Zionism, Arabism & Colonialism in the Middle East | BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1936 Part 1 of 3

After more than twenty years of colonial management, promises made but few promises kept and ethnic & cultural clashes in the area, unrest in the middle east erupts in violence. A series of movements originate in this time, with long lasting consequences.
Watch our episode about the Middle east in the 1920s here: • Carving up the Middle ...
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Hosted by: Indy Neidell
Written by: Joram Appel
Directed by: Spartacus Olsson and Astrid Deinhard
Executive Producers: Bodo Rittenauer, Astrid Deinhard, Indy Neidell, Spartacus Olsson
Creative Producer: Joram Appel
Post-Production Director: Wieke Kapteijns
Research by: Joram Appel
Fact-Checking by: Jonas Srouji
Edited by: Daniel Weiss
Sound design: Marek Kaminski
Sources:
Arab by LINECTOR from the Noun Project
Bomb by P Thanga Vignesh from the Noun Project
Colorizations by:
- Dememorabilia - / dememorabilia
- Adrien.Colorisation - ...
- Norman Stewart
Soundtracks from Epidemic Sound:
- Dawn Of Civilization - Jo Wandrini
- The Inspector 4 - Johannes Bornlöf
- Easy Target - Rannar Sillard
- First Responders - Skrya
- Not Safe Yet - Gunnar Johnsen
- Deflection - Reynard Seidel
- The Charleston 3 - Håkan Eriksson
A TimeGhost chronological documentary produced by OnLion Entertainment GmbH.

[@TimeGhost]

We have already covered 'Carving up the Middle East' in one of our first Between Two Wars episodes (watch here: kzbin.info/www/bejne/r2fXhKmIl9ubaNU), but we felt like we had to return to the area one more time as all that carving had quite some consequences. This means that a large part of this episode is about colonialism, Zionism, Arabism, race and ethnicity. I'm also aware of the complicated modern-day conflict in the area, many of which originate in this episodes. However, we would like the comment section to be reserved for debating the history. We're not going to engage with people discussing modern-day issues and politics, and we're going to be quite strict in monitoring any racist or otherwise hateful comments. Cheers, Joram *RULES OF CONDUCT* STAY CIVIL AND POLITE we will delete any comments with personal insults, or attacks. AVOID PARTISAN POLITICS AS FAR AS YOU CAN we reserve the right to cut off vitriolic debates. HATE SPEECH IN ANY DIRECTION will lead to a ban. RACISM, XENOPHOBIA, OR SLAMMING OF MINORITIES will lead to an immediate ban. PARTISAN REVISIONISM, ESPECIALLY HOLOCAUST AND HOLODOMOR DENIAL will lead to an immediate ban.

[@qernanded8161]

Will you do a video on the Montreau Convention or the Hatay crisis or at least a video on interwar Turkey?

[@joachimb9305]

Bombing civilians, even considering gas, and this was after ww1 so they knew what gas does. Could "Bomber Harris" perhaps be worthy for the World Dicktionary?

[@jonyprepperisrael60]

you made a mistake there: chamberlain proposed to create a Jewish homeland in Uganda,not Kenya

[@TimeGhost]

@@jonyprepperisrael60 actually we didn't. You're confused by some historical name changes, and perhaps some differing ideas of what is where in Africa. The proposed region was at the time in British East Africa. It is the Mau Plateau, which is in present day Kenya. However, during British rule this was part of the Uganda Protectorate, so the idea was proposed under the name The Uganda Scheme, thus the confusion

[@scott2452]

Hi Timeghost, I’m a big fan of your work but I believe there may have been a few errors. 1. The casualties cited during the Iraq revolt 1920 have been inflated. It looks like much of the Iraq section of this video was sourced from this Guardian Article: www.google.com.au/amp/s/amp.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/19/iraq.arts However where the author cites “up to 9,000” it looks like an extra zero was added for you to get 90,000. 2. Churchill advocated the use of tear gas specifically because it was non-lethal. 3. According to R.M Douglas in the Journal of Modern History not even tear gas was used. www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/605488?journalCode=jmh#/doi/abs/10.1086/605488?journalCode=mmh

[@Feldmrschl]

1936: Too much going on in the world. I'm moving to Spain.

[@podemosurss8316]

*Laughs in Falange*

[@scotthendricks5665]

*cries in CNT*

[@JuanMatteoReal]

Germany & Italy: Preparing the volunteers, you better help us this time Franco!

[@neptune3569]

noO

[@panzerofthelake506]

Go to the us i hear they are still sleeping

[@antoniobarone99]

I'm sure that the comment section will be polite and absolutely moderate today

[@francis5600]

I want you to have a nice day and hugs :)

[@farqitol]

I feel your cynicism, and raise you two sceptics and an irony. "Democracy would be great if people just did what I told them to do."

[@farqitol]

@sman7290 🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣

[@JaJDoo]

@@farqitol no trash fires yet

[@donashcroft93]

I can understand the passion people hold for the topic but like yourself I don't think this is the place for that passion.

[@ANGLORUSSIANCZ]

The Romans: The Middle East could never become more chaotic The British: Hold my tea

[@jjeherrera]

Best comment here! :-D

[@thebutcherofbenghazi.libya3348]

Meh, some people did some things...

[@SusCalvin]

Besides the moments when the legions show up and put the foot down, roman administration of parts of the empire looks pretty small. They prefer to have local romanized (even if barely so) elites remaining in place.

[@tincoffin]

Karl Gustafsson Exactly....and what the British did in India ,Singapore etc and in this case would have done in Jerusalem . You establish an outpost and gradually extend outwards . In this case it would have been by land purchase and moving people away. Chaos resulted because the British were insufficiently imperialist. They did not wish to rule the Middle East. They were giving up on the idea of empire. It is the half-cock approach which leads to wars and chaos. Next subject : The United States, the reluctant imperialists. Discuss.

