Who Invented Algebra? (It's Complicated) | A History of Mathematics

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The Ancient History of Algebra extends across many civilisations. From the Mesopotamia and Egyptian civilisations to the Ancient Greeks, or even further East to the Ancient Indian or Chinese civilisations. All made major contributions to the development of Algebra, something that was named after a book published by an Arabian Mathematician Al-Khwarizmi.
Find out more in this video on the History of Algebra, and subscribe for more.

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@shroudedscience Жыл бұрын

Slight correction at 00:40 should be divided by 2 not 4 The Mesopotamians used multiple forms: 1) ab = [(a+b)^2 - a^2 - b^2]/2 2) ab = [(a+b)^2 - (a-b)^2]/4

@AasilKhan1453 Ай бұрын

I love how indians claim everything was invented in india 😂

@MadeInMalaysia-jo4nh 27 күн бұрын

Pakistan was invented by/from India too.

@AasilKhan1453 27 күн бұрын

@@MadeInMalaysia-jo4nh im not pakistani

@messy3314 16 күн бұрын

@@AasilKhan1453 just answer this question. Brahmagupta literally developed the modern formula of solving quadratic equations which we use till today and he lived ages ago than al khwarizmi. Then how come al khwarizmi be called the inventor of quadratic equations?

@mauryanempire7503 15 күн бұрын

@@messy3314quadratic formula is not always algebra

@messy3314 15 күн бұрын

@@mauryanempire7503 his book mostly consistuted of quadratic equations

@suraj1311 8 ай бұрын

Arabs Claim that they invented Algebra. But it existed even before islam. Many of the Jyotish shastra uses Algebraic equations. Dr raj vadam showed the same in his videos.

@hamzahaidar2084 4 ай бұрын

You are not completely correct, thats an ignorant claim of yours According to Swiss-American historian of mathematics, Florian Cajori, Al-Khwarizmi's algebra was different from the work of Indian mathematicians, for Indians had no rules like the restoration and reduction.Regarding the dissimilarity and significance of Al-Khwarizmi's algebraic work from that of Indian Mathematician Brahmagupta, Carl B. Boyer wrote: It is true that in two respects the work of al-Khowarizmi represented a retrogression from that of Diophantus. First, it is on a far more elementary level than that found in the Diophantine problems and, second, the algebra of al-Khowarizmi is thoroughly rhetorical, with none of the syncopation found in the Greek Arithmetica or in Brahmagupta's work. Even numbers were written out in words rather than symbols! It is quite unlikely that al-Khwarizmi knew of the work of Diophantus, but he must have been familiar with at least the astronomical and computational portions of Brahmagupta; yet neither al-Khwarizmi nor other Arabic scholars made use of syncopation or of negative numbers. Nevertheless, the Al-jabr comes closer to the elementary algebra of today than the works of either Diophantus or Brahmagupta, because the book is not concerned with difficult problems in indeterminant analysis but with a straight forward and elementary exposition of the solution of equations, especially that of second degree. The Arabs in general loved a good clear argument from premise to conclusion, as well as systematic organization - respects in which neither Diophantus nor the Hindus excelled.

@user-dt2gl6ze6d 2 ай бұрын

@@hamzahaidar2084Interestingly The ancient Indian “Bakhshali” manuscript, which has been carbon dated to 3rd century CE, is an ancient Hindu treatise on Arithmetic and Algebra. The Algebraic problems deal with simultaneous equations, quadratic equations, arithmetic geometric progressions & quadratic indeterminate equations. “Bakhshali” isn’t earliest Indian Algebraic treatise. Early Algebra is found in “Shulba Sutras” (Sutra in Indian literary traditions refers to an aphorism or a collection of aphorisms in the form of a manual or, more broadly, a condensed manual or text.) dating back to at least 800 BC. Traditional Algebra reached its pinnacle in the works of Mathematicians and Astronomers of India like Aryabhata & Bhaskara. What makes Bakhshali special is it offers mathematical proof to its theories. Henry Thomas Colebrooke was a historian and Mathematicians. Writing in 1817, Colebrook came to the conclusion that Khwarizmi owed his Algebra to ancient Indian Vedic Hindus. After carefully examining the works of Khawarizmi and ancient Hindu mathematical texts, Colebrooke concludes: “The inevitable conclusion is that Khawarizmi, being conversant with the sciences of Hindus, must have learnt Algebra from Hindus” Another European Mathematician, Pietro Cossali also came to the same conclusion after diligent research. He says: “Khwarizmi was skilled in Indian tongue and fond of Indian matters. He translated Indian works He was first instructor of Mμslims in Algebra” Cossali continues “Not having taken Algebra from Greeks, Khwarizmi must have either invented it himself or taken it from Indians. The latter (taking Algebra from Indians) seems more probable” And if you start correlating the massive Engineering marvels in form of massive Temples (that has withstood the test for time for over 1000s of. years in India) and massive forts and palaces all over the country, it is clear that without advanced mathematical concepts one cannot build such complicated structures. It is very advanced architectural and engineering skills that requires a very strong mathematical foundations and understanding of soil mechanics. There are temples in India that I have seen which is on the beach, on the mountains to name a few. Most are in Southern India which was fortunately not reached by the invaders from desert lands. All these massive structures were built with precision. Not saying that there are not such structures in Egypt and other ancient civilizations like Inkas etc. But the sheer depth of different forms of constructions from palaces, temples, ponds and even artificial lakes by ancient Kings of India is breath taking. One has to see it to understand the Engineering marvel that is least discussed in the mainstream news in general. I have little doubt that India is the source of most of the mathematical concepts that is a gift to mankind from Vedic Hindus. (All the above mentioned texts are available in Sanskrit Colleges in India. Many are in London that was taken away by British during colonial era and a departments of Sanskrit was opened in UK to understand and decode the texts. In fact, East India Company still holds patents to many of ancient Indian Vedic literature on Astronomy, Mathematics etc including that of most recent Mathematical Genius Late Sir Srinivasa Ramanujam)

