What We (Don't) Know About Dark Matter

Scientists are still working on theories that might help explain what the vast majority of our universe is made of.
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Sources:
arxiv.org/abs/1408.6064v1
www.nature.com/nature/journal/...
www.quantamagazine.org/201611...
www.sciencealert.com/physicist...
Paul J. Steinhardt, Neil Turok, The Endless Universe.
iopscience.iop.org/article/10....
www.wired.com/2016/08/icecube...
physics.aps.org/synopsis-for/...
blogs.scientificamerican.com/...
arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9710467
journals.aps.org/prd/abstract...
arxiv.org/abs/1510.05008
link.springer.com/article/10.1...
adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970ApJ...
Images:
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[@Jessica-pg8tf]

WIMPS Vs. MACHOS: Dawn of DarkMatter

[@David_Last_Name]

Lmao

[@edwardkasato6767]

MACHO MACHO MAN (macho man) / I've got to be, a MACHO man / Macho, macho man / I've got to be a macho!

[@PikaPetey]

"Machos" and "Wimps"? I have never face palmed so hard at this acronyms.

[@alejotassile6441]

I see a wild Pikachu

[@cup_check_official]

Scishow wouldnt be the same without hank. Love him

[@LummyTum]

Breaking Bad also wouldn't be the same without Hank.

[@cup_check_official]

You clever goat

[@LummyTum]

Sheep*

[@Ging_10]

Tell Me This His the best!! Would listen to him talk about science and space all day.

[@gulsahyurt3170]

Tell Me This It wouldn't be so dank without Hank.

[@Zeyox96]

So, despite the vast amount of research done regarding this topic, we're all still completely in the dark.

[@Suedocode]

But does it matter? huehuehue

[@BlackStoneDiamond]

huh

[@danxdanx8877]

We need more research MATTERial to figure it out !

[@Ecolle12]

If we didn't do that we wouldn't know that we don't know yet right answer. Keep looking! :D

[@mod-1leo]

Zeyox96 nice pun

[@user-qg7lb1jx8b]

whoever proves an explanation for dark matter is easily getting a Nobel prize

[@AzureKite]

The only Macho I know and respect is the Macho Man Randy Savage

[@MrJ1GS4W]

WWWAAAAIT A MINUTE!

[@brokenacoustic]

Great, now I want a SlimJim...

[@zealotguy]

Oh YYEEEEEEEAH

[@jashansandhu6893]

Remember that the universe isn't inclined to make sense to you!!

[@djr5995]

Truth is stranger than fiction because fiction has to fit within the confines of what we already know

[@GamesFromSpace]

This is what I have to remember every time I think about photons.

[@AstralTraveler]

Actually, Universe is simple to understand - only scientists get it wrong...

[@diegochagas296]

>Universe >Simple Choose one, sir...

[@AstralTraveler]

Joshua Pearce Think about the photons, as about quants of empty space - the primodial medium, which fills the entire space, except the one, which is "filled" with matter... Problem is, that science is wrong about the photons being emitted from the light source - if it would be correct, then we could speak about the density of photons. Light is similar to sound - are we emitting air particles, while making noise?

[@jacklonghearse9821]

#DarkMatters

[@mtlracing1567]

#DarkMatterMatters

[@WillMauer]

We have no idea who is sponsoring this video.

[@UpcycleElectronics]

Trademark lawyers will contact you shortly for unauthorized use of this phrase.

[@thedynamoarmwrestling]

Will Mauer Idea*

[@JoseRamirez-yh2ll]

Will Mauer *Omg genius! Maybe that's actually dark matter !* 🤔

[@sohailahmed1351]

Russians are behind it

[@NovelNovelist]

LOL, yeah, they really shoulda checked who was sponsoring the video before they recorded that part.

[@MacbethCreative]

Shout out to the graphics team for the Old Physics/New Physics square-to-cube graphic!

[@xxxxxC4xxxxx]

I love this channel, but its always a little better when it's Hank!