[@khairiaris]

The Chinese : You mean MY tea..

[@mundogameplay1341]

Britain and France: “Mistakes were made...”

[@WildBillCox13]

I would correct that to: "ONLY mistakes were made." ;-)

[@KoaFidCZ]

If only they would ever admit it...

[@deathdoor]

Not mistakes, it was all intentional.

[@majormadjack8600]

every country in history

[@KoaFidCZ]

@@majormadjack8600 but not in such a big margin, it didn't happen as recently as this and they hadn't have worldwide empires claiming to be protectors of peace humanity a people....

[@ТомасАндерсон-в1е]

1:05 ah, the famous Persian ocean...

[@balazstatar7074]

"Ah, sorry wrong map. This one was for the WW3 chanel."

[@6668-t8r]

@@balazstatar7074 now i think is Trump ocean

[@planescaped]

Remember the famous battle of the Aral islands?

[@ajsdhflkeuwsr]

All of this is still extraordinarily relevant, even today in 2023.

[@hbomb1187]

“There’s always a but”- Indy Neidell

[@MikeNeri1]

Possibly the most honest rendition of 20th century history I've heard. I live in the "Near East" and most every time I hear either the "Jewish" side or the "Arab" side, I'm reminded of children passing the blame on one another

[@knutdergroe9757]

So much easier to blame the British and French..... Or in today's verbiage, the great evil "U.S.A." Your point is so very accurate. What is always missed, You can not fix a problem, Till you take Responsibility for the problem.

[@GarfieldRex]

Awesome episode, this is more than is taught or commonly known.

[@TimeGhost]

Thank you

[@andromidius]

Popular history loves to avoid delving too deeply into events. It makes people question their leaders.

[@WesStacey]

14:30 "....the result will be modern war." I feel like "...again" should have been added onto that last statement.

[@jliller]

I'm waiting for Indy to tell us the result of something will be post-modern war.

[@bensagal-morris8072]

jliller I agree modern war could use a flair of post modern paint.

[@scoutisrael2184]

One of the best, most unbiased assessments of the middle east in the 1920s - 30s, I have seen.

[@TimeGhost]

Thank you, we always try to be fair and take a variety of perspectives into account.

[@farzaan1479]

Drawing lines in the sand that causes a century of war, just colonial things

[@TimeGhost]

Drawing borders is always going to result in similar problems, but here it was excessive and the Allied solutions were very blunt to say the least. I don't know if things would have been better without French and British rule, but they certainly significantly contributed to the (historical and current) situation in the middle east.

[@jjeherrera]

War already existed without Western intervention. The problem is the West got involved in a war they couldn't manage. I agree the Sykes-Picot agreement was a major blunder of Western diplomacy and colonialism.

[@kensin7244]

@Jim lastname If you are "hearing dog whistles" does that not make you the dog ? Interesting how you seem to make yourself an arbiter of who should "DIE" Have a nice life madam

[@Nostripe361]

@@TimeGhost The way I see it, drawing these borders was like throwing an entire can of gasoline onto a pile of smoldering coals. Things were already not perfect/great but doing this made things go from manageable to a raging inferno of destruction. And sadly there is no real easy answer to this despite what a lot of politicians try to say. This is probably only going to end like the thirty years war did; after both sides are too exhausted to fight and the entire place is empty of anything plunder-able to sustain continued fighting

[@Hypernefelos]

There's one thing I don't understand about the 'lines in the sand' argument. As far as I know, none of those Arab countries have ever gone to war with each other. The only exceptions I can think of are the numerous Arab-Israeli wars, which are a product of the post-WWII era when the UN drew up a border based on ethnicity, and Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, which was all about oil. Meanwhile in Europe, where new nations were formed out of the principle of national self-determination and were made immediately independent, the result was numerous local wars culminating in WWII. So... how exactly were the borders in the Middle East worse than the ones in Europe? I suppose there have been more civil ware in the Middle East, but I suspect that had more to do with the British and French pitting local groups against each other than the shape of the borders.

[@fried_funk]

I wish I had something like this channel when I was at school...

[@henrik1220]

"Hoi4 music starts"

[@renagadebomber]

Sometimes in my dreams I can almost faintly hear a Victoria 3 theme start too

[@JuanMatteoReal]

"Welcome to 1936! Where in 3 years from now, the Second World War would erupt... Unless the Allies decided to challenge Germany on the remilitarization of the Rhineland. Or if Czechoslovakia refused to give in the Sudetenland or if France supported them. Anyways, welcome to HOI4 bois!"

[@6668-t8r]

What possibly, go wrong ?

[@welatxwese8074]

Czechoslovakia didn't even have a saying in that land grab, unfortunately. It is Ironic that Czechoslovakian tanks were used by the Germans during the invasion of France.

[@mofoapoo]

If only they had the ability to tell the future or something.

[@JuanMatteoReal]

@@6668-t8r *Germany annexes the rest of Czechoslovakia* Neville Chamberlain: Ops

[@elbeto191291]

Don't forget the possible French civil war after challenging Rhineland or the return of the Kaiser

[@harshsawant1416]

Hoi4 starting date begins here

[@harshsawant1416]

@Thorne nah fam real gamers play kaiserreich

[@josh77577]

@@harshsawant1416 no real gamers play victoria 2. I switched over never gone back.

[@harshsawant1416]

@@josh77577 I'm waiting for Vic 3

[@elvynmariano5454]

Darkest hour is 1933

[@harshsawant1416]

@@elvynmariano5454 I think he means the mod?

