When Antarctica Was Green

[@eons]

If you liked this episode of Eons, there's a show on PBS’s new science channel that we think you’re going to love. In “Antarctic Extremes,” journey to Earth’s most remote laboratory and see where science and survival meet. Check it out now on PBS Terra: kzbin.info/www/bejne/e6e1cqivZr-gisU

[@annmariepena9087]

PBS Eons Antarctica looks like a triceratops

[@jansenart0]

"Antarctodolops" is a weird way to declare with phylogeny that the creature is definitely not a bear.

[@col2959]

AnnMarie Peña very observant. Tasty

[@rajatgupta1661]

Never knew that the first "T" is silent in "Antarctica". Sounds weird though

[@TheUuhhh]

Enough with the metric system... we get it, u hate America

[@philg5183]

Imagine all the lakes that have been covered in ice, isolating eco systems for millions of years. Total darkness and freezing waters. Creepy.

[@BJETNT]

Deepstar six comes to mind. I think that's the name of the movie where they're reminding on the bottom of the ocean and they opened up a whole that been covered for millions of years. Some unknown arthropod came out and was able to bite through one of those gym suit submarine suits. In other words about half a foot of pure steel.

[@diegopugaquintanilla4344]

the budget museum made a video on those things, they're called subglacial lakes

[@MaskedNoobie]

425 likes and 2 comments? bro fr lemme fix that rq

[@abeonthehill166]

There are isolated places that have unique flora and fauna . Lake Baikal in Russia is the largest volume of fresh water on Earth ; it also has fauna that is found nowhere else ..........Exciting ,.......dum Der derrrrrrr😀🙏🏻😛😉

[@Xnaut314]

Just imagine what the last of Antarctica's forests must have been like. The last few terrestrial species would have been clinging to life in a battle for survival they were ultimately doomed to lose. Kinda chilling if you think about it (no pun intended).

[@novus1589]

Most animals probably left long before it got that cold.

[@Zoombie91]

​@A lone Cockroach but antartica is isolated

[@carissstewart3211]

@@novus1589 Where would they go? Antarctica was cut off at that point.

[@ericwall6219]

Just take a look at the large, desert-dwelling mammals. There are giraffes, elephants, ibex, lions and others scratching out existences in vast expanses of desert. A holdover from when their spaces where full of green savanna before the desertification of large portions of Africa. Antarctica would have looked similar, except in this instance the desert ends up winning.

[@Syveril]

Intend your puns, coward.

[@ГалсанУчуров]

Pre-historic animals : k gonna poop now Scientists : Wow! Such an amazing find

[@Chiayiklin]

I mean scientist just want to know how Pre-historic animals poop biologically works

[@ariochiv]

It's amazing that we have any fossils from Antarctica at all. It can't be a very forgiving place to go fossil hunting.

[@theman9048]

Oil

[@stewartgames6697]

Same reason modern day paleontologists compete with each other to head up to places like Baffin Island or the Gobi Desert - can't make new discoveries in places that have already been explored.

[@azzzanadra]

@@theman9048 oil is impossible to recover from frozen land

[@theman9048]

@@azzzanadra no it's not impossible it's just not practical

[@Argentvs]

Most of them are found in the peninsula antarctica in expeditions supported by Argentina near our bases that are ice free on summer. And lots of US founding and scientists.

[@Orangelemonblue]

How scientists gathered all of this information is absolutely incredible

[@zeff8820]

@Blind Squid their imaginations are connected to the reality

[@d1want34]

Assumption

[@tarheelcountry1868]

@Blind Squid tiny bone chips and turds can tell you an immense amount if you're smart enough to do math.

[@RonyTomo420]

They are receiving transmissions from off world entities from other dimensions

[@j012cl4n]

@Blind Squid way more too it than that. This video is an oversimplification of the actual work put into these theories which are always ongoing. It's insulting and downright stupid to suggest it's as simple as finding fossils and guessing from there. Educate yourself, before you start spreading ignorance

[@TheHoggcast]

The fact that there was still some southern beach trees hanging on there just 2.5million years ago sends chills down my spine.

[@AlexAnder-rv1gu]

Try counting to 2,500,000. Just saying the numbers in succession. (hint, this will take you literally dayyyyyssssss of non-stop counting). 2.5 million years ago is a VERY long time ago.

[@theamberabyss1745]

@@AlexAnder-rv1gu 2.5 million years is not that long when it comes to evolution, plate tectonics, and natural climate change

[@vectorhacker-r2]

Modern humans weren't even around then

[@vforvictory2953]

"just" two and a half million years is thirty five thousand seven hundred fifteen times of your lifetime

[@memberofthelambily1340]

@@theamberabyss1745 true but still a huge amount of time to our human perspective

[@zzing]

Now I want to hear that the modern cute penguins were once the terror birds of Antarctica.

[@HyperionaSilverleaf]

Once upon a time there were 6 foot tall penguins.

