Why Does Music Only Use 12 Different Notes?

Why does Western music divide the octave into 12 different notes? Why not 13, or 19 or 24 notes? For such a simple sounding question, the answer is actually a tangle of history, physics and human preference. Get ready for some serious music theory!
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Sources:
Gamelan Music: • Sound Tracker - Gamela...
12Tone talking 12TET: • TET for Tat: Why Do We...
Where does the 12-tone scale come from: • Where does the 12-tone...
Audio Spectrum (AdminOfThisSite): • 20Hz to 20kHz (Human A...
Perception of Octaves: www.quantamaga...
Playable Harmonic Series: alexanderchen....
Octave circularity in the auditory brain: www.neuroscienc...
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