[@MrFaorry]

I can't help but laugh whenever T.E Lawrence gets brought up because everytime my mind instantly goes to "Tedward Edward Lawrence", which would be simultaneously the best and worst name someone could have.

[@Dave0G]

Not Edward Woodward?

[@nygothuey6607]

@@knightowl3577 Whoosh!

[@jacobnormann6678]

You know the channel is great when you hit that like button while the video is still loading, you guys are great, thanks for the amazing content

[@TimeGhost]

Thank we! We love that you have so much confidence in us.

[@johnwhitacre7063]

I like the changing displays on your desk.

[@TimeGhost]

Thanks!

[@erintreez]

Perusing the comments, I'm impressed by the amount extra tidbits I'm finding, as well as the civility. Thank you Time Ghost Community!!!! BTW Indy rocks Lawrence of Arabia!!!

[@TimeGhost]

Thanks!

[@Biker_Gremling]

3:39 Man, that Balfour guy had a long right arm

[@crowofjudgment1743]

Marfan syndrome

[@raydavison4288]

This is one of the very best historical podcasts on KZbin.

[@PhillyPhanVinny]

The British and French actually didn't get much oil from the Middle East prior to the end of WW2. The US supplied more then 90% of the worlds oil prior to WW2 and then after the US Venezuela was by far the 2nd largest supplier of oil. Most Middle East countries didn't even have the tools to get the oil out of the ground until after WW2. The only country in the Middle East producing and oil of note prior to the end of WW2 was Iran.

[@knutdergroe9757]

Oh, Why would you want to destroy the myth.......

[@TimeGhost]

Well, the Americans got at least some of their oil from the Arabian Peninsula. Furthermore, controlling the whole area was important for said oil and it's trade routes (including Suez) to be secure.

[@porksterbob]

@@TimeGhost Don't try to rationalize doing poor research. We know you're better than that.

[@TimeGhost]

There is no rationalizing going on here. In 1940, Germany used about 8 million barrels of oil (including both crude and synthetic oils). The crude oil came mostly from Romania and the USSR (although the USSR contribution is often exaggerated).. The Iraqi oil fields were producing a little under 4,5 million barrels and Iranian fields yielded about 10.3 million. So if the Germans could get to those sources they would be able to both supply all the oil they needed _and_ build up further reserves. Now, although Iran was not under Allied control (yet) the only effective way to get to this oil was through the Middle East, by passage through the Mediterranean or the Red Sea, in other words controlling the South-Eastern Mediterranean and the Suez Canal. So, although the share of contribution to Allied oil supplies by Middle Eastern sources was marginal, keeping these sources out of the hands of the Axis was _essential._.

[@PhillyPhanVinny]

@@TimeGhost I've read that even if the Axis got to the oil in the Middle East during WW2 there would of be almost no way to get any oil of substance to Germany. There were not railway lines at that time linking the middle eastern countries up through Turkey and into Europe. They would have had to move the oil in the Middle East via the sea like the Allies did. And we all know the Axis had no way to safely transport oil from sea to Europe.

[@j.m.f5451]

A little deeper historical perspective is needed whenever really evaluating Israel/Palestine and how we reached what it is today, but that would clearly take too much time for a single episode to go into whose homeland it truly was originally and where the name for that region even came from. Decent information overall to the say the least.

[@magnumopus1628]

Yeah, it's crazy how this very topic is dodged by everyone. Partly because as you said it's a story that would have to start before the Romans, that came up with that name, and end at least with WWII. And partly because it's a topic almost no one wants to touch, unless it's for furthering a biased agenda that despise facts in favor of specific narratives.

[@oldesertguy9616]

That was really good. Both entertaining and informative.

[@The1920sChannel]

Those Jewish guys at 4:44 looked like members of 1960s counterculture with those glasses. Lookin' groovy dudes.

[@arnaraki7514]

Finally we’ve made it to 1936!

[@MrFaorry]

What's so pivotal about 1936? I don't know myself but seeing this makes me exited that big things are to come.

[@borislavstoqnov5132]

@@MrFaorry Well i personally associate 1936 mainly with the starting date of the Hearts of Iron 4 video game, it is quite popular with WW2 era buffs. I don't know if Arnar means the same thing tho.

[@MrFaorry]

@@borislavstoqnov5132 Oh right, forgot about that game since I never really could get into it, I much prefer CK2 myself.

[@Derekleet]

Initializing game...

[@KlaustheViking]

@@Derekleet *Gooonnnnngggggg!!!!*

[@theblackprince1346]

In Spain I can't imagine 36' will be an eventful year...

[@user-xb6fl9ri6g]

I'm hardcore addicted to this series.

[@katrix110]

Aliyah is pronounced ah-lee-YAH It means “going up” in Biblical Hebrew. This is just me being a linguistic nerd, no political statement intended.

[@TimeGhost]

Noted

[@ShanaCarp]

@@TimeGhost the person who does it is called an oleh (oh - leh, the second vowel is the same as in hell. shares the same root though hebrew and arabic are both semetic languages so you see this setup for most words (root that changed in various ways for nouns, verbs, adverbs)

[@ShanaCarp]

@Ron Lewenberg yup.

[@موسى_7]

It means high in Arabic

[@jesusislordsavior6343]

@Ron Lewenberg This makes sense of the modern usage. I don't know Hebrew, but I am reminded of the sentiments expressed in Psalm 122.

[@steveromney1995]

Professor R.M Douglas: "while at various moments tear gas munitions were available in Mesopotamia, circumstances seeming to call for their use existed, and official sanction to employ them had been received, at no time during the period of the mandate did all three of these conditions apply"

[@TimeGhost]

You're right.