[@ugoeze7360]

What do you mean "once"? When have they ever stopped?

[@adamwelch4336]

Penguin havent change too much sense there species entered the world

[@Monchegorx]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropornis

[@colormesarge]

@@garrett6064 lmfao

[@SilverDawnArrow]

Antarctica holds a special place in my heart because my dad's team designed the Halley VI research base (the one on skis) so I grew up learning all about it

[@brandon1331]

That’s actually really cool, thanks for sharing!

[@scottmantooth8785]

have always wanted to visit Antarctica...

[@chris41952]

You should check out an anime series called A Place Further Than the Universe.

[@patrickcrowther6091]

That is soo cool

[@shaunb1414]

Halley 6 is a beautiful base. I was at Halley 4 and 5, 1991-1994

[@satrioadi7044]

This is more fascinating than any fantasy worldbuilding I've ever read

[@dank_smirk2ndchannel200]

Antarctic Birds: *sees all terrestrial animals die out around them from the cold* "This is fine."

[@jaelynn71193]

Dank_Smirk 2nd Channel this is clever abs made me laugh out loud 😂

[@DianeHasHopeInChrist]

Same thing animals will do at humans.....laugh at us.

[@MerkhVision]

Diane Morgan I dont think they’ll be laughing. Might be too busy choking on the polluted air and trying not to die ;)

[@dank_smirk2ndchannel200]

Leo Velli were talking about before humanity here

[@WokeandProud]

Guess I'll just start swimming, and penguins were born.

[@MyCatWearsPanties]

I would love to know about penguin evolution, how they emigrated to Antarctica, and their flightless traits. Also maybe about their contributions to their ecosystems! I love penguins and would love to hear your take!

[@yoppindia]

penguins are there in south america and south Africa!

[@franciscom8153]

Go Penguins!

[@alphascorpii3757]

And he waddled away waddle waddle

[@alphascorpii3757]

I love that word waddle waddle

[@masterofpuppets5072]

@@yoppindia and in Australia

[@ShellymanStudios]

When Antarctica turns green again, expect a lot of fight for it. Someone gonna break that peace treaty.

[@ETCABEZON]

If Antarctica becomes green again, international law will be the lesser of our problems.

[@rezarfar]

I don't think politics and who gets what will matter too much if Antarctica becomes green again, pretty much every single town on the coasts of every single country on the planet will be devastated. It would be a catastrophic event that would make the Indonesian tsunami in 2004 seem like someone splashed a bit of water around.

[@bluesmurff6163]

Clearly, tensions are already growing for the north, imagine a whole continent that's full of ressource and will stay somewhat cool while the rest of the planet is cooking ?

[@RedwoodTheElf]

Antarctica cannot become green again until continental drift moves it away from the south polar region. Shows like this underestimate how far north Antarctica really was when it was forested. It will take millions of years for Antarctica to move that far. So don't worry about it.

[@ShellymanStudios]

@@RedwoodTheElf Oh okay lol

[@adrianortega1431]

You know, this reminds me of a short story I read some time ago called "The Last Dinosaur", where a few ornithopods manage to survive on Antarctica, only to die out when the continent freezes over. The story followed the titular last dinosaur as it wandered across the snowy wasteland, searching in vain for another member of its kind.

[@blackpearl6972]

Dinosaurs, aplenty, in Hollow Earth, believe it or not.

[@fobusas]

If Antarctica only started to separate from Australia and South America, and Glaciers become more common from 36M years ago onwards, it's 30M+ years after the extinction of dinosaurs...

[@Lexivor]

Dinosaurs still live on Antarctica, specifically the penguins.

[@michaelrexrode3759]

That was from " Walking With Dinosaurs".

[@kevingruenofficial]

Lol titular

[@kayleighlehrman9566]

"Where did that poop come from?" Askin the tough questions here lol

THAT'S SO FUNNY! hARDY HARR HARR HARR HARRRRR! Next caller pleeeeeze!

[@thelonecabbage7834]

@ U ok bro?

[@Caneyhead123]

I ask myself this question daily

[@Jenacide]

@ ಠ_ಠ

@@Jenacide Yes?

I love learning this stuff. You’re such a great host.

[@dram3711]

I love youtube comments

[@clairpahlavi]

Go to Space News by the Thunderbolts Project on KZbin. You might learn something other than the above video's fairytale of time, dogma of NaziScience, and begin to question these moronic mathmagicians and asstronomers assumptions about the reality of things. Boneheads can't define gravity, matter, and then divide by zero and call it a BlackHole or BigBang, what's the difference?

[@comradepolarbear6920]

@@clairpahlavi huh

[@nicholaslewis8594]

Clair considering you have the writing abilities of a drunk toddler with the maturity of a twelve year old I don’t think you’re qualified to talk about reality at all.

