Will an AWS Certification get me a Job?

[@jtg753]

It's good to be honest about this. I got initially misled, being told that Cloud Practitioner would be enough. Luckily other youtubers corrected that, but still some don't add that even it is not enough.

[@TechwithLucy]

Agreed, the cloud pract certification alone is definitely not enough

[@franciscomedinav]

Everything has a beginning.

[@shinobusensui9395]

what about that cert and 10 years of experience as in the field, doing desktop related stuff and being a coordinator?

[@lastraven7205]

What about the solution architect cert?

[@Canda-fh4xc]

Even AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate, Will not be enough

[@AhmadAli-q3y9w]

Having worked in environments with cloud technology and VMs (CNN and Turner Broadcasting) getting certs is simply an added bonus. i have a college degree and I am learning python Dont let anyone tell you that certs even the practitioner wont land you a job.. Keep getting educated and keep working for the job you want. Even if it means going to anyone country ..

[@donnoorxashinoor9001]

Exactly. At least it's a knowledge built up over time and an added skill into your CV. When you're called into interview, it's how you sell yourself that matters 👍. Started learning more about aws and EC2 few days ago and it looks interesting to be honest. Inshallah I will be successful

[@alejandrochang9400]

Let’s get certified !!! Thanks for taking the time in making this amazing video!!👍

[@TechwithLucy]

😎🙌

[@purplecrayon7281]

Having a cert will make your CV more attractive and increases your chances for a job interview, but it will not increase your chances of actually landing a job. I know people with CCNP and CCIE who are jobless.

[@iKPavan]

Hi Lucy, thank you so much for sharing valuable information related to careers in AWS. Could you please make a video or share the resources which will help us prepare for the AWS interviews?

[@frenckyfbcm]

By themselves aws certs of course got value but do not think once you get certified then …boom…every door will be opened to you - real industry scenarios require much more than the “paper” -> meaning certs are a good starting point but v often not enough to say you re ready to work and master what you are expected to know (expecially while considering associate level courses ) - do agree with #gocloudarchitects …in order to be #cloudhired cert is only 10-20% of the whole knowledge you actually need (currently am 5x aws cert including sap-c01 and ans c01)

[@thumpertorque_]

What are some good certs or skills to learn after getting AWS to maximize hiring potential? Not talking about the soft skills.

[@simplysathish7761]

Knowledge and hands on helps more than certification indeed

[@TechwithLucy]

Definitely 😄

[@TheTacopai]

easy to say but-----------if no one wants a junior with no experience is hard to get there.

[@ammaralawneh7445]

omg!! your videos are what Im thinking for and answering my all question in cloud ,thank you a lot lucy :)

[@TechwithLucy]

Glad it helps!!

[@JoeKme]

I love your channel. Excellent information and you have an infectious smile that helps!

[@TechwithLucy]

Thank you! 😊

[@ropire33]

Great video, here is my take on this. Studying and obtaining certs to get a job is fundamentally wrong approach, at least from my perspective. Primary motivation should be the studying and getting the knowledge itself. When you have solid knowledge, than certs usually do not matter. Other thing is that the AWS certs are generally not that difficult to obtain. The exam structure itself helps you a lot. You do not need to have rock solid knowledge of the exam topics, it's often enough to be able to eliminate the obviously incorrect answers and then try to guess the correct one out of the 2 remaining possible answers. You do not need to perform any memory items or any performance based tasks. On top of that, the time limit to take the exam is so generous, that you can go through whole test 2-3 times and still finish early. I did manage to pass cloud practitioner and sysops associate in about 3-4 weeks and always had a comfortable error margin on my score. I do not want to sound negative, but guys keep in mind that the certification is just a beginning and does not actually prove that much if you don't have real life experience with the tech itself.

[@thumpertorque_]

"Studying and obtaining certs to get a job is fundamentally wrong approach, at least from my perspective. Primary motivation should be the studying and getting the knowledge itself." Explain how you'd get "knowledge" without getting the cert first or getting a job.

[@mpaterson]

@@thumpertorque_ I interpret that as "Do the cert program, but don't expect it to hand you the job." instead focus on the skills you learn from the cert program and practice those to become fluent in the technology. Regardless of the tech one learns it would seem that the best way to actually land the job is to build projects, collaborate, and network until you are recognized as a candidate for work.