[@HistoryHustle]

Great stuff! My pupils have to make a paper on this. They will be happy to make use of this video!

[@arthurlombard5181]

Indy looking more dapper by each episode

[@mnbv990]

Another precise ,clear lecture. Well played Sir.

[@TimeGhost]

Thank you!

[@jjeherrera]

11:23 So there was a precedent to Guernica, and not by the Nazis.

[@FiveLiver]

Not really. Bombing civilians was invented by the Germans in WWI

[@ummdustry5718]

Strictly speaking, no en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_bombing_of_cities#Before_World_War_I (Though the Germans were the first to do it, like, in *style*)

[@mehrcat1]

The Japanese had also been bombing the Chinese earlier in the 1930s.

[@GugSport]

It's the final stretch, boys!

[@rx7carl]

I'm so addicted to this series. And that was kick ass to see you in that Sabaton video Indy!!!! 👍👍👍🤟🤟🤟

[@sanaralerx9488]

Wait, that thumbnail. Bomber Harris...

[@Superbl0bby]

do it again

[@FiveLiver]

XXXVII

[@noahman27]

A message to all of the people who are "learning a lot" here from this episode… It takes years of study to understand the history of the Middle East.

[@aerricks9212]

I'm years late to this, but holy shite, Indy was in a Sabaton video... That makes me happy in so many ways.

[@jakkkovos]

As a lover of books, I've been intrigued by the books on the desk ever since episode 1 of this series. Are these just props, or are the books in various episodes actually covering the topics in the episode? Would love to learn more about that :-)

[@TimeGhost]

Its mix of both - Astrid tries here best to grab books from our library that are relevant to the topic, but some are there because the spines look good ;-)

[@jakkkovos]

@@TimeGhost Thanks for the answer! I can concur on the spines part :-) I checked back and did see a few which are clearly connected to the topic at hand yes. Keep up the good work!

[@d.r.sdimas7442]

"Back then the British there's is always a but" LoL

[@FiveLiver]

just depends how you frame the issues

[@stihlhead1]

Good details, honest history. This is why I watch.

[@EdricoftheWeald]

The Sykes-Picot agreement is always spoken of as the cause of war for 100 years, and like everyone else I assumed the same. But more recently I've looked into it and realised: *How could it have been done better?* Seriously, those who criticise the Sykes-Picot agreement, what borders would you have prefered to create a better peace? Create Kurdistan next to Turkey? Create a mess of enclaves and exclaves that are no longer relevant one generation later? Unite all Arabs into a single state?

[@nickvenuto9803]

Edric Vaurnheart I’m sure the Sunni and Shia muslims would have 0 conflict in deciding their own borders 🤣

[@nathanbrown8680]

Federalism and constitutional monarchy under a Hashemite king. Britain over-promised Palestine, but could have gotten out of that by getting a not fully sovereign Jewish state/province under a sovereign federal Hashemite kingdom with a constitution that guaranteed states/provinces their own immigration policies and either guaranteed freedom of religion or devolved it upon the states/provinces. That seems to be the sort of thing Faisal thought he was agreeing to with Weizmann and the federal structure could also insulate mutually adversarial ethnic groups. Weizmann wouldn't be happy with that sort of compromise, but the Zionist movement could live with it. Most importantly, no open ended mandate period. Arabia should be an independent sovereign nation by 1920. Let the locals draw the internal state/province lines so that if anyone's unhappy they can't blame Europe. Lock the regional leaders in a room like Cardinals until they agree on a constitution and you can probably get the a government set up in a year and leave.

[@catiapb1]

Amazing episode, and the set is great!

[@mat13channel]

Haha, went and watched Indy as Lawrence of Arabia. Indy, you are epic, my man!! You are more Lawrence than Lawrence himself :D

[@georgefoster8133]

Fascinating and very well researched and presented.

[@Nebiros21]

Will there be a Spain episode for every year from 1936-1939? I'm also looking forward to the 1937 episode of the Japanese invasion of China.

[@TimeGhost]

No, there will be two to cover the Civil War

[@kentkirkland7230]

Excellent. I love all the detail, Indy. Thanks

[@scott2452]

I am a big fan of this channel but this episode wasn’t up to the usual high standard of impartial objectivity. 1. Leaving out the second part of the Balfour Declaration: “it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine” 2. Only passing reference to the MacDonald White Paper... Surely this phrase warranted a mention: “His Majesty's Government believe that the framers of the Mandate in which the Balfour Declaration was embodied could not have intended that Palestine should be converted into a Jewish State against the will of the Arab population of the country. [ ... ] His Majesty's Government therefore now declare unequivocally that it is not part of their policy that Palestine should become a Jewish State.” 3. Could I ask the source of your figures for the Iraq Revolt of 1920? It looks as if your researcher used a Guardian article for this section but multiplied the Iraqi casualty estimate by 10. 4. Later in that same guardian article are the allegations against Harris & Churchill. These quotes have been misrepresented and taken out of context. Churchill was advocating the use of tear gas as a way of preserving life: “It is sheer affectation to lacerate a man with the poisonous fragment of a bursting shell and to boggle at making his eyes water by means of lachrymatory gas. I am strongly in favour of using poisoned gas against uncivilised tribes. The moral effect should be so good that the loss of life should be reduced to a minimum. It is not necessary to use only the most deadly gasses: gasses can be used which cause great inconvenience and would spread a lively terror and yet would leave no serious permanent effects on most of those affected.” I appreciate how difficult it is to present a fair and balanced account in such a short video but you have been seriously let down by the researcher for this episode.