@smallcube-zn2mm Ай бұрын

Humans aren't God that they will make something from nothing. Every inventor has invented based on something. Egyptians, Indians, Persians in ancient also took help from older civilizations than them.

@suraj1311 8 ай бұрын

Sad Part About indian knowledge systems is that. Alot of knowledge was burnt during invasions. And a lot of knowledge were memorised by monks and was transferred verbally from generation to generation. Which means if chain of monks is broken. The knowledge will be lost.

@user-dt2gl6ze6d 2 ай бұрын

Interestingly The ancient Indian “Bakhshali” manuscript, which has been carbon dated to 3rd century CE, is an ancient Hindu treatise on Arithmetic and Algebra. The Algebraic problems deal with simultaneous equations, quadratic equations, arithmetic geometric progressions & quadratic indeterminate equations. “Bakhshali” isn’t earliest Indian Algebraic treatise. Early Algebra is found in “Shulba Sutras” (Sutra in Indian literary traditions refers to an aphorism or a collection of aphorisms in the form of a manual or, more broadly, a condensed manual or text.) dating back to at least 800 BC. Traditional Algebra reached its pinnacle in the works of Mathematicians and Astronomers of India like Aryabhata & Bhaskara. What makes Bakhshali special is it offers mathematical proof to its theories. Henry Thomas Colebrooke was a historian and Mathematicians. Writing in 1817, Colebrook came to the conclusion that Khwarizmi owed his Algebra to ancient Indian Vedic Hindus. After carefully examining the works of Khawarizmi and ancient Hindu mathematical texts, Colebrooke concludes: “The inevitable conclusion is that Khawarizmi, being conversant with the sciences of Hindus, must have learnt Algebra from Hindus” Another European Mathematician, Pietro Cossali also came to the same conclusion after diligent research. He says: “Khwarizmi was skilled in Indian tongue and fond of Indian matters. He translated Indian works He was first instructor of Mμslims in Algebra” Cossali continues “Not having taken Algebra from Greeks, Khwarizmi must have either invented it himself or taken it from Indians. The latter (taking Algebra from Indians) seems more probable” And if you start correlating the massive Engineering marvels in form of massive Temples (that has withstood the test for time for over 1000s of. years in India) and massive forts and palaces all over the country, it is clear that without advanced mathematical concepts one cannot build such complicated structures. It is very advanced architectural and engineering skills that requires a very strong mathematical foundations and understanding of soil mechanics. There are temples in India that I have seen which is on the beach, on the mountains to name a few. Most are in Southern India which was fortunately not reached by the invaders from desert lands. All these massive structures were built with precision. Not saying that there are not such structures in Egypt and other ancient civilizations like Inkas etc. But the sheer depth of different forms of constructions from palaces, temples, ponds and even artificial lakes by ancient Kings of India is breath taking. One has to see it to understand the Engineering marvel that is least discussed in the mainstream news in general. I have little doubt that India is the source of most of the mathematical concepts that is a gift to mankind from Vedic Hindus. (All the above mentioned texts are available in Sanskrit Colleges in India. Many are in London that was taken away by British during colonial era and a departments of Sanskrit was opened in UK to understand and decode the texts. In fact, East India Company still holds patents to many of ancient Indian Vedic literature on Astronomy, Mathematics etc including that of most recent Mathematical Genius Late Sir Srinivasa Ramanujam)

@user-dt2gl6ze6d 2 ай бұрын

@suraj1311 8 ай бұрын

Text on surgery of sage susurata was translated by the arabs. Shown by dr raj vadam.

