana6377Ай бұрын
Purani masjid, I didn’t realize they were Muslims in Harappa 5000BC. Amazing!
@From004Ай бұрын
It's false 😂 Islam is 1400 and it was Indian's not pakistan or something
@sikandarrana6377Ай бұрын
@ It was sarcasm, btw it wasn’t India or Indian’s. It was Indus or Hindus people from Indus Civilization.
@From004Ай бұрын
@sikandarrana6377 name use to be Bharata or aryabhata
@Kandel908Ай бұрын
Its their own false history
@sikandarrana6377Ай бұрын
@@From004 Yes, thats correct too.
@usamabiniqbal7963Ай бұрын
You literally crossed my home in Harappa while going to the museum.
@niemand3637Ай бұрын
Funny to think back when these ppl were around there was no concept of pakistan nor India
@PS-ug7nmАй бұрын
But there was definitely Bharat/Hind
@wal361law2Ай бұрын
Yes bharat is 2 trillion years old. Even before big bang. Bharat was thriving. Hayee mera lindustaani @PS-ug7nm
@niemand3637Ай бұрын
Nope none of it that thing started about a thousand year after IVC ended
@sarvarsahi3612Ай бұрын
No religion, no countries, no borders. Just vibes ❤
@mahmoodhassan392Ай бұрын
@PS-ug7nm , No Bharat no Endia
@HuckleberryHimАй бұрын
Man why are the comments all just complaining and crying, so weird. It was a cool tour of a cool site and the tour guide was also very chill. If you want fully accurate information you can just read the billboards. Sheesh.
@rockysalvatore735225 күн бұрын
@@HuckleberryHim you have no culture
@RajaBhaiyaBrazilWaleАй бұрын
It was a hindu and jain civilization.. there was hindu and Jain population
@user-Rayyan123Ай бұрын
No proof of that
@abduljaleel4467Ай бұрын
Now that's what we call a broken condom argument
@QASIMALI-ut3kvАй бұрын
We didn’t find a single hindu god or any other god in there its still a mystery who they worshipped
@themashhoodahmadАй бұрын
Hindu word didn't even exist back then
@demdoxАй бұрын
And they spoke English too.
@kifayatullahqureshi1380Ай бұрын
Okay, there's something I want to clear up. The story that's being shared is correct, but not entirely. Actually, this is an old legend that has been passed down orally for generations, so naturally, it's been altered a lot over time. When I was in school, my father had an old book. In fact, it was a very old book, from before Pakistan was founded. It was a Sindhi book by a famous Hindu author who was quite renowned in that era. Basically, the book was about old Sindhi slang, and it included the stories behind those terms, gathered from local people. I don't remember the exact slang, but the story went something like this: There was once a very tyrannical king in that era. He sent one of his generals to a certain area of Sindh, where the Indus River used to flow before. Initially, the general was loyal to the king and ruled the region well. But over time, he started betraying the king. He took control of the area and began oppressing the local people, imposing heavy taxes and taking their crops, among other things. The thing that made this general particularly despised was a vile custom he introduced. He passed a law that no one could get married unless they first sent their bride to his palace for one night. The bride would have to spend one night with the general. The people wept and pleaded with him, but what could they do against such cruelty? On the other hand, the king had a minister who was in love with the general’s sister (remember, she was his sister, not niece). Meanwhile, this immoral general became infatuated with his own sister and began forcing her to marry him. The sister, who loved the king’s minister, sent a message to him via a pigeon, pleading for him to save her from the cruel general. The minister was very wise. He knew the general’s power came from his control over the river and his army stationed by it. If the river were to be diverted, the general would be powerless. So, the minister, along with his comrades, devised a plan. In one night, they cleverly changed the course of the river (I know it doesn’t make sense, but folk legends, right?). Then they escaped with his beloved. There's another version of the story in which a merchant and his wife were traveling through the area, and the tyrannical general became infatuated with the merchant’s wife. He sent a message demanding her for one night. In response, the merchant and his people changed the course of the river. Anyway, in both versions, the local people and the general suffered great losses, and chaos ensued. People began migrating to other areas. This is just one version of the story; I don't know how much of it is true, but I do believe it's similar to the version being shared. One thing I can say for sure is that this story has nothing to do with Harappa. This is a story from the Sindh region, where the Indus River used to flow. For some reason, the course of the river changed over time. So overall, I believe the story is true, but it has no connection to Harappa. The claim that guide does is clearly false.