[@beastmaster0934]

Land animals of Antarctica: WE ARE FREEZING TO DEATH!!! Land animals everywhere else: Hey is it starting to get a tad chilly here?

[@fayhay8011]

Land animals in the equator:It’s another normal day

[@AlexAnder-rv1gu]

Noooo, that's not how geologic time spans work!

[@pegeonpera]

*Nature* : I can increase the global temperatures by 5'C in less than 200000 years *Humans* : Hold our greenhouse gases

[@connorbingham-davis2091]

'Hold our greenhouse gas- I SAID HOLD THEM DAMMIT! NOW THEY'RE IN THE ATMOSPHERE!!'

[@PremierCCGuyMMXVI]

Jetlite Humans: try 100 years (As Earth could warm 4 to 5°C by 2100. Witch is kinda scary)

[@ABEL-cd2sp]

EP114587 you contain it

[@dull_demon4717]

As an american, i have no clue how much 5°C is

[@davidle3329]

@@bobdol8398 🤦🏼without evidence or reference, a statement is an opinion not ‘scientific fact’. At least give a reference for your information source.

[@jamiee7367]

Last time I was this early, Antarctica was still part of Gondwana

[@jamiee7367]

Yes

[@18nakedcowboys3]

Soon Antarctica will be warm again

[@ronjayrose9706]

@@18nakedcowboys3 yep becuz global warming

[@isis2523]

Not early

[@newbiechu7024]

Make Antarctica great again.

[@ctheforestthroughthetrees3413]

This entire piece was excellent! I look forward to learning updated information after more recent ice-core samples, and recent discoveries on the Antarctic continent. Well done, PBS!

[@andyjay729]

Once went on a guided tour of Patagonia (got as far south as Cape Horn!). The guide said that some of Antarctica's fossil trees were similar to the southern birch forests in Patagonia and New Zealand.

[@thishouseofglass]

That’s so cool!

[@jonathansturm4163]

Nothofagus, or Southern Beech are still around. Here in Tasmania also.

[@An-kw3ec]

Southern beech, alerce and araucaria have their origins there, they are adapted to cold climates like oaks and pines, the valdivian temperate rainforests and new zealand are the remanents of that time.

[@Lannayru]

Green Antarctica: turns to ice Humans and global warming: uno reverse card

[@NigelThornbery]

It’s a natural cycle

[@Jenacide]

@@NigelThornbery Ya but that was still funny

[@snekwrek5454]

@@NigelThornbery it's not that chum

[@thatdude87]

@@snekwrek5454 it is lol. Throughout history the earth spins on a axis with a moon and sun. So as time continues to go on. The weather will change😂

[@snekwrek5454]

@@thatdude87 yeah but the last time I checked we were supposed to have an Ice Age. And no natural processes don't give such high derivatives.

[@silvialogan9226]

I wish that Antarctic would be tropical and green again with full of palm trees and lust forests, but if the whole ice of Antarctica melted, many places would be under water.

[@AlexAnder-rv1gu]

And then humans would wage WWIII over the place @_@

[@christopheralldredge9298]

Mostly morons in the cities. So I'm rooting for the ice melt.

[@nancy-katharynmcgraw2669]

But the the current warm & hot areas would be ice cold 🧊 and ❄ 🏔

[@BJETNT]

I saw an interesting theory on Star Trek when I was a child. And I think it's something new human race is going to need to do within the next couple hundred years. They were trying to hire a Picard to find a way to make a new continent on Earth. Honestly that would be pretty easy. But with current technology it would take probably a thousand years to do.

[@hobomike6935]

Antarctica should Shared by Chile, Argentina, New Zealand, and Australia. >Argentina should get the entire Antarctic peninsula, the Drake Passage, the South Shetland Islands, and exclusive control over the Weddell sea. >New Zealand should get Victoria Land, the entire Ross Ice Shelf, Scott Island, and Balleny island. >Chile gets the Amundsen Sea, Marie Byrd land, Peter I island, and the BellingsHausen sea. >Australia gets everything east of the Antarctic Mountain range and the Amundsen/Scott station. Norway should get exclusive control over the south pole, and about a circular 50 miles surrounding it on the Polar Plateau, since Amundsen effectively was the man to first conquer the North Pole.

[@barryjobe]

I really find value in your Eon programs - I think I've seen them all (at least most of them) and I eagerly await each new episode. Kudos!

[@quirkyc]

I gotta say im interested in that long ocean journey that what I believe to be India at what looks like breakneck speeds. Any chance we could get an episode about that?

[@diligar]

You know, India is actually still booking it straight into Asia, and all that force is what made (and still is making) Mt Everest and the Himalayas!

[@andrewfrank7222]

The Indian plate, yes... Heard of Mt Everest... India is the reason the Himalayas are so high.

[@SirFaceFone]

India was isolated for millions of years just like Australia, then collided with Asia. Would be really interesting to know about that and its effects on the biodiversity in the region/continent.