[@msa016]

lol was looking down on my phone at the outro and heard "this video was brought to you by: WE HAVE NO IDEA". i lol'd 5:23

[@ZombieHybrid1]

Thanks for the book shout Im picking one up! :)

[@pathtoknowledge6847]

great video

[@Ging_10]

That what makes the universe such an amazing places. The idea that there is always something you cant explain. Its wonderful.

[@AntonFetzer]

Wow, as a physics student I have heard so many misconceptions about Dark Matter, but this video is spot on !

[@SointheTennak]

the theory that there is a pararrell universe that is so complicated that it interacts with our universe is the most bizzare and cool idea that i have ever heard of

[@knightshousegames]

Something like this just begs to be seen in person. I hope one day humanity gets to go see what dark matter is face to face.

[@-ifrk-4035]

Awesome, a good video.

[@toddwagner298]

Mmmm, nachos... (wait, I mean mmmm, machos...)

[@mtlracing1567]

MACHO WIMP NACHOS?

[@toddwagner298]

(TM) Taco Bell

[@jacobgutierrez752]

Did I hear N A C H O S?

[@Skechi]

Love the white and gold shirt Hank.

[@aViolentDuck]

Thanks for the info Hank, i'm glad we came to a conclusion there. pogChamp

[@ak23ism]

Ahh the relief from seeing words used properly (without adding " 's " or other common grammatical errors)

[@Keymaster2022]

I find beauty in what we don't know about the universe. It makes me feel like there is so many more possibilities and things we can learn.

[@LamirLakantry]

Meanwhile, on a dark-matter planet, an alien dark-matter Hank is hosting a video explaining the mystery of the missing 16% of the universe.

[@mkesenheimer]

NOOO! Supersymmetry is not ruled out yet! There are still a huge variety of parameter points which are in agreement with all experimental data. Although the most obvious points are ruled out, most of them are still plausible. Btw I am working on SUSY :) And yes, I like SUSY.

[@HexIsme]

It's the matter we deserve, but not the one we need right now.

[@MaeveFirstborn]

"I, uh, I don't know how we got back to nachos. I'm hungry."

[@connorstone7602]

Minor correction here. In the acronym WIMP, the "Weakly Interacting" part does not refer to the strength of the interaction so much as the type of interaction. WIMPs interact via the weak nuclear force, which is one of the four fundamental forces.

[@angelogforte6971]

Hi Hank love the show been watching for the past couple of years now. What about Electric Universe theory it would be a good one to do

[@XLR8BUNNY]

what do you say about.... electrostatic energy pull? i work with material that charges electrostatic...and when i wish to move them around seems that are much heavy than usual, so they stik together

[@alexsiemers7898]

I don't know what scares me the most; How many questions we've answered, how many questions we have yet to answer, or how many questions we have yet to ask.

[@ashkara8652]

Hi! Can you please do a video on how we communicate with the robes and rovers on other planets? More specifically the time delay of sending a signal and the rover actually carrying it out (due to the finite speed of light and the vast distances in our solar system). Thanks! And great video as usual.

[@acathosh]

I'm guessing it's just our simulation being poorly coded. (Though I'm writing this with sarcasm, it's still a small part of me that believes it)

[@wingracer1614]

It's a glitch in the matrix. The important question is, what did they change?

[@David_Last_Name]

+HK Normann Yeah, they really need to address all these glitches in the next patch. I mean sure, the new content is sweet (I'm really looking forward to the Mars expansion in a few decades), but they can't expect us to put up with poor design interface. It's not just the dark matter glitch either, you also have quantum tunneling (clearly just a clipping issue), entangled particles (exploiting the duping glitch is just bad form), and not to mention virtual particles. And to make it all worse the whole system has just gotten SO pay to play recently, I'm seriously considering filing a complaint with their sales department.

[@acathosh]

hahaha, that's a nice way to put it. I'm guessing they didn't have a lot of day-1 content, so they had to code in some extra dark matter to account for the lack of gravity while they make it out of early access.

[@acathosh]

Maybe the system is constantly removing errors automatically and it doesn't have the computational capacity to simulate every particale accurately, and that's why we've got quantum unceartainty and probability-coulds.