[@tee7697]

It is a way to verify your knowledge

[@dashingdecentkhan]

Thanks for showing the right picture

[@grim789]

Honestly though getting a cert with this potential even if you got all of them it's still cheaper than 1 year even at a community College. Shoot cheaper than a semester tbh. So price wise it's incredible. And there are so many cheap or even free courses to study from.

[@TechwithLucy]

Haha true. Getting certs is technically cheaper than a college degree 😆

[@homeschooljourney3830]

Thanks for this video... Btw pls keep the ring light on the side coz it reflects in your eye glass☺️

[@TechwithLucy]

Will keep that in mind!

[@solomonowusuboafour5186]

Let's get certified ❤

[@obalefrancisako1014]

please I have tried to do findings here in my country where I live, I couldn't see an Institution offering the course. please I wish to prepare and start by July. main while am still watching 👀 your video and more others on you tube thanks.

[@bigombre3867]

All of the courses are online courses. Udemy, cloudguru, whizlabs all provide courses. I’m sure there’s more but those are the sites I’ve used. Stephane maarek on Udemy is best. I hope they offer it in your country! Good luck 👍🏾

[@erikamiller2294]

let’s get certified!

[@wings9920]

I think it means a lot that this video got almost 100 comments in less than a month.

[@bulcub]

Did you do a project to display your abilities for your interview?

[@AlanRoy-ei2mm]

Hi, the Cloud Community link says it is not active 😕, can you please share us a new link to join your community.

[@TechwithLucy]

It should work now!

[@thurairatnamsivasasththive7301]

Can you please create more videos on project work?

[@muhummedrauff1266]

Thanks so much for this. Super helpful !

[@TechwithLucy]

Glad you found it helpful 😊

[@Falti-n3k]

Hi Lucy, I've taken a few AWS SAA classes online but I'm the type that needs an in person in-depth learning environment. I believe you mentioned that you were enrolled in a 6-month AWS apprenticeship program, is there any way I could do that as well? I think AWS is absolutely amazing and I know that I can succeed if given the proper training. Thanks!

[@muhammadhaque889]

Hi Lucy, I'm new to IT/Cloud. I'm taking some paid course and now looking to prepare for the test. AWS has just few sample questions and answers. Any suggestions for more Q&A to prepare for the CCP Exam? Thank you for sharing your thoughts.

[@Anna-cz9mk]

Udemy has sample test

[@janturla2930]

Thank you, Lucy.. I tried joining Cloudbite slack community but the link is not working anymore... Can you share a new one please? 🙏😊

[@TechwithLucy]

Thanks for letting me know, just updated the link!

[@louisbotha2236]

Thanks for sharing and I find the format and explanations very helpful 🙏🏼

[@TechwithLucy]

Appreciate the support! 😄

[@ganasai9573]

Hey Lucy great content could you do a video about everything related to cloud projects like where to start and all . Thanks in Advance .

[@TechwithLucy]

Will do! 😊

[@ganasai9573]

@@TechwithLucy will be waiting for it Lucy 😍

[@jawaharpatro3818]

Most valuable information Lucy..thank you very much !!

[@TechwithLucy]

No worries!

[@VincentOnProduction]

Other than the AWS certification, would you still need to be knowledgable in IT for example the Grow with Google IT courses?

[@dipboro4535]

Hi Lucy, love your videos and always very informative content you put up👍

[@TechwithLucy]

Thank you! 😊

[@swaroopjashu]

Hi Lucy, a big thanks 😍💐

[@TechwithLucy]

No problem!

[@vikrantsingh4536]

Thanks..Lucy for valuable information

[@TechwithLucy]

Thanks for watching!

[@xavieralmonte5404]

Hey Lucy! Another great video, thank you for sharing your expertise. Quick question, I just completed my AWS Solutions Architect- Associate certification, about 2 projects in my GitHub account and I have about 6 years of experience as an Account Executive. What would you recommend for someone in my shoes to do next to land a Solutions Architect role? Thank you!

[@rohitdadge7227]

Thank u so much ..and lots of love from INDIA

[@TechwithLucy]

Thanks for watching!

[@slamminsammy24sw]

Can you please post a video about companies that offer freelance work that will best benefit someones experience

[@jltplease]

Are there any locations you can recommend for AWS mentorship? Thanks a lot!