[@giuseppezagaria402]

I'm gonna follow this.

[@matheussanthiago9685]

@@finlayson6868 according to google that would be Brazil www.google.com/search?q=the+most+biodiverse+country&oq=the+most+biodiverse+country&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i64&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

[@irishredbone8996]

Thank you, very interesting and thought provoking; I've read recently about the Chicago Lake Michgan area, 10,000 years ago, dawn of man as hunters, and further back, Mastadon era, marsh lands and such; would like to know more about this and the evolution of our Great Lakes and the wondrous creatures that once thrived in them

[@Riceball01]

For anyone living in the greater LA area, the Natural HIstory Museum of LA has a special exhibit on Antarctica right now, its focus is on the dinosaurs found there but it also covers the history and geology along with the flora found there. It's an extra charge to see it but it's a pretty nice exhibit and goes into a pretty decent amount of detail on the continent and not only touches on the recent expeditions to there but past ones and artifacts from those past expeditions.

[@alan4025]

i love this host, the excitement in her voice about the facts she gives is really infectious

[@DeVon675]

Yeah she is really good

[@lasselarsen2914]

I really like that about her too, but her lisp annoys me aswell. Without it i think she would be a perfekt host

[@alan4025]

@@lasselarsen2914 what lisp ?

[@donaldlawrance5933]

Perfect host for diseases that are highly infectous

[@JJ-zb7id]

Lasse Larsen her lisp is barely noticeable

[@marcopothuizen]

Skippy: "Let's go to Australia. We will survive there!" Smart animal.

[@softwarerevolutions]

lol

[@BasedInBrazil]

MAGA: Make Antarctica Green Again.

[@Djdub5757]

I love it

[@officialdreymedina3468]

Probably another land would turn into icy place if artartic became green again 😅😁

[@elissitdesign]

Brilliant

[@BigRajBeats]

We just need to die off cause all we do is hurt ourselves, each other, animals, and this world

[@greenstorm5568]

@@BigRajBeats thats y im a conversationalist, not an environmentalist. Humanity can be the solution, too.

[@Mr_Valentin.]

Prehistoric Antarctic birds : sees that everyone is dying Prehistoric Antarctic birds : Aight... Imma head out

[@kaisergray9413]

Prehistoric already flightless ratites: *sees all the other birds leaving Prehistoric already flightless ratites: fuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuq

[@sydakk]

Prehistoric Antartic Birds: Penguin time

[@morganseppy5180]

it's been real....cya

[@tThisNThat]

Love your voice and delivery, very soothing, and a pleasure to watch

[@nhaaaPl]

Why did I only start watching this channel now? This channel is amazing.

[@CrispyTheBomb]

Dwumper because there are no more sports to watch

[@kairatturganbayev7114]

I don't know man

[@bestuan]

“16 Celsius” “so warm” Me, an arabian: *pathetic*

[@clwomble]

Me, an American; huh?

[@clwomble]

About 38C is the normal high in summer. Do you wear a jacket at 16C?

[@bestuan]

C Womble yeah lmao

[@Gaylittleloser03]

Me, who used to live in Arizona: Ha, puny numbers

[@qux7148]

Me a canadian: jfc thats hot

[@gameindustryinsider6450]

“The teeth of the Noteetholofos” - that sentence is very confusing.

[@litterbox2010]

Notiolofos.

[@Boom12]

The revelation of Antarctica being green first dawned when watching Walking with Dinosaurs. 'Spirits of the Ice Forest' was such an awe inspiring episode, my family and I were gasping at how it use to be a rainforest. By the way, this episode has the best ambient music ever!

[@kayseek1248]

0:57 **Angry Koala Noises** 10:17 **Even Angrier Koala noises**

[@mattender8323]

Koala are too stupid to notice.

[@wolff4033]

@@mattender8323 LOL

[@braedenaronson1470]

I just want to say I love the background music for these videos they are good at setting the atmosphere

[@odemata87]

What was the Earth's tilt during this time and how did it effect the climate of the continent?

[@VictorbrineSC]

Likely 23 degrees as it has always been since the formation of the Moon. The Moon stabilized our axis to 23 degrees. It makes a procession every 100 thousand years I think (don't remember the exact number, could be more or less) so the seasons shift along the orbit as time passes, which could have caused some changes in climate over millions of years. But during that time the axial tilt was likely 23 degrees, like today.

[@connordrake5713]

Earth's tilt is always changing because of earthquakes. The last earthquake in Indonesia change the Earth tilt a little bit. So it's hard to predict the Earth's tilt before since it is dynamic overtime.

