James Smith Explains His Crazy Experience With OZEMPIC

Zack Telander and James Smith hit the driveway for an episode of Lift Companion. In this they discuss the Daily Dialled Animal, covering Sperm Wales and their extreme loudness and the Mantis Shrimp, one of the most violent creatures in the sea, with a massively destructive punch that blows apart everything and boils water. Also, some lifting.
Get 10% off your first order with Marek Health, use code TELANDER:
marekhealth.com/zacktelander
Get your gear here:
athlete.transparentlabs.com/z...
Get clothing here:
barbellapparel.com/telander
Chapters:
00:00 - Intro
02:32 - Daily Dialed Animal
14:17 - The World is a Lie
17:10 - Light Speed Travel Will Kill You
18:44 - Deadlifts
22:32 - Fitness is So Fake
27:22 - Most Beta Public Behaviours
29:30 - Ozempic Is Dangerous
39:45 - Wrap Up

[@JamesSmithPT]

Ah the boys!

[@user-ii7xc1ry3x]

Woud love to see a couple more of these with Zach :)

[@therealforestelf]

fancy seeing you around here! I like!!

[@mattpropst2618]

We need a "No Excuses Just Improve" mantis shrimp shirt.

[@georgf9279]

Neanderthals had larger brains than homo sapiens does. They also weren't "killed off". Instead Neanderthals probably had smaller groups and less cooperation between those groups than homo sapiens. This different sozial structure was less adaptive and led to those Neanderthal communities having lower survival chances. Another point is that we today have about 2% Neanderthal in our own genome. So that's where the last of them went. They interbred with us until there was no distinction left.

[@Malendor]

Depends on who we is. Sub-Saharan Africans and Australian Aboriginals don't have any Neanderthal ancestry

[@wolfiechin4272]

Sexy Neanderthal of course Also (think this is speculative) but they make use of as much ranged weapons like spears because they were bigger and able to fight unlike weak Homo sapiens sapiens so would get injured more then us

[@charliebrittable]

2% of average. My % is more hence an extra head bone and short fkn legs 😅

[@JohnSmith-zs1bf]

Allegedly

[@ImperialFool]

​​​​​@ErgBerg1998they had a longer gestation period (11 months), lower fertility and smaller tribe sizes. So homo sapiens kinda rolled in, more fertile, faster gestation and larger social groups. Pretty much out competed all the other hominids. An interesting thing is that intelligence wise we're not entirely sure anymore that we were the smartest. Neanderthals had art and tool use, as well as bigger brains. There is an argument (cope) that we had better abstract reasoning (which presents itself as spiritual or religious beliefs) that gave us an edge but that's sorta conjecture. As we are the only ones that survived.

[@averyacheson9137]

Thank you for Lift Companion! I throw it on the TV while training Oly lifts alone in my basement! I probably sound like a crazy person to my wife... Who is a totally real person. I swear.

[@LucasDimoveo]

I started peptides to heal a brutal GI and fissure issue. I've always been on the more overly mobile side of the mobility spectrum. This sounds like an exaggeration, but my joints and tendons feel like they were removed from a normal person and implanted into me. Absolutely unreal. Peptides feel like what stem cells were supposed to be. 110% worth it

[@janemf]

yeah peptides are amazing

[@LucasDimoveo]

@@janemf feels like someone gave me Titan shifter powers

[@MrSpicabooo]

Source? Only thing that keeps me from buying shit online is making sure its legit. Im a chemist so i been tryna find a way to buy the usp standards at work without being noticed but i dont think its possible lol

[@emZee1994]

Where did u get them?

[@janemf]

I don't want ppl to think I'm advertising, so I'm not going to name anyone specific. but I googled what I was looking for and found a website that prescribes with a doctor who monitors with blood work (the meds come from a compounding pharmacy, not some rando on the internet). I don't blame you for being afraid about what you'll find. that's why I'm using a doctor, labs, and pharmacy.

[@Thematty635]

The flow state indeed, great chat there guys love it all

[@naikshibabrat]

On the flight paths being arc: this is because the shortest distance between two points on a sphere is a segment of a circle with the center at the sphere's center. This is a wild and wicked cool result compared to the intuitive fact of the shortest distance between two points on a plane being a straight line (this latter setting is called Euclidean geometry, while the former is called spherical geometry). One doesn't see spherical geometry unless one studies relativity or the geometry of curved spaces. To be trite and non-rigorous, arcs can be straight lines depending on your context.