@user-dt2gl6ze6d 2 ай бұрын

I know uper wala comment jyada bada hai but poora padna isse confirm hota hai ki algebra india me tha pahale baad me arab dwara le liya gaya or apne name kar liya gaya

@Playerone1287 9 ай бұрын

From your video it seems like everything was already developed and al kwarizmi only complied all of them nicely So what exactly al kwarizmi developed which wasn't developed already?

@shroudedscience 9 ай бұрын

The video does not aim to say that everything was already developed prior to al-Khwarizmi, far from it. There were a lot of discoveries before and after him. He was a pioneer for the Formal Introduction of Algebra. While basic algebraic concepts existed before al-Khwarizmi, he introduced algebra as a systematic, unified discipline, this itself is a remarkable development that can’t be understated. Additionally, although he didn’t use symbolic notation, the way he wrote his book laid the foundation for the symbolic algebra we use today. Here’s a nice article that covers his influence mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Khwarizmi/

@user-dt2gl6ze6d 2 ай бұрын

@@shroudedscienceInterestingly The ancient Indian “Bakhshali” manuscript, which has been carbon dated to 3rd century CE, is an ancient Hindu treatise on Arithmetic and Algebra. The Algebraic problems deal with simultaneous equations, quadratic equations, arithmetic geometric progressions & quadratic indeterminate equations. “Bakhshali” isn’t earliest Indian Algebraic treatise. Early Algebra is found in “Shulba Sutras” (Sutra in Indian literary traditions refers to an aphorism or a collection of aphorisms in the form of a manual or, more broadly, a condensed manual or text.) dating back to at least 800 BC. Traditional Algebra reached its pinnacle in the works of Mathematicians and Astronomers of India like Aryabhata & Bhaskara. What makes Bakhshali special is it offers mathematical proof to its theories. Henry Thomas Colebrooke was a historian and Mathematicians. Writing in 1817, Colebrook came to the conclusion that Khwarizmi owed his Algebra to ancient Indian Vedic Hindus. After carefully examining the works of Khawarizmi and ancient Hindu mathematical texts, Colebrooke concludes: “The inevitable conclusion is that Khawarizmi, being conversant with the sciences of Hindus, must have learnt Algebra from Hindus” Another European Mathematician, Pietro Cossali also came to the same conclusion after diligent research. He says: “Khwarizmi was skilled in Indian tongue and fond of Indian matters. He translated Indian works He was first instructor of Mμslims in Algebra” Cossali continues “Not having taken Algebra from Greeks, Khwarizmi must have either invented it himself or taken it from Indians. The latter (taking Algebra from Indians) seems more probable” And if you start correlating the massive Engineering marvels in form of massive Temples (that has withstood the test for time for over 1000s of. years in India) and massive forts and palaces all over the country, it is clear that without advanced mathematical concepts one cannot build such complicated structures. It is very advanced architectural and engineering skills that requires a very strong mathematical foundations and understanding of soil mechanics. There are temples in India that I have seen which is on the beach, on the mountains to name a few. Most are in Southern India which was fortunately not reached by the invaders from desert lands. All these massive structures were built with precision. Not saying that there are not such structures in Egypt and other ancient civilizations like Inkas etc. But the sheer depth of different forms of constructions from palaces, temples, ponds and even artificial lakes by ancient Kings of India is breath taking. One has to see it to understand the Engineering marvel that is least discussed in the mainstream news in general. I have little doubt that India is the source of most of the mathematical concepts that is a gift to mankind from Vedic Hindus. (All the above mentioned texts are available in Sanskrit Colleges in India. Many are in London that was taken away by British during colonial era and a departments of Sanskrit was opened in UK to understand and decode the texts. In fact, East India Company still holds patents to many of ancient Indian Vedic literature on Astronomy, Mathematics etc including that of most recent Mathematical Genius Late Sir Srinivasa Ramanujam)

@mohamadrezabidgoli8102 Жыл бұрын

As far as I know, as someone who learned Arabic, Al-Jabr means determinism. Like "Al-Jabr va Al-Ekhtiar" = "Determinism & Free will" And it makes sense to call Algebra, Al-Jabr since it is about equations that conclude each other.