[@jonathanh222]

The changes in tilt from earthquakes are way way too small to have any impact on climate. The tilt is basically static, even though technically it isn't

[@hunnicbarbarian103]

The Chandler wobble or variation of latitude is a small deviation in the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the solid earth, which was discovered by American astronomer Seth Carlo Chandler in 1891

[@PremierCCGuyMMXVI]

Raoul Simon it varied a lot in the PETM, it’s peak hearing lasted only 700,000 years but the warm period witch was 6-9°C hotter than today. Lasted tens of millions of years. So you probably did have cooling and warming from the orbital cycles. But what kept Earth was CO2 around 900-1,000 ppm (today it’s only 415 ppm but with human caused global warming, it could be as high as that by end century) most of the time a major climate change event will occur because of the composition of Earths atmosphere. What lead to the PETM cooling after was because CO2 was being sank to the ocean thanks to microbes, Antarctica and arctic isolating itself causing glaciers to form causing cooling and the formation of the Himalayas due to India colliding with Asia, exposing Rock, drawing carbon from the air cooling the planet.

[@Niinkai]

I asked this question on an episode earlier this year, thank you for making me feel a bit special, even though I'm sure I'm not the only one who's been asking for this :)

[@achinism]

9:55 - The Indian plate is like that kid who misses his school bus- wait for me! :D

[@selenacruz754]

I get terrible grades and I dislike school strongly but I enjoy watching videos like these because I learn so much. I should be doing my homework but I'd much rather watch this lol

[@flowerflatulence]

You learn differently that’s not a bad thing. Watch videos regarding your homework

[@istvansipos9940]

lush, green landscape with polar sunlight (or darkness). a weirdly beautiful world that sure was.

[@robinchesterfield42]

Wouldn't that be a fascinatingly weird time/place to set, say, a book in? I know I'D read it. Or watch a documentary about it with CGI creatures and a cool narrator. Definitely.

[@boygenius538_8]

Watch walking with dinosaurs

[@DanielTaylorOCMD]

It was not at the south pole of the planet then, plate tectonics has shifted it to its current position.

[@lizshoemaker]

@@DanielTaylorOCMD The animations they've been showing don't support what you're saying. Do you have a source for when Antarctica was at a higher latitude?

[@DanielTaylorOCMD]

​@@lizshoemaker A very quick search found this on Wikipedia - "At a number of points in its long history, it was farther north, experienced a tropical or temperate climate, was covered in forests, and inhabited by various ancient life forms." But I challenge you to do the research yourself.

[@kelvinmeijer6486]

Paleocene-Eocene Themal Maximum: 5 to 8 degrees in 220,000 years Humans: pathetic, how about 200 years?

[@michaelspero6157]

I learned this long ago but really enjoy seeing visual. Technology is a wonderful thing.

[@Blue_Fire-Chibi]

The great thing about Pbs eons is they always have fresh new content

[@jenv9782]

Fascinating - so why do I feel so sad for all the lost animals and green plants that once flourished in Antarctica?

[@johannessigurdsson8660]

I would like to see a video on what life at the equator was like when antarctica had palm trees.

[@susannebrunberg4174]

Ice

[@cdemr]

superhumid and very warm equatorial forests

[@PremierCCGuyMMXVI]

Johannes Sigurdsson during the PETM, places near the equator we’re very hot, remember, 56 million years ago, Earth was about 5-9°C hotter than today. But with modern global warming, we could see a preview by 2100. Lol

[@hanselsihotang]

Probably very hot and humid, just like today's tropical forest, but on steroids since the temperature was several degrees Celcius higher. For a modern human living in it must've felt like hell.

[@AlexAnder-rv1gu]

It would've been hotter to an extent, yes. But remember that those temperature differentials are averages for the whole planet - much like they are today. So while one place may vary greatly in temperature, others may not. They explained that the major reason for the cooling of Antarctica was the breaking away of other continents, leaving it to develop a sea that surrounds it. Therefore today as the world begins to warm, Antarctica will never become the warm temperate place it once was because there are other geological factors at play affecting it's temperature. In that same sense, a long time ago when Antarctica was more temperate, that doesn't necessarily mean that the equatorial regions were furnaces - they would've had other factors such as wind and sea currents which would mediate their temperature levels. And the global temperature change would've been most represented in certain areas, not all equally. Think of it like a Neanderthal in ice-age Europe saying "man, when this ice-age is over, I wouldn't wanna live in Equatorial Brazil! It'd be hella hot!" But not all regions gain/lose an equal amount of temperature, so humans managed to live there regardless.

[@raijinoflimgrave8708]

I never gave it much thought that south america was an island continent just like austrailia still is today. This channel teaches you so many fascinating things about geologic history in a way that is so easy to visualize!

[@shrayasidas6908]

I like how you bring all the branches of earth science and relate them in each videos.. you guys are awesome👏❤️

[@qpeluso]

Can you do a video on dinosaur reproduction, specifically the mystery of how stegosaurus mated? Or maybe just the evolution of reproduction.

[@DrD0000M]

*How stegosaurus mated?* Very carefully.

