Why Humans Run the World - Yuval Noah Harari on TED

In his TED talk, Prof. Yuval Noah Harari explores the journey of humankind -- from being 'just another animal' seventy thousand years ago, to dominating the earth and its fellow species. How did we come to rule the planet?

[@anthonyb5279]

This guy is Satin. Im not kidding.

[@illeone5433]

This talk is basically a summary of the cognitive revolution in the book, still amazing.

[@user-hd1qx2bd1r]

When I watch Harari speak, Joseph Goebbels comes to mind !! Same kind of kreepy person, doing well to sound like he's not a kreep,......but you just can't believe it, Yup, that's a kreep.

[@znadi_kalif7933]

Why

[@petitgegant9979]

There is no Justice in History. PART 4/4 I DON'T AGREE because having more Justice now than ages ago doesn't mean there was no Justice at all in the past. There was the Justice our superior imagination allowed us to have. Thanks forever Yuval for making us finally see that our imagination is what makes us different and superior to the rest of animals but that being said I personally think that being the most emotional/empathic animal of all also has been of utmost importance to make us cooperate in large numbers and make us reach the top of mother's nature food chain (not to mention we also are the only animal with buttocks. no jokes. it's true. none but us has them and true and through they also help us to uuhh "cooperate" together). I think we are the most emotional/empathic of all because some of us (animalists) can suffer from causing suffering on our preys. As far as we know (yet) no animal is able to feel such emotions from killing its prey. Thanks to our superior empathy we are able to imagine (think and feel) what hundreds, thousands, millions of other human beings will feel, think and finally do to us if we don't follow the same cultural, religious, political, legal rules as them so, for our own good (and in the end also for the well being of others) we end up following those rules and we progress. Being the weakest animal of all we felt the greatest suffering. Feeling the greatest suffering we became the most empathic. Becoming the most empathic we became the most cooperational. Being the most cooperational we have become the most powerful showing that there is JUSTICE IN HISTORY (a poetic and caring one in my book. in my empathic/emotional book to be precise). That being said though we only can imagine (Slavery, Hamurabi's code, Human Rights) what REALITY (productivity along with knowledge and the wealth, comfort and wisdom they grant) allows us to imagine. That happened, happens and will happen because our imagination (thinking all humans are essentially equal, thinking there is life beyond death) only can feed on reality (all humans breath, bleed, laugh, cry, etc. when we die our corpses feed the earth to bring new life into existence) to produce its wonders. Imagination is awesome but as we all know: Reality always wins Fiction. That's because the only thing that existed, exists and will exist in the Universe and beyond was, is and will be REALITY. That's why the only imagined realities that make us prosper are the ones that both adjust to REALITY as much as possible AND are shared by the greatest number of individuals as possible. Sorry Yuval but in this point I deeply disagree with you because you think the only ones wich make us prosper are the ones which are shared by the greatest number of individuals without caring one bit about REALITY and that's not true. Lots of individuals of an specific sect (imagined reality) can cooperate together but they can end up suiciding themselves to go to a better world beyond and thus not prospering much. Lots of individuals (British, Spanish, U.S.A. armies) cooperated together trusting the imagined reality of the law of the strongest/bigger army but all of them were defeated by a bath of humility and REALITY and ended up not progressing one bit. British army was defeated by the superior mass movilization skills of Gandhi, Spanish bigger invincible armada was reduced to nothing by the smaller but technologically superior British fleet and U.S.A. superpowerful army was brought to its knees by the unbreakable will of Vietnam's people to fight for their freedom (and their superior knowledge of the battlefield) along with the opinion's pressure of both U.S.A. and worldwide pacifists and governments contrary to U.S.A.'s invasion. Unfortunately imagined realities will never adjust 100% to reality because with our five limited senses we only percieve a small part of it and to make things worse our proud superior brain often fails miserably while trying to distinguish reality from fiction. That's why movies, novels, etc. make us cry, laugh, etc. even if we know they are fiction but truth be told our brain fails admirably because fiction it's both composed of real things and inspired from real things after all (hence our grey buddy confusion). Fortunately, despite all that "Matrix" mambo-jumbo, thanks to time, democracies wider array of points of view and science and the knowledge it grants, we will percieve a greater part of reality making our imagined realities more efficient and prosperous day by day. The ones that don't adjust to reality or insist in the supernatural essence of their principles will eventually disappear (unless they become more realistic and humble lke the others and accept once and for all that no one nor nothing is above nature and its natural order of things). In fact they are losing more and more adepts and influence as I am writing this, showing once again that there is JUSTICE IN HISTORY (or in you tube comments at least. even if they are small they are also part of history after all and small is always better than nothing in my book. in my logics book to be precise).

[@petitgegant9979]

All tends to standarize. I DO NOT AGREE. All tends to diversify beacuse it's in human nature, it's in human nature because it's more evolutionarily efficient and it's more evolutionarily efficent because the more diverse a toolbox, the more efficient it is. Humanity has been countinously creating new dance genres because the more dance genres are, more ways to express oneself emotions and alter the ones of others will be, and that's just what dance (and art itself) it's all about. Even the powerful Roman Empire tried with Latin to unify the language of millions of people but in the end it could not stop the sprouting of the new languages that would finally became the modern ones we use today. In schools all kids are teached the same things but in the end each one ends up developing a unique personality and with that, a unique point of view. With more languages, personalities, points of view, etc. humans develop the ability to adress problems from a wider variety of angles and thus incrementing the possibilities to solve them and PROGRESS. Besides, everything has a natural tendency to diversify as evidenced by the fact that there are so many cultures, so much biodiversity and the universe itself has almost an infinite variety of planets, stars, black holes, quarks, etc.

[@confirmjannati]

Absolutely amazing!!

[@renatopinheiro8209]

Great talk!!! 😉😉👊🏼👊🏼

[@laurawhitehouse823]

Truth is powerful and beautiful and life-giving; the source of all truth is the one and only God who made all. That is truth.

[@alifinley9156]

Also, I like the hip outfit you're wearing in this presentation. We're moving toward a sexier look, it seems. GREAT choice!

[@luissergiosantos2732]

AMAZING THINKER

[@petitgegant9979]

Peasants from the Middle Ages were not Unhappy to live all their lives covered in Dirt. I DO NOT AGREE. It would be true if they never bathed not even once in thier lifes. We have never been able to fly and we never are Unhappy about that. What make them unhappy was the fact that they were covered in dirt all the time because taking a bath was too costly and they could not afford it. If they had bathed with cold water they would have died from pneumonia. If they had bathed with warm water they would have suffered physical injuries and tiredness due to the exhausting effort of cutting the logs to make the fire to warm the water. Furthermore from time to time they saw some noble and realized they were not so dirty. That surely awakened unhappy feelings in them that mixed up with other factors originated the numerous rebellions in wich peasants were involved in those times that ended culminating in the French Revolution much more later. Curiously, when the hottest season of the year began during which it wasn't so expensive to bathe and the grain harvest that allowed people to survive the winter was reaped, local festivals were organized and HAPPINESS reigned at least a few days. To remember that HAPPINESS, those parties are still alive and well and are celebrated every year with music and fireworks even though nowadays we can bathe whenever we want. The HAPPINESS of knowing one can face the cruelty of Winter with the effort of all together, along with the one of being able to bathe a few months a year, has lasted until today and will last forever. A popular saying in my country in those times said: "In this world we have come to suffer". Once again, curiously, nowadays almost no one says it. Hope it will never get popular again.

[@petitgegant9979]

Legal prescription drugs make people happy because they allow them to leave the depression. I DO NOT AGREE. Not being depressed doesn't mean to be happy. Not being depressed means that you can have the opportunity (it's not a small thing) to be happy in the future if you find a goal you consider worthy to WORK for. If you never achieve your goal is irrelevant, at least you will have a purpose in life and furthermore, beeing busy, you will not think about the fact that we don't know the meaning of existence itself. If you achieve your goal you will be blessed with satisfactorial, yet brief feeling waves and cursed because you will have no purpose in life once again and you will need to find another one. One might think that a believer maybe doesn't need a goal to WORK for because he or she already has a purpose in life and she or he already knows the meaning of existence but if she or he WORKS for a goal she or he considers worthy and achieves it, at least, she or he can still benefit from the satisfactorial, yet brief, feeling waves. Nothing can compare knowing God is on your side but a little, non sinful pleasure now and then can't hurt anybody.

[@moonmissy]

Question: “are we happier than the chimps?” What’s the point of being alive at the top of the food chain when you’re miserable?

[@samktlau]

How do you define happiness ?

