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The northern lights, or the aurora borealis, are beautiful dancing waves of light that have captivated people for millennia. But for all its beauty, this spectacular light show is a rather violent event.
Energized particles from the sun slam into Earth's upper atmosphere at speeds of up to 45 million mph (72 million kph), but our planet's magnetic field protects us from the onslaught.
As Earth's magnetic field redirects the particles toward the poles - there are southern lights, too, which you can read about below - the dramatic process transforms into a cinematic atmospheric phenomenon that dazzles and fascinates scientists and skywatchers alike.
Most auroras occur in a band known as the "auroral zone",[6] which is typically 3° to 6° wide in latitude and between 10° and 20° from the geomagnetic poles at all local times (or longitudes), most clearly seen at night against a dark sky. A region that currently displays an aurora is called the "auroral oval", a band displaced by the solar wind towards the night side of Earth.[7] Early evidence for a geomagnetic connection comes from the statistics of auroral observations. Elias Loomis (1860),[8] and later Hermann Fritz (1881)[9] and Sophus Tromholt (1881)[10] in more detail, established that the aurora appeared mainly in the auroral zone.
The southern counterpart, the aurora australis or the southern lights, has features almost identical to the aurora borealis and changes simultaneously with changes in the northern auroral zone.[13] The aurora australis is visible from high southern latitudes in Antarctica, Chile, Argentina, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia. The aurora borealis is visible from being close to the center of the Arctic Circle such as Alaska, the Canadian Territories, Iceland, Greenland, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. On rare occasions the aurora borealis can be seen further south, for example in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Scotland, Ireland, Denmark, and the northern part of the contiguous United States.
Though it was Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei who coined the name "aurora borealis" in 1619 - after the Roman goddess of dawn, Aurora, and the Greek god of the north wind, Boreas - the earliest suspected record of the northern lights is in a 30,000-year-old cave painting in France
Do you know, ancient Greek scholar Eratosthenes, just by using a stick and sitting in his room, proved that the earth was round, and calculated the circumference of earth. Watch this video to know more
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