[@R.T.and.J]

And the AI is pretty weak

[@brandonklein1]

thanks for all the fascination! ☺️

[@alienmae1231]

was hoping hank would say "right now the vast majority of the matter in the universe remains.... unsolved" at the end hahahha

[@samheyman1494]

I really like his white and gold shirt!

[@EditioCastigata]

With simulation theory: It's an artifact of rounding errors in computing gravitational effects over great distances.

[@The6thMessenger]

Was the energy of the stars counted? Because i remember something like a "Kugelblitz", a blackhole not made by matter but by energy, cause the space-time could not distinguish which when concerning the curvature of space-time.

[@katiekawaii]

Fingers crossed for the parallel universes.

[@MichaelDavis-wx3pw]

I thought I was up on a lot of Dark Matter search details but I did not know Neutrino's could theoretically be ruled out because of how fast they move.

[@MemeatorMotivatoroftheMemes]

BOOK! I want it so bad right now! (Keep up the great work science comrades)

[@David_Last_Name]

Or in the words of Bill Bryson, "We may as well call them DUNNOS: Dark Unknown Non-luminous Non-interacting Objects Somewhere."

[@pentaxpro]

It's vibrating so fast that we can't detect it. It just appears as a dark blur.

[@just2knowthetruth]

Thanks to the patrons at patreon.com.. dang it..you forgot to thank everyone..it's okay! Thanks guys for all your hard work in keeping us up to date on space!!

[@fehmeh6292]

I would love a part 2 explaining some of things rather than just putting white lines through things. Did not learn anything here. Just got a list of names of things being marked off. From this video alone, can anybody tell me what an axiom is or why they can at best maybe account for some darkmatter?

[@shukenten4191]

I really like that white and gold shirt Hank is wearing...

[@binaryguru]

Gravity is a huge mystery too. Maybe we should figure that out before looking for fixes.

[@drewbuckley8139]

2:24 Typo on Massive.

[@AvangionQ]

I'm in the parallel universe camp ~ where Dark Matter's 6:1 gravity seems perfectly suited to be leaking into our three-dimensional universe from all six cubic sides ... I also think that Dark Flow will impact this discussion soon ~ specifically, in showing the shape of our universe not to be wholly flat ... I look forward to future discoveries proving or disproving any of these ideas, as well as the technological innovations that tend to follow exploration ...

[@apburner1]

We don't even know if it is "matter". All we know is that there is something that interacts gravitationally. We know nothing else.

[@ThrottleKitty]

Why is there Dark Matter around my Universe?

[@thstroyur]

1:22 Hanky-boy, if you'd mentioned ECSK theory in this connexion, you'd steal a smile from me, since it happens to be related to my current work (well, not specifically to DM, but for special kinds of gravity theories that generalize GR) Also, MACHOs vs WIMPs; funny as it sounds, I think the latter one is misleading (is the weak interaction necessarily involved, or just gravity? :( )

[@gmouraangra]

What college should I do to study this? I really like it,must be awesome to work with this

[@rkpetry]

Heavy on the particle physics side neglecting the gravitational frame drag equational side.

[@zraakuladann3946]

I may be a little ignorant to ask this, but i have a doubt. I've learned that matter curves the space-time dimension and this is what gravity is, a space-time curvature provoked by matter. But my question is... inst it possible that some parts of the space-time are already curved without the need of any mass? Or is it the whole space-time dimension plane and perfect and its only get disturbed by mass-matter and nothing else?

[@Bassalicious]

Maybe we just need a telescope made from dark matter itself to finally be able to observe it directly. lol

[@philipstuckey4922]

Bassalicious isn't that a bit of a chicken and egg problem? or catch 22?

[@Bassalicious]

Yes, sure. That was supposed to be the joke. If you have dark matter to make smth out of it, you most likely know what it's made from too. :P

[@Vashu627]

4th dimension. It's a gravity echo from matter that either used to be there, or isn't there yet. It could even be the same matter acting on itself from the future. A cluster of galaxies having so much combined mass that the gravity reaches backwards through time and draws in the smaller galaxies to the location that they will eventually occupy later in time. A self-fulfilling gravity well.