[@adnanadill]

Harari your Translating God and His first Instruction or Tweets the Chapter Al-Alaqh 96 The Attachment / The Social Being The Chapter علَق 96 ““Connect/Attach”” Power of Connection (تعلق/ متعلق / طلاق) THE CHAPTER HAS MESSAGE THERE IS POWER IN EDUCATION. THERE IS NOTHING POWERFUL THAN ““ATTACHEMENT/UNITY”” IF YOU LOOSE EDUCATION AND UNITY, YOU WILL BE OWERPOWERD… اقْرَأْ Read! Study! Educate yourself! Explore! (The inculcation to gain knowledge) بِاسْمِ رَبِّكَ with the name of Lord of Universe (Planner, Programmer, Designer, Creator, Organizer, Maintainer, Guardian, Owner, Proprietor of Universe) الَّذِي خَلَقَ ﴿١﴾ Who creates!!! 96:1. Who Creates and keeps of Creation 24/7 and every second. Whose job and whose Identity is Creation. You are educated so you should know, creation involves Pre creation process and then Creation and Post creation process.... Libraries and libraries can be written to explain just this one 5 letter sentence.......... When It is said “”Read in the name of your Lord”” then the Answer of this verse is بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ خَلَقَ الْإِنسَانَ Created man مِنْ عَلَقٍ ﴿٢﴾ With attachment / connection / connected Man was created by series of connection (evolution) with Big Bang Man is created connected, social, loving, caring or Human Man by nature is attached to his family, his birth place, his God. There is power in attachment, unity, if you stay united, you are strong. (Creation of man from Alaqh عَلَقٍ is very limited meaning) اقْرَأْ وَرَبُّكَ الْأَكْرَمُ ﴿٣﴾ (اقْرَ = قاری = قرات = قرآن) Read/Educate yourself ! And your Lord is very kind/generous/forgiving. 96:3 And Creation requires, patience, kindness, care, and protection. When man is bound to commit mistakes so, keep hope in God he is very generous. الَّذِي عَلَّمَ بِالْقَلَمِ ﴿٤﴾ He is the One, who taught/updated/designed man, the art of using pen. 96:4 Means, it is Allah SWT that powered man, with art of writing and reading, wisdom, knowledge, power to reason, and that gave man the special status. And for this property he was sent on earth where he will live short life and then will return to God. So, whatever knowledge and education you have is not your own, it is result of designing. عَلَّمَ الْإِنسَانَ مَا لَمْ يَعْلَمْ ﴿٥﴾ Then Taught man What he know not 96:5 By designing man to use pen, the power to write read and pronounce God showed the man hidden world/sciences. 5) Because of award of pen, man master and control universe. كَلَّا إِنَّ الْإِنسَانَ لَيَطْغَىٰ ﴿٦﴾ Alas! With the use of education man crossed the limits. Education or use of Pen was awarded to Identity and reach God, but man went other way. Started denying God and Consider Himself superior and forgot to thank God Man used this education to make create mischief, weapons and bloodshed. and the chapter continues please check it

[@JLShugh]

Subject: Correction Needed: Grammatical Error in "Sapiens" Dear Author I hope this message finds you well. I recently had the pleasure of reading "Sapiens," and I wanted to express my appreciation for such an insightful and thought-provoking book. However, while reading, I came across what appears to be a grammatical error that I thought I should bring to your attention. In Chapter [Insert Chapter Number or Title], on page [Insert Page Number], there is a sentence that reads as follows: "Throughout most of history, people are likely to be have been repelled rather than attracted by such a text." It seems that there is an extra "be" in the sentence, which may be a typographical error. The sentence should likely read: "Throughout most of history, people are likely to have been repelled rather than attracted by such a text." I believe this correction would ensure the clarity and accuracy of the text. Thank you for your attention to this matter, and I appreciate the opportunity to contribute to the improvement of such a remarkable book. Best regards, SangYun Kim from Korea

[@petitgegant9979]

Modern politic order is incoherent because it values two antagonic concepts: Equality and Individual Freedom. I DO NOT AGREE. Modern politic order values EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY (NOT absolute equality) and INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM. These two concepts are not antagonic because the more INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM people have to choose the school, the hospital, etc., they like the most, the more EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY they have to acces the type of education or healthcare they want. That makes modern politic order very Coherent and Solid. What makes modern politic order very Incoherent and Fragile is the DISHONESTY of its members (Electors and Politicians) who spend all day talking about giving FREEDOM and EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY to everyone but only give FREEDOM to rich people and only them end up having the OPPORTUNITY to get all what they want. If modern politic order doesn't start to be more HONEST, maybe it won't be modern anymore and will become old because a newer one, with probably different values (not Equality nor Freedom), will take it's place. Maybe the invasion of the U.S.A. Capitol it's prove enough or maybe not but if the most powerful Democracy in the world it's sinking, the rest of the world best be prepared for what's to come.

[@petitgegant9979]

Equality can only be achieved restricting the freedom of the favoured ones. I DO NOT AGREE if we speak of Equality of Opportunity. Equality of Opportunity can only be achieved by increasing Freedom for everyone. When we all be free to choose what we want (school, job, health care, etc.) we all will have the same opportunities to get as far as our individual capabilities allow us. Along history and even now, Equality of Opportunity has been restricted by restricting the freedom of the disfavoured ones. I AGREE if we speak of Absolute Equality. If we give Freedom to everyone, the favoured ones, thanks to their superior capabilities, granted more often than not by their easier access to quality schools, jobs, health care, etc. will get farther than the disfavoured ones and that will end up in a situation of ZERO Absolute Equality, a situation of Absolute Inequality.

[@petitgegant9979]

Capitalism (Adam Smith) says: "being selfish and enriching yourself you will enrich others and become altruist". Selfishness brings Altruism. I DO NOT AGREE. Capitalism (Adam Smith) says that by enriching the means of production you will enrich yourself. Having in mind the main means of production in companies are the workers, we could say that in fact Capitalism says: "Being Altruist and enriching your workers (means of production) you will enrich yourself and become selfish. Altruism brings Selfishness. I knew it from the start!! My, my, who would have thought? Adam Smith himself, allmighty father of Capitalism, a Commie in disguise. I'm joking of course. As all we know, In those times, invest in means of production meant hire more slaves and buy more machines but I couldn't help it making the joke. Sorry, I will be a good boy (more or less) form now on. I promise (fingers crossed). Fortunately, in the passing years, there have been and there are Companies that really invest in their workers to make them happier (offering them health insurances, cars, etc.) or more efficient (offering them training courses to improve their skills). These companies tend to be very solid and earn more money than the others but truth be told this happens because they are something much better than Altruists. They are a balanced wise combination of a Selfish + an Altruist. They are Fair (or Holist) because after reaping selfishly the benefits their workers produce they use a part of these benefits to enrich their workers altruistically with the intention of reaping selfishly a benefit later and so on, and so on, etc. Efficient Capitalism ends up becoming Humanism (investing in Humans to collect benefits later) and being animal wellfare more and more important everyday in no time it will become HumAnimalism (or Holism). If only Adam and his colleagues would had known. Like Columbus they discovered something without even knowing it because their selfish greed blinded their reason. Sadly, still there are lots of selfish companies which only care about exploiting their workers and animals. Selfishness brings Sadness.

[@petitgegant9979]

We have evolved so fast from the weakest to the strongest that we still have the fears of the weakest making us be aggressive both towards ourselves (Wars) and nature (Ecologic Disasters). I DO NOT AGREE. The fear comes of being stronger (or richer, or powerful, etc.) than others AND harm (exploit, abuse, etc.) those who are weaker (poor, less powerful, etc.). If one is strong and harms the weak, he or she will live all his/her life with the fear of losing his/her srtength and becoming a weak who will be harmed. Fear makes everybody aggressive and if it's powerful enough can even be paralyzing making PROGRESS impossible. In a moment, a person or a loved one of that person or a descendant of that person can become weak and that's why it's better we build a system that protects the weak like the Wellfare State for example (I think some dude tried to teach a smilar lesson to some Romans 2000 years ago but I can't remember his name). In a system like that, all members have a security net that will save them even if they fall, making them more pacific and braver. With peace giving stability and bravery leading people to come up with new ideas, PROGRESS is guaranteed.

[@petitgegant9979]

Progress makes people Happpy? YES. Progress makes people happy because it's a process in which people successively work in solving the problems of the community and when they finally solve them another ones are faced. This process gives happiness in three ways: 1-Working to solve community problems it's a good way (not the only one of course) to give people a worthy goal to work for. Having a worthy goal to work for makes people life more meaningful and that makes them happier. This point only benefits atheists because believers already have a meaningful life and they are happy with it. 2-When the people who were working solving the community problem finally solve it, they experiment satisfactorial feelings that make them happy. This point benefits both atheists and believers. 3-When the community problem is solved, the life conditions of the community improve and that makes all its members to be happier. This point benefits both atheists and believers. Apart from providing happiness, working for a worthy goal keeps the mind busy, this way, one doesn't have time to think that we ignore the meaning of all that exists (worthy goals and human life included). Maybe this doesn't grant happiness but at least helps keeping depression at bay. Once again, this point only benefits atheists because believers already know the meaning of existence itself and that makes them happy. It's important to realize atheists need more than beleievers the existance of PROGRESS to be happy but when PROGRESS is achieved both believers and atheists reach the same level of happiness. Maybe that's why in the periods of History which ahteists have been more numerous, the PROGRESS of Humanity has been greater and in the periods wich believers have been majority PROGRESS has been slower. What makes PROGRESS even greater it's the fact that never stops. It's an INFINITE SOURCE OF HAPPINESS.