[@qpeluso]

Unfortunately

[@shadowmax889]

Stegosaurus? mmmmm maybe tails ups and back to back

[@HyperionaSilverleaf]

I think Tyrannosaurus Sex covered that.

[@nathanmahmod9025]

By staring at each other....i guess

[@philiptite1082]

Thank you for such a wonderful video on one of the most fascinating areas on the globe (at least to me). I really enjoyed and learned from this piece. But I wanted to comment less on the video and more on the comments (at least those I've read through). I am amazed at the friendly, funny, and respectful exchanges in this comments section. I've rarely seen such friendly exchanges online and it is refreshing. So thank you to all the comment writers for just being awesome.

[@spampants5155]

While the land bridges may have disappeared at the end of the Eocene, it's clear that for a long time before that things had already been going south.

[@rashadpreston7389]

Yeah like the whole continent lol

[@W.Isarnorix.D]

@@rashadpreston7389 😂🖒

[@Vaquedoso]

@@ahope4u2 what do you mean?

[@troubleshooters5136]

Whenpigsfly you’re an idiot 😂

[@nicholaslewis8594]

Whenpigsfly you mean the same global flood that a bunch of idiots made up?

[@TigirlakaLaserwolf6]

Also, thank you for this episode! This is a topic of particular interest to me, but finding out more about it can be a tad difficult if you don't have access to research papers. I really do appreciate you talking about more obscure subjects in addition to more traditionally popular ones, like dinosaurs and the Cambrian era

[@limerence8365]

Antarctica is like a level from an adventure video game. It's huge, inhospitable, extreme weather, protected by terrible sees, an island, unexplored, holds many secrets. And take it back a few thousand years it would of had all that but jungles and a freaky day/night/ winter/ summer dynamic. It would have been warmer but still an awesome place to explore.

[@robinchesterfield42]

Ooh, I would play the freak out of a game like that. Especially if it had a time-travel mechanic, so you can see it both ways? Maybe a Chrono Trigger-like thing where you can do something in the jungly past that affects what ending you get in the icy present? I dunno I'm just spitballing here. :P

[@jourdansarpy4935]

*take it back a few million years lol

[@fugithegreat]

I love this channel! It's so mindblowing to see some of the distinct creatures that used to live on Earth.

[@saschaforeal3009]

This presenter is awesome! Great delivery. nice voice. a pleasure

[@OrpheoCT]

As a fan, her prononciation of Antarctica was an unexpected pet peeve

[@Redmedal001]

Love the channel! The team is very dedicated and likeble, and the content is aways very interesting! Every new video have is an instant like from me! Hugs from Brazil!

[@solanceDarkMOW]

Such a lonely place, ever trapped in it's polar prison.

[@Aladato]

Not for long...

[@TheRealMirCat]

@@Aladato And the ancient trees shall rise

[@Alusnovalotus]

solanceDarkMOW or hiding from the horrible plague called humans.

[@LakeAndBake]

@Rage Quit a plague for all other life forms. We make animals go extinct far faster than a plague though. We are an extinction event

[@MaureenLycaon]

Not forever, even after global warming passes. The continents will inevitably come together again, and in 500 million years or so Antarctica will no longer be isolated.

[@Alepoudiitsa]

Thank you for this!! When I have anxiety, I look some of videos of your channel and it help me allot to not think about bad things.

[@WordUnheard]

Last time I was this early, was August 29th, around 4:00 PM. It was raining.

[@TheDentedHelmet]

Brilliant Video. Although I knew that Antarctica was once home to dinosaurs and rain forests, I did not know that it lasted for so long and even facilitated mass migrations of mamels. It is incredible to think that the ancestors of the Kangaroo had once set out from South America. Absolutely fascinating. Keep up the great work! Oh and also could you do a video on the Sahara and the last time that it was green....and what role it might have played in Human evolution and migrations.

[@TigirlakaLaserwolf6]

Have you guys done an episode on flowering plants? That's something I've always been interested in. If you wanted, you could even throw in how pollenators came to take advantage of them rather than having to be tricked by them. If not, I understand, not everybody wants to sit down and listen to somebody talk about flowers for 6-10 minutes haha

[@barbiquearea]

Its hard to believe Anartica used to be warm and tropical and teaming with life. But you guys have made it easy to imagine.

[@elka7823]

Its al gibberish

[@AspireGMD]

@@elka7823 Yes because you know everything and all the thousands of pieces of literal proof and millions of scientists from multiple different fields are just wrong and dumb because you say so, okay. I would love to see your evidence disproving all of the fossils.

[@elka7823]

@@AspireGMD thank you

[@banjofunk]

I got to send all the love to everyone involved in the making of these vids! So much information in an easily understandable way. Thank you so much, I know now I want to learn more, thank you for making me realise i want to do something.

[@shaunb1414]

Additional information that many people clearly don't understand, judging by the comments on here; Antarctica, 90- million years ago was near the equator. Plate tectonics. The Earths crust has moved about as it's cooled over hundreds of millions of years, shifting things about and creating mountain ranges.