[@nicholaskoenig3106]

Brilliant chat! I absolutely loved it.

[@MrGroetale]

This is a very good format, record a podcast while doing some light workout. Hopefully more of this 👍👍👍

[@hugolundin9946]

My grand uncle have been taking Ozempic and dropped 37 lbs in about six months. 76 years old , smoker and type 2 diabetes. Gained a little more pep in his step. My paternal grandfather got a prescription to drop some weight so he wouldn't end up with type 2 diabetes aswell. The doctor gave him a far to large dose to start with and he ended up collapsing with a huge blood pressure drop. His brother found him all white in the face on the floor, fortunately he got to the hospital in time.

[@rugby4eva6]

So pleased this collab happened!!

[@jamescanjuggle]

First time watcher of the podcast, came in expecting the usual stuff like work talk, life, meaning blah blah just to fill some time doing chores but nope, bam in come the sperm whales, mantis shrimp (best shrimp dont test me) just casual but engaging talk outside nothing fancy. absolutely loved it, felt fresh, probably helped im outside too so the noises matched up and i felt totally engaged not just half asleep not remembering anything.

[@freakied0550]

My dad's on Ozempic. He had similar story, if he indulges a bit on food it makes him feel like shit and gives him massive heartburn. He's dropped 25lbs over about 3 months (250ish down to the 220s). Says he doesn't really feel much better though.

[@jt.brewster]

He’s probably deficient in a lot of micronutrients. Make sure he gets bloods done and gets one some multivitamins.

[@Dad_Lyon]

​@@jt.brewster Do multi vitamins do anything for those kinds of deficiencies? I've lost 20 lb before, and was crampy. I was for sure getting enough water and potassium from how I was eating.

[@thebard20]

​@@Dad_Lyonsometimes they can but some nutrients are only absorbed in the presence of certain others or under other conditions

[@kameronfadden6210]

i love the chat the topics and the vibes

[@tonyrips27]

Sound moves faster in a more dense medium, this means on a cold day it will move slightly faster than a hot day 😮

[@fatdadocr936]

Tardigrades, Mantis Shrimp, and Sperm Whales!

[@ianbeckler1678]

Love this series and the dialed animal segment is the best! Migratory patterns are some of the most dialed things in nature I think Northern Brazil is closer to Canada than Northern Brazil is to Southern Brazil Watching this while I lift today

[@petermozuraitis5219]

With the acceleration and light speed talk, even after you've spent a year or 6 months accelerating to light speed, youd now have to wait and cruise for another 3-5 years because the closest cluster of stars are around 4 lightyears away

[@linctheweightlifter04]

Zack you should make a trivia show but it’s just about animals and weightlifting

[@pronxon]

At 38:00 mark you talk a bit about what if you're 31-32 and your test is 400 or lower. I'm gonna tell you that, that means absolutely nothing and you do not need test if you do not have any symptoms of low test. I started measuring my hormones at 30, I'm 32 now. My test levels have been in 4 different tests under 200 nanograms. But I have 0 symptoms of low test, I gain muscle very easily, my libido is very high and I am very energetic and love working out. I weigh 105kg and getting close to 300kg deaflift. I consulted a endocrinologist and the conclusion is: if you have no symptoms, your test levels do not matter. It is just YOUR bodys normal level which it operates on and if you drop below YOUR normal range, you might have problems. And no, I do not take any PEDs.

[@BGeezy4sheezy]

Yeah the pure number may be a lot less meaningful than we think. It’s about your own body’s normal range

[@davidcraig9540]

Happily surprised by the sea animal talk haha it’s like Easter egg bonus content

[@SebastianAnklamm]

Best episode this season.

[@johnhayward5444]

This is one of your best ever. Funny and interesting.