[@petitgegant9979]

In the past there were much more different "worlds" than now. I DO NOT AGREE. Nowadays there are much more different "worlds" than before because: 1-Every person is a "world" and now there is more people in the world than before, making the number of "worlds" bigger. Some even say that each person, with his/her unique personality and the unique decisions he/she takes through life, conforms a single universe that coexist simultaneously with the single universes of others, conforming altogether a Multiverse of infinite variety and possibilities. 2-Globalization makes possible the mix of cultures, ideas and knowledges. Mixing things always has been the way to obtain new results either in Science, Humanities, Art, etc. Obtaining new things increments diversity and the number of worlds. 3-Ancient and recent empires have crumbled and a lot of different countries or states have emerged with their own culture. Even more, if current states would allow it, more states or countries would appear. 4-Nowadays freedom of thought has increased, resulting in the foundation of hundreds of political parties, religions, ideologies and sects all around the world. 5-Nowadays, the cultural supply it's bigger than before because continously new types of art appear, new gastronomic recipes are elaborated, new clothing styles are designed, and new artistic genres are created adding them to all the previous existing ones. 6-Each passing day the number of "consummer tribes" increases because each day there is a wider variety of products to consume. 7-Nowadays technology allows the creation of even a new universe called the Methaverse where new virtual worlds with different rules and cultures are created and let people have a second virtual live. 8-Maybe all the world is organized in states but each state is organized differently. 9-Maybe Human Rights and International Laws are theoretically valid everywhere but in practice each country or state applies them (or not) differently. 10-Maybe all follow the same scientific method but each group of scientists gets different results even when studying the same subject. All labs where reasearchig a COVID vaccine and each one developed its own different from the others.

[@petitgegant9979]

Money transforms matter (coin) into mind (coin value). I AGREE BUT money also transforms mind (desire of obtaining something) into matter (something obtained) because the very concept of money it's just a product of our imagination and imagination always has been able to transform matter (bird) into mind (desire to fly) and mind (idea of constructing a plane) into matter (plane). Imagination has such power because it's both matter (chemical substances, etc.) and mind (ideas, emotions, etc.). Money is a powerful tool but imagination is by far the most powerful of them all. Maybe one day we will realize that it has no sense a product (money) made in a factory (imagination) limits the production (ideas, inventions, art, etc.) of the factory (imagination) itself. Maybe one day we will realize that tools are simply tools and if one of them hinders the use of another that is more useful, it's better to put the first one in a secondary level. That day true Progress and Happiness will begin. Maybe the ones who speak of a Minimum Vital Income (imagined reality) have found the key to put in a secondary level the primitive flint tool (money) that has hindered scientific progress so much during so many time. With it, even projects which don't offer much money in return (they are too expensive) and therefore, they are usually putted aside (even if they can improve human lifes) will be become a reality because everyone will have already their basic needs covered making them to cooperate in the project without worrying too much about the profits while enjoying making humanity progress. In the past, an imagined reality (Credit) based on Real Facts (Science Inventions and Colonialism Loot made possible Europeans trusted firmly in a better future) financed millions of projects which made Europeans Progress more than ever. Sooner or later a better Imagined Reality (Minimum Vital Income) based on Real Facts (unhappy rich, happy modest, the smallest piece of the Supersize Capital Cake it's enough to sustain anybody, etc.) will prove that we can live a Happy life without so much material wealthness and will make possible to finance zillions of projects that will make us Progress like we never imagined before. That being said, while Minimum Vital Income can't be possible yet because we aren't enough efficient and productive (we can't just press a button and make an entire factory work on its own. we don't have the robots. yet) money will continue to be a great tool because it's one of the most Fair Imagined Realities ever created for it distributes perfectly fairly the benefits of trusting it among its members. If something costs 100 coins anyone with 100 coins can buy it regardless of his/her race, nationality, gender, religion, skills, etc. Being so egalitarian (not discriminating) it's what has made money so great till today. Being egalitarian (like a crucified guy 2023 years ago) makes it also Realistic because it adapts rather well to the reality of all humans being essentially equals (as Science proved in the year 2000 sequencing our DNA) and therefore deserving the same treatment but it's not as egalitarian, it's not as Fair, it's not as Realistic as Human Rights or Minimum Vital Income. It's not a perfect Fair system because not everyone has 100 coins but anyways, who has seen perfection lately? Someone will see it in the future? Who knows, who cares, not me (well maybe a little actually) but if (and only if) someone does I'm sure that Human Rights and Minimum Vital Income also will. Indeed they will. I bet 100 coins for it.

[@petitgegant9979]

Political ideologies and Economic systems are the same as Religions. I DO NOT AGREE. It's true that all these concepts are based in a superhuman order but the two first ones are based in a NATURAL superhuman ordrer and the third one is based in a SUPERNATURAL superhuman order. Natural and Supernatural are completely antagonic concepts and they will never be the same. Why Religions are the only Imagined Reality that focus so much in making believe others that they are based in a Supernatural order? Simple. Having in mind that in latin Super means above something or someone, they just want to be above the rest of Imagined Realities (Laws, Governments, Science, Arts, etc.) and even above the Natural Order of things. They want to be above all to obtain ultimate power because they are ultimately Selfish (they want all the power for themselves) they are ultimately Unfair (they don't want to distribute fairly the power). The day religions accept, with the humbleness that characterized their founders, that they are based in the Natural order just like the rest of Imagined Realities and the things they believe in are not Supernatural but real and natural as rocks or trees, they will become much more Fair, Honest and Realistic becoming Massive Tools of Progress because much more people will trust and cooperate with them (we people always trust more firmly in things we can percieve that in things we can't. religions and other Imagined Realities always are stronger when people percieve real benefits by following them or real losses/punishments by not following them. that's why they are called Imagined REALities. without REAL components they just evaporate into thin air).

[@petitgegant9979]

The more humanity prospers as a collective, more suffers the human individual. version 2.0. I DO NOT AGREE. Ages ago both humanity and individuals suffered a lot being cold in dark caves. Nowadays both humanity and individuals don't suffer so much thanks to progress. In the Middle Ages we organized ourselves in imagined Realities (Absolutist Monarchies) that made the collective not prosper much but benifited a lot an Individual (the King). In a system like that even Kings could die from common diseases or had to see ten sons/daughters die. In modern days almost no one has to go through things like that because thanks to our superior productivity, the entire collective is more benefited than before and some of its members (Scientists) instead of spending their time struggling to survive have to found a way to cure the disesases that made suffer both Kings (individual) and their Vassals (collective). It's all a question of logic, if a person has an internal organ "suffering" it's impossible that the rest of the body doesn't "suffers" as well. If a river is contaminated soon the forest or the sea will follow. Humanity and Individuals are the same because Humanity it's composed of Individuals and in turn Individuals compose Humanity. That's why we progressed more when we organized ourselves in Imagined Realities like Communism, Capitalism, Commerce, Democracy, etc. which benefited both the Group and the Individual more fairly than Absolutist Monarchies even if, still nowadays, the distribution of the benefits is rather unfair and inequal. The better each individual is, the better the collective is too and vice versa. Humanity (and everything else in fact) it's an Holistic System. If some day our Imagined realities find a way to distribute their producitivity more fairly (give more to the ones who produce more and give less to the ones who produce less) Justice as well as Progress will increase. Maybe monitorizing informatically all money transactions coupled with some A.I. will help us to do it. Who knows, who cares, not I (well, maybe a little actualy).

[@petitgegant9979]

Why Western Europeans were the ones who conquered America? 1-Living in one of the poorest regions of the world, in terms of Biodiversity and Resources, they got a greater need to discover a route to commerce with Asia, the richest known region of the world at that time. Asians didn't have the need to commerce with a poor region of Europe. Some say Asia discovered America before Europeans but didn't conquered it because there was nothing in there that Asians didn't have already in their homeland. Some say Americans discovered Western Europe much before but realizing how inhospitable were those lands they simply returned to their home. 2-They lived nearer America than Eastern Europeans and Middle Orientals. 3-They were more advanced than Africans, Native North Americans and Native South Americans, Native Australians and thus, they got a superior naval technology. They were more advanced than Africans, Native Australians, and Native South Americans because in those regions the high temperatures make it more difficult to work efficiently. I dont' know why Western Europeans were more advanced than Native North Americans and maybe they weren't. Maybe Native North Americans were actually the most advanced Humans of all because they realized before than anyone that Humans don't own the land, we are part of a greater whole and if we destroy it (Ecosystem) WE WILL ALL PERISH. They said we don't inherit the land from our fathers, our sons lend it to us. We could have learned so much from them if we didn't kill them. Now we will have to learn for ourselves how to coexist with the Ecosystem without destroying it. We should honour their deaths adopting what's left of their culture and show that actually THERE IS JUSTICE IN HISTORY.

[@petitgegant9979]

Evolution and History leave aside the happiness of it's living beings. I DO NOT AGREE. Evolution improves living beings by giving them the capacities that lets them to be better adapted to environment, suffer less, be HAPPIER and PROGRESS in the world. A bird that is able to fly effortlessly due to his/her hollow bones will suffer less, will be HAPPIER and will PROGRESS more than a bird with dense bones. It's true that in the process of making the hollow-boned birds, some dense-boned birds suffered and were killed making Evolution and it's PROGRESS ruthless but not having been Evolution a perfect system, doesn't mean it was not worth it, in fact, without it, the overall final suffering would have been greater due to all the dense-boned birds that would have suffered while they would have helplessly tried to fly without ever achieving it. It could have been said that killing them was somekind of euthanasia. On the other side, with evolution, the overall final happiness it's greater due to all the hollowed-boned birds that, even now, fly freely and HAPPILY through the sky. Fortunately, even Evolution itself is constantly evolving, perfectioning itself and has gifted human race some amazing tools that make Evolution even more efficient than it was before in achieving the happiness of living beings and they are called love, empathy, compassion and caring. With the necessary amount of these, even poorly adapted organisms or even disabled ones will not have to suffer or die anymore and eventually, due to random mutations, the best adapted organisms will keep appearing, demonstrating that if we want, no suffering is needed anymore to achieve PROGRESS, even making it also a HAPPY event and nevermore a ruthless one. In the beginnig of History we only cared for ourselves and nobody cared for us, later we cared and were cared for our family, later we cared and were cared for our tribe, later we cared and were cared for our village, later we cared and were cared for our country, now we begin to care and begin to be cared for our world and it's organisms and surely in the end we will care and will be cared even for universe itself. That shows that throughout History, the level of caring, empathy, love and HAPPINESS, has been gradually incrementing. PROGRESS AND HAPPINESS were, are, and will be inseparables companions thanks to EVOLUTION in the longest journey ever told: HYSTORY.