[@PhilipDaFelix]

So I tried watching this video on my phone - 3 minutes ad... Thank god for Adblocker on my PC!

[@ronaldderooij1774]

Dark matter should be called transparent matter (if it is matter at all, which I doubt). I think scientist will understand gravity if they understand the vacuum of space. These must be related, I hope. Try University of Amsterdam professor Erik Verlinde's theory on emergent gravity. He does not need dark matter, nor dark energy. I am not saying he is right. But I hope his theory will be tested.

[@victherocker]

4:38 so there's like 3 versions of all matter? normal matter and heavy matter whose twin is dark heavy matter?

[@squiddler7731]

I like the parallel universe explanation.

[@DonElmerLopez]

Hank makes me laugh. Back to nachos? Like wtf lmao

[@rahn45]

My theory on dark matter revolves around the idea that space is like a piece of fabric, with metal on the surface and a magnet on the underside. The magnet pinned to the underside is the observable matter (and what interacts with known laws of physics), and the metal is the stuff we can't see because it's on the other side of the sheet and can't be observed directly. All we see is the metal's impression on the fabric. This means whenever two magnets run near each other, dragging the metal along with it; the larger collection of metal will collide with each other and basically get stuck while the magnets continue along their path.

[@shaynefowley5689]

rahn45 you are closer to understanding the underpinnings in nature than 1/4 of the comments posted. Magnets exist in the same sphere as mass. Keep refining your philosophy.

[@paintballercali]

more videos like this

[@ThainaYu]

I wish we could hear something about Eric Verlinde. Sadly none. Only a little mention on the old MOND

[@Smartfunnyandlazy]

macho wimp nachos is a big order of nachos with no jalapenos.

[@Technicity]

4:41 Looks like Hank got QPU misaligned :/

[@slayerofthebad9265]

I'm kind of disappointed that they didn't mention that Dutch researcher that made an entirely new model of gravity based on equilibrium, which supposedly explains everything normal gravity does, but doesn't require dark matter to exist.

[@Kaiba0101]

What do you think of the entropic gravity theory? I know it's not too popular but from what I've seen it explains it fairly well the observations

[@shaynefowley5689]

Kaiba 0101 the idea needs to be coupled with weak and strong forces, 2nd law of thermodynamics, Boltzmann’s equation, and a rudimentary electromagnetic force.

[@Gyropilot42]

Scientists haven't seen enought MACHOS to explain all the dark matter This sounds so funny in my language

[@xadahgla]

Piano!

[@nicrnlt4187]

What is when your universe is like a photon in the double split experiment and the dark matter is just the matter of all the prallel universes and they all interakt with each other. So in every universe in enough gravaty without enough planets. I know i mix quantum physics with the normal is just a thought. But could it be possible (maybe with the muliveres theory)?

[@unpopuIaropinion]

We need new ideas ! New ideas move us forward !

[@VikingTurtles]

I have a question! Would anti-matter be a subjective/relative term? As in, from the perspective of the "anti-matter" wouldn't normal matter be observed as "anti-matter"???

[@TheGargalon]

Once you rule out all other options, whatever remains, however unlikely, must be the truth.

[@kookverslaving]

Do a video on Erik Verlinde's emergent gravity, such that dark matter is unnecessary!

[@AuntBibby]

i hope it's either stuff from parallel universes or stuff from aliens cloaking themselves.

[@SaltyMaverick]

What about mass that exists in other dimensions outside of the three that we experience, but exerts gravitational forces on matter that does exist in the three dimensions we experience (our observable universe)?

[@anthonydunn729]

My bet's totally on the theory gravity doesn't stay confined to it's 'brane' and therefore appears weaker than other forces, and produces cross dimension interactions.