[@vincev8018]

Zack, amazing conversation. I've been trying to find a way to express my concerns about ozempic to a family member who also do not see the light at the end of the tunnel, so to speak. I will send him this video. Thanks

[@lolbubs11111]

life companion outro is DOPE

[@sentralorigin]

please make that video about disordered eating in fitness

[@IsaacMorgan98]

Humans are far from pathetic because "we just have big brains". Yes there are a lot of animals stronger, faster, more durable than us. However an adult male thats used to labour can dismember a good number of animals with his bare hands, we are in the top 5 distance runners on the planet, the only animals with clearer eyesight are raptors, our shoulders and upright posture make us the kings of throwing, were group hunters, we are aware enough to train and specialise in different modalities to make the group as a whole stronger. We're so dominant because we're jacks of all trades, we can fly without wings, swim for hours without gills, we can dig through the earths crust we can climb anything and wherever we go we can take spears, arrows or now guns and explosives. We could extinct any animal on the planet right now in a year if we all agreed to do that, we just choose not too. We are the marshals and protectors of all of our previous predators, not just because of our brain size but because of our social cohesion and body structure/size that allows us to use tools. If there were another animal on earth that was equal in capacity to us you'd live in permanent terror. Still for some reason, humans consider themselves as pathetic animals and igonre their massive capacities for world wide decimation of life. That's in part why we've caused the level of destruction we have, cause we don't really accept that we're capable of that when the reality is we're the only animals at the moment capable of that. Put a modern human in the damn jurrasic period and all that will happen is we'll workout how to extinct dinosaurs ourselves without needing a meteor. As tough as your favourite dino is, it wont survive a shot from a howitzer cannon.

[@FuriousGeorge_13]

38:06 there are absolutely people who highlight the dangers of chemo. And they’re right. Sometimes it’s still the best option, but people definitely call out it’s shortcomings.

[@bryceboring3507]

Would love a video about gaining weight for sports. I was told I needed to gain 30 pounds my freshman year of high school and switch positions if I wanted any chance of starting. I wasn’t even light weight at the time. I got a plan through my coach to eat a minimum of 4,800 calories a day. It’s been a decade since I wore a helmet and I’ve only been back to my freshman weight once. What’s worse is I start to feel sick anytime I get close to it. It’s turned into a lose-lose situation. Joints and lungs suck at heavy weight. Feel sick all the time at normal weight.

[@jculbert2221]

Dialed Trivia on Lift Companion. This is even better.

[@davidlane6758]

This is my kind of training session! Why, yes, I would love to chat about zoology, evolution, and other random science trivia between sets. Apropos of that, if you've never read Richard Dawkins' essays on various biological and general scientific topics, give some of them a read. He's masterful at weaving together the interconnections between different fields in a way that is both insightful and poetic. He's the Carl Sagan of biology.

[@Kobe005]

Mantis shrimp is the seemingly ungifted but actually highly OP anime protagonist of the sea.

[@Real28]

Check out the Pistol Shrimp if you think the Mantis Shrimp is powerful... And yes, as someone who is super into all things cosmic, the fact we can have an eclipse like we do is BONKERS unique. If the moon or sun were any larger/smaller then we wouldn't get the crazy views we get. Clarification about Gs... acceleration g's are much easier on the body than vertical gs. Same for lateral. F1 drivers dont experience changes in vertical g, just acceleration and lateral. Same for most space launches, its why we launch astronaunts on their backs. Fighter pilots and roller coasters experience vertical g and one of them is tolerable, the other is not. Positive g (pushing down on head) is tolerable, negative (pushing up from ground) is not. Anyways, a fit person could handle 2g in the acceleration plane. It would be uncomfortable but the biggest thing to fight is The G would be pushing on your chest against your chest which would probably make it more difficult to breathe but it wouldn't be anything that is going to kill you over time as long as you can maintain enough oxygen which you could probably do with a pressurized suit or something like a CPAP machine to force oxygen in that you might be missing.

[@ulf.]

handgun Vs sonic hammer. Who wins?

[@markharris1730]

The Mantis Shrimps colour reception does not allow the Mantis Shrimp to see better or even as well as humans. It is indeed true that the mantis shrimp has a lot more types of color photoreceptors than humans do (12 versus three). Yet, the mantis shrimp does not have better color vision than we do. A study published in Science by Hanne H. Thoen and colleagues in January of 2014 showed that mantis shrimp are actually worse than we are when it comes to discriminating differences in color. In other words, the fact that the mantis shrimp has a greater variety of color photoreceptors does not endow the crustacean with better color vision. signals from color photoreceptors are actually quite ambiguous. In fact a single cone type responds not only to changes in the color of light, but also to changes in the intensity of light. Thus when a cone is activated by light it cannot tell which change has turned it on.