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There is no Justice in History PART 1/4 I DON'T AGREE because, like in our current modern societies, even if unfortunately some times there are isolated injustices (crimes) the overall justice prevails and grows day by day. I think this because in most (maybe not all of course) of the major latest recent Historic armed and not armed conflicts like WWI, WWII, Vietnam's wars against French, British and U.S.A empires, Afganistan war against Soviet Union and lots of self-determination national processes (India v.s. British empire for example) have ended with the "good" side (often the invaded country) winning over the "bad" side (often the invading country) and lots of dictatorial (bad) regimes (Chile, Spain, Irak, etc.) have changed gradually (or not so gradually) towards a more democratic (good) ones. The major problem Historians and Anthroplogists have is that in the not so recent conflicts like Roman, Spanish, British, Dutch etc. empires v.s. primitive ancient mediterranean or native american, african, indonesian, etc. cultures, there is not much information left about how those primitive or native cultures organized themselves because, in their arrogance and prepotency, those empires destroyed almost everything about them. So now we only know that those primitive cultures were weaker than the ones which destroyed them (that's why they were destroyed). Unfortunately for everyone (both descendants of the conquered AND the conquerors) that means next to nothing for the purpose of knowing which side was the good one (the most caring) and which one was the bad one (the most ruthless) because being weak or strong or developed or undeveloped does not make anyone good or bad per se (Nazis were very powerful, efficient and developed but also very evil and it's well known that some primitive, weak native tribes were cannibals which is an horrible practice forbidden almost everywhere in the world because it takes away the human condition of the poor victims turning them into just animals to be cooked and eaten). This is (like so many things in the world) both a boon and a curse. It is a curse because you can't prove your own ancestors were the good ones but is also a boon because no one can prove your own ancestors were the bad ones. The conquerors can be happy to have been the most developed and conquered all but also can feel unhappy because of their own fault they will never know if they were the good ones. The conquered can be happy because they were not the ones who destroyed those ancient cultures but also can feel unhappy because they were the most undeveloped, lost against the invaders and couldn't avoid their own cultures to disappear. Anyone is free to think what makes him or her happier (or sadder). So, in the end, even if it mocks us right in front of our faces, we could say that actually there is somekind of JUSTICE IN HISTORY (an in impudent one though but better an impudent one than none at all in my book. in my history book to be precise).

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The French Revolution did not make people happy. I DO NOT AGREE. It make people happy in three ways: 1-It gave people a worthy goal to work for and thus it gave people a more meaningful life. 2-When people achieved the goal of the revolution (taking vengeance upon the kings who harmed them) they were satisfied. 3-After the revolution, people life conditions improved making them more free to choose, imagine and pursue their goals in life.

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Imperialism was essential in Science progress. I DO NOT AGREE. It was not essential, they simply coincided in a brief period of our History and sadly for Science, the authoritarian, violent, overcontrolling nature of Imperialists made no other option available. Of course Science needed someone (governments, companies, etc.) who financed its projects but it wasn't essential to be an Imperialst government the one who did it. To prove it, nowadays Science progress is even greater and it's not financed by anykind of Imperialist government. Science progress is greater because, among other things, the research teams are multiracial, multinacional and multicultural giving them a wider variety of points of view that makes them more efficient. In fact, it's Science the one that was essential in the progress of modern Imperialisms because it gave the technical military superiority that allowed those Empires to conquer by force all the countries they wanted. On the other side, Imperialism was essential hindering Science progress because it was extremely violent with other races, cultures and nations reducing the points of view variety Science needs to achieve the PROGRESS and HAPPINESS of Humanity.

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Sociopolitical Hierarchies don't have a logical base. I DO NOT AGREE. Along history the logical base of sociopolitical hierarchies has been mantaining the most selfish and laziest individuals on top of society. This way they could benefit form the hard labours of others. No wonder why we didn't progressed much during all that time. Fortunately, nowadays, things are changing (very very slow) towards sociopolitical hierarchies with a logical base that tries to put the most capable and hardworking on top of society. This way they can benefit with their high capabilities and hardwork all members of society making us progress more than before. In the past, Hierarchies were Realistic (making the group work for you, you won't have to work at all and you will be able to keep lazing around) BUT Dishonest (Individuals on the top often convinced the Group below with false promises) and Unfair (the benefits were not distributed fairly between the elite and the mass of people below them) . Now we are a little bit better and there fore we progress a little bit more. (but sadly not much more actually. that's why it's so important to increase our level of Honesty and Fairness making laws that empower them and laws that punish our Dishonesty and Unfairness).

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MEANINGLESS 3/4 That being said though, having in mind that we Humans are more sensitive and more emotional than dogs, oysters, trees or rocks, we must give more importance to our happiness and suffering than to those of animals, plants or rocks. Being humans the most sensitive/emotional of all, if a human being suffers or is happy, his/her feelings will increase or decrease in a higher magnitude the overall happiness or suffering of the Universe much more than a happy or unhappy platypus, tree or rock. The tricky part of course is that we still don't have the technology to compare how many happy platypuses, rocks or trees are fair to sacrifice in favour of a single happy human because we can't measure the happiness of anything nor anyone but if some day we are able to do it, we will be able to act responsably and fairly with the rest of living or unliving things in the Universe to make it suffer less and more happy. We will be able to fulfill our role, to complete our mission, to do what is expected of us. For now we are blind and we only can act through the ancient, old, inefficient, slow, painful method of trial and error. We though that consuming fossil fuels was the best way to ensure a high overall level of happiness but we were wrong. Now, after all the damage has already been done we must try an alternate way to make it better. The Universe, existence, will fix the problem to reduce its suffering and ensure its happiness no matter how, with or without us (killing us all). I hope it will be with us but it won't be easy. We will have to work hard to make it happen. I hope we will. Having in mind that we have progressed a lot since we were living in dark, cold caves fearing everything and everyone, something tells me that we will indeed but no one can see the future. Better just make it. Better just make it right. With your work you don't take away the freedom of anyone to do whatever they want. With your happy ideas you make some people happy. With your pessimistic ideas you make some people try to comfort you, making you happier and therefore making them happier too. With your pessimistic ideas (even If no one can comfort you) you comfort those who also have them by showing them they are not alone. With your work you don't make suffer anyone and if some don't like it, they are totally free to stop reading and listening to you (or just tell you they don't agree with all you say). In overall I would say: "You are doing precisely what even the Universe itself wants of all of us (making it suffer less + making it happier)". Keep doing so unless it makes you feel unhappy or you find something else which makes you even happier (it seems to me you already have Prime Minister). In other simpler words: "YOU ARE DOING GREAT". Never stop. Ever. (well, except on holidays and once a week of course).

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Capitalism has been essential in Science progress. I DO NOT AGREE. Maybe it has been useful in some cases but not essential because some major scientific discoveries like antibiotics, vaccines, the gravity theory, the theory of relativity, etc. weren't promoted by the great capital but by human curiosity, emotions like rivalry, envy, compassion and the most powerful of all: BOREDOM. For example Einstein worked very hard making great discoveries to earn money to ensure his mentally disabled son got the proper health care he needed (sadly he never recieved it because in those times no one knew how to treat efficiently schizofrenia). Of course science needs money but capitalism is not the only imagined reality (economic system, political system, religion, etc.) that can provide it. Even more, maybe in the future money will have a secondary role in our societies or at least maybe scientific projects won't have to pay so many taxes or only will have to pay reduced prices for the resources they need. In fact, it's Science the one which has been essential in the progress of Capitalism, because Science has given a lot more to it (trust in a better future thanks to its inventions and thus, the allmighty Credit) than it has given to Science (restrictions of greedy investors). Capitalism has been essential hindering Science progress by only supporting the scientific projects that could prove to be a source of large sums of money in the short term and leaving aside other less lucrative projects that maybe would have been better in achieving the PROGRESS and HAPPINESS of Humanity.