[@joeffreysamarita841]

Hello Lucy. Huge thanks for your great content. What online course would you recommend for AWS Solutions Architect Associate? Thanks in advance.

[@TechwithLucy]

@@xymvl4t3d +1, those are the resources i used 😊😊

[@majestinostario1341]

Interesting Thanks!

[@lastraven7205]

@Rana Khanum thanks

[@teamlovepanda]

what is best!? AWS OR CISCO CCNA/CCNP Salary?

[@DevSaitoTECH]

That's my next year goal after I get SA Professional and ML Specialty now in 2022! "Be your work teammate!" hahaha or at least work in some of the FAANG companies. Thanks for the tips! (:

[@virtualbible]

In the preferred qualifications of that sample job description, it said certified as solutions architect or professional. Why didn’t you point that out!?!?!

[@TechwithLucy]

Because I assumed it was pretty obvious an aws certification “helps”. 😄 Guess I could’ve pointed it out explicitly - thanks for your feedback

[@SourabhAil]

Subscribed. Thanks a lot.

[@TechwithLucy]

No worries! 😊

[@zeeshanhabib3181]

Hi, if i am web developer which aws certification i should focus to stay in the web field

[@davidfield2030]

Is the issue that you need soft skills as well as certification, or is the issue that the certifications are worth like without prior real world experience?

[@SourabhKumarDhangar]

I am an AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Associate, and I am applying to various companies, but they often require experience. Despite earning this certification, it feels challenging to secure a job. Could you please suggest some companies where I could apply for an internship or entry-level job to gain practical experience?

[@ahsanali-gm4ci]

today I passed my cloud practitioner exam. and got 803/1000 . First of all I wanna thank you Lucy. your videos are really helpful. Second please suggest what to do next, I am new at cloud... Can I get internship at aws if yes how ?

[@lauradouglas6505]

Hey, what resources did you use to study and how many months did you prep

[@TechwithLucy]

Hi Ahsan, congrats on passing CCP! 💪 Next step could be to get SAA and build a cloud project to add to your resume. AWS internships posts their on the Amazon.jobs website - I recommend checking it out

[@ahsanali-gm4ci]

@@TechwithLucy Thanks Lucy You are so nice. May Allah bless you and your family... Keep it up... I really appreciate your efforts...

[@ahsanali-gm4ci]

@@lauradouglas6505 I took amazon course which contained 10 lectures/chapters. Its free. Then I listened lectures on youtube and lectures were of length 5-6 hours. After that I went through series of multiple choice questions and solved/learnt almost 500 mcqs. If you will be interested I will share links of those lectures and multiple type questions with you.

[@lauradouglas6505]

@@ahsanali-gm4ci pls share the links, thank you 🙏🏽

[@harshgoyal3553]

I got my aws solution architect associate exam certified on 31march 2023.Now I want to know what I can do toh get some internship in this job role.

[@yaavanig_gotthu]

Have you got any internship?

[@tiendang6790]

Any updates?

[@AbhimanyuKumar-wc1ws]

Hi Lucy, thanks for such a great content. I need ur guidance regarding AWS, I am a Java backend developer, I want to learn AWS and want to do certificate, what I should learn in AWS. Could you please guide me. It's my humble request to you please.

[@PerezTheDev]

On top of the other basic AWS services (think compute, storage, etc)

[@purplecrayon7281]

If you are already an expert in Java or any other programming languages, AWS (or Azure or Google cloud) is a step down. You might wanna take a shot at cybersecurity or network security.

[@tafadzwachigwada5799]

Thanks so much for this!

[@TechwithLucy]

No worries! 😊

[@williamvaldez5463]

Appreciate the advice TY

[@TechwithLucy]

No problem :)

[@obalefrancisako1014]

Greetings lucy I wish to start a career in the cloud ,please can i have the link? I am Francis in Austria Europe.

[@kyawzawaung3712]

I think AWS certs would be helpful to get an interview and make stand out among applicants.

[@TechwithLucy]

Ahh I forgot to state the obvious 😆, yess certifications will definitely help you stand out

[@rathodchintunayak9364]

@@TechwithLucy how to prepare for AWS practitioner

[@TechwithLucy]

Check my very first cisoe

[@TechwithLucy]

Video*

[@devinrahul6887]

Hi how did you a get a job at AWS? Like how did you apply ?