[@mueffe1357]

Antartica: I was Green before it was cool.

[@richardross1166]

Icy what you did there.

[@Scaredycat1963]

*H P Lovecraft sweats nervously*

[@Madhijz]

everytime they dig up more giant penguin bones I get more fearful

[@jamesfry8983]

@@Madhijz lol yeah they would of been something like 12 to 15 feet tall I think

[@anton2192]

'Deep Time' is now my favorite word

[@jaydonbooth4042]

The most surprising thing I learned in this video is how small Antarctica is lol. Darn maps have been tricking me my whole life. I always thought it was like the size of all of Africa at least. Like I just assumed they were only showing the top edge of Antarctica with the rest of it, the main center, off the map or something, and I just never really thought about it further. Like the classic case of believing that Greenland is the size of Africa because of the Mercator projection.

[@ohmnesia]

For me, I felt the opposite. I had always imagined it was rather tiny. But hearing that it‘s bigger than Australia? Now imagine just how much ice must be on there…

[@evelynrose2257]

This blew my mind. I love learning. Thank you.

[@BobSchoepenjr]

My aunt calls Aunt Artica, weird ...sounds almost like...

[@randomperson-cq6lb]

lol

[@StopChangingUsernamesYouTube]

Just to share a shower thought: What would happen if the ACC suddenly stopped?

[@Vulcano7965]

first you need to answer the question: why would it stop? Might lead to an even more interesting answer.

[@Vulcano7965]

@Bob Trenwith it was directed at william. But yes, that's true.

[@TheDentedHelmet]

@Bob Trenwith what if enough Glaciers melted to decrease the Salinity of the top layer of Sea water around the the continent? ...wait I should rather say when the Glaciers melt

[@FireRupee]

We would have a lot of confused fans. Pro ball just isn't the same.

[@philliproduta7131]

If it stopped Dennis Quaid will save us.

[@matth.4320]

Nobody: Antarctica: G'day mate

[@ugoeze7360]

Chile: Buenos días, señor. Argentina: ¿Qué?

[@matheussanthiago9685]

I've come from a land lower under

[@ingaheligakor8560]

I LOVE her voice. It is soo sooth.

[@windhelmguard5295]

her voice is nice. her pronouncing Antarctica like "Antardiga" is not.

[@garettcline1365]

You guys are doing incredible work. Please keep spreading the love of science and all its bounty!

[@SevenStarlitLakes]

Thank you for the amazing content and great presentation !!

[@ceewin644]

I have these PBS videos playing while I'm falling asleep and hers is the most soothing voice!!

[@wholesomebaker5410]

I kinda wonder how worm forests were adapting to polar nights. Because what I'm understanding, Antartica was still in the polar circle or really close to it.

[@moarsaur]

Tell me more about these midnight worm forests.

[@abdulkarimismail9413]

Awesome video! I would love to learn more about the origin of photosynthesis

[@icollectstories5702]

Did you watch the one on the purple earth?

[@icollectstories5702]

Have you seen "When the Earth Was Purple?"

[@BJETNT]

I've done some reading and research on that it is pretty neat. First major plants to do it were stromatellites. They released so much oxygen into the atmosphere because of their photosynthesis it caused a massive Extinction of creatures that were getting their power other ways and made all of our iron deposits in the oceans and land. They literally poisoned every other form of life that was not oxygen tolerant. We don't think of oxygen as a poison but it was to everything else but the stromatellites at the time. They are one of our oldest ancestors.

[@evannorcom1925]

Thanks!

[@lizzle13a]

What about the penguins? That would be an interesting show.

[@philiptite1082]

To add to your suggestion, I think it would be fascinating to do a follow up video on this one looking at how life continued, albeit in more limited ways, after Antarctica transformed into a frozen desert. This video is wonderful and insightful, but it begs for a sequel. :)

[@AlexLynn_M]

David Chaplin none of what you said made no absolute sense wtf is a “barbie”

[@bluesmurff6163]

@@AlexLynn_M "barbecue"

[@nick5049]

Would love if you guys did a video on the Aboriginal use of fire in Australia to tame the land!

[@joshhellerich4316]

This was uploaded on my 11th birthday! A great video for a happy day (for me!)!

[@danielm.1441]

Sorry, but I have to take issue with the image of 'green Antarctica' you've used in this video... Antarctica is not a single landmass, if you were to melt the ice, you'd reveal it to be an archipelago of many islands...

[@icollectstories5702]

Is the definition of landmass (continent?) dependent on sea level? Zealandia wants to know.

[@jayasuryangoral-maanyan3901]

You have to remember it is sunken lower than it would have once been and the ice has eroded quite a bit of the continent (I think), so it probably will have more mass than you might expect

[@Loreman72]

@@jayasuryangoral-maanyan3901 Quite so. Without the ice, the land would bounce up, like Scandinavia is doing today.