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MEANINGLESS 1/4 If you are worried about the meaning of Human existence we are all clueless but as far as I know there are three theories (apart from religions of course). The first one says we are here to suffer. Sadly, this one, is HALF true as it will be explained later. The second one says the meaning of Human existence is precisely searching for the meaning of Human existence. It's like aiming to achieve perfection. We will never achieve it because it only exists in our imagination and each person has a different concept about what perfection is but while working to achieve it we perfect ourselves little by little and we finally end up being better versions of ourselves. We will never know the meaning of Human existence but while we search for it we will know many other things which will make us wiser, progress, more efficient and happier. The third one says we Humans (and living beings) are here to feel emotions. It's a fact that we are the most emotional living being on Earth although some evil humans have less feelings than a noble dog. A noble dog never worries if he or she makes suffer their preys but some humans do (Animalists). When we don't feel emotions we get bored and depressed and that's what makes us do the things we do. All what we do, it's because we just want to feel them (watching sports, movies, You Tube videos, eating, dancing, playing video games, reading books, having children, listening to music, going to war because we FEAR losing our LOVED ones or our LOVED freedom, etc.). We are made for it. We living beings are here to feel emotions because we are like the NERVE ENDINGS of the Universe (a huge living being itself). Without living beings to feel pain or pleasure the Universe can't percieve what's good or bad for its inhabitants (and for itself too because even if its inhabitants are a small part of it, they ARE it) so it can't take the correct decisions to make itself and its living beings thrive. Of course some things like drugs seem to give us pleasure (seem good) but in the end they give us pain (are bad) and that's why most of us stay away from them and that's why they are illegal or very controlled. Of course some things seem to be painful (bad) like studying but in the end they give us pleasure (are good) and that's why we make everyone go to school to be wiser and productive members of society in the future. The more we inflict suffering upon us or other living beings, more suffers the Universe and it rebels against this suffering making what's causing it to disappear. Living beings and the Universe are not meant to suffer for long periods of time (living beings only are meant to suffer for a short time and only as a warning signal when something wrong must be fixed but it is never a must as the first theory proposes) that's why we, and thus the Universe, make lots of things to avoid it and if we can't, we can reach a point we can't bear it no longer and even hurt ourselves or others to try to stop it. That's why after only 300 years (it's a very small amount of time for Earth) destroying a part of the Universe (Earth Ecosystem) the Ecosystem (the Universe) is trying to get rid of us. For our own good we better start changing some things. In the long term, we and the Universe are meant to thrive, be pleased and happy. That's why when we aren't we feel bad and do things to try to be so. Sadly, due to our short lifes, sometimes we don't live enough to behold the brighter happy days but no one can know for certain we will never see them, so there is always reason to have hope.

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We have evolved so fast that the world's ecosystem has not been able to adapt to us. I DO NOT AGREE. There is no Ecosystem AND Us. We are the ecosystem and the ecosytem is us. For millenia the impact of humanity upon earth has been minimal. The last century, sadly, has been dramatically different but the Ecosystem (we) is beginning to change, to adapt. What are a few centuries harming the Ecosystem compared to millions of years? it has been a temporary setback. Petroleum will not last forever, a bunch of new energies are ready to rise and we don't need to consume constantly to be happy. With 14 days of COVID confinement, we saw deers running in the beach and whales swimming in the docks. If we stop destroying the Ecosystem (us) so much, in only a few years we can have a wonderful world once again.

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Behaviours that harm everyone end up imposing and spreading themselves. I DO NOT AGREE. It's true that those behaviours have a natural tendence to impose and spread quickly but that's why people make laws and rules to prevent them doing so and with police and referees to enforce these laws and rules, those behaviours don't end up imposing or spreading themselves so much as one could expect initially. Evenmore, societies with less harmful behaviours, less criminality, more good behaviours, more cooperation, more PROGRESS, are not the ones with more police but the ones that treat best its members with quality schools, quality hospitals, and quality jobs. This proves that good behaviours can also impose and spread themselves through society but obviously they are much harder and costly to empower than bad behaviours. All has it's price and possibly PROGRESS will have the highest of them all but sure it will be worth to pay it indeed.

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Another one which has crossed my mind recently about Amortality is that we middle aged individuals (or old people even more) are rather stubborn and opinionated meaning we seldom embrace others new ideas which could improve our lifes more than the ones which we have learned during our youth or self-produced during our life. Therefore I think that to ensure Humanity Progress it should be wise not to become Amortals anyone of us. It only would stagnate Progress making us all unhappier not being able to convince all the older generations their ways were outdated, harmful and unproductive. We all would be trapped in the past (slavery, feudalism, women not being able to vote, etc.) until the newer generations would be more numerous than the older ones. Waste of time leading to an extended needless suffering in my opinion.

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Nothing can prove human happiness has incremented throughout history. I DO NOT AGREE. There are some hints that indicate just the contrary: There are less wars, there is less extreme poverty, there is more law, justice, security and less violence. We live in a more solid, cohesive and solidary community: The State. We have more health, life expectancy and less pain. More Countries have self-determinated allowing its citizens to live in a community to identify themselves with. Divorces allow to disolve marriages that don't work. Day by day animal Wellfare is more important. There is more tolerance towards the ones who are different form the rest. More People can fast travel wherever they want. More people can get Educated. We have more material things that entertaint us and make our life easier. There is more freedom of thought. There is more Equality of Opportunity. There is more food. Productivity has been growing overtime allowing us to have freetime (Sundays, Holidays, etc.) to be with our loved ones, reflect about ourselves, partying, etc. Having a goal we think it's worthy and pursuing it, it's what makes us happy. Some of this things give us more freedom (both physical and mental) to choose a goal worthy to pursue. In the past we couldn't choose so much and were Unhappy doing things we didn't wanted. Besides, some of this things also improve our imagination allowing us transform mundane goals into worthy ones and even imagine new ones that never existed before. Some of these things give us the Emotional, Physical, Intellectual Strenght or the material things needed to pursue our goal. Some of these things give us more freedom to pursue our goal allowing us to go to places that were not possible to go in the past or to go there faster and some others improve our imagination allowing us to pursue our goal with our minds. All that lets us pursue (mentally and physically) our goal more efficently.

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There is no Justice in History. PART 3/4 I DISAGREE because I think Justice has mainly prevailed along History (with isolated exceptions of course. unfortunately there always will be some criminals who are not still in jail) because since the beginning we humans have made laws to ensure it was done and even more, it always has been growing non stop. The first law, the law of the strongest, it's horrible for us modern humans because why nowadays only the physically strongest males would have to be the only ones with rights (freedom to do things)? We think this because nowadays the strongest males mean almost nothing advantegous for the rest of society because thanks to technology their strenght is not needed any more but ages ago it was of utmost importance to have it because it allowed the entire tribe to survive against beasts attacks or it allowed the construction of shelters which protected everyone. The law of the strongest gave almost all the rights only to the strongest males but then they made possible everybody live in better conditions. That's why ages ago the law of the strongest was the fairest of all. Then, thanks to it, Humanity progressed and more efficent fairer laws like Hamurabi code were made. With it a weaker noble was able to demand compensation if a stronger noble plucked his eye. This way not only the strongest had rights but also the weak (provided they were nobles of course) because when Hamurabi ruled strenght was already not so important for society as ages ago was. Of course Hamurabi's system was horrible too because it was sustained on slavery but slavery itself was more caring and morally good than the previous imagined realities called "leave no survivors" or "take no prisoners". Those primitive ruthless imagined realities were the ones which ruled all conflicts during thousands years because the cost of maintaining slaves (and the risk they rebelled) was too high by the scarce productivity of those primitive societies or simply no one got the idea (knowledge, imagination) of taking profit from the enemy captured soldiers and civilians. Then, when human productivity increased (or someone got the idea, knowledge, imagination) slavery become possible. Slavery offered to those individuals who lost fighting in an armed conflict the chance (the freedom, the opportunity) to live. It's true slaves life's conditions were horrendous but thanks to be alife slaves had the chance (the freedom, the opportunity) to escape if they were fortunate enough and if they weren't it was precisley those horrible life conditions (along with other reasons of course) what made the rest of the society react much, much later and finally forbid slavery to make even fairer laws yet that would end up becoming the modern Human Rights we have today in which not only the strongest, not only the nobles have rights but everyone have them (theoretically at least) and no slaves are allowed. Unfortunately, having laws like Human Rights doesn't necessarily mean they are applied but that just means that we only have to progress, to evolve. Just like any other living being does when needed. Just as we did when we threw the law of the strongest in the trash bin of History ages ago. We only have to ensure law enforcers make everyone obey the laws born out of international consensus. Even with force if needed. That's why they are called enforcers after all. Even if we still don't apply all Human Rights everywhere, only by the fact that we have them means something. Something good. It proves that actually there is JUSTICE IN HISTORY (even if it grows slowly and some laws are still only theoretical, better a slow, theoretical Justice than none at all in my book. In my ethics book to be precise).