[@Antweezywchs08]

I am interested in this and I am also employed at Amazon. Do you think that will help my chances of landing a future job?

[@majestinostario1341]

Hello, please between Cloud Computing & Cybersecurity which is more recommendable?,Thanks!

[@CosmiqPenguin]

I have skills in both. Hackers are increasingly targeting the cloud with new attacks almost everyday. Learn both and use them together.

[@rajatchoudhary5761]

Your video content is great

[@TechwithLucy]

Thanks! 😊

[@lawsofhumannature2049]

I'm will build my lab this week and employ clouds in virtual machines, do you have any advice as far as what exactly is necessary to cover in a project to meet the experience necessary to apply a cloud project in my resume?

[@jimc1499]

We want to know if it holds the weight or the cert but knowledge and experience are the standard in IT but need to have cert to get seen in ats resume searches

[@sadbinmohshin7564]

How many months it take for you ?

[@kingsleygeorge7736]

Lucy that’s tough!

[@TechwithLucy]

Yeah a lot of factors to keep in mind 😅

[@creator4487]

Hi.. Will AWS data analytics certification is enough to get a job?

[@sevastionaaron9535]

what are a list of tech certs to get that could land a job

[@majestinostario1341]

So going for a College Degree is pretty useless right?

[@shinobi_coder88]

2:27 - Why the role prefers SA candidate to know how to code while SA doesn't code and build anything to customers at all on their real job, unlike CA?

[@collinbrown3991]

What if you already got a job with AWS without a degree?Would you have to go back to school?

[@nursebondemcanada]

i am binge-watching your videos so if you see me all over the place don't be suprised.

[@S.saumya]

Do we need to know coding for cloud computing?

[@TechwithLucy]

Coding is not a pre-requisite to learning cloud computing - but it’s useful to know

[@S.saumya]

Also would like to know that going for masters degree is needed for cloud computing or certifications are enough

[@TechwithLucy]

It’s more about showing employers you have hands on experience, rather than credentials such as a masters degree 😄 I’d recommend joining the Cloudbites Community on Slack (link in video description) - there’s a lot of people asking the same questions

[@BigRonJ77]

I have over 7 years in telecom and 5 of that being sales. What would be the best AWS path for me?

[@TechwithLucy]

It really depends on what cloud job you’ll like to land 😄

[@TechwithLucy]

Usually CCP -> SAA -> cloud project -> start applying to jobs

[@azimfauzi1]

Thank you Lucy !

[@dontabideme3920]

Hey now i am doing AWS cloud practitioner essential, what is next good option for my career please friend.

[@sravanireddy5277]

I am a fresher,and my passion is to become cloud architecture,to crack these can you provide some suggestions and certification courses related to it

[@amitgupta7905]

Is it must to learn linux to land into AWS jobs. Please guide

[@deezoflexmo8529]

Linux and python is best to know and at least network plus knowledge

[@amitgupta7905]

@@deezoflexmo8529 Deep knowledge of linux or just basic commands? Thanks in advance

[@amitgupta7905]

@Tech With Lucy Please add your view into this. Should I have deep knowledge of Linux or basic one will work?

[@deezoflexmo8529]

@@amitgupta7905 I wouldn’t say advance just be comfortable with it I have family in it and he has never said it needs to be advanced but being advanced will only help you regardless

[@amitgupta7905]

@@deezoflexmo8529 Thanks, cheers!

[@saurabhjirekar4253]

Hello lucy , does being certified in aws solution architect will help me get a great pay or having knowledge and having a certificate will pay same as CTC.

[@kushal809]

Thanks for sharing 👍

[@TechwithLucy]

Thanks for watching :))

[@karygable9919]

Hi Lucy, I always follow your contents. Just wanted to ask if you also use programming language as SAA?

[@TechwithLucy]

I have a video discussing coding in SA role 😄

[@karygable9919]

@@TechwithLucy base on your video it is not required but it is nice to have. TY ✌️

[@mcleve8393]

Do you have any suggestions on possible cloud projects to work... for those who aren't in school or working for a company to show their learned knowledge.

[@TrendenOfficial]

Build a web application and host it on AWS

[@collinbrown3991]

Also do workers for AMS have in person meetings?