@mohammedrafaqat1477Ай бұрын
Bit confused about the babas grave in Pakistan they babas every where and the garaves are always very long
@shahrukhshamim4897Ай бұрын
And he was referring to him as a companion of the prophet Muhammad PBUH
@PS-ug7nmАй бұрын
@@shahrukhshamim4897😂
@rockysalvatore7352Ай бұрын
@@shahrukhshamim4897 PB upon who? The prophet Diddy
@femiqueen5855Ай бұрын
I have heard your spell the words so many times ! Couldn’t stop laughing 🤣
@kyubtauji7Ай бұрын
AISHA WAS 6 MOHAMMED WAS 54
@user-Rayyan123Ай бұрын
Don’t care
@demdoxАй бұрын
And you are 12
@anubis4496Ай бұрын
All religions are fake..don't bring that nonsense here. Just enjoy the views
@RaDiRLYTАй бұрын
Rebeca was 3 lil kid read contradictory bible correctly read your history. its sad your whole christianity is based on lies HAHAHHAHA
@RaDiRLYTАй бұрын
Aisha R.A was not 6 or 9 go search on youtube Muhammad Quranist about this topic 😎
@tuxnoelАй бұрын
Here also Mazar jihad is seen. Anyway, good thing is they built spiked barricades and walls to protect Harrapa sites.
@ottovon5182Ай бұрын
there's no Mazar Jihad tho there are temples popping at every street corner and around railway tracks encroaching on govt and public lands
@YashwanthMayasandraАй бұрын
@ 6:07 There is Hindu temple ruin. Why you didn't show much there ?
@PravinDazАй бұрын
That's a different video he's explaining about the GoPro camera dieing there too.
@zaynabplaysrobloxgaming6377Ай бұрын
This guide narrates all myths. You get to experience a very local side of Pakistan. Like what stories people tell/ folk tales. Anyway we have google to set our records straight. At least, the guide enjoys his two minutes of fame. Nau gazza 9 metres tall roughly You find similar graves all over Pakistan.
@User_0987-s7cАй бұрын
Madrasa Chhap historic stories
@haiderrazazaidi226215 күн бұрын
This is not even "Madrasa Chhaap " they will never tell you nine meter tall companion of prophet, it is nowhere mentioned in any book read in MADRASA. Thia is sheer ignorance.
@mohawk876Ай бұрын
Karl Rock, you are certainly kicking it up in north pakistan! Do you enjoy being in pakistan compared to any other place?
@hammadraza4609Ай бұрын
Good to see you here Karl... Be my guest on Lunch or Dinner when you come to Lahore. It will be nice to meet you ❤
@ScindianLadАй бұрын
You should have gone to Mohenjo Daro, it is much better.
@metroflagyl1Ай бұрын
I love your show ❤🇵🇰 I appreciate pakistan police to give you security. You are a guest here and it will be a shame if you get hurt. Stay safe!
@RatedRLouisN.TNAwrestlingАй бұрын
7:00 magnetic water!???
@P1NKL3MONADEАй бұрын
Wow this ancient pakistani civilisation looks crazy❤❤
@P1NKL3MONADEАй бұрын
@PERILLAAAA well it's ancient and it's in Pakistan :-/ hinduism is a term coined by the British for the Vedic faith?
@king_has_no_clothskul8635Ай бұрын
HE IS A GENUINE INDIAN LOVER!
@bibekdas7449Ай бұрын
Ohh dear Bangla Deish? As a Bangali I confirm I have never heard of the word deish in our dictionary. Truely fascinating to learn a new word.
@eshikaudayanawanigasekaraАй бұрын
Wow ❤️ From 🇱🇰
@barrydevonshire9749Ай бұрын
One place i have always wanted to visit . Thanks Karl. I remember the security convoys in Egypt from hergarda to luxur . Not sure if it still happens
@susantadeb7666Ай бұрын
Mela is closed now ?
@satyadeepborah1143Ай бұрын
I wish India possessed this land. It was so precious to us Hindus. India would have maintained it so well. Who knows maybe the BJP would have remade the entire place once again.
@Theackermans121Ай бұрын
Nehru and gandhi fooled people .
@ssc4153Ай бұрын
Thanks Karl for the great tour. The story about the city being destroyed.....there are many stories about this.......Droit du seigneur ('right of the lord'), also known as Jus Primae Noctis ('right of the first night'), sometimes referred to as Prima Nocta, was a legal right in medieval Europe, allowing feudal lords to have sexual relations with any female subject, particularly on her wedding night. This was a way for the "lord" to inflict his rule over all of his people. It was meant to keep them in line, and to humiliate her husband. It was the feudal lord who took her virginity and not her husband. There is a reference to this in Mel Gibson's Movie "Braveheart". What a terrible experience for a woman to go through on her wedding night. They really had some bizarre if not cruel customs they practiced back then...... The city ruins you visited are ancient, and all it's history is/was buried. I visited Mesa Verde.....talk about spiritual......the First People (of the USA) built their homes inside of the face of a mountain.....it was truly fascinating to see. History is so fascinating! Thanks again Karl!
@lakminawijayatunga4960Ай бұрын
UNESCO must watch this.
@Koorush_bazurgАй бұрын
Harappa was capital of IVC. Harappans built Mohenjo-Daro on the design of Harappa
@alinoroze6600Ай бұрын
PLZ BROTHER COME TO PAKISTAN NAWABSHAH PLZ 😢
@yogeshkaura600415 күн бұрын
Karl maine tumhari Italy scammers wali vedio dekhne ke baad iss vedio mein subscribe ker diya hai . 👍👍👍 . 🙏 .