[@Thumbsupurbum]

If the ice were to melt the depressed land mass would slowly start to rise, or rebound. This process is still currently ongoing for parts of Canada. Which had a similar depression effect from all the glaciers that used to be there.

[@danilooliveira6580]

also I imagine the ice and glaciers eroded a lot of the landmass

[@sayvionwashington1939]

Somewhere, in Antartica: Archeologist #1: Hey! I found something! Archeologist #2: What should we call this new creature? Archeologist #1: Hmmm....lets have the first part be Antara and then we think up of the second part later. Archeologist #2: Fantastic Idea! High Five! -I know it's hard to think up a name, but cmon! I had to!-

[@Dimensionalalteration]

Yay,Antarctica and narrated by the lady with the calming Sid voice ...perfection...thank you for that treat it is wonderful.

[@ShumaiAxeman]

In before the "Tekelili" Damn Shoggoths.

[@sdsa007]

Wow! Amazing! I actually took notes! I find the biological and geological history of Antarctica fascinating! And this episode, in particular, helped me understand some of the theories behind the cooling trend and of course, the emergence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Circulation is important to understand. I can't wait to watch the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Max video, you say is a very nuanced topic! LOVE YOU FOR THIS!

[@chironOwlglass]

I love this channel so much. I grew up being forced to attend Southern Baptist schools and was taught creationism exclusively. It was so obvious that they were trying to brainwash us that I became incredibly skeptical of anything authority figures told me. I rolled my eyes whenever people talked about pre-history. But the truth is FAR more interesting than the evangelical mythological narrative! I'm glad to have time during this quarantine to learn about the utterly incredible history of our planet.

[@lavendermarshmallowplant3229]

Lol you don't need to act so condescending towards religion (a mythological narrative? Lmao) just to uplift this subject, science and religion aren't oppositions of eachother. And this or your experience isn't limited to one religion either. But just to give my experience, in my previous Catholic school we were also taught of these possible origins of life and the Universe, so I guess I'm grateful for that.

[@abnnizzy]

Thermal Maximum sounds like a Power Ranger attack move.

[@zeusnitch]

Every time I hear "penguins" I like to replace the term with "pangolins" in my mind. Then, I watch them diving into the Southern Ocean and evading leopard seals and orcas. It's epic.

[@Hideotic]

Pan goo ins

[@Hideotic]

Or pen lol

[@marcusgrotenfelt4075]

Those beetles went extinct when their young ones started rolling snowballs instead of dungballs

[@ChristianPauchet]

Just imagine the fossil record Antartica must have underneath all that ice... well... we'll soon find out the way things are changing.

[@larryg3326]

Great episode, thanks! It would be interesting to hear the current thinking on why Antarctica stayed at the south pole while the other southern continents drifted northwards. And what's with India taking off like that?

[@johnegan6579]

Yes, I often think the same thing. Maybe like one of those spinning top carnival rides, where you're more stable right in top?

[@samuelerickson8155]

"India was like Africa I'm leaving you"

[@viviondioline]

I want pbs to produce videos in this format about other subjects. I love this channel!

[@rabbyssi4392]

Question: “Green Antarctica” is depicted as completely above the ocean. Was this actually the case? I thought that a significant portion of the continent would be submerged underwater if there were no ice

[@NickMachado]

The weight of the ice can cause the land to sink called isostatic depression. Its possible the continent was at a higher elevation before full glaciation.

[@moarsaur]

I've read that the mass of ice is actually depressing the landmass significantly, and as it melts the bedrock is springing back up, a process known as tectonic uplift. Also, sea level is a funny thing: ice breaking off Antarctica now has the biggest impact on sea levels near northern Europe. Liquid sloshing around in a gravity well and getting stirred up by a moon doesn't always end up where you'd think it would.

[@Eo_Tunun]

As the fellow commenters already said, the weight pressing down from the ice is what causes the current heigth of the rocky ground. It's one of the aspects geologists worry about when the antarctic ice melts, actually. This might mean that the rising landmass of Antarctcia will allow displaced magma from elswhere to flow in under it, making other regions of the earth lower into the oceans. It's only one of the possible scenarios, but over several millenia might be something one would see. The same goes for Greenland's ice.

[@cfrhoar]

Antarctica is actually an archipelago.

[@jaydaksrules5316]

its some global warming hype the sea level rising from the caps melting melt some ice in a cup of water see what happens and the comments about the ice mass pushing it down bahahahahahahahaha people believe anything these days. there is no facts about whats going on just guesses

[@monsoon_magic2874]

Excellent video. Can we have a video on the Pantodonta, the first great mammals after the K-Pg Extinction? Thank you.

[@TheDragonFoodHeir]

I like what PBS does as this channel so I subscribed!

[@Mark-in8ju]

The Mountains of Madness are located in Antarctica.