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Why most men almost always have been better (more valued) than women: Thanks to women. So, please, protect, value and respect everyone. Historically women selected the most empathic (social skilled) men because if they didn't they endangered themselves living with individuals much more physical stronger than them who didn't cared one bit about their feelings. Those women who didn't care about their husband's empathy ended up very badly and without reproducing women who didn't cared about their husband's empathy. On the other side men selected the women with the biggest breasts and "backyards" without caring much about their empathy because without big breasts and "backyards" pregnancy, birth giving and maternity ended up badly. Really badly. Without empathic women though, those men managed to survive (not always) thanks to their superior physical strength. Now things are changing and everyone demands others to be more empathic regardless of their gender (making women not only beautiful but also socially skilled and thus making possible day by day more women raise to power) plus medical science makes not so neccessary that women must have such big "attributes" to bear children. Our nature it's our nature. Very strong. Not invincible though (in fact we constantly beat it. we can fly through the skies and sail the oceans without being fishes or birds thanks to ships and airplanes). In general, men tend to be better than women in each and every aspect of life but, poetic justice be done, it's precisley thanks to women's high demanding nature (ages ago women who were not demanding ended up with inefficient husbands and went extint) that only high value men are allowed to reproduce. That's why men are better. Historically men have been much easier to satisfy (they only cared about the size of their wive's breasts and "backyards" because the ones who didn't ended up without reproducing because without big "attributes" matternity and birth giving often failed) so, in the end, they allowed almost any kind of woman to reproduce (provided they were big "gifted") this way lots of them ended up being not as smart or socially skilled as men were. Curiously, in countries were women are devoided of freedom and can't decide almost anything, like we westerners organized our societies in the past, unempathic low socially skilled men are allowed to reproduce because the ones who decide who reproduces are men and when men compete with each other they don't give as much importance to social skills as women. In the end these countries (or our own in the past) are led by low social skilled men so they end up becoming less coopertive and thus less developed. So please, give women (and men too of course) the freedom to decide with whom they want to reproduce without forcing anyone. The entire society will benefit from it. Finally, like always, the weakest (women, child, disabled people, etc.) are the true source of compassion, affection or greed to develop the technologies, legal systems, etc. which improve all our lifes by granting all of us (weak or strong) as much freedom as possible to be what we want to be or in other words as much equality of opportunity as possible for everyone. With knowledge, imagination and careness our weaknesses (women, children, the ill, disabled ones, etc.) become our strenghts. Everyone is valuable. Everyone helps. Ones more than others but that is not relevant in the greater scheme of things (lots of small grains can outweight a big one). Only the ones who take away the freedom of others to be or do the same they are or do in the first place, and only the ones who inflict suffering upon others in the second (like criminals or bullies for example) must be punished (within the frame of low of course). Thanks women for making men better versions of themselves. Thanks men for being the best. Thanks to everyone.

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Talking behind people's backs it's essential in achieving cooperation in big groups of persons. I DO NOT AGREE. It's not essential. There are others methods like making a public debate about the different options available and let the majority decide pacifically wich is better in a free electoral process. This method it's called Democracy. In fact it's quite detrimental. A philosopher said "the one who speaks badly of others with you, speaks badly of you with others". It's very difficult to build up confidence in a group and thus achieving cooperation among it's members if they think their companions are talking bad of them behind their back. Fear will be dominant and no new ideas will arise to lead the group to PROGRESS. If someone in a group is behaving badly he or she must be aproached soflty and caringly by the rest of the group and be persuaded to change his or her behaviour. If that doesn't work he or she must be socially isolated from the rest until he or she changes his or her attitude. If things get worse authorities must be called. The only reason to speak behind someone's back is to speak bad things of him or her to achieve the entire group bullies him or her without the bullying instigator being discovered. Maybe "gossipipng" it's great for overthrowing democratic or non democratic governments, making a popular tv show or practice bullying but I think that we can do better. A tv show doesn't need to be "gossiping" to be popular. Bullying and overthrowing a democratic government it's the worst. Overthrowing a non democratic government it's good in the short term but i'ts bad in the long term because there will be a part of society who will feel outraged and when the time is right they will also overthrow the existing government making stabilty and the PROGRESS it provides impossible to achieve. If there is a non democratic government it must be changed gradually from within with a lot of time, effort and softness to convince it's leaders that they are wrong, that there won't be retaliations against them if they lose the power and eventually they themselves will begin to think/act differently towards a more democratic government. Sadly, gossiping it's a thing we have done since the beggining of time because it's easy and satisfying but it's not one of our best qualities or a thing to be proud of. Gossiping stagnates PROGRESS.

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Happiness it's not subjected to the laws of Natural Selection I DO NOT AGREE. Human beings are programed to have happiness at a medium level most of the time. That level only goes down when things go bad or stagnate and only goes up when things go well. We are programed like this because it's the best way to be evolutionarily efficient and follow the laws of Natural Selection. If Humans were superhappy all the time, we would never have the urge to solve the problems we encounter in life. We would still be superhappy sleeping in a cold, dark cave. Evolution and Natural Selection are not interested in that kind of people for they are not good solving problems because they think/feel all is perfect just the way it is. That's why people who are happy with almost nothing in life don't procreate as much as others. If Humans were superunhappy all the time, we would never have the urge to solve the problems we encounter in life. Why the effort of mastering fire? Afterall we would ended up unhappy anyway. Evolution and Natural Selection are not interested in that kind of people for they are not good solving problems because they think/feel all is doomed no matter what we do. That's why people who are unhappy having almost everything in life don't procreate as much as others. Humans who are medium happy most of the time, wich allows them to endure the hardships of life, but are happy when solving problems and unhappy when things go bad or stagnate, are the ones Evolution and Natural Selection are most interested with because this kind of people are the best solving problems. They are the best because they get depressed when things go bad or stagnate, and thus, they always have the urge to solve problems to leave the depression. Furthermore, they also have the urge to solve them because they are happy while trying to do so and even happier if they finally achieve it. That's why people who have medium happiness most of the time but have brief periods of happiness and depression procreate more than others and that's why most people fits in this category. These people are the ones who make Humanity PROGRESS.

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Nuclear weapons have brought peace to the world. Oppenheimer deserves peace Noble prize. I DO NOT AGREE. Since nuclear weapons were invented and even now there have been numerous armed conflicts, showing these kind of weapons are not needed to make a war because, sadly, human being needs very little to cause pain and suffering to others. The only thing that nuclear weapons have achieved to make a more peaceful world it's that nobody wants to use them. Nobody wants to use them because they are complete useless. They are useless because 99% of armed conflicts are about one side wanting to exploit either the people or the natural resources of the other side but it's impossible to do it with nuclear weapons because they simply destroy everything leaving nothing or no one left to be exploited. It would have been easier not to invent them at all and saved us the suffering they caused. They claimed to bring peace to the world and instead they started one of the biggest wars in human History: The Cold War which filled the hearts of millions with fear instead of hope in a better future (reducing CREDITS) and costed tons of money that could have being invested to improve Humanity wellfare. Nowadays a country has declared war against antoher country an nobody dares to do anything against the first one because it has Nuclear Weapons. They only allow to declare wars with total Impunity. In overall they were and are a bad idea. The fact that humanity had to invent a thing capable of destroying the world to realize that doing so doesn't benefit anyone, only shows Einstein was right when he said human stupidity is infinite. Oppenheimer and Humanity itself should have won the stupidity Noble prize.

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Human societies need imagined hierarchies and injust discriminations to work. I DO NOT AGREE. The more imagined hierarchies and injust discriminations has a society, the less that society works. Societies that believed in slavery finally crumbled down in part due to the discomfort that discrimination generated among the members of those societies. Nowadays slavery is banned all around the world and human societies continue working on even better than before, when slavery wasn't banned. The societies that work best are those that use REAL hierarchies based on REAL things like meritocracy where the ones who are at the top are the most skilled, intelligent and wise. The societies that use imagined hierarchies are prone to end badly and quick.

[@petitgegant9979]

Sociopolitical Hierarchies are the perpetuation of fortuitious events. I DO NOT AGREE. Nothing in life is fortuitious. All things obey some kind of natural law, the problem is that we still ignore the majority of those laws and when something happens due to an unknown law, we call it fortuitious. For example, the hierarchy of genre it was not imagined nor fortuitious because: 1-Along history men have been more valued than women because men have got greater social skills than women because when a man had to choose a woman to be the mother of his kids, he valued most the physical atributes of her (beauty, breasts...etc) rather than the mental or social skills. On the contrary a woman valued most the social skills of the future father of her kids over the physical atributes of him. Men valued more the physical artibutes of women because the birthing/pregnancy were very physically taxing and furthermore, men always have been sexually attracted by pretty women. On the other side, women valued more the social skills of men because those were essential for them to be caring fathers and succesful workers in their jobs. Nowadays things are different and men also value the social, mental skills of women making them not only pretty but also as social skilled as men are. 2-A long time ago women were not so productive as men because they were physically weaker, they got the period and when they got pregnant they were even less apt to do the hard labours of those times. Now the majority of hard labours are done by machines and the physical strenght is not so important, "fortuitously" women and men are more equal than before making the hierarchy of genre not so important. 3-When humans still lived in caves, they preferred to have sons than daughters because it was a way of stimulating the competence between males and thus assuring only the strongest would procreate. Also it was a method to regulate birth rate because a tribe with lots of women and few men, would have ended up with lots of babies impossible to take care of. On the other side, a tribe with lots of men and fewer women it was easier to defend and not knowing whom of the many men was the real father of a specific baby, it made all the men to contribute on the labour of raising him or her. Nowadays, things are different of course, and males don't need to fight each other like animals to have sex with a woman (unless they want it) and a woman doesn't need to be surrounded by a bunch of men to raise a child or anything else (unless she wants it and can afford it).

[@petitgegant9979]

Succesful Cultures are the ones that reproduce the most and don't care for the wellness of it's members. I DO NOT AGREE. Cultures that care the most for the wellness of it's members end up being the ones that reproduce the most and consequently the most succesful ones. From the beginning of time and even now, people migrated to cultures that provided a superior level of wellness to it's members. The sons/daughters of that people made those cultures reproduce more and achieve a greater success.