[@wisquatuk]

To everyone posting "but what about [alternative theory]": Here's the problem: There are tons of theories that try to explain the "big" (obvious, popular, highly visible, widely understandable) problems like galaxy rotation. But there's way more to dark matter than just galaxy rotation, and these alternative theories rarely have any sort of solution to most of these other problems. You can make some of these theories explain some of these things if you start adding on a bunch of extra rules and exceptions - but then they cease to be simple, predictive theories, and start just becoming a complex & arbitrary set of rules that try to explain what dark matter already fully explains. They don't predict anything that dark matter doesn't already predict (or their predictions end up being false), so they're not very useful. Because almost all public discussions of dark matter begin with the galaxy rotation problem, there's a public perception that dark matter is just a crazy thing scientists came up with to explain that one problem - and, that if you can solve that one problem via other means, you don't need dark matter. But there's a ton of evidence from a ton of different sources that all agree: At a cosmic scale, we can only see about one fifth of the matter that seems to be out there. This is not a case of scientists being lazy and just picking the first thing that comes to mind. There's *a lot* of evidence that dark matter exists - even if the nature of dark matter is still an open question.

[@bigdickpornsuperstar]

Point of contention.... There are tons of "hypotheses".... But of actual peer reviewed, scientifically accepted "Theories", there are only a handful. After all, the biblical explanations are a hypothesis, a disproved hypothesis, but a hypothesis nonetheless. And it is certainly not an accepted scientific Theory. The words you use matter. Just trying to keep it real.

[@R.Instro]

Jerry VanNuys Careful, your bias is showing. The Bible, Koran, Bhagavad Gita, etc., are not generally accepted as "scientific," not because they've been "proven false" but because what little 'science' may be found them isn't usually testable in the 1st place, i.e., it cannot be proven true OR false. This being the case, why not let's leave off the snark & focus on the subject at hand -- the factual, observable universe, & what we can learn directly from it -- rather than deliberately trying to run off or alienate the very people who might otherwise learn something from the discussion?

[@entyropy3262]

"There's a lot of evidence that dark matter exists" Which are ? You don't know ? Then how come u are so sure ?

[@R.T.and.J]

I heard the Dark Fluid theory actually does explain a lot od properties of dark matter (and energy). But I dunno, I'm not a scientist

[@AstralTraveler]

Well, at least the galaxy rotation can be solved withou the dark matter. We just need to stop thinking about gravity,as about the dominant force in the Universe. You can make your own model of galaxy in a bowl, filled with water. All you need is: a battery, a pernament magnet, 2 wires and 2 electrodes (anything made of metal). Place the magnet in the bowl (or beneath it) then connect the electrodes to battery (with wires) and place them in the water... Electrolysis, which takes place in a magnetic field, will cause the water to spin around the electrodes (opposite rotation for both of them). You can increase the voltage to cause stronger rotation... It's the basic law of MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS (MHD)...

[@livedandletdie]

Hank, do you know what the gamblers favourite substance is? Ante Matter.

[@minidwarfdude9230]

Perhaps the "aether" that all matter is surrounded by is actually dark matter like a ball in water

[@feisty-trog-12345]

The aether has been disproven in the early 20th century.

[@minidwarfdude9230]

FeistyTroglodyte yeah I know but what if dark matter is just like the idea of the aether like it surrounds every object but doesn't react with objects other than transferring energy

[@HemantKumar-im8do]

Please send some important notes in dark matter and quantum's mechinsm

[@Stephakaii]

Here's my theory: Its space itself. Gravity is the pressure space emits against objects. The more mass, and the larger an object or cluster of objects are is, the more strong the gravity is. Well, wouldn't that mean that space is why galaxies can stay together despite some spinning so fast? Since galaxies are hundreds of thousands of light years in size with trillions upon trillions of starts and billions and billions of planets with a supermassive blackhole in the middle, perhaps gravity at that size is determined more by the physical size of the object or cluster of objects than the actual mass?