[@scott2452]

Chas Maravel Cheers for your reply. If I am mistaken in this I appreciate being corrected. Here is one of my sources from the University of Chicago: www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/091022064745.htm If you have any contradictory sources I’d be happy to read them.

[@TimeGhost]

I already replied to another comment but let me answer your concerns. I don't see how adding both quotes would have impacted the episode. The events that followed weren't any different for it. The consensus in the historical community before 2009 was that poison gas was used in Iraq in the 1920s. Although 2009 research suggests that all of this was based on very little evidence and that there is no tangible proof of it actually being used. In reality, RAF and Churchill signed off on the use of gas (not just tear gas, as his use of 'only' suggests), and it was shipped to RAF basis in the area, but there's no proof of it being used. The 2009 research is from R. M Douglas (www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/605488) if you're interested. So you're right, it shouldn't have ended up in the episode like this. Again, no Guardian articles were used for this episode.

[@scott2452]

Chas Maravel Chas Maravel I think you may have just written the most polite comment in KZbin history. It reflects well on the community of this channel. I try to have the same approach - I certainly don’t know everything and appreciate when people can improve my understanding. You’re right, some leaders definitely called for gas to be used but I think there is an important distinction that needs to be made whenever it’s mentioned. There would be people who hear ‘gas’ and not appreciate the difference between tear/mustard gas and Zyklon B/ Chlorine. Though not acceptable by modern standards I think it’s pretty clear that the leaders were calling for gas as a non-lethal alternative to very-lethal high explosives.

[@sohrabroozbahani4700]

There are three major questions left properly unaddressed in middle East, one is the kurdish question, one is the Arab Israeli question and one is the shea sunnie question, until these three has been definitely answered the residue unsatisfaction with the up in the air condition will keep breaking out as violence and more than often bloodshed... it is regrettable that nearly a century later we are yet to find a proper compromise that makes everyone feel content... and then comes 2020s, and radicalism is running rampant again across the globe... it is such sad times...

[@JustSomeCanuck]

Kenya?! That would have made the rest of the century, well, different...

[@cognitivedissident4615]

I heard Madagascar was also proposed,....I'm assuming they didn't like that one either. That's usually where my dad would say "Well you're not getting anything then...".

[@diasporaafortiori5180]

Like North Africa and South Africa ...

[@thing3125]

It was Uganda, also Herzl was not hungarian, also there is no Palestinian people. He is very loose with the fact, but I guess it's entertaining.

[@elbakry8629]

@@thing3125 there have always been Palestinian people living in this land. the majority of the middle east speaks Arabic which is logic and homogeneous with centuries of adopting Islam and Arabs ruling. What is weird is the people immigrate from every piece of the world speaking different language and are not related and even don´t look the same and looks very different from all middle east inhabitants. Greeks and italians look more similar to people from middle east than Ashkenazi Jews claim that this is their land and force people migration

[@albar2989]

@@elbakry8629oh darling, you know nothing about Jews nor Israel. not what we speak, what we look or what we are. sit down in your pit hole butthurt-boy.

[@pegzounet]

That harris chap looks like a charming fellow, doesn't he ? Imagine a dinner table with him and curtis le may, that would be all sorts of fun.

[@kaasmarcus]

I think that WW2 many times is portrayed as Fascism agains Western democracy (not in Russia though). But it is often not mentioned that the world order Hitler seeked to rearrange was a world, where France and especially Britain controlled large terriories inhabitted by huge populations who wished for self-determination for their nations - and we can see how Britain reacted when peoples sought their independence from British overlordship and domination: violence and tightened control.

[@موسى_7]

Be careful! You might be getting to close to sympathising with Nazis. Nazis killed people for their religion and they were racist out of hatred for people, whereas the British and French wanted to colonise and did evil for their own interest and not for the mere sake of hatred.

[@Nmax]

Yes it was British and French imperialism versus German fascism All sides have committed plenty of crimes against humanity....just the Germans are tried in court after the war

[@Nmax]

​@@موسى_7 the British and French were genocidal and committed many many crimes against humanity (non-white people) for many years.

[@Blazo_Djurovic]

> Even Churchil was for bombing What do you mean EVEN. Doing ANYTHING to maintain the Empire is pretty much Churchil's MO.

[@A.R.77]

I can't help but think one of those lights being out to the right is a secret message. 😆

[@oLii96x]

*insert HoI4 Gong*

[@FiveLiver]

what are you talking about?

[@keris8708]

@@FiveLiver when you choose a country in hoi4 it plays a gong sound

[@FiveLiver]

@@keris8708 Oh something to do with computer games - never played one. Thanks for the info. (any idea why someone would have made the comment?)

[@keris8708]

@@FiveLiver i have played the game and the reason why he made the comment is because the start date of hoi4 is 1936

[@FiveLiver]

@@keris8708 Cheers - it makes sense now

[@theteacher7619]

You were AEWSOME as Lawrence of Arabia Indy, and I think Seven Pillars of Wisdom is one of Sabaton's best songs yet!!! Can't wait to see Part Two of the music video :-)

[@Southsideindy]

ha. thanks!

[@truesoprano2152]

This is an episode that so many people need to watch. Too many people I know don't know anything about the current situation in the Middle East, yet they pick sides and act with hostility and basically simplify a complicated situation, unaware of the history that lead us here today. ...also, were those turkey mating calls at the end?

[@goyonman9655]

♪♪♪THIS LAND IS MINE♪♪♪ ♪♪God gave this land to me♪♪

[@matheusbarbosa4438]

Can we expect some reference to Brazil's Vargas in 1937?

[@TimeGhost]

I'm afraid not

[@espiao7343]

@@TimeGhost How about Brazil's participation in WW2? We had U-boats destroying ships in our shores and we sent a considerable amount of soldiers and pilots to fight in Italy.