[@VikashSharma-ud4bs]

Hello Lucy, Frankly speaking, I have no experience in cloud, networking, Firewall, Linux or even Python. Do you think it would be wise for me to prepare for AWS Cloud Practitioner Certificate ? Or, can I start without having any knowledge of this and still crack the exam ? Please guide

[@purplecrayon7281]

I'm sure you could still crack the exam if you have the study materials and can memorize the answers. But how do you intend to answer questions if you are asked cloud computing, networking, Linux server OS, during the actual job interview?

[@abjtg8419]

Firstly, start by asking yourself what you wish to do , what kind of job you want to have. If you are determined to have a job in IT, then nowadays it is absolutely necessary to learn cloud computing. About 10-15 years ago, it was essential to have a knowledge of one of the programming languages, database. This forms the base of ur knowledge of the IT systems and comes in handy when you work on a real project. You can choose from AWS or Azure for cloud computing, because these two have lot of free resources for learning. If you are interested in designing, you can explore front end technologies for app & web design. If you are interested in how data is stored and managed, you can check different back end technologies like database. There are other streams based on the data like data science , business intelligence etc. Long story short cloud computing will be a stepping stone , then it’s really your interest in technology to learn other skills.

[@Khaled-p5d5g]

So basically someone like myself who hasn't been in uni to study com science or have knowledge in software development won't be able to do this 😢

[@MrGuardian1993]

I'm a 3D graphic who changing career to IT field and i've found your channel is really useful. Thanks ! :)

[@TechwithLucy]

Glad it’s helpful to you!!

[@abhardwaj02]

I am studying Virtualisation and cloud computing (ontario post grad diploma) would that help on top of certification?

[@purplecrayon7281]

your diploma should supersede most cloud certifications. Certifications are usually for those who cannot afford post secondary education. But you can still try the AWS test to see what you learn prepared you for AWS roles.

[@abhardwaj02]

@@purplecrayon7281 thank you

[@davalianscents9284]

Sounds like so many other things are more important than the certification. Can you rank them in terms of highest importance to least?

[@sukritakhauri65]

Slack Link is not working

[@Cadabzy]

Say i have multiple AWS certifications ranging from foundation to professional could my chances of getting a job/standing out increase? Thanks in advance

[@Joe-qv2jo]

One of my relatives got a infra ops trainee job at aws center. It is a management job after 6 months of training. How to be prepared before joining job. Any tips pls

[@thamilarasanv6901]

After i completed AWS cloud practitioner which will be my designation name?

[@munnavijayan9753]

I'm just dropped out of my degree...Will that be a problem in AWS jobs??

[@broudidierkonan5452]

Hello @Tech With Lucy, please for the SAA 03 exam once you have paid for the composition. How many chances do you have to pass, that is if you did not pass the first attempt. Are you given other chances to take the same exam without paying or is it a chance alone. Thank you in advance.

[@collinbrown3991]

It says online you don’t need a degree for the job.

[@TechwithLucy]

You don’t need one - check out my video “how to land a job without a college degree”

[@squareb0wls407]

hi. the link above for your cloudbites community is expired. could u send me a new link to join. thank you

[@TechwithLucy]

Just replaced it, thanks a lot for letting me know :)

[@sulaimanibrahim1635]

Hi! How can I find the link to slack?

[@TechwithLucy]

It’s linked in my “About” section of my KZbin channel

[@vijayazende]

Hi I'm not interested in coding / programming which certification should I go for in aws?

[@PerezTheDev]

The other path would be go for Solutions Architect!

[@esteban-alvino]

Thanks

[@adib4361]

Hi Lucy, I'm new to this channel and I really like this video, I have a question though. You said AWS certf is a starting poitn, so suppose after completing the crtf and working on some cloud projects what all roles can we apply in AWS. I'm so confused rn and I just need a direction so i cam build a road map. Thabk You.

[@PerezTheDev]

Once you have some experience with projects, go for associate Solutions Architect. If not find a job elsewhere where you can put into practice your new skillsets in cloud!

[@lastraven7205]

@@PerezTheDev can you get q job with a solutions architect cert? what kind of jobs

[@sangeetakale5817]

Will the Aws cloud architect associate certification enough to land a job

[@Animal1may]

Is work from home possible in aws job ?