[@tariqo16]

This was good

[@I.heart.training]

That one oatmeal conic strip single handedly catapulted the mantis shrimp to goat status 😂

[@multiplectico]

You should give credit to The Oatmeal for the Mantis Shrimp stuff.

[@DCJayhawk57]

Prime years as a natural bodybuilder extend a lot longer. I didn't get into natural bodybuilding until I was 31, I'm 38 now, and I've put on plenty of size. It's actually easier than in my "prime years" since I can afford more quality food now and my training knowledge is so much greater. I started out with basically no chest and now it's pretty respectable. Saddens me guys in the fitness sphere are still propagating stereotypes that naturals can't make gains past the arbitrary age cutoff of 30 lol. Since I've turned 30, I've added 2" to my arms, 2" to my thighs, and 5" to my chest amongst other gains. My recovery and training are just as productive as they were 10+ years ago, we're talking about lifting weights, not dunking a basketball. Bodybuilding is a great endeavor for people as they age out of competitive sports that require more explosive tendon capacity.

[@agnidas5816]

15:30 hmm. The world map I had on my wall as a kid was a 2-d globe version of slices so Africa was huge and Russia+ Canada looked smaller. Got lucky. South America on your map looks soooo tiny...

[@clayfoster9303]

15:30 describes my life. I often find myself trying to get people into conversations about pro wrestling or nascar or the jfk assassination and almost no one ever gives two shits. However, every once in a while someone bites and that's a rush like no other.

[@JamieoftheNorth]

Gym bro conversation at its finest.

[@Himothy704]

This is actually a high-level fitness conversation.

[@ulf.]

does Zack's podcast still exist or is it discontinued?

[@Sheabutta587]

Lift companion is the goat, I would stoked to have these conversations while training. Im convinced we all might be just a little autistic though

[@BingoBangoBabyInc]

As a Florida man I really think we need the American alligator on daily dialed animals.

[@drip369]

8:59 the music 😂😂🤣

[@hamm0155]

Yes the carl Orff was perfect and hilarious!

[@Prince_Myshkin]

someone let steve-o know, he gotta get smacked by this mantis shrimp

[@drip369]

26:41 yeah, folks that follow thee best of each realm, vs those who follow fads. The only "gym bro" I'll watch is Dom Mazzetti yet folks worship Sulek. Raffe here, Harry Squatter, Sika Strength and Weightlifting House are all i follow for weightlifting comentary, and dudes shooting the breeze.

[@sheboman19]

If you're traveling to a far out planet where it would take you years to get there anyway, taking 6 months to accelerate and another 6months to slow down is very acceptable.

[@justinjohnson4787]

The water bear 🐻? Is that the one your talking about that’s indestructible?

[@blammela]

The tardigrade!

[@LNLBGLD]

Just died on a hill about the tiger pistol shrimp versus the sperm whale😂 and this immediately played

[@drip369]

"Ohh kay" 💪💪

[@1vertwheeler]

ngl this is dreamlike logic

[@dustinminch]

I thought I was the only one who worked out while entertaining my ADHD LOL

[@hamm0155]

Zoology Zack Telander. So, can we call you ‘Zoolander’?

[@a.forrestcoaching]

Towelling the back is NOT beta if you are training topless and about to hit a huge back squat

[@mehdizj]

Those mantis shrimps are always on shrooms tripping.

[@RicONeill1964]

Does anybody remember Droopy (miserable cartoon dog trying to convince the world he’s happy)? Now tell me James Smith and Chris Williamson are not related to Droopy?

[@viklifts-zk8bl]

I remember seeing a meme about the mantis shrimp, something along the lines of "me after dipping my balls in the mantis shrimp tank". Thought it was hilarious at the time

[@cameronfyffe6346]

Eating half an apple=BETA😂

[@hamm0155]

Eating only one apple is kinda beta. I feel bad when I do it😢

[@linctheweightlifter04]

Yippie I can eat today again!!!

[@dbschmidt]

Ah shit, gotta stop drying my back now

[@balnazzar10]

Check rhinoceros beetles, Megachile pluto and the entire group of tardigrades.