[@TimeGhost]

We'll definitely cover the BEF and other events relevant to Brazil in World War Two.

[@espiao7343]

@@TimeGhost Nice, thanks

[@rafaelrmaier]

@@TimeGhost Oh man =\ I would love it for you guys to do it. The way Vargas oscilated between the USA and Germany, putting a BIG bill on Brazil's participation on the allied side, and his overall conduction of those troubled times are a matter of great pride to us Brazilians to this day.(well most of us)

[@dragosstanciu9866]

Two independent states, one for Israelis and one for the Palestinians, remains the best solution to this crisis. But no one wants two independent states, thus the conflict will continue.

[@joma5721]

dragosstanciu That’s not true. The Palestinians have tried to negotiate a two-state settlement for decades, but Israel refuses to negotiate in good faith and return stolen Palestinian lands. Hell, it’s hard to trust a negotiating partner who keeps killing your civilians and effectively locks a hundred thousand in an open-air prison. The majority of the blame rests with Israel in this case.

[@johnquincyadamsthetankengi3680]

If no one there wants it, how is it the best solution?

[@ymtzlgn]

Matthew Calise the first and second intifadas, bus bombings, stabbings and rockets are not “negotiating in good faith”. Israel accepted the original partition plan, the Palestinians rejected it and fought a disastrous war which resulted in total loss for them. This conflict’s blame lies at the feet of a century of hopeless Arab leadership.

[@waardlafrance110]

In view of the history of Jewish Israel, it is not probable that there will ever be a strong movement for a two-state solution, given that part of the Jewish community makes it a question of religion. But with the growing ultra-Orthodox demographics, who are against the existence of Israel because they see the loss of Israel as a punishment from God, perhaps in the course of the 22nd century Israel will become totally Palestinian by referundum.

[@iddoariel7565]

Herzl was offered a piece of Uganda, not Kenya, but otherwise great video

[@TimeGhost]

This is a common confusion since the event _is_ known as the Uganda Scheme. However, the area Joseph Chamberlain proposed was a 13.000 square kilometre territory in the Uasin Gishu region which is part of modern-day Kenya. Chamberlain mistakenly thought it part of Uganda though as he passed it onboard the Uganda Railway.

[@iddoariel7565]

@@TimeGhost I didn't know that. Growing up in Israel, I was always taught about it being Uganda. Guess you learn something new every day

[@LeFaisDoDo]

Dude y’all are the best for allowing comments

[@TimeGhost]

Of course - constructive conversation/debate is part of our historical vision!

[@rodger3352]

@@TimeGhost such cool lads ! I really appreciate your efforts :D

[@maciejkamil]

Oil is a curse, not a gold.

[@ShanaCarp]

1) since the temple's destruction, there was a Jewish community in what's now the modern state of Israel (barring a very short period in some places during the crusades). It just was very tiny. Likewise, since the temple's destruction, there were Christian communities (or proto-Christian, this is still before the Nicene creed), Druze, and Samaritan communities. When Islam had its conquest, some people either stayed or converted so there were also Muslim communities. All of these communities waxed and waned in size over the years, but were generally tiny since the Sinai, Negev, the Biqua, and the hills in the north are great places to hide bandits, and the available ports weren't great compared to moving north into modern-day Lebanon and Syria (my apologies to Acco, but it's true). We have documents about this (see this paper about the olive trade in the medieval period, where they are drawing from geniza texts, aka Jewish texts www.academia.edu/37925862/Yehoshua_Frenkel_Oil_and_Olives_in_the_Land_of_Israel_Palestine_in_the_Early_Muslim_Period_634-1099_in_David_Eitam_and_Michael_Heltzer_eds._Olive_Oil_in_Antiquity_Israel_and_the_Neighbouring_Countries_from_the_Neolithic_to_the_Early_Arab_Period_Padova_Sargon_1996_55-62 ) and the Talmud Yerushalmi, which is even older mentions non-jewish groups. By 1938, the population for most of these groups (jews, muslims, christians) grew from economic investments, better health, and relative peace up until ww1 2) Judaism is the religion, but Jewish is an ethnoreligious identity, and many people today and in Herzl's time see Judaism as an ethnic identification. Judaism purely as a religion is a modern concept that co-rose with the idea of nation-states with Mendelsohn, and as soon as it did, there were contrary views developed centered on ethnicity without religiosity. Herzl is actually the perfect example of this - he had a spare religious practice growing up but was otherwise assimilated, he saw himself as assimilationist Jewish, and his book has some fun quotes about how he sees Judaism as an ethnic or racial quality like : "The Hungarian Liberals, who have just given legal sanction to mixed marriages, have made a remarkable mistake which one of the earliest cases clearly illustrates; a baptized Jew married a Jewess. At the same time the struggle to obtain the present form of marriage accentuated distinctions between Jews and Christians, thus hindering [78] rather than aiding the fusion of races." or "I referred previously to our "assimilation". I do not for a moment wish to imply that I desire such an end. Our national character is too historically famous, and, in spite of every degradation, too fine to make its annihilation desirable. We might perhaps be able to merge ourselves entirely into surrounding races, if these were to leave us in peace for a period of two generations. But they will not [92]leave us in peace. For a little period they manage to tolerate us, and then their hostility breaks out again and again. The world is provoked somehow by our prosperity, because it has for many centuries been accustomed to consider us as the most contemptible among the poverty-stricken. In its ignorance and narrowness of heart, it fails to observe that prosperity weakens our Judaism and extinguishes our peculiarities. It is only pressure that forces us back to the parent stem; it is only hatred encompassing us that makes us strangers once more." 3) The Ugandan plan rejection wasn't driven by religious beliefs per se, since the leader of the anti-kenya proposal faction was a guy named Menachem Ussishkin, leader of the Russian section of Hovevei Zion - and that organization was socialist in nature, leading what basically amounted to a coup with other russian delegates to the WZC. The overall makeup Russian delegation that basically forced the death was secular in natue- but they were dominated and highly influenced by maskillim, who were secularists of various sorts that originated in the yeshiva world of eastern europe. Their baseline starts out as more jewishly educated They basically thought it was anti-nationalist/anti-socialist to not go to Israel, and that thewestern zionists were going "poor backwaters! halp them!!!" as a charity proposition (which they resented). They felt that herlzian zionism wasn't very Jewish in either an ethic or religious sense outside of the demographics happening to be Jewish (Der Judenstaat mentioned basically no Jewish behavioral elements to life in a zionist state, and at the time it was written, Herzl thought argentina was also a viable choice, and these ideas are totally a function of his assimilationist background which gave him no jewish education and very little in the way of practice) The plan was also formally rejected after his death at the 7th WZC, which predates a lot of arab and palestian nationalism (since a lot of that was driven by ww1). the delegates had no idea that this was going to be a driver in the area, nor did they think it was going to cause a lot of resement to have a lot of Jewish people suddenly move there. While there had been proto-religious zionism, it wasn't a big thing yet since for most orthodox jews (now a new thing in the history of Judaism), while it ws a non-binding positive commandment to move to israel, it also was a very binding commandment to not presume the messiah is here. So the idea political movements that aren't the messiah to bring back Jewish people to Israel were ehhhh. The Religious Zionist movement doesn't really start getting anywhere ideologically without Rabbi Avraham Kook, who is just starting to write about this stuff - and he ends up in big arguments with Hapoel Hamizrachi (the religious zionist socialist labor movement), which for years was the dominant body for religious zionists (and that doesn't start until 1921.) And if I'm being honest, they're not driving the movement so much. In fact, most of the delegates to the early zionist congresses weren't religious AT ALL. They were secular and ethnically Jewish. How they perceived this varied, but it's important to remember this since Zionism was at the time and is still pitched as a way of being Jewish without religion (which is why my thing about ethnoreligion is important) (where I am getting this: Laquer who wrote a history of Zionism, the Dover Translation of Der Judenraat courtesy of project Gutenberg, this paper from the kyoto bulletin of Islamic area studies www.asafas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kias/1st_period/contents/pdf/kb3_1/19tsurumi.pdf who cites well and I double-checked the bios of the big leaders in the russian faction - Sokolow, Weizmann, and Ussishkin... Sokolow and Weizmann both are secular but both have cheder educations because of their start in families that were traditional, and I grew up hearing about Kook who I was annoyed with so I looked up the history of Bnei Akiva, the (former) Poalei Hamzrachi Youth wing, in my teens/early 20s, since they were a part of my life at that age)