[@hindigente]

I have so many questions... How big/small have clumps of dark matter been observed? Is there a general size consistency? Has it ever been observed lensing attributed to a predominance of dark matter? Is dark matter evidence consistent throughout different ages of the Universe? I imagine light neutrinos are ruled out by some Virial Theorem related reasoning. If so, is there enough certainty so as to guarantee the hypotheses of the theorem are valid? Have some possible "cooling down" (like a particle emission in a hypothetical [energetic] neutrino-neutrino interaction, for example) mechanisms been ruled out as well? Tau and muon neutrinos are both heavier, and intuitively I think should be more abundant than electron neutrinos (because after tau and muon decoupling during inflation, their minima equilibrium temperature was never again reached). Could it be that they are more abundant than currently believed? Would them possibly count as heavy neutrino, or are they still too light? To which lepton would heavy neutrinos be related? Is there any theoretical reason to believe they would exist and be heavy? How do multiverse theorists even do the math/come up with such preposterous ideas? Hahaha! I mean, if

[@georgeapplegate3535]

Sounds somewhat like the magnetic fields produced by movement of electrons that in turn affect the movement of electrons. Could it be a new field resulting from the movement of matter that in turn affects the movement of matter?

[@Vionbringer]

@Hankgreen, could it be possible that the 86% of dark matter which we cannot observe is actually just our visible universe where we only "see" the t,x,y,z, but what's actually present throughout a large portion of our universe are objects that interact on a 4th geometric dimension? Could these 4D objects provide enough mass, in combination with some of the other ideas posited, to balance out our equations? Thanks for the thought and go get some nachos!!

[@roguedogx]

and now I want nachos... why does physics make me hungry?

[@sidhantchopra6159]

can u please explain how long can sound waves exist in the nature...

[@davidfoster5561]

Sidhant chopra It's actually 42.

[@Subhransu44]

I have read somewhere "We know what dark matter isn't, we don't know what dark matter is"

[@ItsMe-ox8lm]

We can't see or touch love, but we can perceive its manifestations. So, let's look for their manifestations.

[@Firestrike0]

Hears, "We Have No Idea: A Guide to the Unknown Universe ". Goes straight to Amazon to buy the book.

[@kegans6296]

Firestrike but I'm still trying to find out the book name.

[@mayhem8166]

My own hypothesis is Einstein was right with e=mc2 or m=e/c2 and Rudolf Clausius and William Thomson (Kelvin) were both right when they both stated the First Law of thermodynamics - that total energy is conserved and therefore I surmise the mass of a particle/planet/star depends on it's absolute velocity with respect to it's creation (at big bang) giving variable mass with faster objects having more mass. Objects at the outer rim of galaxies have larger velocities compared to inner objects ergo extra mass. Therefore galactic rotation curves show faster outer stars than conventional physics allows. You need to calculate your velocities in 4 dimensional spacetime, which gives a different velocity number than standard 3D space plus time. If I get 100 likes I'll share a link to a discussion page to answer any further questions. :)

[@abhisajeev5920]

I got caught up with DJI spark Ad before this video.

[@geekjokes8458]

wait, what is it about the bullet galaxy and how does it rule out a new explanation for a new gravitational theory? also, shouldnt we not use newtonian physics in this case? it sounded weird that "mond" is tweaking newton's gravity... or is it just the name?

[@Glassbane]

So actual serious question here, SciShow. How many (if any) cosmologists are looking into the idea that dark matter and energy are both a 'reflection' if you will of empty space itself? Here's the meat of my question. Could it be that what we perceive as 'empty space' is actually something, and that something is what we are perceiving when we calculate rotational rates of galaxies (ie dark matter)?

[@billysbilbolag2050]

So parallel universes are still on the table... That's the worst analogy I could have used, that table would have to be huge!

[@Thebossof935]

Infinitely Huge at that.

[@chorosso5259]

a parallel universe is a parallel universe, you cant say its only on the table! (im sorry if you dont get the reference)

[@MrFilipang]

AAAAARRRGHHH PLEASE EXPLAIN THE REFERENCE

[@chorosso5259]

its a reference to a youtuber called pannenkoek2012, he does videos on sm64 and he once discussed a thing called parallel universes in sm64. he also talked about a presses and half an a press and in the video he calls out someone for saying that an a press in an a press you cant call it a half. i just combined these two things in my comment.

[@MrFilipang]

Ty

[@diogonunes1865]

could dark matter be neutrons since neutrons also don't interact? if this was already ruled out please tell me

[@bobbyharper8710]

The guy that created our universe simulation mistakenly spun the galaxies too fast.