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Here is a brilliant question from a friend of mine, Alan Almavisca, who writes, "This is great and builds so well on the earlier work you did with coins to pin the dates of the "first Qur'ans" to late times. But the comparison between the Byzantine-influenced coins and the Parthian-influenced ones begs the question: did the Arabs, cum Muslims, ever attack Zoroastrianism the same way they went after Christianity? We see purposeful criticism in some of the coins you showed us and we know about the diatribes on the Dome of the Rock-does anything like that exist in the east? As I write this it occurs to me that Muslims would have had a vested interest in proving that Christianity had failed in its mission, but it still leaves me wondering in light of how thoroughly Zoroastrianism was embedded in the Parthian empire".
What a great question, proving Alan gets it. The Parthians in the East (who ruled Persia from 247 BC - 224 AD), were the precursors to the Sassanians (224 - 651 AD), who the Arabs then conquered in 651 AD, but notice that nowhere are these conquering Arabs referred to as Muslims. Mu'awiyah begins his Umayyad Caliphate in 661 AD, and mints coins in the East which are still Sassanian, and certainly Zoroastrian. The Arab coins in the West retain the crosses of the Byzantines.
It is not until Abd al-Malik introduces his very Islamic statements on his coins (i.e. the Shahada, including Muhammad's name) in 692 AD, as well as on the Dome of the Rock, and on his protocols, all the same year, and then increasingly adds anti-Christian statements (i.e. against God having associates, and his son-ship = begetting etc.) in subsequent coins, minted in 696-697 AD that we see these very strong attacks against Christianity.
So, why only against Christianity and not Zoroastrianism? For two reasons, one political, and the other theological.
Politically, the Sassanians were a spent force, and were therefore no longer a political threat, whereas the Christian Byzantines were the only other major political power at that time, so it made sense to attack them head on, due to their political threat.
Theologically, Abd al-Malik, an Arab, and a descendant of the Nabateans, traced his religious lineage back to Abraham, via Ishmael (thus the reason the Arabs referred to themselves, among other names, as Hagarines and Ishmaelites; but not as Muslims).
The Byzantine Christians and the Jews likewise traced their lineage back to Abraham, but via Isaac. Therefore, the Arabs saw themselves as cousins to the Christians and Jews, whereas they had no theological affinity with the Zoroastrians, and therefore did not see them as a threat theologically, nor even important.
The problem for the Arabs, however, was that the Byzantine Christians, the largest and strongest group opposing them, had a clearly delineated prophetic line back to Abraham, as well as a scripture to give them authority (The Old and New Testaments), whereas the Arabs had no prophetic line (it ended with Ishmael), and they had no scripture.
The Arabs needed these to give them the same identity their cousins had, and to give them credibility above that of their primary competition, the Byzantine Christians. That is why Abd al-Malik purposely attacked Christianity, starting in 691-692 AD on the Dome of the Rock, on his official protocols, and on the coins he minted.
In particular, he confronted Byzantine Christianity's 'man/God' Jesus Christ on his coins, directing his attacks in four areas, against 1) Jesus' divinity, 2) the trinity, 3) God the Father, and 4) Jesus, his son, four of the primary doctrines of Christianity. Note that all these four doctrines are attacked on the two sides of Abd al-Malik's coin, minted in 696 AD.
Interestingly, nowhere in these early coins do we find any attacks against his dying on the cross...let's see where the coins lead us concerning that doctrine.
© Pfander Centre for Apologetics - US, 2020
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