[@TechwithLucy]

Yep I was mainly wfh last year

[@Animal1may]

@@TechwithLucy Could you share salary range to starter

[@chinmalm6200]

what is the avg salary for soultion architect?

[@lancecarroll81]

Hi, I'm looking for a new career and stumbled upon AWS. I have a BBA and MBA, but my resume has such scattered experience, I'm looking for certifications to kind of narrow down and specialize my career. I have zero computer training but I'm not completely tech illiterate either. Is AWS a waste of energy for my situation? I'm 41 with a family so I can't just start completely at the bottom for financial reasons. Which certification should I aim for in my scenario?

[@bongimusprime7981]

You’re def not too old mate. My advice, don’t look to certifications as the end goal, but instead use them as a guide to your learning journey. Start with getting a basic understanding of Linux, then move on to virtualization and then containers (docker is the most popular). For these so far, you don’t need any certifications and there are lots of resources online. Then once you understand how containers work, move on to container orchestration technology, like Kubernetes. At this point, depending on your comfort, you may use a certification like CKAD to guide your learning pace. After you’re comfortable with k8s, take the cloud practitioner exam that many here have already recommended. To make you really stand out in the pool of applicants, a certification isn’t enough, but having some basic projects under your belt. This is why having something like AWS solutions architect might be good to have, since it’s theoretical but also practical in the sense that you have to practice to understand it. Best of luck in your learning journey!

[@frankie352]

Got a new slack link?

[@TechwithLucy]

just updated!

[@frankie352]

@@TechwithLucy thank you!!!

[@DevlogBill]

Hi Lucy, great video it was very informative. I am into Software Development with JavaScript and Python. I am focused on becoming a full-stack Python Developer and I happened recently to hear about the AWS Developers Associates. I don't know much about cloud services only from what I had learned from my back-end developer skills which isn't much because my strong points are really in the front-end. But I figured let me look into this because I heard Python is the main programming language for DevOps Development. Anyways let me ask my question. Could you describe what are the requirements to pass the AWS Developers Associates? Also, how long did it take you to study for this certification and eventually passing? Finally, in comparison to the other certificates how would you rank the difficulty level of the certifications you had already taken? Very curious to learn more about these certs, thank you!

[@JDMorris81]

Get the Certified Cloud Practitioner Cert first, then you can go for the Dev cert.

[@HappyWonderer]

Hi William, How much do you use maths as a software developer? Maths isn't my strong point so I want to make sure before I start barking up the wrong tree.

[@DevlogBill]

@@HappyWonderer hi Nathan, it really depends on what type if field your focused on. For example if your looking into Data Science the math you'll most likely be using depending on the company will most likely be statistics, maybe some algebra and I heard calculus but I'm not certain. But as for most software development no, you won't be using math. If you are referring to math for devOps or anything within the cloud service providers, I don't know. I looked into it a couple of months back but found out I didn't like it. If your looking into programming I would simple sat your fundamentals of programming, choose your technology for what you would like to focus on, learn data structures and algorithms.

[@HappyWonderer]

@@DevlogBill thanks for the response, only just started looking into this as I think I want to go into something different than civil engineering, which I’m currently in. Do currently do something tech related? Or what work you doing currently?

[@DevlogBill]

@@HappyWonderer I am not a developer if that is what your asking. But I had a similar route like you, use to be a civil engineer as well. Took pre-cal up too cal2 until I ran out of money and funding. But originally since I love math I focused on Data Science for 4 months learning statistics, power-Bi, excel, Python and MySQL. Didn't like that so I've been learning front end development primarily with JavaScript for almost 10 months now. I am not a professional developer if that is what your asking. But I am a couple of steps ahead of you when it comes to learning and making projects. I've spoken to professional developers, messaged them, did lots of research. So I can share what little I do know. If you like software development try out different things and see what you like. Do you like mobile development? Web development? Try different things out and see what you like, what fulfills you. After you figure out what you like pick it and stick with it. I would strongly encourage you not to bounce around after you decide and most importantly go to places like Udemy and copy their syllabus and create your own. Or of you need something to help you out and do the work for you and your focused on JavaScript or Ruby on Rails check out www.odinproject.com or www.freecodecamp.com those are two free excellent resources for learning. Let me know if you need anything else.

[@victorbf124]

I hate interviews so much. I avoid them at all costs.