[@abhaysharma966]

I have now unlimited internet and i can binge watch all ted video on 1080p

[@manmbbawa6170]

Hope this kind of people in Israel who didn't get fooled with opium of religion. Make Israel better treatment of Palestine people.

[@abhaysharma966]

I am also a good thinker but i am not good at explaining things that's why i am not in that place where he is standing and giving speech.

[@VinnyQL]

when Yuval did this talk 5 years ago, effective AI was barely believable and his answer at the end to the question about useless human were almost throwaway jokes to the host and audiences... but now rewatching it after the advent of OpenAI chatgpt and other AIs, things are getting super real.

[@chriswondyrland73]

Totally underestimated talk, agree!

[@gofai274]

i think so too that human cooperation is rigid to me humans are insects... it is just all infinite greed and power and status, humanity is too stupid to survive itself so yes there must be extraterrestial intelligence probably

[@petitgegant9979]

Animal suffering in the modern meat indutry has been the worst crime in History. I DO NOT AGREE. WARS have been the worst crime because killing Human beings was totally UNNECESSARY to survive, people were perfectly AWARE the victims suffered but everyone accepted it and sometimes it was done for pure pleasure (SADISM) . On the other side, we needed meat to SURVIVE. Nowadays there are food supplements that make possible to survive healthy without meat but they not existed in the past. Furthermore, the majority of people IGNORED that Animals could suffer as much as Humans do. It has been thanks to Science once again, that people finally are Aware of the terrible Pain they inflicted and are inflicting upon Animals and that's why, even now, people are organizing to stop this Madness once and for all. Being more Empathic and Caring towards animals, making their life conditions better and following a more healthy diet that limits the consume of meat at once or twice a week, just as our ancestors did in the past, it's the way to a HAPPIER NEW WORLD (and without SOMA this time).

[@BeatrizRodriguez-gf9hu]

EVÍTICO 11 Leyes sobre animales 1Entonces el Señor les dijo a Moisés y a Aarón: 2-3«Díganle al pueblo de Israel que los animales que pueden comer son los que tienen pezuña hendida y que rumian. 4-7Así que no se pueden comer los siguientes animales: El camello, porque aunque rumia no tiene la pezuña partida; el conejo, porque aunque rumia no tiene la pezuña partida; la liebre, porque aunque rumia no tiene la pezuña partida; el cerdo, porque aunque tiene la pezuña partida, no es rumiante. 8»No comerán la carne de ellos ni tocarán sus cuerpos muertos. Tales animales están prohibidos para ustedes. 9»En cuanto a los animales que viven en el mar o en los ríos, comerán los que tienen aletas y escamas. 10Los demás animales que hay en el agua no los comerán. 11Les prohíbo estrictamente que los coman, o que toquen sus cuerpos muertos. 12Repito: les prohíbo que coman cualquier animal acuático que no tenga aletas ni escamas. 13-19»Entre las aves, estas son las que no pueden comer: El águila, el quebrantahuesos, el azor, el gallinazo, el milano de todas las especies, el cuervo de todas las especies, el avestruz, la lechuza, la gaviota, el gavilán de todas las especies, el búho, el somormujo, el ibis, el calamón, el pelícano, el buitre, la cigüeña, la garza de todas las especies, la abubilla y el murciélago. 20»Les prohíbo que coman los insectos voladores de cuatro patas, 21-22excepto los que saltan. Podrán comer langostas de todas las especies, saltamontes de todas las especies y grillos. 23Los demás insectos alados que tienen cuatro patas están prohibidos.🙏🏻

[@abhaysharma966]

I never wanted to be human i will modify an A.I. and i will upload myself to the internet.

[@teddyrulezzzz]

Ruin the world seems more accurate to me

[@mohitjangra6462]

From New Delhi :D

[@gyanusingh9416]

From U P

[@petitgegant9979]

MEANINGLESS 4/4 Well, that's it. This is the best Imagined Reality my imagination allows me to write. It's true that it is very similar to some book some crucified guys wrote long ago plus a little bit of pantheism but I have given it a little crazy, personal touch to make it a little more modern. A couple of ideas of two crazy You Tubers also have inspired me. No one can imagine something from nothing. That's why Imagined Realities, even the most fictional ones like movies or religions for example, always feed from reality and the ones which feed from it more efficiently, or what is the same, those which are more realistic, honest and fair (holist) like Science or Human Rights, are the ones which make us prosper the most. I needed to start from somewhere, I can't do better sorry. I only wished to increase slightly the morale of some good people I admire (you among them) permanently. If I haven't been able to do it, at least I have tried, at least I have failed admirably (without endangering my or others health nor my or others substantial part of my or others wealth). You already boosted my morale with your book in two amazing ways. First, finally someone explained to me that our imagination is what makes us superior and different from the rest of animals (leaving aside our superior and different buttocks) and encouraged me to find another difference (our superior empathy which allows us to feel the suffering of our preys and the rage millions will feel towards us if we don't obey the laws plus the hability to feel emotions more intensely to the point they can make us destroy or save our world). Second, with some of your pessimistic thougts and feelings about Existence, Humanity and its History you gave a physical form to my soul (my own thoughts and feelings) and seeing it for the first time I didn't like it so I decided to try to change it for another one more optimistic. Of course maybe each time I disagree with you I'm wrong but each time I do I feel better. This happens because I trust (not believe. just recently I have decided stop believing and start thinking, knowing, ignoring, trusting, imagining and remembering) what I think and write it's true and through. You see? I disagree with you once more. People don't trust in Imagined Realities just because they think that in doing so they will progress. People trust in Imagined Realities because they think they are true (some think God is true, some think their nation is true and truly the best, some think capitalism it's truly the best system, etc.). Imagined Realities need an Imagined pillar (thinking it's true) and a Real one (coins, churches, factories, etc.) to work properly. That's why they are called Imagined Realities. If one of the pillars diappears, everything follows (without its factories Peugeot would never be able to manufacture its cars and no one would trust it anymore as the excellent car provider it is. if everybody stopped trusting God is true/real all religions would disappear). Truth be told we ourselves as individuals are walking Imagined Realites because we are the product of our parent's imagination, we can make others trust (believe in) us and finally we can alter the reality surrounding us but we can only do this thanks to our mind/soul (Imagined pillar) and our body (Reality pillar). Mens sana in corpore sano. Això passa perquè les Realitats Imaginades estan compostes d'individus i els individus s'organitzen en Realitats Imaginades. Tot és un i un és tot. L' Holisticisme prevaldrà. Sempre.

[@gofai274]

4:21 "usually" ^^

[@LewesMusic]

This guy is quite interesting.. unfortunately, he gets lost in the old fashioned distinction between Rich/Poors, derived from the Bible, instead of focussing on the reality of modern society based on entrepreneurs/organizers versus executors/followers of orders

[@sid_on_youtube]

This Ted talk is same as the "banana in heaven". Not a single word changed. The audience laughed at "money & Osama bin Laden" example in that video and it happened same here❤.

[@SerChade]

Can't wait for the new book!

[@marble296]

What new book?

[@Joao-te6nx]

Umbra what new book?

[@gofai274]

social insects cooperation >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> human cooperation

[@mbakerrabeie]

My favorit thinker .... so far :)

[@kuroo3333]

Yeah same ☺

[@inderjitsinghdhillon]

Wading through content is what eventually satisfies, this is the new bureaucracy, previously you partook of a product and its quality and value met your expectations. Today the satisfaction is in the gathering process of dicardable things and memories. Then when you're not content you start again. In the same way, before you could sign off on something so much paperwork had to be completed. These talks, online streaming and other forms of consumption are the paperwork that has to be completed before you can checkout, this is a new form of bureaucracy. The truth is that humanity is just one era in this creation, creation will continue to evolve long after we are no more and that the facet of Science and technology will remain a miniscule aspect of what was human life.

[@Woodchopper666]

Regarding the end of the video: Ray Kurzweil is far more realistic in his view of the near future than this guy for sure.

[@Ramkumar-uj9fo]

That belief is quite prevalent, yes. Complexity can often be seen as a sign of sophistication, especially in intellectual pursuits like art, literature, or technology. However, simplicity also has its merits, especially in terms of clarity and efficiency. Both complexity and simplicity have their place, depending on the context and the goals you're aiming to achieve.

[@gofai274]

oh chiki chiki

[@D1an2009]

I want to get answers from you Professor, my husband always ask me, and himself. What is happiness, why humans want to be happy, why humans don't want to be miserable. What do you think about it?

[@samktlau]

Without " miserable" , "happiness" will loss its meaning. They always come in pairs.

[@1983Boria]

אני זוכר את ההרצאה הזאת, נראה לי, ביפו, בחסות tedX

[@cprauss7254]

humans are a technological species...

[@MarkSHogan]

Fiction is false. Is false acceptable? Not to me.

[@auriandb4960]

What does false mean?

[@vicredshaw1155]

Mark Hogan your position SHOULD BE the default position of any rational human being , unfortunately , it is easier to accept a falsehood and all the false opinions that go with it than to look at the facts and argue endlessly about what a rational response is . That's why the world is full of crazy people doing crazy shit , the human mind is not nearly as good as most of us assume it to be , people need to have an identity and they need to think they are right and they like a simple coherent explanation , reality gets in the way of those things !!

[@jamiedorsey4167]

I think some fictions are more false than others.