[@I.heart.training]

2G's for 3 months in space.......I'm thinking Goku on route to namek 👀

[@ronnieplumper6047]

May I humbly propose the honey badger for your consideration as a dialled animal. The name may evoke a soft lad but they are pound for pound bad boys: intelligent, resilient and willing to engage in gratuitous violence with lions. Also, check a Peter’s projection map if you want to see a better ‘unwrapped globe’

[@hamm0155]

Honey badgers don’t give a shit

[@nunya5027]

Its crazy i have like 15 percent body fat yet at the dr i am still classified as obese

[@rustysausage69]

When hormones are artificially elevated, there IS NO GOING AGAINST THEM. Youll gain consciousness of your own actions while you're doing something you otherwise would NEVER do, you think "oh fuck, what am I doing" then you continue what you were doing. Its fuckin wild. I used MK677 during a cut. I'm never one to "raid the pantry" but I found myself multiple times going to the pantry right before bed or a few hours into the night and consuming 1-3 spoonful's of peanut butter. Sometimes I'd be walking back to my bedroom and I turn around to go back for one more scoop. The cut was successful, but I imagine I could have dipped into the single digit bodyfat percentages if I didn't use it (11.1 per a Dexa).

[@zachgriffith1]

Just imagining the neighbors having a nice dinner out back and suddenly getting blessed with a passionate conversation on sperm whales and the unimportance of talking about one's children

[@mikebennet4645]

Bro, a true dialled animal is the Tuatara of New Zealand. Check it out

[@JoshClarkson]

get dialled, fellow animals

[@pnkflyd350]

Dialed animal. The Artic Tern.

[@mako1134]

The most dialled animal is the honey badger without a doubt

[@Bulbous_Beluga]

The most beta thing that I’ve done, is going to the gym and picking up/putting a pin into a weight for your first set and realizing it’s too heavy, so now you have to reduce it.

[@louisemmett1999]

That’s not beta that’s just ego

[@nikevisor54]

This guy really compared taking test for instagram pics to fucking chemotherapy for cancer. Come the fuck on, bro

[@yewtewbstew547]

Nah, he compared a 400lbs person taking ozempic to someone taking chemo for cancer. Slightly different. Did you get bopped in the head by one of those mantis shrimps before watching the video?

[@samharris9559]

I think there was a Joe Rogan clip that went viral about how beavers exacerbate climate change issues, which I think is where a lot of the recent beaver hate comes from.

[@MrDavidMcKinnon]

When talking about gimmicks vs walking, think about all the bs "last mile" crap. We don't need scooters or mini bikes briefcase wheel things. It's all gimmicks just walk the last mile from the bus or train to were you're going. But in the us people avoid public transport at all costs too so more bs.

[@OkanGultekin]

It's the tardigrade

[@ZOROASTED]

talking about animals and stuff is way cooler than a cycle of roids or whatever. I like both

[@jamesguacamole3246]

FYI, the Federation of Planets has inertial dampers to keep the passengers from dying due to high acceleration/deceleration. Moreover, they aren't actually going at the speed of light, they are folding space with the warp engines - as such they can effectively exceed the speed of light. C'mon guys... seriously - let's stick to the facts - lol

[@coltontaylor4572]

It is to be noted that ozempic is NOT condusive for gains

[@julieb3240]

You just gotta make sure you're either in a surplus (if you're trying to gain) or getting enough protein and cal minimums in a deficit to spare muscle loss. Yes, you have to be selective about what you eat on the higher doses to make sure to get enough protein, but the muscle loss comes from excessive calorie restriction.

[@coltontaylor4572]

@julieb3240 Obviously you've never actually read case studies on ozempic. Get back to me after you do so, which you won't, as you're clearly speaking out of your azz. Have a good day bud

[@julieb3240]

@@coltontaylor4572 Most of the studies focused on weight loss in extreme calorie deficits, with severely obese test subjects with no focus on protein or cal minimums. I'm on it friend and muscle loss is minimum, pretty much comparable to a normal cut (without the adherence difficulty) as long as you hit that 1g of protein per lb of body weight, and don't create too extreme a deficit. I noticed keto also helps preserve muscle and strength while on it, but I'm certainly not talking out of my azz, just personal experience. I watched his other video and it looks like he dosed too high, too soon which is why he lost weight so quickly and had that severe reaction to a protein shake. The starting dose is .25 for a month, and .5ml for another month, then the dose he was taking which I believe was 1ML, based on how much he injected in his other video. I'm just trying to fight disinfo, as this drug is super life changing and you can most definitely preserve muscle and build muscle on this drug, especially when youre on your maintenance dose of 1.7-2.4ml a week.