[@stevenrickett4333]

I'd like to see a map that does accommodate ethnic differences.

[@TimeGhost]

It would look like the skin of a multicolored leopard, with freckles.

[@andrewstockwell66]

You shot that video in Tunisia in AUGUST? Ya'll are crazy!

[@manuelapollo7988]

What happened to french Syria after French defeat in 1940?

[@TimeGhost]

We get to that in our World War Two series. But in short, it fell under the control of Vichy France in 1940 until 1941 when the Allies took over.

[@lovablesnowman]

@@TimeGhost and the French actively resisted the British there and fought and killed the British.

[@henrycolestage4249]

Well, he was right; he does make a pretty good T.E. Lawrence. Hawk nose and everything ;-) I'm sure that was Khsar Ghilane. Not my kind of music, but it was well done!!

[@hebl47]

11:00 what a lovely chap.

[@lavrentivs9891]

Correct me if I remember incorrectly, but in the full quote by Churchill about using chemical weapons doesn't he specify non-lethal chemical weapons such as tear gas, rather than e.g. mustard or chlorine gas which tends to be the first things that come to mind when you hear the term "chemical weapons".

[@simongleaden2864]

You are quite right. Thanks for your comment, it saves me having to write just what you wrote. Indy's comment that Churchill wanted to use chemical weapons is at best incomplete and at worst mischievous and defamatory because it implies he advocated using lethal poisonous gases.

[@russellfarrar7076]

Followed the link to the Sabaton music video. I'm a old metal head. It was amazing. Indy how'd you like the sand? You probably took some home with you. Great Lawrence of Arabia.

[@TimeGhost]

Thank you very much! The guys described the whole trip as amazing but very challenging.

[@element4element4]

Many kurds in Iraq have horrible stories of British bombings of their villages from their grandparents. But that's just the start of horrible stories during that century, all of which due to British and French lines on a map. Still ongoing.

[@stihlhead1]

Good stuff as always crew. Bet this one gets demonitized....bummer.

[@TimeGhost]

Actually, it doesn’t...

[@lyrieladuial4901]

Guys, you need to turn these into dvd's at some POint. I want, in 80 years or so fo time, my decendants to find a big chest in my house, full of these. There when many of these thigns might have been forgotten, so they can dig it up.

[@garys5203]

Thank you Indy. I mean Peter. Nice job.

[@12345678900987659101]

Looks like Bomber Harris's bloodlust started earlier than expected.

[@elemperadordemexico]

It can never be quenched

[@12345678900987659101]

@@elemperadordemexico Indeed. We are lucky Bomber Harris has yet to be revived as a lichking.

[@FiveLiver]

He understood airpower - so what? The Germans dropped bombs on civilians in WWI.