[@maniadoslivros.jopereira]

Hallo, Yuval, (hope you see these words) i am reading Sapiens, a brief story of Humanity, and i am loving it, and after that will read more books of you. It's has been inspiring and exciting and made me see our History in another way, and yet I would like a lot to make some questions of my own. So, really hope some day come to Lisbon. (anyways, until then, when i am finished this book will so happy to make a video on my channel about it). hugs from Lisbon and thank you so much for your amazing work !

[@DmitryIvanovDfcreative]

Well states and countries - same as mountains are mental concepts, or neural structures in our brain, I don't get why he draws the line here, there is no difference.

[@caborabassa696]

The mountain is something physical that you can see, while the idea of a State or a nation was created by men.

[@DmitryIvanovDfcreative]

@@caborabassa696 you can define race genetically. You can define state by language. Speculation is easy.

[@i.m.gurney]

Rather than convenient stories, I would suggest that they may have started as you describe (human rights, law, economics) but that we are working to bring the all together to form a single coherent system that provides a sustainable & steerable life in relation to the shape of our environment (the universe) that science has allowed us to discover.

[@i.m.gurney]

& in relation to your token point, alas, with training primates can use tokens. eg. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2648534/

[@i.m.gurney]

www.researchgate.net/profile/Claudia_Sousa5/publication/227289407_The_use_of_tokens_as_rewards_and_tools_by_chimpanzees_Pan_troglodytes/links/00b4952c6965a2c6bb000000/The-use-of-tokens-as-rewards-and-tools-by-chimpanzees-Pan-troglodytes.pdf

[@i.m.gurney]

Despite my points, I did give a thumbs up. We march in the same direction, Thanks

[@mmg17-j9l]

Congratulations!

[@helllover100]

Just a summary: Harari talks about why humans control the planet as we know today, why not chimpanzees and ants or bees were able to do so. Ability that separates us from other species: * Ability to organise - in large numbers and flexibly * Ability to belief in dual reality Even ants and bees can organise in large numbers but they do so in a rigid manner. Bees do not start building new types of hives to adjust to a new threat. Also, apes can organise themselves in a flexible manner i.e. they can develop an understanding among each other etc. But apes are incapable of organising themselves in large numbers. One ape can fair well against one human, estranged on a island. But a group of 1000 humans can organise themselves better than 1000 apes. This ability to organise so successfully comes from human ability to belief in subjective reality. Fictional entities like Gods, Nations, International bodies like the UN or even the concept of money are shared stories. These do not exist as physical realties like mountains or trees do. We as humans have collectively agreed to accepting money or the concept of God etc. This ability to organise and common belief system can also be unproductive. We can organise wars, concentration camps etc. Thus a whole different level of reality, one which is created in our minds, which is a collective belief exist all around us and promotes human collaboration and solidarity.

[@halimaislam902]

Last night I finished the book Sapiens: A brief history of mankind. I loved it. I am glad I read it.

[@ELTarTree]

Excellent. Brilliant to hear my own thoughts and musing being so clearly verbalized. Thank you Yuval for your thinking

[@rhyothemisprinceps1617]

My thoughts exactly, ;-)

[@mindvolution]

Yes, evolution of the Modern Human specie is amazing! However, I don't think humans run the world. It's just a temporary state that can crumble hard should only, say, the Climate get more chaotic and severe.

[@snehasisdutta3406]

my fevourite thinker

[@luckyyuri]

Brilliant man! Also well intentioned and active, which really makes him rare.

[@semrana1986]

Very interesting story

[@mtfine]

A treasure. Brilliant thinker.

[@petitgegant9979]

Being more Caring and Compassionate with others (cooperate) than the rest of the animals it's the engine which has made us "run the world" (before humans the world was already running). Our Imagined Realities (political systems, religions, etc.) have been the awesome tool to channel these emotions and progress. The same way we can be more caring and compassionate, we also can be more selfish and hateful. It's the other side of the same coin, it's the price of being more emotional than an oyster. The same way we can "run the world" we can also "ruin it". What will we choose?

[@sira444]

Because human is the only one who can learn by mistaking.

[@Tomer-Barak]

Countries, etc, are as real as anything else. This is because the criterion Yuval uses for existence of things is the ability to sense them. Sensing something = measuring it. We can measure a country (by averaging over people.. it's fine, this is also the way we measure "mountains")

[@biancaaguglia3742]

+Tomer Great insight. I have a different opinion on objective reality, but I like the way you explained your point of view. :-)

[@caborabassa696]

A country is a constructed story. Borders are also a constructed notion. For instance, when the Europeans colonized Africa, they defined the borders at their own convenience.

[@OEHOEH100]

הי דר הררי היקר. יצא לי לאחרונה לצפות בכל (כל) הראיונות שלך באנגלית ברחבי הרשת. הכל באמת כ"כ מרתק ונפלא. בכל מקרה מעט מטריד אותי השימוש המופרז במילה "בננה" (אור *שימפנזי* אור *וודפקר* אור *ג'ליפיש* ) מה הסיפור עם הבננה? זה ממש רדיואקטיבי ומשמין!! 😢 הבנתי שאין לך סמארטפון. אז הלוואי שמישהו יעביר לך את מה שמטריד את מאזיניך וקוראיך. אניוואי יש לך דרך יחודית ואדירה להצחיק. בברכה. נתינך המסורים (העם המדומיין שהם קוראיך ומאזיניך 😚)

[@bsr8255]

I have read this book. I am HIndu and from India. Why their was little mention about India in the evolution process. I am not asking from a narrow outlook point of view but from a learning and reasons aspect

[@bramsanjanssan4908]

This guy is way to simplistic to get the amount of attention he gets. It's telling.

[@wow-ib8kk]

我很喜欢看他的演讲，请添加中文的字母，拜托了，谢谢。

[@hiagocampos5667]

Execent Explication teacher Yuval Noharari

[@miikoo001]

Great thinker of our era!

[@Ramkumar-uj9fo]

Some individuals may perceive Yuval Noah Harari's advocacy for hunting over agriculture as promoting a defeatist philosophy. ❤❤🎉🎉

[@stapark11]

Very very interesting talk.

[@sunitapalissery258]

Very interesting talk.

[@biancaaguglia3742]

+Sunita Palissery Your comment sums it up perfectly: "very interesting." :-)

[@alifinley9156]

Thank you for the broadened perspective, Mr. Harari.

[@mysolo17]

פשוט מצויין

[@biancaaguglia3742]

Very interesting talk but I think the "objective reality" concept is flawed. Countries, states, and money ARE objective reality. They are as real as mountains but are the effects of a different set of laws, and needed a different conditions to become reality. Take mountains for example. One way they are formed is by the collision of tectonic plates. Under the right conditions, that collision creates mountains (and makes them into objective reality.) The process can be best explained using scientific laws we understand pretty well nowadays. States, money, etc, are created by a different set of laws that are more subtle, more complex, and (my guess) mostly unknown. But we know enough about the human mind and emotions to see that many of the things you call "fiction based" are actually "normal", "natural" objective reality. I just thought of something: think of an airplane - definitely objective reality :-) - yet it took billions of years for airplanes to become real . A lot of conditions had to be met before raw materials, physics, engineering (and I'm ignorant of what else it takes to build a plane) came together and made the objective reality called "airplane." It's the same way with states, countries. It took billions of years for them to become reality mainly because it took billions of years for their raw materials to become reality (i.e. intelligent creatures who organized themselves in different groups based on laws we don't fully understand :-)). That's just my opinion. BTW. I also disagree on your explanation on why humans rule the world and your predictions about the future, so I hope you won't think I'm being sarcastic when I say I enjoyed your talk very much. I like listening to smart people who come up with very interesting ideas.

[@homewall744]

No, mountains exist without any human observer. The others are "pretend." There are no country borders, just areas where we humans agree is the border. There are all sorts of things used as money, and none are a "thing." Even currency just represents money, as does numbers in your bank account (try to touch this real thing), as did salt and rice long ago and tobacco did in the early America. These are just artificial things we agree have meaning. Yes, salt, rice, currency and coin are real, but the money they represent is artificial. We just agree it has meaning, and it's even called "full FAITH of the USA." Just try spending any currencies from the USSR today, or spending per-USA coins/currencies that were once traded in America as valuable money that is just a collector's interest today.

[@caborabassa696]

I believe humans rule the world because they have rationality that other animals don't have and also a language that is used for more than just communicate about dangers and basic needs. Regarding the notion of countries, States, and nations, are constructed realities, not objective. As I mentioned in another comment, for instance, when the European colonized Africa, they created the borders as per their convenience. Money is also a story. Money didn't exist for many years. It was something someone decided to make and created a story that you need money to acquire things.

[@arseneousmanemethods]

These two habilities combined, make humankind really unique on earth!

[@miljenkobrkic]

Very nice lecture! Mr. Yuval Harari is a good and witty lecturer, very audacious in his thesis and very simple in their presentation.

[@EvanFisch]

He's brilliant

[@subzeromk-ml6jt]

Amazing!Good,good,good

[@arsalonamini-hajibashi6412]

Phenomenal! I thought it was our thumbs but this makes so much more sense.

[@radwanabu-issa4350]

The stone tool is the real breakthrough that allowed human to start their journey of cultural evolution!

[@alfazeta8]

I love his way of thinking