@shroudedscience Жыл бұрын

I believe Al-Jabr means either “reunion of broken parts” or “completion” depending on whom you ask. Perhap that it may have been derived as you have described. I wouldn’t be certain around the complete etymology of the word. (Languages do evolve over time so we have to keep in context 9th Century Arabic). The full title of the book however has been translated from “al-Kitāb al-Mukhtaṣar fī Ḥisāb al-Jabr wal-Muqābalah” to “The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing”

@mohamadrezabidgoli8102 Жыл бұрын

@@shroudedscience Checked Dehkhoda Dictionary. It seems that indeed it is coming from "Fixing broken bones" like you mentioned “reunion of broken parts”. The concept of "Force" in "Jabr" is coming from this fixation. It should be also older than the 9th century. One of the names for Allah in Qoran (the 7th century) is Jabbar = Someone who uses Jabr frequently suggests that the concept of Force was in the word back then.

@bambangjoko4098 Жыл бұрын

Thanks for this discussion

@mohamadrezabidgoli8102 Жыл бұрын

00:40 The denominator should be 2, and not 4.

@shroudedscience Жыл бұрын

Yes you are right, I'll pin a comment to correct this.

@Azaya112 7 ай бұрын

The man who actually invented Algebra should Al kawarmi

@shroudedscience 7 ай бұрын

Would you like to share a source? Practically all history textbooks spell it as Al-Khwarizmi (taking a phonetically equivalent spell from the Persian source). Al-Jabr is simply the textbook written.

@OmniVan99 3 ай бұрын

@mark2tech 11 күн бұрын

Didn’t you watch the video? All of Algebra concepts were invented by civilizations that came thousands of years before the Persian guy plagiarized it and gave it an Arab name. His only contribution was introducing it to the Arab world. All other civilizations had it millennia before that plagiarized book named Algebra was compiled from knowledge that he learned from India and other cultures he visited.

@haroldmorris5901 5 ай бұрын

It's not that complicated. What is called 'Algebra' today was invented in Kemit (Egypt) well before the Pyramid Age. Credit is usually given to either Euclid who had a school in Alexandria, and "Diophantus of Alexandria" who lived between 200 to 280 CE, is often mistakenly known as the 'Father of Algebra', for his Arithmetica, a work on the solution of algebraic equations and on the theory of numbers. 500 years after Diophantus of Alexandria, came Muhammed al-Khwarizmi (c. 780-850, Baghdad - though born in the region of Khwarizm in what was northern Persia). Al-Khwarizmi gives us the word "algebra" from his book Al-kitab al-Mukhtar fi Hisab al-Jabr Wa-l-Muqabala. His pioneering work offered practical answers for land distribution, rules on inheritance, and distributing salaries.

@pelasgeuspelasgeus4634 4 ай бұрын

So, Egyptians who were writing in hieroglyphics were also the inventors of algebra. Nice fairy tale. Too bad it doesn't add up.

@haroldmorris5901 4 ай бұрын

@@pelasgeuspelasgeus4634 It doesn't add up to you because you can't count...Do you know that the Kemites built pyramids with astral alignments? Or do you think that the Pelasgians or similar barbarians built them?

@pelasgeuspelasgeus4634 4 ай бұрын

@@haroldmorris5901 What is the point of referring to Astral alignments and pyramids? Which is true but has nothing to do with algebra.

@haroldmorris5901 4 ай бұрын

@@pelasgeuspelasgeus4634 If you think that building astrally-aligned pyramids to optical tolerances has nothing to do with Algebra, that's fine with me.

@pelasgeuspelasgeus4634 4 ай бұрын

@@haroldmorris5901 would you like to elaborate?

@sloowgaiiins4750 Жыл бұрын

The stars. Space couldn't alone.

@Arya_Chakravarti 4 ай бұрын

Algebra was invented in india

@iamfearless2876 4 ай бұрын

Proof?

@Arya_Chakravarti 4 ай бұрын

@@iamfearless2876 search who invented algebra and search who brahmagupta and bhaskaracharya were also search that the number system was invented in India and the first university was also in India

@neekdezham1109 3 ай бұрын

No it wasn’t “beta”

@Singh12113 3 ай бұрын

@@neekdezham1109@neekdezham1109 It is very common to have such thinking when your mind is the product of a "angutha chap" person.

@Arya_Chakravarti 3 ай бұрын

@Zainuwa just by barking and making loud noise on a certain topic dosent make it true. Al Khawarizmi literally copied from brahmagupta even the example. Just because europeans got to know about the knowledge of algebra from the arabs and when they colonized all of the world they spread it there by calling it algebra does not make it true. Algebra was invented by a Hindu and it was done in India