[@WesloTheHandsome]

Looking sharp there Indie💯‼️▫️👍🏻👍🏻

[@theosphilusthistler712]

Sykes-Picot agreement, Balfour declaration, gosh those were good ideas. Teething problems for sure, but golly what vision.

[@anxiousfoodperson8116]

Sike They both get angrier

[@ChallisVenstra]

That’s a pretty sweet pith helmet, but what’s the point without the monocle 🧐 to go with it?

[@procyonant6805]

If I am not mistaken, in addition to Iraq, the RAF group was located in Somaliland, where an uprising was also suppressed in 1920 with the help of the air force.

[@SirArtanis7]

Hold on, I thought Churchill was talking about tear gas when it came to chemical warfare.

[@scott2452]

SirArtanis7 It looks like their only source for that part was this Guardian Article www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/19/iraq.arts And then they inflated the Iraqi casualty estimate given by 10... their researcher really dropped the ball on this one.

[@lovablesnowman]

He was

[@TimeGhost]

The consensus in the historical community before 2009 was that poison gas was used in Iraq in the 1920s. Although 2009 research suggests that all of this was based on very little evidence and that there is no tangible proof of it actually being used. In reality, RAF and Churchill signed off on the use of gas (not just tear gas), and it was shipped to RAF basis in the area, but there's no proof of it being used. So you're right, it shouldn't have ended up in the episode like this. However, I didn't use any Guardian article. We never do.

[@scott2452]

TimeGhost History TimeGhost History Thank you for your reply, the mark of a great channel. I apologise for suggesting it was sourced from a Guardian Article. Perhaps I just had recently seen similar claims echoed in one. It’s definitely worth looking at the casualty estimates though. All the sources I’ve seen range between 6 to 9,000 Iraqis... significantly fewer than 90,000

[@audiosurfarchive]

@@scott2452 "the Guardian source" yikes

[@ericb8217]

Indy looks like a young Michael Caine.

[@abdelrahmanwael2551]

Hey indie and co! I thought I'd tell it's pronounced fae-ssāl Also great to see egypt here:D

[@TimeGhost]

Noted. thanks!

[@poiuyt975]

4:43 Elwood & Jake :D

[@ihmejakki2731]

The Kosher Brothers :D

[@poiuyt975]

@@ihmejakki2731 That could be the parody made by the Zucker-Abrahams-Zucker team. :D

[@nonamesplease6288]

We've got a full tank of gas, 2000 miles to Palestine, it's dark out, and we're wearing sunglasses. I can't stop laughing.

[@poiuyt975]

@@nonamesplease6288 Good one! :D "Full tank of gas" gets a double meaning as well.

[@pnutz_2]

I'd like to see them go into the kosher store and order plain white toast, four fried chickens and a coke

[@maremaarten]

Sykes-Picot... just betrayal.

[@maremaarten]

@ Logical treaty? The British promising the Arabs a free nation in exchange for their help against the Ottomans, and before the ink was dry, splitting up said land between the French and the British and supporting their puppet regimes and/or dictators during and after that period?

[@maremaarten]

@ What do I need to understand? This WAS a betrayal, and the end result DID destabilize the region. First Europe, then also the USA supported dictators friendly to them and ignored what they did to their people at least in Syria, Iraq, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. They put the shah in power in Iran and are still angry 40 years on when the Iranians refused to accept him anymore. They armed the Taliban to fight the Russians in Afghanistan until it came to bite them in the ass. They created, funded and armed Israel - a thing I can at least understand but which set a lot of bad blood. They gave Saddam poisoned gas for use against Iran, bombarded the Iraqi people from 1991 up to the second gulf war, up to and including with cancer inducing depleted uranium shells, and then they invaded under false pretenses to get to the oil reserves while letting the local people live in misery. Years after the invasion, basic services like electricity were still not dependable. Read for instance Robert Fisk's 'The Great War for Civilization'. What do you want me to say? That these politics were smart? Because they were most definitely not: they have created the legitimized anger in the region alive until this day. And it is clearly the result of a paternalist feeling of being superior by Europe and the USA from the fall of the Ottoman Empire until today. Which is just wrong. If this is geopolitics / realpolitik, moreover, it is *stupid* geopolitics / realpolitik. Stupid and arrogant and bound to fail in the end. If you take away a people's basic dignity, they have nothing to lose when they lash out in the end.

[@maremaarten]

@ Dumb racist 'blame the Westerners'? 1) It is racism that got us in this shit in the first place. Ours against them. 2) If there is legitimate blame to place, it should be done. 3) We have been done before we started and you know it!

[@xappgametvx]

Indy's tea probs got cold by the end of the video

[@raysteigerwalt5272]

I ponder thinking what the world would be like if people would stick to their word.

[@hannahskipper2764]

That was a great episode! No buts!

[@TimeGhost]

Thanks!

[@jack-hq4ek]

1:51 Hatay joined Turkey in 1939

[@damianjez4336]

"This...is modern war!"

[@MrKen-wy5dk]

Sorry, but I have no idea what that music video was about as couldn't understand a word the singer was singing. I'm from Houston,Texas (I think you are familiar with the area) and understand English perfectly. Not that, though.

[@shimonbiton2163]

2:58 Sorry to be *that guy* , but,The land offered by the british was in Uganda and not Kenya.

[@rank666]

There was the "Surafend affair" 1918 where ANZAC troops retaliate against local Bedouin camp in Palestine by massacring them.

[@TwinsSearch]

Nice video!

[@kingblondie7075]

Damn Indy looks pretty buff in that music video. The mohawk and mustache look good on him. He should keep them.

[@boringbreaker]

You are cool man Indy! Subbed. Woo woo woo woo..

[@TimeGhost]

Welcome to the party! Enjoy the binge!