[@julieb3240]

@@coltontaylor4572 I'm actually on it. Try not to lose more than 1.5 lbs a week by eating enough calories/protein and continue to lift. Sure there will be some muscle loss like with any cut, but the magic at play is that it makes adhering absolutely so much easier, and if you take the medication properly and start at lower doses, you won't lose weight as quickly as he did and have adverse reactions like he did to his protein shake. This is why people require medical guidance, because he could have been warned of all of the downsides and how they subside after you're accustomed to it.

[@julieb3240]

@@coltontaylor4572 My responses keep triggering auto-deletion, so I'll just say that if you adhere to the basic tenants of cutting, or should muscle gain be your goal, a slight surplus, you'll be fine. I'm on it.

[@tac328]

Boys you can get mantis skrimpies as pets. Do it.

[@DylonTroy]

When will you do o r with Dylan again

[@michaelbayer]

Zack needs to watch all of ZeFrank's videos...

[@jakebr47282]

Not only do monarch butterflies migrate to and from the exact same places, their life cycle is so short, 2-6 weeks, that the butterflies returning from Mexico are not the same ones that arrived there. Entire generations come and go before the next migration. Talk about dialed.

[@legendary7708]

Neanderthals were actually shorter than us but they were stronger. Also there is a decent probability that we interbred with them so they may not have died out.

[@yewtewbstew547]

afaik Neanderthals were shorter than we are on average in 2023, but as a species we've gained roughly a full foot in average height since Palaeolithic times. So they'd have been taller than us in their time. I imagine if they were still around as a separate species, they'd probably be like 7 foot by now. Unfortunately for Neanderthals, our peepee size and penchant for unnecessary violence probably proved more competitive than their superior height and physical strength lol.

[@blammela]

I’m used to being personally welcomed in these videos …….. 😐

[@judgejudyandexecutioner.5223]

I get that he's your mate, but the idea that listening to Chris Williamson educates you is down there with the idea that Rogan or BK podcasts educate you.

[@corneliusthecrowtamer1937]

Talking instead of doing your set: beta

[@ahart22]

Water bear 🤟

[@scottstevensonfilms]

Did I click on the discovery channel

[@emZee1994]

James complaining about Ozempic is like an insecure boyfriend complaining that his girlfriend owned a vibrator. A good PT would hop on the Ozempic train, not fight it. Liraglutide allowed me to lose a lot of weight, about a 1kg a week, and still going. My quality of life has increased so much

[@Dad_Lyon]

How much that stuff cost a month? I'm considering it or the surgery, been fighting my weight for 5 years. 5' 10" at 270 lb ain't good.

[@emZee1994]

@@Dad_Lyon where I live, in Australia, we have a variation of ozempic (Liraglutide) and two months supply costs me AU$700

[@Dad_Lyon]

@@emZee1994 fair. I'm in the US, so probably double or triple that hahah.

[@yewtewbstew547]

Wait, what. James is arguing in favour of drugs like ozempic becoming more commonly prescribed to obese patients here. 36:50 "They're only gonna get safer over time" "Are there side effects? Yeah, but the effects of being obese are way worse." Did you comment without watching the video, or am I having some sort of schizoid episode right now lol?

[@emZee1994]

@@yewtewbstew547 then he definitely changed his stance over the last couple months. I watched his original video on his channel where he spoke out against it and called it dangerous

[@christopherkraken7625]

More undersea creatures!

[@peteis2cool4u]

most beta thing is saying you are from Chicago but you're from the Burb

[@justinjohnson4787]

Most beta thing I have ever seen is faking pull ups for a KZbin video 😂

[@simonmorris746]

James Smith is the only fitness KZbinr with a worse rig than yours. It's significantly worse actually. Congratulations.

[@MowFaux]

someone should take Google away from you guys

[@LordBeezleDwarf]

Gay

[@Klepsterify]

Another Beta thing, talking about Beta things

[@beastfr0meast93]

Ohhhh anecdotes = danger. All the "science stuff" you talk about suddenly vanished 😅 Derick has no doctor's degree and still gets referenced like he has one. KZbin logic